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According to Jung and other modern psychologists


the mind can be categorized into three states-conscious,
subconscious and unconscious. In yoga these are termed
jagrat,

swapna and susnupti respectively. Within these

three states, the consciousness undergoes the experiences

of mind and body.

But yoga describes another fourth


dimension where the finite mind no longer exists.
The consciousness travels into a higher dimension
called Turiya, which is beyond objective and subjective
experience.

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(consciousness)
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11-78

(1)

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M. Venkata Reddy. Concept of Vyadhikshamatwa or


Arogata (immunity) In Yoga, workshop on Traditional Medicine and Immunology, organised by Adviser
to the Prime Minister, Technology Mission, Government of India, Ahmadabad, 1988.

XXIV

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INTRODUCTION
Svarayoga
nostrils"!.

It

is

study

of

breathed

through the
lifewave
manifests though nostriL

air

is also translated as the current of

the

work, but it
flows through the right nostril, it is known
breathing.
when it flows
as Sun, Day, Yamuna, Pingla, Shika and Ha
though the left it is known as Moon, Night, Ganga, Ida, Shakti
and Tha, and when the flow of breath is equal though both the
nostrils. It is labeled Agni, Sandhya, Sarasvati and Susumna.
The scientific art of regulation the breath is wisely named as
that

is

always at

When

it

Ha-tha, a popular approach to health.

Swarayoga is the ancient science of pranic rhythms


which explains how the movement of prana can be controlled
by manipulation of the breath. Recently modern science has
taken great interest in electromagnetic fields and the behaviour
of bioenergy which is the inherent energy principle of the body
with exciting developments accelerating in such areas as
Kirlian
photography. The
bioenergetics, psychotronics and
science of Swarayoga is now in great demand. It is fortunate
have rich literature in this branch of yoga.
that Telugu's

SWARASASTRAMANJARI is a classical poem in dvipada


manjari composed by GANAPARADHYA who belonged to the
The Swarasastramanjari
yet unpublished, palm-leaf Teiugu manscript of Ganaparadhya
second quarter of
is

still

preserved

fourteenth Century.
at

No information
(No. D. 2254).
other manuscript is forthcoming.
1

Research

Oriental

Institute,

regarding the

Tirupati

existence of any

author knows modern medical science like physiology pathology,


make no clear mention about the purpose of the existence
psychology
of two nostrils. The whole school of doctors have developed what is called

As

far as the

etc.,

spirology

e.,

the science of breathing.

(xxvi)

It

is

that

surprising

such

an

on

treaties

important

the Research

institute,

Swarayoga is still gathering dust


The present study is based on a collection of single manuscript
am trying to
For almost 15 years
of Swarasastramanjan",
the
is
present authorative
collect this manuscript. The result
version of Swarasastramanjari in Telugu. Perhaps this is the
of
earliest work seeing the light of the day and is the first
at

only
its kind in any other regional languages on Swarayoga.

This treatise

based on 8

is

rare and

unheard

Swarayoga works

like

1)

Harasastrayoga

2)

Adyatmayoga,

3)

Vanitayoga of Vasista

4)

Navanatha Yoga,

5)

Martandayoga,

8)

Vikramasimhayoga,

7)

Gorakshyoga,

8)

Kamakashiyoga (P-105, P-1C6)

Some

of

the

rare

works mentioned above on Swarayoga and


varied schools of knowledge in this work

authorities cited on
still

remain to

be traced. 1

This

indicatas

the keen interest

factual
by Ganaparadhya to make his work,
authoritative.
Rare indeed are works of this type.

evinced

and
It

is

significant that he has not mentioned directly the famous works


Chintamani"2 of Svetaketu in the South and
like "Swara

"Shiva Swararodaya"3 of North India.

1.

a)

Harasastra- Rudrayamala or Shivaswarodaya.

b)

Harisastra

c)

Vasistha Samita (Yoga

- Vishnumala.
Kanda)-Swami Kuvalayananda, Kavivafayadhama-

1969.
d)
2.

3.

Goraksha Samhita, Sarnpurnand Sanskrit VishvavidyaJaya,. Varanasi-1 977*

Swara Chintamani - Ed, by S N.


mundry, Andhra Pradesh - 1968,

Sastri,

K,

Veeravenkayya

&

Sons, Rajah-

Swarayoga: Ed. by Swami Muktibodhananda Saraswati, Bihar School of


Yoga, Munger, 1984 (Saraswati has wrongly Suoted Swara Chintamani as a
Tamil Text

-P-

03, but

it

is

a Sanskrit,

(xxvii)

Aboof the Author

Ganaparadhya (1323 - 1345 A.D.) was a son of Gannayamatya and Devamambha, a Telugu Brahman of Kaundinya gotra.

Gannayamatya,

the

father of this

yogi

was

minister of

great

Prataparudra Maharaja, (1295 - 1323 A. D ) the last ruler of


Kakatiyas of Oruganti. Annamambha was the sister of this
Vgi / poet. Ramaraja the brother of this poet was also a
minister and patronised by the Delhi ruler Mahammad Tugha-

lamsha (1323-1345 A. D.) who dethrowned Prataparudra


Maharaja and ruled Andhra during the same period. In 1345 the
of Andhra Musunuri Kapayanayaka re-captured
the help of all local chiefs and dethrowned
with
Kingdom
the muslim rular.
From the discussion made above the date

great general
the

Swarasastramanjari can be fixed between 1323- 1345 A.D.


and inferred from the fact that Ramaraja the brother of the
of

yogi

was

Telugu

patronised by Tughalamsha

during the

same period.

literary critics fixed like,

1)

Nelaturi Venkataramanayya,

2)

Chaganti Seshayya,

3)

Sista Ramakrishna Sastri,

4)

T. Susheela,

5)

G, Nagayya,

6)

Arudra.

the great

historian of Andhra,

No doubt Nelaturi Venkataramanayya had shed more


on
the date of composition of Swarasastramanjari and
light
collected this manuscript in a matt at Hampi (Karanataka)
More

majority of the remaining


endorsed Dr. Nelaturi's views.

during 1934.

Scribers Date

palm

or less

scholars

leaf

copy

of

the

original described

by Majett

This Ms was copied by Majeti Sarvesalingamu


Sarvesalingam,
saka Virodhi nama samvasara kartika bhahula vidhiya sukravaranV' 1 First preserved at oriental manuscript Madras and
1.

12-12-1829

A. D,

(xxviii)

subsequently transferred to Tirupati was referred by nne. The


paim leaf Ms. (No. 2399; measured 17.2 - x 3.2 cm. pages 99
lines 6 on a page, character Telugu condition fair, appearence

mode

fair but is not free from mistakee.


It begir
The other work Saptaprakarna starts from Fol. 51, a
Swarasastramanjari is complete.

old.

on

of unity

Fol.l a,

According to Nidadavolu Venkatarao the scriber Majet


Sarvesalingamu was a native of Neelapalli. East Godavari anc
son of Salamkayya.
He was also scriber of many palmleaf scripts written and supplied to C. P. Brown
{1798 - 1884
A, D.) civil servant of British India.

Important and influence of this work:


Though most of the important works of the period have
taken

the

were

still

Champu form, works


written

generally

Intended, for

appeal

the

simple indigeneous form of


The yogi might have undertaken to write in what is
'Dvipada'.
called 'JANU - TELUGU" and
dvipada metre, because the
being

in

sanskritic style adopted by the champu writers could not easily


be understood by the common masses.
In Arudra's "SAMAGRAANDHRA SAHITYAM"
(5 Vol p - 133) mention is made of the influence and importance of
this work,
As opined by him, most of the yogic authors like

kolani

Ganapatideva of Sivayogasaram and Vemana were also


in one form or other (pp -* 19 to
30).

influenced

There are very few biographical details about the author's


A statement in the work as follows

persona) history.

"Sasmasaramadhyatat Sadhakottumudu

ganapanaradhyumdu kamaneeyamurthi" (P-1Q5)


Even though he was busy in the household
activities he
practised and advocated

Swara yoga.

"Samsarajitulaku sahajayogamuna

swarasastrayogambu sarigagadalachi"

(p_ 1 05)

He prescribed swarayoga as
Sahajayoga all those people
entangled and got defeated in their family life,

who were

(xxix)

This Telugu work explains how good or bad events can


be foretold according to the position of the Sun and the Moon.
There was a general tradition among the ministers of
Telugu

Kingdoms to practice yoga,


in the war field activities.

particularly

swarayoga techniques

The whole work is written in a simple, easy to underlanguage and at the same time keeping in view the
dignity of the theme.
It is
hoped that this work of Ganaparadhya of the 14th Century will prove a welcome addition to
this field of yoga in particular and Telugu in general. (P-111)
stand

Diagnostic approach to Disease in Yoga


A,

NADI PARIKSHAi

is

Nadi Pariksha

Vedic language

In

practice.

JNANA
"ATMA"

of

sort

it

VISESHA.

is

basically a Yogic

'DHARA JNANAM".

called

is

knowledge,
SEERS
and
such
perceived
attained
MAHAJNANI
were
called
great
They
respect.
SAMYAMl, DHEERA PURUSHA. The word NADI is derived by
the root "NALA GANDHA".
Here "GANDHA" means sensory
derive the word from the root
impulses. Some scholars
"NARA" as "RAKTA" VACHAKA and "NARIN" as "HRIDAYA
It

through which

VACHAKA".

'

NADI"

of the organ

Patanjali

positioned

in

is

provides the

substance to

the

"PRATI SPANDANA" Conducting

"HRIDAYAM".

says that

NABHI, one

"KAYAVYUHA JNANAM"
of the entire

specialized

be

Therefore this

argument that,

medium

can

by the faculty of SAMYAMANA"


can have detailed knowledge of
i.e.

structural and functional aspects

body. LINGA PURANA mentions about

the lineage

ACHARYAS belonging to the southern India viz. SILADA NANDIKESWARA-RAVANA ACHARYAS. RAVANA an ACHARYA
of

of the
all

the

lineage states" Pulse like a lamp, throws light on


physiological and pathological states encountered in

above

man.

Nadi Pariksha - a diagnostic approach

The Radionic Association of

in

disease, Dr,

India, Souvenir,

I,

Sanjeevarao,

?988 - p - 51,

(xxx)

Having positioned Yogi properly before the patient, he


takes appropriate forearm of the pstient (in case of males the
right forearm and in case of females the left forearm) and holds

Then steadying the forearm at elbow he


message the INDRA BASTI VARMA in
forearm and presses down in a soothening manner along the
forearm upto the wrist. The practical technique may be learned
it

in his

left

hand.

then proceeds to mildly

from the teacher.

modern physician who concentrate on pulse


rhytham, volume, calibre, pulse wave, force, and

Unlike the
for its rate,

know the blood circulation and heart's function, the


the
uses
Yogi
pulse reading to type the patient into appropriate
"DOSHIC PROFILES", such as VATA, PITTA, and KAPHA and

tension to

the intermediate constitutional states

describe the

disease

"TRIDOSHA THEORY"
B.

approach

Swara Chintamani - Cha -

come across

Yogic texts^

''DHATUVAISAMYA" or

of Ayurveda,

Clinical and Biochemical


In

(PRAKRUTI).

terms of

in

11,

in

Swarayoga

(Slokas

5 to 29)

we

the following queries.

It advices
to check the sequence between bowel movements and urination. Urination at the time of the left Swara

(Ida) is a healthy sign.

Prana

is

not

during the

But

functioning

right

Swara.

if

the urine

comes

at intervals,

optimally, especially if urination


This is an indication of worry

the
is

or
(mutra) should come, then

anxiety and trouble. First urine


excreta (Mala) then gas (vayu). This is a
sign of success in
any plan. But if all three come together at once
definitely the
system is disturbed and there is some pranic imbalance

between

Ida

and Pingala.

(Refer - P - 173).

The questions are very


interesting and show the scientific
Svetaketuyogi tried to answer these questions in
the light of the prevalent
concepts. He thought of the disease
as disequilibrufm of normal
body constituents (of the three
doshas) and restoration of the equilibrium as the
of
curiosity.

objective

(xxxi)

was

it

&&
?t

purely

intuitive,

he

a molecular level. This


found either in Swarasastra
at

dealt

kind of
IVtanjan

sure to acknowledge Mr. B. Udayakumara


s unfailing help and assistance while

from the
|n

rny

original manuscript.

duty

if

do not thank Mr. David

3 scientist from

ponsibi lity

U. S. A. on

for the short -

Swarayoga.
comings 1

Yours

in

Yoga,

M. VENKATA REODY

Editor a-Director,

Venftana Yoga. Research

Institute,

Secunderabad,

P. India.

sorne more following works have to be add


irayoga Sastra (p-184).

Ramdev Sharma-Bombay
ra- Ashram Yogic
Maharaj

natural

^lahesh,

the

(1977) Hindi,

Kriya centre, 1/150, Assi, Varanasi.

Datiya (M.

energy

in

P.)

healing by M.

V Reddy,

LE SVAR YOGA

Relations Cultureiles,
~7

and wrongly quoted as Yogananda as on

exercise

INTRODUCTION

[Ko^eo

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111
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110

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118

119

120

20.
21.

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xxxlv

81.

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83.

35.
6.

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o^sa&D

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s*otfc&'o

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stereo

....

rftf^'tfaSB

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89.
40.

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42.

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189
139
139
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143
143
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14 7

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143

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151
)

153

..^

154,

_^

jgg
168
159

__
....

Scientific Studies on
1.

2.

Yoga Danda effect


By Swamy Kuvalayananda and
Dr, S. L. Vinekar

....

16O

Electrona^ography Studies

....

162

By Dr.
3.

Swara Yoga

gO

.. 0-

S-

L Vinekar

Significance of Nostrils in

By Dr.

V. Bhole and

Dr. P. V. Karembelkar

Breathing

....

163

XXXV
4.

Diurnal Pattern of Nostril Breathing and

A Pilot Study
Dr.
By
Vijayendra Pratap
Swara Yoga-

5.

....163

&

164

Relationship between nostril dominance

and grip strength


By Dr. A. M. Moorthy, Dr.

16 1
S.

K. Ganguly

and Dr. M. V. Bhole


6.

Alternating cerebral hemispheric


activity and the Lateral ization of

autonomic nervous function

By Deboroh A. Werniz
7-

8.

....

165

....

166

....

166

et al

Nasal Airflow Asymmetries and

Human
9.

164

et al

Alternating Lateralization of Plasma


asa ^ patency in Humnns
catecholamines and

By Dr. Brain Kennedy,

....

performance By Raymond Klein

Selective hemispheric stimulation

by unilaterel forced nostril breathing


Dr. D- A. Wernt et al

168

for the Brain

10.

Yoga Update-Breathing

11.

Breathe for the better health

12.

....

171

173

contemporary view of life force Biology:


The Merging of Kundalini Yoga and
the neuro sciences

By Dr. David Shannahoff

13.

Bibliography on Swarayoga

14.

dsSN

^N>O
o-

S$a3*

Khalsa
....

184

-..

184

tf.

1694-1714)

a f^

16T5-1775)

t.

SsSdj^j ^^Sftfs,

^?ip^, I96o.
2,

(MS) &oi^si NOL 4654/20.


sJp^o sSoSi
CO

3.

?6Q6 CospSfccS,

r
S5

epo'dfil, ^)?io

1924.

1905.

a.

cS^ete^o

S.

oS^^^

6..

^^3^

&

tfon*s?a 1928.

^"^^3
fo^ot^s

a. e

Vol

1X1 983

1/2, L

^&

MS
-

10288

11482

sari*
-

762.

a^ G.3780/1,
S s ^c4 R. 635,
4

13682,

3oiSxr?c&
CO

esrfS&S*

or*

*T6x o

r?6

fe'

1899

1*

sS

1967.
2,

8.

rtfe> sSotffe'Sio

sSd^S^jS^ s?ozspn*tfsb. ^K&D^fe5"n*5 c5w ^a 29-7-86.

II

1929.

o i35S3-5o^O

Ill

53cSo.SoSStfAJ6

6o

1.

1947

^t
eo

2532-33.

5P

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D.

50.

2254 ^

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^^

17.2 ^o.Sb.

3.2.

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26 SboS 2

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1947.

^co 7i]o.

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fioe^-204 1-2278,

CD

CD

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1824

sS^5^,
2.

S>.

5.

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(1798-1834)
8.

sStfoO,
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fl-705,

15-11-1977.

^o^^5

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(J

3-49)

csan SIPC

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1967

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Ifol

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2)

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1S66

^53

397,

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5
57*^70 11.

i^Tefo

. s. 3.

Madras-1951,

3,,

S&fc

&'

156

U70

^&dir^

^di XIV G.C.M.L

13

(1823-45)
1295

1323-1345 a

?/u

1323

s$tf

CPU

L^foS

SS5

SDc^^b,

1.

Complete History of Telugu Leterature


1375) tsr
osS>^;,si^S,,
^-"23
O'
tJ
v

PP- 715

(upto

dfic*^6iS-15,
'S

sA

^f saf a&S ^

462-468.

As-^rSa
/

Vol-l

to 716.

c^si: 5^6^ Ph.D.

530^5

3.

8*

"^

&8co3g?5, 1977

A
1957

5-133

fiS

482-463.

(1955).

B^ 25

CX*

t-tfco

c5

A'ssSSG

S^rfo

17

3*3^0

SS

oo"cb

(3-5).
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1.

Hiroshi

Motoyama: Theories of the Chakras: Bfidge to


Consciousness.
The Theosdphical Publishing
Higher
House, Wheaton, III, U.S.A.

40

x
I

^-

2res> _

g>?65) f

Autonomous nerves system eo'ip^.


^

&o[&&:$tiz

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hemisphered)

2.

Ornstain R.

book

cxxsi

The

of

Nature of

reading,

W.H.

Human

conjciousness

Freeman

Co

San

Francisco, 19733.

neurologists have descriped the right hemisphere as sad and the left as happy.
Kinsbourne M; Nenrologist sad hemisphere, happy
hemisphere, Psychology Today, May 1981.

Some

The Mind's

Two

Functions

The ancient symbols, sun and moon, describe two


have been known to yogis for countless

functions which

S5jj

generations

and

is

on the verge of being understood by

modern psychology in our time. Yoga describes how two


It concerns
currents wind up through the spine to the brainOne
current
our
of
the two aspects
represents the
being,
but
also
partially the
body's energy and physical activity,
the
and
brain.
The
other curenergy in the nenous system
of
mental
our
mind.
rent stands for the
aspect
being-the
psychology has localized the same two
functions described by yoga to the two brain hemispheres.
Concerning our conscious totality, modern psychology and
science in general tend to exaggerate the importance of the

Up

brain at

till

the

now,

cost

of

the

rest of the system, especially

tho

heart.

Here we'll limit ourselves to two short definitions, in


deference to the main subject. (For further reading, refer to
the titles Swara Yoga and Kundalini Yoga in my book
"Yogas
Tantra and Meditation in Everyday Life". USA Ballantine,
UK-Rider).

One day science will be able to measure the balance


between these two functions,
Bindu No, 1, Yoga Tantra Meditation, Janakanada,
Scandinavan Yoga and Meditation School S-340 13 Hamneda
Sweden, 1981-30,
5.

Sex differences seen brain arymmetries/


Brainminy
Bulletin, Tune 2, 1980, 5

sS

"a>-CD^
rJ
,

o ^c^

&'iJ
*~>

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f:c^3
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i^^or^ti),,

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"

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T}
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ibDo6^F3 ^o^

640

641

concept of Shiva;Shakti, the twin forces


existing within each in each individual, can be seen in the
etructure of the brain and pranic body, in terms of Ida and
6.

The

tantrlc

e*

(111-17)

Pingala.

It

XXVII,

certainly substantiates the idea of a person


having
positive and the other negitive and even the

two minds, one

theory that there

is

male and female side

SWARA YOGA, Swami

in

every one.

Mukthibodhananda saraswati

Bihar school of Yoga,


Mungeer. Bihar, 1984,
5.

'

6.

<&.*& S [Sa-^,

1920,

P-55

*00

The students of Yoga

are

expected to develop

balanced personality, According to Indian concept of Ardhaniarishwar, the right half is supposed to exhibit the male, the
vigorous and the intellectual aspect of the being, while the
left half is supposed to represent the female, the submissivel

and the emotional aspect of the being, This concept could be


substantiated the observation in relation to the yoga group9.

}& 169

SoA^

^a-r^ - tf&tfi^jiptftf
%.O.M.L Madras.

o.

Gonguly M, V, Bhole Relationship


dominance and grip strength - A
Pilot study, SNIPES Journal Vol-V, No,l, PP-77-80
January 1982

9^ A.M. Murthy,
1

D, 1301 7

Between

S,K,

Nostriol

purpose of yoga prevent either hemispher


That
dominating the other, to create the sattvic state.
is very little actithere
where
a
in
meditate
we
is why
place
of trees in the breeze and
vity just the simple natural motion
In our ashramas we
birds.
some
of
the calls

The

occasionally
Plant flowers.

Hatha

All this

Yoga,

Vishnu Devananda

is

to help

pradiraka

P-3)

calm the mind-

commentary

by Swami

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SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL


1.

DaUl A. and Barber

T.
(1969) Yoga "Yogic featsand hypnosis in the hight of empisical research.
American Journal of clinical Hypnosis, 11 155-166.
:

2.

Exper. Hypn.
3.

Yoga and Hypnosis,

Das. J. P. (1953)
11

(1963) yoga and


Med. 17: 38-40,

Rao,

S.

int. J.clini

31-37,

autohypnotism-

Brit

J.

su^sSifo ^s e3o-/o

(Tantric Science of Brain Breathing

Zsr-

l^wD^

? kS' CCCTM

*
)

firvcbwi s;^ [jr-^dc

^^

v>

^&.

dfct/;

-fyOSel wC'n:

69

.57

i?

^,;;-^

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(^3S5^5?

7*to

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3tk

S^a&A.

81

u?:o,

*/ "5

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o^/ ^
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x,'

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v*

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:o

CiOO

s? o

25

&r:

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21

09

16

L3

\T:.'

140)

sj'^S rS5sS<3fc&Dn
CO

rO-i
Q
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rfor^Cfsi^o

o'\:*
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^c^:

ft a"
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dtfio!

V*

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'^,

6'D

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(2S9-11)

>

2i?&oQ '/Jf^ rSo^S

a So

rSd'^a* ^&=cco.

tfq

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71

120

itf^b

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A-^-B^

./

Q ono
<"N

^'2^?^

4
5

3^0
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vro

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73

tf&-,otf,f

The Cakras

"

Fig. I

The Cakraa

fJ

C -T\
'-c?

io <LOE?

:^'

^
c
>-;_ ^' ^
/

co

S-^n- (GONAD)

j'-s,:;%
Oj

w.

(ADRENAL) ^^,

Ijo fc^rb

6^^

^:T*OJ

;i : ;

O tjs ^

;:-- ^'=i (PARATHYROID)


,Vci

(PITUITARY)

c5r.,T

ic

CO..

Dr.

Yoga

Motoyama's long term study of occupuncture and

has led him to the conclusion that these two


based on mainly the same energy
system and
are closely related.
Further more, this close correlation
between the chakras, organs and meridians has been scientifically studied with the AM! and other instruments.
The
correspondence between them is tabled below for the
Practice

traditions are

readers reference

MERI DIANS AND KI


Measurements, Diagnoses and
Treatment principles with the AMI

Hiroshi

Motoyama. Ph.D

AMI

S Y S T

-E

tff

-o

JHAKRAS
/rafadfw,.

and

ORGANS/TISSUES

MERIDIANS

Urogentaial system

Kidney, Urinary Bladder

Small Intestine,
Triple Heater

Svadhishthana

Liver

&
Manipura

Digestive System

Liver,

Gall

Bladder'

Stomach, Spleen, Large


Intestine

&

Small

Intestine.

Anahata

Circulatory System

Heart, Heart Constrictor

&
Vishuddhi

Respiratory System

Small Intestine

Lung

& Heart

Constric-

tcr

Ajna &Sahasrara Central Nervous

System

Urinary Bladder, Small


Intestine'

Vessel

&

Governor
Conception

vessel

Psychophysicological changes due to the performance


of the Phowa Ritual, Hiroshi Mctoyama, Research for
Religion and Para Psychology No-17, Dec- 1987, P-36

diagnoses and
Meridians and Kl, measurements,
Treatment Principles with the AMI, By Hiroshi Motoyama, Research for Religion and Para Psychology No.

16,Dec1986,

ssc.0

soaSb

feS.

Yoga chudamani upanishad explains the Sahasrara


Chakra as follows: "At the top of the head (the
Brahman gate), or at Mahabatin, there are one thousand Petals'.

Fiftyoae parts of the cerebram

Kg.

HI

Cerebrum seen from

left.

Cerebnua in betweea the two hemispheres,:

The left hemisphere,

medical- aspect.

No.

51 cut vertically*.

<4

.
**'

fi

eo^o^:.
16 CO^OD, ^b" t3ool'o"c: ^^bi-Sj

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Yoga Mlmlmst

Fig.

IV

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left eye.

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CCP

^L^

isSSk.o

Theries of chakras
Hiroshi

Motoyama,

Madras, 1981.

Bridge

to higher

The Theosophical

conciousness by

Publishing

House

&'tfr38$5*
3

c5SjTo

"

PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
The System

helps one to understand how


states are directly related to and
experienced in specific parts of the body. A disturbance in a
bodily function can be understood a physical manifestation cf
a disturbancs in the psychological functioning related to a
of chgkras

particular mental-emotional

specific chakra.

For example,

bowel problems can occur as

colitis,

diarrhea,

a result of the fear

and othe~
and anxiety

experienced in the fi f st chakra m-de of conciousness. Asthma


another condition
that results from a disturbances!
manipura.

is

For an asthmatic, the adrenal glands, which are located


Manipura Chakra, do not secrete enough
adrenalin. The asthmatic lacks the charge Of energy that the
in the region of the

adrenal glands provide. In some cases cortisone, another


harmone from the adrenal glands, is used to treat asthma.

Other

conditions

to
disturbances in
nervosa and bulimia, which
the fifth chakra.

related

third chakra include anorexia

also

related

to issues in

the
are

cises in

therapist may ask the client to do mental exer.


which the client concentrates on the chakra that is

related

to the

Yoga

disturbed functioning.

particular center helps to

Concentration on

and bring the


disturbance to the foreground of one's conciousness, where
can be more readily res.lved.
energize that center

it

(PsychotherapyEast and West by Swami Ajaya Pujx The


Hirnafayan International Institute of Yoga Science and philcsphy of the U.S-AHonsdale, Pennsylvania 1983, pp - 268 - 269)

fe'OT^

(Mind)

^'o

(Intuition)

78

feo^&o^.

yoff

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T&3

(1)

PSI. PSYCHIC DISCOVERIES BEHIND THE IRON


CURTAIN, BY Sheila ostrander a lynn Schroeder

ABACCUS
(2)

Ragush.

1973.
N.

M. (ed)

The human.

Aura Pub:

Barkley Publishing cerporation, U. S. A.


(3)

AURA, How

1974

to read and understand it by Howard


Adelman, Janet Fine Somaiya Pub Bombay 1982;

to

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(PMF) with little unease. 3

A LIVING MAGNET
Recent

scientific

studios have

man

closer to yoga,

science and

and negati v
flowing rn the body, and scierj c
existence of these flows which
about the

positive

by the ions and tr^


the atmosphere- 4

influenced
field in

2)

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Effect of extreamlylow Frequency


on serum cholinesterase in Hurr
K. R. Rajeswari, M. Satyanarayanc

Narayana, Sarada Subramanysm,

Experimental Biology, Vol-23 Api


197.
3}

Never sleep with head Towards

SETHY, PROBE INDIA. FEB-86.


4)

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:,

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Appendix
Scientific Studies
1.

Swsmf

VI f

on Swara
DR. S.L Vinekar

Kut/afayananda

(1883-1&66)

Yoga

Dsnda

Many

(1907-1967)

Effect

Yogirts are not

They

Summary
satisfied

that the

two

with such mere alternate

made to
work evenfy, i.e., there shoufd be bfockade of no nostril, when
one starts these Pfanayamrc exercise, It rs onFy then, they say,
that one can get the best results cfaimed for them
by Yoga. To
open up the nostrils, they take the hetp of a contrivance called
'Yoga-Danda' ('Kubadi' in Northern fndfan Fanguages). This
is a she ft crutch! Jke stfck, about two and a haff feet
high, which
is used to press upon the
a&
a
man would
fame
arm-pits/ just
use a crutch. The aim-pit opposite to the bfocked nostril is
bfeathmg.

frcsist

nostrils should be

subjected to this pressure. One just sits with the 'crutch' in the
arm-pit supporting oneseff to some extent on the same. And
this does work, i.e.. does open up tae
opposite blocked nostril
within a few seconds.

161

The whole problem

is

being taken

up

for investigation in

Kaivalyadhama laboratories. It is too early to say anything


That there is a usual blockade of one
lite in the matter.
e

nostrils

and that

this

blocked

nostril

does open with

>ure exerted on the opposite arm-pit has been confirmed


imber of times in the laboratories. (Fig. 7). To modern

even the alternate blockade of one of the nostrils


mething new. And, there is, at least for the present no
iology,

omico-physicl-gica! explanatio fcr the phenomenon, but


>eleave, it must have something to do wjth sympathetic
rvation.
tise

We

have,

however,

nt in bringing about a

lave
;c

good

clinical

evidence to

breathing,
may help to some
'balance' in the system, and hence

that this 'alternate

made ourselves bold

to refer to this form of traditional

breathing method,
Fig, 7

YOGA-DAN DA EFFECT
kymograhic recor to show how a partial congestion in
nostril can be relieved in a matter of a few seconds by
ting pressure on the opposite arm-pit. In the above rec_rd,

pens have been arranged to give equal calibration. Left


This is contirmed by changing
Til shows partial blocking.
Then the
pens, both for ordinay and forceed breathing.
on
the same
i.e.,
left
arm-pit
a-Danda is placed under the
but the
nostril
left
the
There is practically no effect on
blocked
to
osite open one is showing a tendenery
get
The Yoga-Danda is then shifted to the opposite
itly.
-pit The result is almost immediate as can be seen in this
The left nostril has opened in about 25 seconds and
rd.
i

162
the pressure

exerted

by the breath from the two nostrils is


Even when the Yoga-Danda is removed,
the
pressure of breath remains equal for a long time, but again the
right nostril is showing partial congestion this time.
YogaDanda kept in the arm-pit on the same side has again failed
almost equal.

to

effects.

produce required

YOGfC THERAPY
Swami Kuvalananda and S.L Vinekar

A New

Approace

in

Neurological Research

p-48
:

Summary

ElectronasographY Studies:

It

was found that the electrical potential recorded from


mucous membrane, got influenced by the breathing

the nasal

and the psycological

state of the subject


This new
as
branch was named
'Electronasography, There is a hypothesis
that the endings of the nervi terminalae are scattered in the
activity

olfactory

mucous membrene and these nerves have

ramifica-

tions going to the various centres controlling autonomic reactiThe controlled stimulation given by the respiratory
vity.

processes of Yogo probably produce activation of some of these


centres which may give rise to various psychophysiological
experiences.

Nasal potentials were recorded under a variety of conditions


such as Ujjayi Pranayama with and without Kumbhaka, rapid
breathing, and deep breathing.

It

was f ^und

that in case of meditation

and Trataka where

the respiration slows down, automaticallg the electrical pstenExistence of differences in the potentials
tials were reduced.
on right and left nostrils was also revealed in this study which

were independent of breathing


Raf.

Vinekar

S. L.

75-79, 1966.

activity.

Electronasography' Neunlogy, India ,15,:

163
Significance

of Nostrils in
Breathing

DR. M. V. Bhole

and

DR.

lp%

SUMMARY:-

As

far as

V. Karambelkar

P.

-,.-.

*M

the authors know, modern medi-

etc. make on clear


physiology, pathology,
of two nostrils,
mention about the purpose of the existence
unequal breathing was noted
Out of 204 observations,
the subject were at rest
wnen
in 174 observations (85.5%),
swara yoga that usually
of
This observation supports the claim
It Is seen
is not equal.
nostiils
the
through both the

cal

sciences

like

breathing
the nostri! opposite to the side on which the Yoga-Danda
the same side starts working
applied opens or the nostril on

that
is

less

than before.

Some volunteers could change the dominance of one


breathing

merely by

their will

Diurnal Pattern of Nostril Breathing

An

nostril

without any meohanical help.

Exploratory Study,

DR. Vijayendra Pratap

KAIVALYADAMA
LONAVLA
41

0403

POONA

164

SUMMARY
dominance
nostril
breathing some
times through right and some times through left and some times
equally through both the nostrils does occur. Variation in
The

:-

of

the

preponderence of breathing though right or left


observed in 89 patients and 10 normal subjects.

Svara Yoga

SUMMARY:-

show

Results

women, dominance

of nostril

Pilot

nostrils

Study
men and 19
either right, left

that out of 21

breathing

was

both equal or doubtful. This shows that these subjects did


in

dominance

of nostril breathing

were

or nasal air flow.

It

differ

may

be

suggested here that the olfactory system as a whole (i.e. including the n3n olfactory path ways) plays an impcrtant part in
the control of breath. EmDtional conditions can induce changes
in

breathing which are

nostril

mechanism

known

to

all

of us, but the

Five elements are also responsible


for the field of influence of the breath.
Research in this field
is still

unclear.

must also establish the bilateral and


ing on the hemispheres.

insilateral effect of breath-

Moorthy. A.M., Ganguly.


Relationship between

Strength

S.K.; Bhole M.V.

dominance and
A Pilot Study

nostril
-

grip

SUMMARY

:Static grip strength of both the hands more


the right nostril was open for breathing in 30 physical
educationists while 34 asthma patients showed just the reverse

when

trend.

the

In

39 yoga practioners the grip strength was more on

same side

as that of the nostril.

SNIPES Journal

Vol. 5:1, 77-80,

1922

Alternating cerebral hemispheric activity and the lateralizaautonomic nervous function.

tion of

Deborah. A. Werntz,

Shannahoff Khalasa,

SUMMARY:
pheric

activity

R,G. Bickford, F.E.BIaonft, andD.S.

Human

neurobiology,

Alternating

2:

dominance of

was demonstrated

in

39-43, 1983.
cerebral hemis-

human by

use of the

electroencephalogram (EEC). Relative changes of electrocortical activity have a direct correlation with changes in the relative

165
nostril

isa

dominance, the so-called nasal cycle.

phenomenon where efficiency

The nasal cycle

of breathing alternates predo-

minantly through right or left nostril with a periodicity ranging


from 25 to greater than 200 minutes. Relatively greater inte-

one hemisphere correlates with predominant


grated EEG value in
airflow in the contralateral nostril defining a new interrelationand peripheral autonomic
ship between cerebral dominance
nervous function.
D.S. Shannahoff-Khalsa

President of the Khalsa foundation for medical science[,


Box. 2708, Del Mar CALJFORMA-92014. U. S. A.

P. 0-

Alternating Lateralizatlon of plasma catecholamines and


patency in Humans. Brain Kennedy,MachaefG. Ziegler,

nasal

David S.

Shannahoff

Khalasa,

life

science.

Vol. 38,

PPr:

1203-1214.

SUMMARY:

The

hose

parasympathetic innervation
nating

dominance

of

both sympathetic and


manifested by the alteractivity on one side with

receives
that

sympathetic

is

166
concurrent

dominance on the
autonomic function, known

parasympathetic

ultradian rhythm

of

cycle, averages 2-3


have shown that the

hours

in

nasal

cycle

other.

This

as the nasal

Previous experiments
length.
is correlated in an
inversely

coupled fashion to the alternating dominance of activity in the


two cerebral hemispheres, suggesting a common mechanism
Here we show that there is an alternation in
of regulation.
catecholemine levels of blood drawn from anticubital veins that
may also correlate with the nasal cycle. Radioenzymatic

measurement of norepinhrina, epinephrine' and dopamine


in blood
sampled simultaneously from both arms every 7.5
minutes
levels

nating

3-6 hours demonstrated alternating high


catecholemine in one of the two arms. This alter-

for periods of

of

lateralization

of

was abserved in 7
human male subjects. The
two arms also parallels the

neurotransmitters

out of 7 experiments using resting


ratio of norepinephrine in the

pattern of airflow in the nasal cycle, This study


that the autonomic nervous system may alternate

suggests
in activity

through paired structures.


C. Nasal Airflow

Rajmond

Alymmetries and Human

performance.

Keein, David pifon and Susan Prasser, Biological

phychology 23 (1986) 127-137.

SUMMARY

:Recent

studies of the nasal cycle and forced

uni-nostril breathing have demonstrated that integrated EEC


amplitudesare greater over the hemisphere contralateral to the
dominant (less congested) or unblocked nostrl. Two experiments
were designed to determine if asymmetries in nasal airflow,

occurring naturally as a result of the nasal cycle or artificallyas


a result of forced uni-nojnril breathing have consequences for
human performance on jfbal and spatial tasks that are preferentially

performed by thcajft and

right

hemispheres

significant relationshJH/vas obtained


breathine
nasal airflow with

verbai performance

respectively.

between the
and relative

uni-nostril breathin

pattern of
spatial vs

had no

effect

on perfermence.
Selective
nostril

D.

breathing;

stimulgtion

by

Wernt

R-

3,

Shannahoff-KhalsHBman Neurobiology

unilaternal forced
B.

Bickfcrd

(1987) 6

and

167

SUMMARY:- We

have previously demonstrated by the


amplitudes, that an ultranian rhythm of
alternating cerebral dominance -exists in humans. This rhythm
the nasal cycle, since its lateralization
is tightly coupled with

integration

EEG

of

correlates with shifts

where

in

airflow

through

the

left

and

right

integrated amphtudes in one


hemisphere correspond to predominant Airflow in the contraThe nasal cycle is known to be regulated by
lateral nostril.
nostrils,

relatively greater

and parasympatheiic branches of the autosystem. This dynamic lateralization of alternating activity in the autonomic nervous system exists in other
peripheral structures and also in erv to be the made or regulaThis paper shows that forced notion of the corticol rhythm.
tne sympathetic
matic

nervous

one

nostril
produces a relativen incerease in
the
contralateral
the EEG amplitude
hemisphere. This phedemonstrated
in
5
was
of
5 untrained subjects.
out
nomena
tril

breathing

in

in

suggest the possibility of a non-invasive


approach in the treatment of states of psychopathology where
lateralized cerebral dysfunction have been shown to occur.

These

results

168

Yoga Updade

Breathing for The Brain


Breath through your nose

in,

out

in,

out. Hold a mirror

front of your nostrils.


You'll find the pools of condensation
from your two nostrils are different in size.
in

Peculiar, isn't

eyes, hear

with

it? At any given


moment you see with both
both ears, yet breathe mainly through one

nostril.

This dominance lasts anywhere from one hour to more


than three hours, then reverses over a period of minutes. The
yogis of ancient India first discovered this subtle rhythm and
its mental correlates
more than 5,000 years ago though the
"nasal cycle" itself wasn't documented in the West until the
We now know the nasal cycle is just one
late 19th Century.
of the body's

many

to three hourf

sound

"ultradian" rhythms short cycles of one


many metabolic functions and perceptual
:

in

abilites.

Recently this nasal cycle has re-emerged as a promising


focus of scientific research. My colleagues Floyd Bloom of
the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, CA,

and Deborah Werntz of the University of California, San Diegoand followed the advice of Yogi Bhajan, a U.S. master of
Kundalini Yoga. We investigated a supposed relationship between the nasal cycle and a rhythm in brain hemisphere domiI

nance.

It

we

window on the brain:


activity
may prove valuable in
mental disorders. On a practical level, it may give us

The nasal rhythm,


hemisphere

found,

reflects

is

and

treating
a way to help shift our brains toward

more

logical thought, or

the other way, to intuitive insight.

The

thought to house two


hemisphere engages
intelligence.
in linear activities
such as language and calculation. The
right seems to deal with more abstract, aesthetic and spatial
brain's

different kinds of

skills.

hemishpheres

are

The

left

169

Now

it

seems

the

that

hemispheres alternate

our dominant

mode

in

steady

rhythm. On the average,


from left to right hemisphere and back again about 10 times
every 24 hours. That means you may have more luck balancing a
of thinking shifts

checkbook during an episode of left-brain dominance and enjoy


the arts more when your right brain is "on."
Our studies show that you can tell which side of the brain
at any given time. You just test which nostril you're
dominant
is
most.
Right-nostril dominance goes with left-brain activity,
using
the right brain. But beyond that, by forcing a
with
left-nostril
in
you can actually stimulate the less
breathing
switch
your
active hemisphere.

can activate the right


the left

person breathing through the

hemisphere simply

nostril, and vice

by forcing

right nostril
air

through

versa.

The possible uses of this brain/breathing switch are fascinating. If we're right about the brain's division of power, changes
shift our moods and attitudes.
in breathing patterns could helf
For example,

hours or so.

work
If

performance

shifting

modes

every two
cause on-the-job
way to break out of

fluctuates

usually

of intelligence

doldrums breathing exercises could be

them.

Long ago, the yogis advocoted forced-nostril breathing to


pattern of "thought waves. They observed deep sleep
is induced more
quickly wiih left-nostril breathing, aided by
lying on the right. Appetite and digestive ability were high during right-nostril dominance. And the yogis claimed sexual union
was most satisfying when the male was breathing through the
alter the

right nostril; the

woman, through

the

left.

The yogis also believed that acute mental discomfort could


be alleviated by forced breathing through the congested nostril.
Breathing exercises designed to balance the hemispheres and

promote mental development became central to


living

(p

their

everyday

171).

How does it all work? The precise connection between the


lowly nose and the lofty mrnd remains unclear. But the brain's
tiny control center, the hypothaiamus, is surely a crucial go-between.

It

affects the

whole body.

170

Through the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the hypothaiamus or chestrates a myriad of body activities that are not
under
conscious control, from gastric contractions to
goosebumps The
ANS is made up of two separata nerve networks-the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
-with opposite actions on
any given
organ. Sympathetic nerves usually constrict blood vessels, for
instance, while parasympathetic nerves dilate them. Ihe
nasal
cycle is generated by constricting the blood vessels in one nostril, opening it wider, and dilating them in the other.
Surprisingly, the nasal cycle may reflect nervous system
in the entire body, as my recent
experiments with Michael Ziegler and Brian
Kennedy of the University of California
San Diego show. When the right nostril is dominant, its blood
vessels are constricted, suggesting greater sympathetic

rhythms

activity

on the body's right side. And, indeed, we found relative increases in norepinephrine-a neurotransrnitter that reflects
sympathetic activity-in the right

We
left

may

arm during

find that the

sides of the body,

metabolic

right nostril

activities

dominance.
of the right and

as governed

by this autonomic rhythm,


are as different as the brain hemispheres.
The thymus gland,
master regulator of the immune system, has a left and a
right,
lobe.

Lymph nodes, which spread

to the left and right, are


partly

governed by the sympathetic nervous system. So brain hemisphere rhythms could be reflected in the immune system.

As we learn more about the two halves of the brain, the


importance of controlling their rhythms may become more significant. For example, studies done by psychiatrist Pierre FlorHenry of the University of Alberta suggest schizophrenia may
involve more abnormal left-brain activity; depression shows
greater right- brain dysfunction.

Could the breathing exercises discovered by the yogis help


with mental illness? In an era dominated by drugs and high-tech
scanners, it would ba ironic if so simple a procedure as altering
ojr breathing patterns could give temporary relief from moodiness or madness. Davjd Shannahoff-Khalsa,
of the
president

Khals^ Foundation for Medical Science, P.O. Box 2708, Del Mar,

CA

92014, 619-755-0539

American Health, November

86

171
Ancient Exercises

Breathe for Better Health

These breathing exercises may be useful in regulating the


cycle and balancing brain hemisphere activity. Though they
haven't been tested by neuroscientists, they come from KundaThey're certainly
.iini Yoga as it has been taught by Yogi Bhajan.
!

safe to try, with a

few cautions:

you're epileptic, or
drugs or alcohol.

when

Don't

driving a car, or

these exercises

try

if

under the influence of

MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL BALANCE


This very simple breathing exercise creates a relaxed, broad
TW?ntal

view that

is

very cantering, and has baen used

in

the tre-

atment of angina,
Sit

with your spine straight, close your eyes and focus them

your nose and eye-brows meet, Use your


on tha point where
the end of your right nostril rest your left
cover
to
right thumb
inhale
and
slowly through your left nostril. Then
hand in your lap

remove your thumb, place your right little finger over the end of
your left nostril and exhale slowly through your right nostril.
Than inhale through the right and exhale through the left. Repeat
this alternating pattern. Do not hold your breath *n once you've
inhaled; begin to exhale

immediately.

once you're

Also,

done

exhaling, inhale immediately.

so

The more powerful the breath, the more powerful the effect,
moderately at first. Continue for a maximum of 11

start

minutes,

less at first

If

you

like.

EXPANDING AND INTERGRATING THE MIND


This exercise also releases tension, stimulates the
lism,
ight,

metabo-

provides ene'gy and is very hBaling. With your spine


sit on the floor with legs crossed, or in a chair with

str-a*

both

same

manner as In
the same manneras in the first brain exercise> Relax both hands
in your lap. If you can, extend your tongue out of your mouth and

feet flat

on the floor. Close your eyes

curl in into a

in

the

U-shape. Inhale through the curled tongue by break-

172
Ing the breath

into eight equal parts.

(If

you're

unable-

to curl

inhale

ineight parts through your nose.) Then


your tongue,
close your mouth and exhale through your nose, again
breakinq
the breath into eight equal parts. Continue: eight parts in

through
the curled tongue and eight parts out through the nose, at about
two parts per second. Begin with a few minutes five to 10 is
the maximum in the beginning
and slowly build up the time
by
until you reach a maximum of 31
a minute or two everyday,

minutes.
D,S.K,

for the new audio tape an "Creative Breathing: Right and


Left Brain/' send S9.95 plus S1.95 handling, to A. H. Audio, Box

2830, Hendersonville,

NC 28793-2830,

American Health, November 8S

173

A CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF
THE

LIFE

FORCE BIOLOGY

MERGING OF KUNDALINI YOGA AND THE NEUROSCIENCES


1

DAViD SHANNAHOFF-KHALSA
Del
Life

The Khaisa Foundation for


Mar, CA 92104, USA
Force Meridians and

Medical Science, P.O. Box 2708,

theAutonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The ancient concepts of ida pingula, and sushumna as the


major channels for the flow of life force energy, or prana,
within the body and how they relate to metabolism will be introduced here with related scientific studies. In yogic medicine,
for energy flowing on the left
ida means a channel or meridian
the right. Both ida
side of the body, with pingula flowing on
three

and pingula are adjacent to the central meridian, sushmna, which


corresponds to the anatomical vicinity of the spinal. In yogic

medicine, ida and pinguia are also expressed in the activity of


where they are specifically related to the sympath-

nerve fibers,
etic

and parasympathetic fiber

systems on the two side of the

body.

When

pingula

is active, i.e.

dominant,

airflow

through the

dominates and the left nostril is relatively congested. And when ida is dominant, nasal airflow is greater in the
The first releft nostril, with a relative congestion in the right.
right nostril

corded observation of

this

phvsiological

phenomena

of nasal

western science was in 1889 by the German Physician, Kayser. He termed this relative congestion/decongestion
of nasal turbinates the "nasal cycle". In 1895, Kayser described
this phenomena as an expression of the alternation of peripheral
vasomotor tone on the two sides of the body. He noticed the
following autonomic phenomena to correlate with right-left
dominance

in

phases of the nasal cycle: the relative lateralization of dialation


and constriction of pupils; variations in iacrimal gland activity
and nasal mucosa secretions; and redness in the inner ear.
This
in

the

was
West

the
that

first

scientific

supports yogic

report

of

physiology.

though the nasa! cycle was studied in


tories around the world and reported on

many

an

observation

However,
different

in scientific

even

labora-

journals,

1.
Paper presented at first International Conference on
Medicine Madras, India, Feb 27-March 1, 1987.

it

Energy

174

was

not until Beiokert

in

1951 again studied simultaneously other

phenernena regulated by autonomic activity. He made similar


observations to Kayser and called these changes the "halfsided
rhythms of vegetative innervation". He even wondered if there
was any correlation of the nasal cycle with a similar phenomena
in cerebral circulation. But he found no evidence of this. Although, he did find a report by Spnngorum and Centenera (1937)
giving evidence of lateraiized flow patterns in the kidneys,

was studied by otorhinolaryngaloStoksted


1952. 53, 60; Keuning for
gists (Heetderks,
review, 1968; Hasagawa and Kern
1978) from the perspectiue
of chronic unilateral or bilateral nasaf obstruction. Many of these
studies were inspired by attempts to develop medications to
As a result,
relieve nasal congestion (see Soubeyrand, 1984).
the anatomy and physiology for regulation of the nasal cycle
was studied fn depth. It was found that both sympathetic and
Primarily, the nasal cycle

1927;

parasympathetic nerves that innervate the nasal mucosa on both


sfde alternate in their patterns of dominance to produce the nasal
cycle. When sympathetic dominance occurs on the right, vasoconstriction produces decongestion of
greater

airflow.

Simultaneously,

that passage

and hence

parasympathetic

dominance

manifests in the left nostril, causing congestion of that nasal


airway. This right-left relationship is what yogis call greater
Greater activity of ida nadr would be the
activity of pingula.
reverse with dominant sympathetic activity on the left and par-

sympathetic on the right*

Mind And Metabolism


The nasaf cycle is the key to understanding how mind and
metabolism are coupled via the ANS. The work by Werntz, Bickford, Bloom, and Shannahoff-Khalss (198u, 81, 83) demonstrated

how

the nasal cycle was coupled to the ultradian rhythms of the


alternating lateral (ration of cerebra! hemispheric activity. This

modern physiologies! technibetween the right and


dominance
ques, any pattern of alternating
human
in
left hemispheres during waking
subjects. This innate
is not only linfunction
of
central nervous system (CMS)
rhythm
the same phedoubt
no
is
but
ANS
to
the peripheral
ked
rhythm,
enough,
Remarkably
from
a
different
nomenon studied
viewpoint.
nasal
along
the
and
cycle
the
of
cerebral
the relationship
rhythm
wrth other peripheral correlates was part of the yogic working

was

the first study to show, using

175

knowledge thousands of years ago,


EEG experiments during sleep, have also provided evidence
for rhythms of alternating cerebral hemispheric activity in humans
et aU 1972),
(Barcaro, et aU 1986; Banquet, 19B3; Goldstein,
cerebral
of
hemispheric activity is
This phenomena
alternating
REM
non
of
REM
and
the
to
sleep (Barcaro, et al
phases
coupled

1986; Banquet 1933; Goldstein, et

Werntz

al.

1972.

980, 83, 83 (- standard


both hemiHz we^e
from
1-35
of
both
The
hemispheres
amplitudes
spheres.
simultaneously rectified, integrated and subtracted usin^ a
In

the experiments by

EEG monts93 was used

to record

et al,

EEG

activity over

Drohocki-type integrator (Goldstein and Beck, 1366j to indicate


which hemisphere had greater EEG amplitudes.

According to the ancient science of Kundalim Yoga the


more dominant hemisphere Is contralateral to the active nostril,
Mowever, according to much of the literature on EEG studies,,
to reduced mengreater EEG amplitudes supposedly correspond
This was a controversial point -in the Uterature and
discussed in Werntz, et aJ (198,<) and in greater depth by
Werntz. Bickford, Shannahoff-Khalsa (1987 in press).

tal activity.

is

Although psychological studies performed by Klesn and Arcerebral hemispheres alterroitage (-979) suggest that the two
nate during waking, the*r study did rtot include the n-8sa! cycle
or other related autonomic phenomena. Klein, P4lon, Prosser, and
Shannahoff-Khalsa (1936) did a study with 126 nghi-har.ded 1.
Moorthy A,M. et al P-164 males (66) and females (70) to assess

which hemisphere corresponded to the dominant nostril. They


used the same psychological tasks -as Klein andArmitage (1979)
for the verbal and spatial, or left and right hemispheric skills^
nostril domirespectively. Klein et aU (1986) showed that ngnt
nance with correlated greater verbal performance and that left
nostril dominance correlated with greater spatial performance,
This supports the yogic claim of eontraiateral dominance, which
when also considered from the neuroanatomical point of view,

would be the expected orientation.


Another study by Beubel and Shannahaff-Khalsa

98T,

in

submission) supported the same contraiateral relationship of


nostril and hemisphere. This experiment had 23 subjects who
completed the tasks which differed from those of Klein et aU

176
(1986). These results also showed a significant correlation of
the side of unilateral forced nostril breathing on increased
mental activity in the contrafateral hemisphere
independent of
in-

itial

was

dominance
The relationship of cerebral dominance and nasal airflow
studied by Bell and Shannahoff-Khalsa
(1985)
therusing

mistors for bilateral

tympanic

measurements

nasal

and

membrane temperature

thermistors

for

(TMT)
measuring airflow

Three other studies all suggest that increased cortical


is associated with a relative decrease in TfvlTs.

activity

The studies by Werntz et al. (1983), Klein et al.


(1986),
Beuble and Shannahoff-Khalsa (1987), and Bell and ShannahoffKhalsa (1985) all suggest that whan the nasal cycle
switches
dominance, the cerebral hemispheres do as well, and vice versa
In yogic medicine,
supposedly this rhythm in healthy individuals,
under normal and unstressed conditions (not laboratory environ-

ments where

activities are limited) goes through 10


cycles/day,
an
producing
average for the rhythm of 2.5 hours duration In
the review by Keuning (1968), he summarizes the work of some
authors on the length of the nasal cycle. "According to Heetderks

(1927) Stoksted (1953) and Flottes

(1961)

80%

of their cases

showed an average cycle

length of 3 hours. !n the remaining 20%


Flottes found cycle lengths of up to 8 hours
Heetderks states
that in about 20% of the cases there was fluctuation
without

cycle of reaction, that is, one side of the nose was


swelling and
emptying without the opposite phase on the other side. Heet-

derks states that in the same individual the


cycle was not the
same under apparently the same conditions
while Flottes found
the cycle lengths about the same on
repeated examinations."

Keuning (1968) studied 17 normal males in their twenties and


found a range of 2-7 hours, with an
average of 4 hours and 20
minutes. All these studies are done in the
laboratory using sub-

groups varying in age and probably with some variation in


the restriction of locomotor
activity, etc. However, these results

ject

are similar to the yogic claim of 2.5


hours.

When we consider the length of time of the ultradian


rhythm
REM and non REM sleep, we have an average of 80-120 minutes, where non REM gets shorter over the
night and REM gets
of

longer.

177

No doubt

the supposed night time correlate of the cereas it must reflect some kind of compensation
varies
rhythm
or re-euilibration for daytime lenghts, which would help to reestablish homeostasis. In the ancient science of Kundalini Yoga,
bra!

REM sleep ana left nostril


non
REM
of
Also, somnabulism, or
the
sleep.
sleep
equivalent
medicine
takes place during
to
ycgic
sle^p walking according

right nostril sleep is the equivalent of


is

dominance.

left nostril

The work of the Sperry (1954), and others, with split-brain


patients,
lities,

or

shows us that their are two separate minds, personadomains of consciousness, one for each hemisphere,

can operate independently, This


commissures are disconnected.

is

when

apparent

Upon

testing,

the cerebral

the hemisphere

is initially presented with the stimulus produces a resconsultation of the other. This results in such
without
ponse
different reactions that one is lead to believe that two very

which

separate "personalities" exist.

Many

other studies on the hemispheres support this differeThe asymmetry of human emotion is summarized

ntial function.

He states that "the patient with


in a review by Bear (1983).
right-hemisphere damage may be severely impaired by unconcern
unrealistic assessement of emotional priorities, and failures in
emotional communication", while
often results in aphasia.

left-hemisphere

Fior-Henry's (1979) classic work comparing

damage more

right

and

left

temporal lobe foci epileptics reveals a preponderance of mood


and affective disorders with right-sided foci, and a thought
disorder, which he termed 'schizophreniform psychosis" to be
statistically more prevalent with foci in the left temporal lobe.
In

the investigation of

Me

Intyre et al.

(1976), again com-

paring left versus right temporal lobe epileptics,


showed that right foci produced an

agressivity

agressive pattern compared with a controlled

study on

"impulsive"

"reflective"

pro-

file of those with left foci

Other classic studies on

differential hemisphere mentality,


and
Cecotto (1959) and Rossi and Rosadini (with
by Terzian
used
review, 1967),
hemisphere inactivation by injection with

178

sodium amobarbital. The results were statistically consistent


showing that barbiturization of the left hemisphere usually produced the "depressive-catastrophic" reaction, and a "euphoricmaniacal" reaction was produced when the right hemisphere

was

put to sleep.
In

view of the discovery of

this natural

rhythm of the dyna-

lateralization of cerebral activity, a

fascinating observation

by Lynn (reported in Ischlondsky 1955)


stand. He described how two "antipode

or diametricall-opposed"

mic

is

now

easier to under-

in two female multiple personality disorder


(MPD)
would alternate with a simultaneous switching jn

personalities,

patients,

peripheral vasomotor tone on the two sides of the body. Lynn


described the two personalities as (1), impulsive, irresponsible,

mischevious and vindictive,

full of

rebellion

with hate toward other people around

against

her, using

authority.

abusive langu-

age, scaring other patients with lurid tales of state hospitals and
sex relations, and (2) as dependent, submissive, shy, self-effacing, affectionate

obedient, and sought

affection

and approval

from those previously abused.


The agressive personality was dominant in the right nostril
and the shy personality was dominant in the left nostril. This
shifting in personality and AIMS function is consistent with the
yogic understanding of the correlation of personality with nostril
dominance. In fact, in yogic medicine, it is known that an individual can learn to consciously

switch hemispheres/nostrils

at

span of one breath, to adopt the "proper" mode


of function to suit the circumstances. The switching phenomenon
exhibited with MPD suggests that this normal neurological mecwill, within the

hanism

for

ptation

in

Two

switching cerebral dominance is also useful for adaextreme situations like dissociative disorders.

minds, two separate computers, or two separate modes


wax and wane with each other throughout the 24

of intelligence

hour cycle. The left computer is dominant with greater activity


of ida, and the right computer with pingula. The hemispheres
and nostrils are one way to look at the balance of activity of ida

and pingula According to yogic medicine, the dominance of


on the left or pingula on the right is manifested throughout

ida

the

179
entire periphery as is furthhr documented
This would suggest that studying

in

in

ANS

MPD

the periphery

may also

reflect the

the

two cases

function"

"ultradian

of

elsewhere

rhythm of ida

and pinguia".
Other Studies or Later'Q^z^ion^
i

ANS^^tiyj^in

the Periphery

Again in yogic medicine, the phenomena of lying on one


side and generating a change in ANS function is familiar. Yogis
know that lying on the right side, or applying pressure under the
right armpit

on the fifth

intercostal

space while vertical, can

if desired. The reverse


more primitive mechanism for activatcompared to "mentally controlling'' the

activate the left nostril-right hemisphere


is

also possible. This is a

ing the

hemispheres

ANS-CNS dominance as
enough, scientific

real yogis can simply do. Interestingly


on this phenomena of posture and

studies

dominance have been carried out in several


Potdar (1970) report that changes in the
and
Rao
laboratories.
nasal
the
cycle can be accomplished by sitting in either
ph ase of

pressure on nasal

under the armpit or lying


position with the pressure
have been confirmed by
results
These
side.
the
horizontal on
a vertical

Cole and Haight (1984), Haight and Cole (1984), Cole and Height (1986). Prior to these studies, some researchers noticed that
nasal dominance. However, they assuposition could influence
med tfrat gravity plaved a role in the changes of blood tSow
causing congestion. Yogis have a!so
the right side,

compared

to the

left,

that lying on
to induce deep

discovered
will help

the
sleep more rapidly since left nostril dominance helps engage
REM
non
sleep.
right hemisphere and

Sweating patterns, termed hemihidrotic reactions, that differ


on the two side of the body as a result of pressure reflexes are
reviewed by Takagi and Kobayashi (1955). These "skin pressurereflexes'' are discussed as having therapeutic value
vegetative
and also in relationship

to the

nasal

cycle,

lung function

and

other organs influenced by the antagonistic effects of the symalso found


pathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. They
that a pressure point on the hip could act similarly to the armpit
When these two
point, although it was weaker in influence.
what they
sides
on
they
produce
opposite
points are activated
called the "crossed-hemihidrotic reaction'-', i.e., a lateralized

180
the body was reversed on
sweating pattern on the top of
lower half.

Eccles and Eccles (1981)

make comparisons

the

of normal and

how "stress
abnormal asymmetries in ANS function and state
be
balance
may
disrupted
or with hypothaiamic instability this
and result in the marked autonomic asymmetry seen in migraine
or Meniere's

syndrome".

of patients presenting
Riga (1957) did a clinical analysis
Patients with obstobstruction.
with right or left chronic nasal
with a range
affected
more
frequently
ruction on the right were
of

both physical and psychological disorders

disorClearly degrees of symptomatology in psychosomatic


ders, as well as states of mind in healthier conditions, are couunderstood
pled to this pendulum of ida and pingula, And unless
in

the familiar physiological terms,

concepts of "ida"

western

scientific

it

not surprising

is

why

the

and "pingula" have been so difficult for the


mind to grasp. Simply, ida and pingula desc-

ribe the functional relationship

between

the

mind as two

sepa-

computers and the metabolic correlates in the alternating


rhythm of ANS activity. The ANS is the neurel matrix that links
mind with metabolism.

rate

The two hemispheres also play


in the regulation of the

remarkably

immune system.

Renoux

different role
et

ai,

(1983)

and later Neveu et ai. (1986) in mice demonstrated a result of


fundamental significance in the newly founded field of psychon-

eurormmunology

Renoux

et a}.

(1983)

showed

that "partial

ablation of the left fronto-parretaf cerebral cortex decreases the


number of spleen T cells, impairs IgG-alpha sheep red blood cell

and rnitogen-induced responses, and delays the response to allIn contrast, these events are increased following a

oantigens.

symmetrical lesion of the right neocortex.

The findings extend previous results showing that the neocortex modulates Natural Killer activity and the efficacy of T cellspecific serum factors". This result and the finding of natural
rhythms in cortical activity brings a new facet into play ''the
rhythms of laterality and immunity".

181

The Basic Rest Activity Cycie and Cerebral


Intelligence
Stoksted (1953) and
that the

changes

shows

Eccies

(1978) had

hypothalamus may be responsible


in

nasal resistance.

earlier

proposed

for regulating cyclical

Experimental

evidence

in

the cat

that the

hypothalamus does directly influence sympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa both
unilaterally and bilaterally (Eecles and Lee. 1981, Malcomson
1959).

In

the right nostril-left

ted even

if

the left

switch can happen

mechanism that
gence of the

in less

than a

second.

This

ss

an adaptive

used to quickly access and utilize the intellihemisphere for the "basic knowledge" needed

is

left

to survive. This

when

the fight or flight response


engages,
hemisphere system is instantaneously inirianostril-right hemisphere is dominant This

yogic science,

correlates

with the

ergotrophsc

rage-related

Hess and others. The case


function and personality pro-

sympathetic activities discovered by

immediate shifting of ANS


MPD (Ischlondsky, 1955) is another example
nature can utilize normal mechanisms for survival,

of the

riles in

similar "polarity of

mind"

is

observed

in

of

hew

the structure of

personality in the three cases of extreme function discussed


above barbiturization of one side; hyper-excttablity of one side
:

temporal lobe epHepsy; or with MPD.

These are the ends of


spectrum that one might expect to find beyond the normal
limits of function with the BRAC. In yogic medicine, pinguia and
ida are also described as being "hot" and "cold", or "sun" and
"moon", and "male" and "female", for the function of right
nostril-left hemisphere and left nostril-right hemisphere dominance, respectively. It seems that the pendulum described bv
in

the

the yogis for the relationship

and pinguia

is

of the

mental correlates for Ida

consistent with western concepts.

Self-Regulation of Cerebral Intelligence and

The third major and central meridian,

ANS

Function

sushumna,

is

related

to
spinal canal. According
anatomically
region
fluid
and
brain
spinal
the
of
when
the
chemistry
Yogic medicine,
are equis "conditioned" and the "energies" of ida and pinguia

to

the

of the

182
state of consciousness is possible.
ally mixed an "elevated"
However, this happens only when the pituitary and pineal achie-

ve a specific secretory relationship, and when certain connecta figurative sense, the "energies" of
ing nerves are activated. In
and when they do equally,
sushmna,
effect
both ida and pingual
transition point
occur.
can
First, a
events
a range of important
in
In most
influence.
are
equal
exists where both hemispheres
and
is
not
short-lived
is
very
consciously
people this transition
neural activation and glandular
experienced since the necessary
also the moment of increased
is
This
unmanifested.
activity are
where
is
self-mastery begins. It
creativity. This balance point
is

from

this point of function, that the yogi

consciously controls

the balance of energy of ida and pingula. He chooses the hemiHe is not
sphere suited to the situation for optimal performance.
to
chooses
utilize
hs
the
but
controlled by the "thought waves",

desired

mode

of intelligence. This state of equilibrium, is where

transcendental reality begins. The yogi is always consciously


controlling his prana or life force levels. Once having developed
the ability to maintain this equilibrium on a regular basis, the
yogi must then always regulate this balance from the conscious
state.

The rhythm

is

then no longer "autonomic".

of view, the primary natural mechanism


conscious control of the airflow in the
nostrils. Besides regulating the rate and rhythm for both nost-

From the yogic point

for self-regulation is

there are numerous patterns for altering airflow on the two


sides independently. Sound is another important method that
can be employed for self-regulation of the central nervous system (Shannahoff-Khalsa and Bhajan, 1986)
rils,

Werntz,

et al. (1981, 87)

demonstrated the cortical

effects

of altered breathing patterns in the laboratory using the EEG.


They found that selective hemispheric stimulaiion could be ach-

Untrained subjects were requested to do unilateral forced


determine if the relative dominance of EEG
activity would be effected. Significant shifts in hemispheric
ieved

nostril breathing to

EEG dominance were obtained

in

25 of 31 attempts using

different subjects. Srinivasan (1986)

replicated

study and along with ShannahoffsKhalsa


gating this phenomena.
pilot

is

this result

five
in a

further investi-

183

C, ROLDAN E, LEPICOVSKA. V, EEC Changes


course of Hatha yogic exercises intended for meditation.
Activ. nerv. Sup (Proha) ZZ 1980, No. 2, Institute of Physiological Regulations, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences PRAGUE,
"JAPA with shallow breath at 4-5 c/Min. induce large amplitude theta and Delta or regular beta in the frontoparietal areas.
This .activity may occur simultaneously in the occipital and frontal leads of one hemisphere with alpha,

DOSTALEX.

1.

in

the

2.

Friedella, A.

3.

James

Automatic Automatic Attentive Breathing


Pectoris,
Medicine, Vol. 31, pp 875-881, 1948.
Angina
dominance"

funderburk, "nostril,

science

in

studies

yoga, Himalayan International Imtitue of yoga sciences philorphy


of

USA, Honesdale, pennsyluonsa, 1977, P-48

4.

Luce, G. Body Time, Pantheon Books,

5.
Prasad, R. Nature's Finer Forces,
House, Adyar, India 1947.

New

York, 1971.

Theosophical

Publishing

Pratap, Vijayendra, 197 1, diurnal pattern of nostril breathing,


Chakra, A Journal of Tantra and Yoga, Vol. I, Winter 1970-71.
6.

7.

Pratap, Vijayendra, 1974, Svarayoga-A Modality in BiofeedBiofeedback Society Conference, Colorado Springs, 1974.

back,
8.

Vijayendra, and
Hemisphere Difference

Pratap

Left

Wade
in

Berrettine
1975-Right and
Mantra Meditation-A Cast study,

Yoga research Society Conference,


Le Syndrome Nauro-Retelex DeL'Ostruction Nasale
Riga, I.N
Unilateral (The Neuro-Reflex Syndrome of Unilateral Nasal

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No, 6 pp. 325-332, 1967.
10.

Path,
11.

Singh. H.G., Swara Vigyan

March

and

Behavior

Patterns, Vedic

1-981.

Venkata Reddy.

M.,

Swara

Yoga as

system of natural

184
International Conference
Energy Healing. Paper presented at the
of
Institute
Magnetobiology, 27th
on Energy Medicine, Madras

Feb. 1987.

Westcott, Mark Hemispheric S/mmetry of the EEG During


on T. M. Collected papers, Vol I. Edr,
David. W. Orme-Johnson, Lawrence. H. Domash and John. T.
12.

TM,

Scientific Research

Farrow (Los Angeless

MIU

Press).

APPENDIX-Vlil
1

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SVARODAYAS'ASTRA
1}

with
Narapatikavi
Sarvodayah of
Narapatijayacharya
'Subodhini Sanskrta-Hindi
commentary by Ganeshadatta
Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office,
Publisher
Pathaka

Varanasi, 1971, pp. 368.


2)

Jayalakshmi Tika on Narapatijayacarya.

3)

Narahari Manjari Tika on Narapatijayacarya.

4)

Sivasvarodaya, Text with Hindi Translation by Pandit


Mihirchand. Pub Khemraj Shrikrishnadas, Sri Venkateswara
:

Press, Bombay. 1667


5)

pp 94.
with Marathi

Sivasvarodaya, Text

Translation

by Vaman

Eknath Kemkar, Pub Raoji Sridhora Gondhaiekar, Jagaddhitecchu Press, Pune, 2nd Edn. 1883. pp. 68.
:

6)

Sivasvarodaya,

Translated

B. Baijanath Prasad,

7)

Jnanasvarodaya,
Press,

8)

Dr.

D.

by R,
1918, pp. 136.

Caranadasa,

Pub

Upadhyaya. Pub:

Shri

Venkateshwar

Bombay

Svarodayasara, Pub: Shri Venkateshwar Press, Bombay.

M.

kindly

L.

Gharote

furnished

Principal, G. S.
Letter
Ref. No.

(Personal Communication).

College of Yoga, Lonavla


Dt. 8 January 88

SRD/17

185
9)

Siva

Svarodaya, Text

Kumar

Bar,

Pub

and

Prachya

English

Translation

Prakashan

by Ram

Varanasi,

1980,

pp.XXIX, 172.

MSS. REFERJNCESJ3N SVARAYOGA


i

1)

Svarodaya by Radhakrishna. Ms.

in

Maharaja of Jaipur City

Palace.
2)

Raiasthan

9lJ22^

Ms. No. 2510 - Svarodaya by Cidananda.


3702 - Svarodaya Sastra by Jivanath.
15395 - Svarodayah (Argha Kandam)
mayamala.
7 133 - Svarodaya by Goraksa.
3)

Be

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B

G
B
4)

e r s ty

ga^sH!n^^

- 2346 Pavanavijaya Svarodaya by Bhaskara.


- 697 Pavanavijaya Svarodaya by Bhaskara
- 3558 Pavanavijaya Svarodaya by Bhaskara.
- 2022 Pancatatta Vijaya Svarodaya.

Bharat Itihasa Samsodhaka Mandol. Pune.

52/362 Svarodaya Tika by


5)

from Brah-

Sri

Misra Narahari.

Anandasrama, Pune.
178/2678 Svarodaya by Malianatha Haridasa.
309/5 144 Svarodaya Satika.

6)

^^Orjentai Institute,

Baroda.

10286 Svarodaya Vicaarah.


7)

Benaras Sanskrit University Library.

29912 Svarodaya Vivaranam.


8)

9)

10)

Vaidik

Samsodhan Mannai, Pune.

3/9044 Svarodaya Sastra (Tattvabhagah).


Quoted by Rajendraiai Mitra in his Aphorism of Patanjali.
i)
Samarasarasvarodaya by Ram.
it) Svarodaya by Vyas.
Scindia Oriental Institute, Ujjain.
i)

Pavanavijaya Svarodaya by Alakhadas Ms. No. 30.

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