International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

Latest development on computational approaches for nanouid ow

modeling: NavierStokes based multiphase models
Nor Azwadi Che Sidik a,, Muhammad Noor Aq Witri Muhammad Yazid a, Syahrullail Samion a,
Mohamad Nor Musa a, Rizalman Mamat b
a
b

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Available online 17 March 2016

Keywords:
Nanouid
Single-phase
Two-phase
CFD
NavierStokes

a b s t r a c t
Nanouids have gained signicant attention in recent years due their great potential for heat transfer enhancement. The heat transfer of nanouids can be numerically studied using a single-phase or two-phase approaches.
The rst assumes that the uid phase and nanoparticles are in thermal equilibrium and move with the same
velocity, while the second requires more computational effort but provides the possibility of understanding
the behavior of both uid phase and solid particles in the heat transfer mechanism. This paper reviews various
computational approaches to predict uid ow and heat transfer characteristics of nanouids. The characteristics
of single-phase and two-phase (volume of uid, mixture, EulerianLagrangian and EulerianEulerian)
approaches have been analyzed and discussed systematically. Latest development and recent researches related
to the computational nanouids are also given.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
During the past decades, technology to make particles in nanometer
dimensions was improved and a new kind of solidliquid mixture that
is called nanouid was appeared [1]. The nanouid is an advanced
kind of uid containing small quantity of nanoparticles (usually less
than 100 nm) that are uniformly and stably suspended in a liquid. The
dispersion of a small amount of solid nanoparticles in conventional
uids such as water or ethylene glycol changes their thermal conductivity remarkably.
Thermal conductivity of nanouids has been measured by several
authors with different nanoparticle volume fractions, materials and
dimensions in several base uids and most of the ndings show that
thermal conductivity of nanouid is higher than the base uids.
Among them, Lee et al. [2] demonstrated that oxide ceramic nanouids
consisting of CuO or Al2O3 nanoparticles in water or ethylene-glycol
exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity. For example, using Al2O3 nanoparticles having mean diameter of 13 nm at 4.3% volume fraction
increased the thermal conductivity of water under stationary conditions
by 30% [3]. On the other hand, larger particles with an average diameter
of 40 nm led an increase of less than 10% [3]. Ho et al. [4], Godson et al.
[5], Duangthongsuk and Wongwises, [6], Lee et al. [7], Mahbubul et al.
Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: azwadi@fkm.utm.my (N.A.C. Sidik).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.03.007
0735-1933/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[8], Lelea and Laza [9], and Zakaria et al. [10] also found similar results
indicating the enhancement of thermal conductivity of various
nanouids. However, surprisingly, a few researchers have found insignicant improvement of thermal conductivity as shown by Putnam
et al. [11], Zhang et al. [12], Eapen et al. [13] and Timofeeva [14].
Different concepts have been proposed to explain the enhancement
of heat transfer in nanouid. Xuan and Li [15] and Xuan and Roetzel [16]
have identied two causes of improved heat transfer by nanouids: the
increased thermal dispersion due to the chaotic movement of nanoparticles that accelerates energy exchanges in the uid and the enhanced
thermal conductivity of nanouid. On the other hand, Keblinski et al.
[17] have studied four possible mechanisms that contribute to the increase in nanouid heat transfer: Brownian motion of the particles,
molecular-level layering of the liquid/particles interface, ballistic heat
transfer in the nanoparticles and nanoparticles clustering.
The heat transfer of nanouids can also be numerically studied using
a single-phase or two-phase approaches. The rst assumes that the uid
phase and nanoparticles are in thermal equilibrium and move with the
same velocity. While the second requires more computational effort but
provides the possibility of understanding the behavior of both uid
phase and solid particles in the heat transfer mechanism.
Most of the previous studies on heat transfer of nanouids have been
considering single-phase model as their numerical tool. In 2004, Maiga
et al. [18] have predicted the heat transfer enhancement of -Al2O3/
water and -Al2O3/ethylene glycol nanouids inside a uniformly heated
tube using standard k turbulence model. They discovered that the

N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

Nomenclature
a
b
B
c
C1, C2, C3
Cc
Cp
d
dij
DT
E
F
FB
Fcol
FD
FG
FL
FP
FT
FVM
fD
g
G
H
hV
I
K
k
kB
Kn
m
n
Nu
P
Pe
Pr
Q_
Re
Sd
Se
T
t
u
w

empirical constant (= 1631)

empirical constant (= 25,000)
Kapitz resistance
empirical constant (= 3.0)
empirical constant (= 1.17, 2.18, 1.14 respectively)
Cunningham correction
heat capacity (J kg1 K1)
diameter (m)
deformation tensor
thermophoretic coefcient
empirical constant (= 1/4)
total force (N)
Brownian force (N)
collision force (N)
drag force (N)
gravitational force (N)
Saffman's lift force (N)
pressure gradient force (N)
thermophoresis force (N)
virtual mass force (N)
drag function
gravitational acceleration (m s2)
particleparticle interaction modulus (N m2)
self-crowding factor (= 1.35 b h b 1.91)
volumetric interphase heat transfer coefcient
(W m3 K1)
momentum exchange coefcient
constant (= 2.594)
thermal conductivity (W m1 K1)
Boltzmann constant (J K1)
Knudsen number
mass (kg)
empirical constant (= 2.8)
Nusselt number
pressure (N m2)
Peclet number
Prandtl number
rate of total transferred energy (W)
Reynolds number
source term of momentum transfer between the uid
and nanoparticle phases
source term of heat transfer between the uid and
nanoparticle phases
temperature (K)
time (s)
velocity (m s1)
empirical constant (= 1.5 for low Pes; = 0.091 for high
Pes)

Greek letters

thermal diffusivity (m2 s1)

function of particle interaction due to temperature and

concentration

zero-mean, unit-variance-independent Gaussian random numbers

empirical constant (= 280)

mean free path (m1)

dynamic viscosity (kg m1 s1)

kinematic viscosity (kg m1 s1)

tting parameter (= 2.5)

constant (= 3.142)

density (kg m3)

max

115

ratio of interfacial layer thickness to the radius of

nanoparticle
relaxation time (s)
volume concentration
maximum particle packing fraction
function of hydrodynamic interaction between
nanoparticles
empirical constant (= 3 for spherical; = 6 for
cylindrical)

Subscripts
dr
drift velocity
f
base uid
nf
nanouid
s
nanoparticle
t
tube

-Al2O3/ethylene glycol showed better heat transfer enhancement than

-Al2O3/water. Two years later, Maiga et al. [19] revisited the case but
with Al2O3/saturated water at various concentrations. Based on their
study, they proposed a correlation to calculate the heat transfer coefcient of the tested nanouid.
Namburu et al. [20] have considered a mixture of water and ethylene
glycol as the based uid with three different nanoparticles (CuO, Al2O3,
and SiO2) owing through a circular tube under constant heat ux. They
claimed that at constant Reynolds number, all types of nanouids contribute to the enhancement of Nusselt number compared to base uid.
However, a later study by Javad and Amir [21] did not support the
above ndings. They found that in the turbulent region, the use of
nanouid would lead to large pressure drop and pumping power, and
thus makes it not suitable for real engineering application.
Recently, some of the researchers consider two-phase numerical approach in their investigation on nanouid. The motivation comes from
several factors such as gravity, friction between uid and solid particles,
Brownian and thermophoretic forces, the phenomenon of Brownian
diffusion, sedimentation, and dispersion which signicantly affect the
heat transfer of nanouid.
Behzadmehr et al. [82] were possibly the rst who considered the
two-phase approach to study the turbulent forced convection of
nanouid in a tube with uniform heat ux. In their study, k turbulence
model was used to predict heat transfer enhancement of 1 wt% of Cu in
water-based nanouid. The obtained results showed 15% enhancements while no signicant effect on the skin friction. They also conrmed that the two-phase model give more accurate results than
single-phase model. One possible reason why the ndings by Akbari
et al. [22] did not support the ndings by Behzadmehr et al. [82] was
due to the limitation of computing resources.
Turbulent forced convection ow on TiO2/water nanouid in a heated circular tube using two-phase model has been investigated by
Hejazian and Moraveji [23], Peng et al. [24], and Beheshti et al. [25].
All of them shared similar ndings in which two-phase models have
given closer results to the experimental data when compared to a
single-phase model.
Based on the above brief review, many articles admitted the accuracy of two-phase approaches since the models regard the movement between the solid and uid molecular and yield the predictions with more
precise. However, the efciency of the model is greatly dependent on
the various conditions of nanouid such as nanoparticles volume concentration, laminar or turbulent ow, nanoparticles diameter, type of
base uids, etc. Therefore, the goal of this work is to further review
the different approaches used to predict various nanouids using twophase models with much more details. To the best of authors'
knowledge, there is no comprehensive literature on the subject.

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N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

2. Single-phase model

Table 2
Thermal conductivity models for nanouids.

In the single-phase model, the suspended particles in base uid are

assumed to be so ne. The particles are also assumed to be easily uidized so that it can be considered to have no slip motion between uid
and particles, thermal and hydrodynamic equilibrium between uid
and particles, and in homogeneous mixture. Any interphase forces and
momentum exchange between uid and solid particles are neglected.
These assumptions make the method simpler than other approaches
and requires less time of calculation.
The governing equations of continuity, momentum and energy are
expressed as follows:
Continuity equation

nf unf 0

Momentum equation

nf unf unf P
nf unf nf g

Models

Thermal conductivity

Chon et al. [32]

knf
kf
knf
kf

1 64:70:764 ddsf

Maxwell-Garnetts
(MG) [4749]
Wasp [50]

knf
kf

f 2k f ks
kks s2k
2k k ks

knf
kf

ks 2k f 2k f ks
ks 2k f k f ks

Mintsa et al. [51]

knf
1:72 1:0
kf
knf
f
1 Bks 18  106 3d
k f Re2s Pr
kf
ds
knf
31ks =k f 311 :::
k f
q

Patel et al. [46]

Jang and Choi [52]

Wang [53]

The effective density of a nanouid is:

nf 1 f s :

The heat capacitance of the nanouid and part of the Boussinesq

term are:

C p;nf





1 C p f C p s

nf

; Pr0:9955 Re1:2321
s

b 2kB Tds2 
f f ds

312 ks 3112 k f 22 91ks k f

q
f 2k f ks
knf k f kkss2k
 5  104 f C p; f dksBT T;
2k k ks

Koo and Kleinstreuer

[40]
Hamilton and Crosser
[54]
Charuyakorn et al. [55]

ks 1k f 1k f ks
ks 1k f k f ks

knf
kf

knf
kf

f 2k f ks
kks s2k
1 cPew
s
2k k ks

Eastman et al. [56]

knf
kf

1 k

Yu and Choi [57]

knf
kf

ks 2k f 2k f ks 1 3

Energy equation




nf C p;nf T nf unf
knf T nf

0:369 k 0:7476
k s
f

ks d f
1
k f ds 1

ks d f

f 1ds


3

ks 2k f k f ks 1

The effective thermal conductivity of the two component entities of

spherical-particle suspension was introduced by Chon et al. [32] as follows:
 0:369  0:7476
knf
d
kf
1 64:70:764 f
PrT Re1:2321
:
T
kf
ds
k

Other than the abovementioned formulation of viscosity and thermal conductivity, many other researchers consider the following equations for viscosity and thermal conductivity (Table 1 and Table 2).
3. Two-phase models

nf 1 f s :

The viscosity of the nanouid containing a dilute suspension of small

rigid spherical particles is given by Brinkman model [2631] as:
nf

f
12:5

3.1. EulerianLagrangian model

For low solid volume fractions, the most suitable approach is the
EulerianLagrangian which analyses the base uid by the Eulerian
assumption and the particle phase by the Lagrangian one. However,
for nanouids, the number of particles in the computational domain,
even for a very small particle volume fraction, is extremely large due

Table 1
Viscosity models for nanouids.
Model

Viscosity

Brinkman [2631]

nf
f

Einstein [33]
Neilson [34]

nf = f(1 + 2.5)

De Bruijin [35]
Mooney [36]
Pak and Cho [37]
Wang [38]
Maiga et al. [39]

12:5

nf
f
nf
f

1 1:5e1 ;max

nf
f
nf
f
nf
f
nf
f

e1h

1 2:5 4:6982

1 39:11 533:92
1 7:3 1232
1232 7:3 1

q
KB T
2 rp 134:63 1722:3p 0:47056:04p T

Koo and Kleinstreuer [40]

Brownian 5  104 mp

Nguyen [41]

nf
f

2:12750:0215T f 0:00027T 2f

Jang et al. [42]

nf
f
nf
f
nf
f

1 2:51 ddst

nf
f

1 a1

Brownian [43]
Gherasim [44]
Chandrasekar [45]

1 2:5 6:17
0:904e0:148
;max

31 
2

N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

to the very small size of particles and hence the method would require
very high CPU, memory and computational time.
In the EulerianLagrangian model, the governing equations of continuous uid phase are given as:
Continuity equation

f u f 0

117

The thermophoresis force, a force experienced by small particle in

the opposite direction of temperature gradient of continuous uid, is
given by:
FT DT

1

T
ms T

20

where DT,p is the thermophoretic coefcient dened as [58,59,60]:

Momentum equation

f u f u f p
f u f Sd

10

Energy equation

f C p; f T f u f
k f T f Se

11

Sd is the source term of momentum transfer between the uid and

nanoparticle phases given by:
Sd

Fms t

12

where F is the total force acting on a particle.

In the Lagrangian frame of reference, the equation of motion of a
nanoparticle is given by

dus
F:
dt

13

The F includes contribution for the drag force, gravity, Brownian

force, thermophoresis force, Saffman's lift force, pressure gradient and
virtual mass force:
F FB FD FG FL FP FT FVM :

14

The Brownian force FB is expressed as:

v
i
u h
u 216v k T= 2 d5 = 2 C
c
t
f B
f s
s
f
:
FB
t

15

The hydrodynamic drag force FD from the uid is calculated by

applying the Stokes' law.
FD

18 f
2

d s s C c

u f us

16

FG can be calculated by:

FG

gs f
:
s

17

The Saffman's lift force has been derived by Saffman [61] as:
1=2

FL

2Kv f f dij
1=4

s ds dlk dkl

u f us

18

where K = 2.594 and dij is the deformation tensor.

The force due to the pressure gradient in the uid is given by:
FP

 
f
us
u f :
s

19

DT

6ds 2f C 1 k f =ks C 2 Kn
:
f 1 3C 3 Kn1 2k f =ks 2C 2 Kn

21

Kn is the Knudsen number dened as Kn= 2/ds.

An additional force due to the virtual mass is expressed by:
FVM

1 f d
u us :
2 s dt f

22

Se is source term of heat transfer between the uid and nanoparticle

phases and is given by:
Se

Q_ t

23

where Q_ is the rate of total transferred energy, which can be calculated

by:
Q_ Nu ds k f T s T f

24

where Nu is Nusselt number and is calculated like

Nu 2 0:6Re1=2
Pr1=3 :
s

25

The use of EulerianLagrangian model to predict nanouid ow was

rst attempted by He et al. [62]. They compared the performance of the
method with the experimental results obtained for convective heat
transfer of TiO2 nanouids owing through a straight tube. However,
they did not consider the inter-particle forces such as van der Waals
and electrostatic forces due to inability of computing power. Prediction
was also restricted to laminar condition. They found that the effect of
thermal conductivity of nanouid was more signicant than the viscosity of nanouid, Brownian, lift and thermophoretic forces in enhancing
the heat transfer coefcient.
Within the same year, Bianco et al. [63] applied the model to predict
laminar forced convection ow of water with alumina particles ow in
circular tube, subjected to a constant and uniform heat ux at the wall.
The model was equipped with either constant or temperature
dependent of properties. The maximum difference of only 11% was detected when compared to single-phase model, for the average heat
transfer coefcient. They also demonstrated that due to the temperature
dependent model, the difference between the wall and bulk temperature can be minimized and the shear stress can be decreased due to
viscosity decrease with temperature. Therefore, the temperature dependent model produced higher increment of heat transfer coefcient
and Nusselt number compared to the constant temperature model.
In another study, Habib et al. [64] considered the Eulerian
Lagrangian approach to investigate the effects of thermophoretic and
Brownian forces on nanouid conductivity. As found by He et al. [62]
earlier, they also indicated that these two forces gave very small effect
on the nanoparticles' velocity and therefore has little contribution to
nanouid conductivity. In 2011, Habib and Roghayyeh [65,66] extended
the study by measuring the effect of nanoparticle diameter on the
change of Brownian and thermophoretic forces, and on the velocity
and nanoparticles distribution in a pipe. They revealed that the nanoparticles concentrated near the pipe centerline when the diameter increased. Furthermore, the effect of particles' diameter was more
signicant on the Brownian force than thermophoretic force, which

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N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

showed that the Brownian force effect is reduced with the increase of
nanoparticle diameter.
Few other researchers have dedicated their study on the prediction
of alumina nanoparticles distribution in nanouid and heat transfer
characteristics under laminar ow regime by EulerianLagrangian technique. For example, Azari and his coworkers [67] studied the convective
heat transfer coefcient of nanouid in a circular tube under uniform
and constant heat ux on the wall. Their results demonstrated that
the model prediction and experimental data match signicantly.
Mehdi and Seyed [68] investigated the effect of various forces on particle distribution and thermal characteristics of nanouid inside a pipe
under uniform wall heat ux. The Brownian force makes the particle
distribution more uniform since it is applied in the opposite direction
of concentration gradient. Whereas the thermophoretic force enhances
nonuniformity of the particle distribution since it is applied in the opposite direction of temperature gradient. The effect of these two forces was
found to be more signicant for smaller particles and higher mean concentration. Mehdi and Seyed [68] also found that the virtual force has no
signicant effect on the particle migration.
Since the thermal conductivity is greatly inuenced by the concentration distribution of nanoparticle in nanouid, Mehdi [69] dedicated
their research on the effect of Peclet number on the particle migration
of nanouid ow in circular pipe by the EulerianLagrangian simulation
method. Increasing the Peclet number intensies the effects of shear
rate and viscosity gradient of nanouid and yields more particles migration to the center of the pipe, while at lower Peclet number, it was found
that the Brownian diffusion becomes dominant and more uniform concentration distribution can be achieved. They also observed that it is unavoidable to include the property of non-uniformity in concentration
distribution in the numerical model of nanouid to obtain good agreement data with experimental results.
Another innovative research was conducted by Mehdi [70] on the
migration of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles in turbulent ow regime.
For that purpose, the effect of Brownian motion, shear rate and viscosity
gradient has been taken into account on diffusion of the particles. By
applying the effect of particle migration, the amount of concentration
at the wall vicinity will be lower than that at the tube center. Mehdi
[70] also found that by applying the effect of particle migration, the
error in prediction of Nusselt number in comparison with the experimental data was reduced from 11.78% to 2.73%.
The accuracy of EulerianLagrangian model has been rst compared
among mixture multiphase and single-phase models in prediction of
-Al2O3 water nanouid ows in an entrance region of a horizontal
circular tube with constant surface temperature by Mohammad et al.
[71]. They studied the effect of nanoparticles volume fraction (0.5 and
1%) and Reynolds number (650 to 2300) on the convective heat transfer
coefcient. The authors demonstrated that the EulerianLagrangian
gave good agreement with the experimental data; however, the
model requires more computational time and computer capacity than
other two models.
Mahdavi et al. [72] performed numerical prediction of laminar
nanouids ow in a vertical tube using mixture and Eulerian
Lagrangian approaches. Three different nanouids consists of alumina,
zirconia and silica nanoparticles (up to 2.76% of volume fraction) have
been investigated and the results were compared with experimental
works. The comparison of computed data demonstrated that the nding
were in good agreement with the measured heat transfer coefcient for
EulerianLagrangian technique. Mixture model was also found capable
in providing reliable results, but it highly depends on the accuracy of the
correlations for the thermophysical properties of nanouid.
In another comprehensive comparative study on the multiphase
models, Behroyan et al. [73] investigated turbulent forced convection
of Cu/water nanouid in a tube with a constant heat ux on the tube
wall using ve types of computational uid dynamics models, including
single-phase (Newtonian and non-Newtonian) and three two-phase
models (EulerianEulerian, mixture and EulerianLagrangian). The

Reynolds number was set between 10,000 and 25,000 while the volume
fraction of Cu particles considered was in the range of 0% to 2%. Except
for volume fraction 0.5%, the EulerianLagrangian model gives the
smallest error when compared against benchmarked empirical correlation of Nusselt number [74].
3.2. EulerianEulerian models
There are three different EulerianEulerian approaches including
volume of uid (VOF), mixture model and Eulerian models that will
be reviewed in the following.
3.2.1. Volume of uid approach (VOF)
Volume of uid (VOF) was introduced by Hirt and Nichols [75] to investigate the dynamics of free boundaries in two-phase uid. Since
then, the VOF has been adopted in numerous applications such as
ow around a ship, blow molding, extrusion, mold lling, etc.
The interface between the base uid and nanoparticle phases is
tracked by solving a continuity equation for the volume fraction of the
base uid phase and is given by:


f f u f f f 0:

26

The volume fraction for the nanoparticle phase is obtained by the

following constraint:
f s 1:

27

In addition, only one momentum equation is solved, and the

resulting velocity eld is shared among the phases.

nf unf unf P
nf unf nf g

28

The energy equation for the VOF model has the following form:




nf C p;nf T nf unf
knf T nf :

29

All the properties of nanouid are calculated as follows:

Density
nf f f s s

30

Viscosity
nf f f s s

31

Thermal conductivity
knf f k f s ks

32

Heat capacity
C p;nf

f f C p; f s s C p;s
f f s s

33

Temperature
T nf

f f T f s s T s
f f s s

34

Literature records indicate that the VOF approach has received less
attention in the area of nanouid computations. Moraveji et al. [76]
compared the performance of single-phase and two-phase models
(VOF, mixture and Eulerian) on the prediction of heat transfer augmentation of Al2O3/water nanouid in mini-channel heat sink. While the
single-phase model fails at high Reynolds number computation, the

N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

maximum deviation from experimental with two-phase approaches

was about 16%.
Rashidi et al. [77] performed a comparative study of three different
two-phase models (VOF, mixture and Eulerian) on nanouid heat transfer in wavy channel within laminar regime using SIMPLE method. Since
there are no previous experimental studies on the subject, selection of
the best method for the case study remains difcult.
Anwar Beg et al. [78] considered VOF approach to investigate
laminar mixed convection of Al2O3/water nanouid in a long tube
with Re = 1000 and 1400. They found that the differences between
the average of heat transfer coefcient predicted by the VOF and the
experimental results were 5% and 4% for Reynolds number 1000 and
1400 respectively.
Numerical study on turbulent VOF model for the nanouids heat
transfer through mini-channel heat sinks has been conducted by
Paisarn and Lursukd [79]. TiO2 nanouid with constant concentration
of 0.4% has been used in their investigation. The Reynolds number
based on the hydraulic diameter of the channel were tested in the
range between 80 and 200. The presented results showed the best performance of VOF approach when compared to the experimental results.
This indicates the capability of the model to capture the Brownian motion effect and non-uniformity of the nanoparticles concentration of
nanouid in the channel.
3.2.2. Mixture model
A mixture model is also known as a simplied multiphase model. In
this model, the coupling between uid and particle phases is strong and
the particles closely follow the ow. Also it is considered that each phase
has its own velocity vector eld and there is a volume fraction for
primary phase and also a volume fraction for the secondary phase. The
primary phase inuences the secondary phase via drag and turbulence,
while the secondary phase in turn inuences the primary phase via reduction in mean momentum and turbulence. The mixture model can be
applied for a wide range of particle size; however it is best suited for
small particles.
The continuity, momentum and energy equation for the mixture are
employed rather than for individual phase as follows:
Continuity equation


nf unf nf nf 0

35






nf unf nf unf nf nf p
nf nf unf nf



:::
f f udr; f udr; f s s udr;s udr;s nf g
36
Energy equation




f u f f C p; f T f s us s C p;s T s
f k f s ks T 

37

Volume fraction




s s unf
s s udr;s

38

Other properties of nanouid are calculated as follows:

Density
nf f f s s

39

Viscosity
nf f f s s

Velocity
unf

f f u f s s us
nf

40

41

Thermal conductivity
knf f k f s ks

42

The drift velocity for base uid phase:

udr; f u f unf

43

The drift velocity for nanoparticle phase:

udr;s us unf

44

The relative velocity correlation is proposed by Manninen et al. [80]

and the drag function is calculated by the proposed correlation by
Schiller and Naumann [81].
2

s ds f nf
gunf
unf
18 f f D
f

ufs

45

Drag function is given as:

fD

Res 1000
1 0:15Re0:687
s
Res N1000
0:0183Res

46

where
Res

unf ds nf
:
nf

47

An earliest research on the prediction of turbulent forced convection

of nanouid using mixture two-phase model has been conducted by
Behzadmehr et al. [82]. 1 vol.% of Cu nanoparticles was dispersed in
water and the produced nanouid was forced to ow in a tube with uniform heat ux. Reynolds number of ow was set between 10,515 and
22,540. Launder and Spalding k turbulence model was used and
expressed by the following equations:


m vk

Momentum equation

119

m v


t;m
k Gm m
k



t;m

C 1 Gm C 2 m

k
2

48

49

where t;m m C k , and the constants are C1 = 1.44, C2 = 1.92, =

1.3, and k = 1.0. Comparison of computed Nusselt number between
single and mixture model rst time revealed that the mixture approach
gives good agreement with the experimental results for all Reynolds
numbers considered, while the single-phase model far overestimated
the value of Nusselt number for the conducted study case.
Three years later, Lot et al.'s [83] comparative study also found that
the mixture model was superior compared to single-phase and Eulerian
model for the computation of Nusselt number of alumina water
nanouid ow in a heated horizontal tube. In contrast to Behzadmehr
et al. [82], Lot et al. [83] found that both the single-phase and Eulerian
model underestimate the Nusselt number in comparison with experimental data.
A number of authors have considered the used of TiO2/water
nanouid for the enhancement of heat transfer coefcient inside a horizontal circular tube within turbulent regime [8487]. Majid et al. [85]
compared the predicted Nusselt number and friction factor by singlephase, VOF, Eulerian, mixture models and experimental data. They
found that the mixture approach gives good agreement with maximum

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N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

error of 11.29% when compared to experimental work by Kayhani et al.

[88] for the Nusselt number. However, at high volume concentration,
the mixture model gives the least accuracy in comparison to experimental data of friction factor. This nding is supported by Wang et al.
[84] who also considered TiO2 nanouid ow through heated horizontal
circular tube. Wang et al. measured the pressure drop using low Re k
turbulence model and compared the obtained results among experimental data by Teng et al. [89], single-phase, Eulerian and mixture
models. They claimed that while the Eulerian model was the most accurate, mixture model is the least accurate and the accuracy of the single
phase lies somewhere in between. Similarly, Paisarn and Lursukd [79]
found that the mixture model is less accurate than the VOF model for
the computational of turbulent heat transfer and ow characteristics
of nanouids in microchannel heat sink when compared with experimental data. Besides Paisarn and Lursukd, the nding by Behroyan
et al. [73] also points to the same conclusion that the mixture model
predicted at the highest deviation from the experimental data when
compared to Eulerian and Lagrangian multiphase models. Behroyan
et al. considered turbulent force convection of Cu/water nanouid in a
tube with a constant heat ux on the tube wall.
Nevertheless, Alireza et al.'s [86] ndings somewhat contradict with
the nding by previous researchers [84,85], who carried out comparative numerical study of two nanouids heat transfer (Al2O3/water and
TiO2/water) through an annular channel using single-phase and twophase models (Eulerian and mixture). The realizable k turbulence
model with enhanced wall function was chosen due to computation at
high Reynolds numbers. The average deviations of all models from the
experimental data [90] were analyzed and they found that the mixture
model is more accurate than the Eulerian model. The single-phase
model gives the least accurate for the selected case study.
Recently, in order to determine the most accurate model to inspect
the effect of increasing the nanoparticle concentration on heat transfer
coefcient and pressure drop, Majid and his coworkers [91] performed
numerical work using mixture and Eulerian method on both pure water
and Al2O3/water nanouid ow inside a horizontal tube. They claimed
that while both models predicted at almost the same accuracy, however
the mixture model was slightly more accurate in predicting Nusselt
number. Maximum error was 9.91% for mixture model and 11% for
Eulerian model.
On the other hand, computation of nanouid laminar convective
heat transfer using mixture multiphase model only begun in 2013.
Nuim Labib et al. [92] measured the heat transfer coefcient of Al2O3
nanoparticles dispersed in water and ethylene glycol, and mixture of
Al2O3 particles and CNTs/water nanouid owing in horizontal circular
tube with constant heat ux at the tube's wall. Their results revealed
that the heat transfer coefcient enhancement appears to be more pronounced for using ethylene glycol as a base uid than water. In addition,
they also claimed that the increment of heat transfer coefcient can be
achieved up to 59.86% by using hybrid nanouid compared to single
nanouid.
The roles of Al2O3/water nanouid in enhancing the heat transfer
performance have been acknowledged by many researchers. Sakhani
et al. [93] developed FORTRAN programming language of two-phase
mixture model to predict heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop
in horizontal at tubes. Using the same numerical model, Abdolreza
et al. [94] extended the investigation by comparing the performance
of water based Al2O3 and Al2O3/Cu hybrid nanouids. Their results demonstrated that the average increase in the Nusselt number for hybrid
nanouid is about 4.73% and 13.46% in comparison with Al2O3/water
and pure water respectively.
In another study, Mahdavi et al. [95] carried out numerical research
through mixture approach on the heat transfer and hydrodynamic features of nanouids laminar ow consisting alumina, zirconia and silica
nanoparticles in a vertical tube. Their nding indicated that the mixture
model could provide reliable results but highly depends on the accuracy
of the correlations for the thermophysical properties of the nanouids.

The efcacy of drug delivery manufacturing system exploiting

nanouids (nanopharmaceuticals) has been the subject of investigation
by Anwar Beg et al. [78]. Using four different models (single-phase,
mixture, Eulerian and VOF models), they measured the heat transfer
coefcient of Al2O3/water nanouids ow in long horizontal tube with
constant wall temperature and compared with existing experimental
data. They showed that the mixture model gave the most promising
results with only 2% deviations. However, for single-phase model, this
difference was markedly higher at about 28%.
Recently, Moraveji and his team [96] put their effort in developing
three dimensional computer program codes to compare the accuracy
and computational cost of mixture, VOF and Eulerian models for predictions of thermal performance of Al2O3/water nanouid in mini-channel
heat sink. They have shown that while difference among two-phase
models was marginal, the mixture model gives the most precise and
less CPU usage and calculation time when compared to experimental
data.
3.2.3. Eulerian approach
Eulerian model is one of the most complex two-phase models that
exist in the literature. Strong coupling between the phases makes this
model more difcult than mixture model. Compared to other multiphase models, the Eulerian supports dilute to dense volume and also
low to high particulate loading. Each model has a separated momentum,
continuity and energy equations, which means that each phase has a
separate velocity vector eld. However, the pressure is shared by all
the phases.
Continuity equation for base uid is expressed as:

f f u f 0:

50

While for nanoparticle is expressed as:

s s us 0:

51

Summation of all the volume fraction is equal to unity.

f s 1

52

Momentum equation for the base uid phase

f f u f u f f P f
f u f f f g FD; f FL; f

53

Momentum equation for the nanoparticle phase

s s us us s P s
s us s s g FD;s FL;s
Fcol;s

54

Here, FD measures the interaction drag force between the uid and
nanoparticles.
FD; f FD;s Iu f us

55

I is the momentum exchange coefcient which is based on the particle volume concentration. For very dilute case
I

s f s f D
s

56

where is the particulate relaxation time given as:

2

s ds
:
18 f

57

N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

According to Schiller and Naumann correlation [97], the drag coefcient can be expressed as:
fD

C D Res
24

58

and
C D 24

1 0:15Re0:687
s
Res

!
for Res 1000 and 0:44 if Res N1000 59

where
Res

f ds jus u f j
:
f

60

The lift and collision forces may be considered depending on the size
of nanoparticles.
The lift force can be obtained from Drew and Lahey [98] equation
FL; f 0:5s f us u f   us

61

FL;s 0:5 f s u f us   u f

62

and the collision force is dened by Bouillard et al. [99] as:

Fcol;s Gs s

63

where G(s) is the particleparticle interaction modulus dened as:

Gs exp600s 0:376:

64

Energy equation can be presented as follows:



f f C p; f T f u f
f k f T f hV T s T f

65

while for nanoparticle is expressed as:



s s C p;s T s us
s ks T s hV T s T f

66

and the volumetric interphase heat transfer coefcient

hV

6ks f s Nus
2

ds

67

The Nus can be calculated from the model proposed by Ranz and
Marshal [100].
0:33
Nus 2 0:6Re0:5
:
s Pr

68

Kalteh and his coworkers [101] were the rst who considered this
approach to predict Cu/water nanouid ow in an isothermally heated
microchannel. In their study, the lift force between the phases is
neglected due to small size of particles was considered. The Reynolds
numbers were tested from 200 to 1600 and volume fraction from 0%
to 5%. They observed that the relative velocity and temperature for
base uid and nanoparticles are very small and negligible. Therefore,
they concluded that the assumption of homogeneous solution is
reasonable.
A year later, Kalteh et al. [102] conducted another numerical study
on the laminar forced convection of nanouid in a wide microchannel
heat sink. Spherical -Al2O3 nanoparticles with mean diameter of
40 nm were dispersed in deionized water to obtain 0.1% to 0.2% volume
concentration of nanouid. The predicted results were compared with
their own experimental results. While they conrmed small relative velocity and temperature between the based uid and nanoparticles,

121

however, the prediction by two-phase Eulerian approach gave better

agreement when compared to that of experimental results. The maximum deviations from experimental results were 12.61% and 7.42% for
homogeneous and two-phase method, respectively.
Moraveji et al. [96] investigated thermal performance of Al2O3/water
nanouid in mini-channel heat sink within 130 b Re b 1600. They found
that the deviation from experimental with Eulerian model is lower than
single phase for all range of Reynolds number. The deviation is more
sensible for single-phase approach at the simulation for high volume
concentration ( N 1%).
The hydrodynamics and thermal behavior of nanouid ows at the
entry region of heated pipe has been analyzed by Sinan et al. [103].
The inlet ow velocity at 43.5 mm diameter of circular pipe was carefully set so that the Reynolds number can be restricted within laminar regime (500 b Re b 2000). In their study, the Eulerian model was coupled
with Full Multiphase Couples (FMC) scheme and the computational cost
was successfully reduced up to 50%.
In another study, Anwar Beg and his coworkers [78] investigated the
transport phenomena of bio-nanouid in circular channel under constant
wall temperature and within laminar regime. The physical properties of
the base uid were considered to be temperature dependent following
Chon [104] and Vargaftik [105]. The maximum error of the average convective heat transfer coefcient between the experimental results and
that predicted with Eulerian was 7% while more than 35% for the single-phase prediction. Therefore, the single-phase model was not preferable to predict bio nanouid convective heat transfer.
Prediction of nanouid performance in channel with corrugated surface has been conducted by many researchers [106113]. However,
many of them considered single-phase model and underpredicted the
heat transfer coefcient when compared to experimental data. To our
knowledge, Rashidi et al. [114] were the rst who systematically predict
the force convection of Cu/water nanouid by three different multiphase model in the wavy channel. They demonstrated that the difference between single and multiphase model is signicant in the
temperature eld, while little difference in the hydrodynamic eld.
The irregular motion of nanoparticles due to wavy walls was well
captured by the multiphase models.
Turbulent convective heat transfer of nanouid has been studied by
several authors. Majid et al. [91] applied realizable k-e turbulent model
with enhanced wall function to accurately measure thermal performance of Al2O3/water nanouid in horizontal circular pipe subjected
to saturated steam at the wall. The experimental results from literature
[115] were brought for the purpose of comparison. Maximum error of
11% for the predicted Nusselt number when compared to experimental
data has been reported.
In another study, Majid et al. [85] extended their previous work
by developing computer code to compare the accuracy and efciency
of three different multiphase model (Eulerian, volume of uid and
mixture). Steady state turbulent ow of TiO 2/water nanouid has
been simulated using realizable k turbulence model with
enhanced wall function treatment. They found that the Eulerian
Eulerian was the most sensitive model to all volume fraction changes
followed by the VOF model.
The nding of Majid et al. [85] is in line with the nding of Peng
et al. [84]. Peng et al. conducted numerical study of TiO2/water
nanouid with different temperatures, ow in circular steel tube
using low Re k-e model which earlier proposed by Yang and Shih
[116]. They highlighted that the Eulerian model is the most accurate
when compared to mixture and single-phase model. Interestingly,
they also claimed that the single-phase model is superior that the
mixture model for the simulation at volume fraction ranges 0.5% to
1.5%. In contrast, the study by Behroyan [73] indicated that Eulerian
model is only accurate when simulating Cu/water nanouid ow in a
tube at 0.5% volume concentration.
Recently, Alireza et al. [86] performed numerical study on two
different nanouid (Al 2 O 3 /water and TiO 2 /water) owing in

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N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

Table 3
Numerical studies on nanouids using multiphase models.
Authors

Nanouids

Behzadmehr Cu/water
et al. [82]

Flow conditions and congurations

Multiphase models

Findings

Turbulent forced convection

ow in a horizontal tube with constant
heat ux
Turbulent forced convection
ow in a horizontal tube with constant
heat ux

Single phase
Mixture

Mixture N Single phase

Single phase
VOF
Mixture
Eulerian
Single phase
Mixture

Single phase N VOF, Mixture and Eulerian

Single phase
Mixture
Eulerian
Single phase
Mixture
Eulerian
Single phase (with and
without temperature dependence)
EulerianLagrangian (with
and without temperature
dependence)
Single phase
Dispersion single phase
Mixture
EulerianLagrangian
Mixture
EulerianLagrangian

Akbari et al.
[22]

Al2O3/water,
Cu/water

Hejazian
and
Moraveji
[23]
Peng et al.
[24]

TiO2/water

Turbulent forced convection ow in a

horizontal tube with constant heat ux

TiO2/water

Turbulent forced convection ow in a

horizontal tube with constant surface
temperature
Turbulent forced convection ow in a
annular tube with constant surface
temperature
Laminar forced convection ow in a
horizontal tube with constant heat ux

Beheshti
et al. [25]

Al2O3/water,
TiO2/water

Bianco et al.
[63]

Al2O3/water

Mohammad
et al. [71]

-Al2O3 /water

Laminar forced convection ow in a

horizontal circular tube with constant
surface temperature

Mahdavi
et al. [72]

Al2O3/water,
ZrO2/water,
SiO2/water
Cu/water

Laminar forced convection ow in a

vertical tube with constant heat ux

Behroyan
et al. [73]

Moraveji
et al. [76]

Al2O3/water

Turbulent forced convection ow in a

horizontal tube with constant heat ux

Laminar forced convection ow in

mini-channel heat sink with constant
heat ux

Anwar Beg
et al. [78]

Al2O3/water
bionanouids

Laminar mixed convection ow in a

horizontal tube with constant surface
temperature

Paisarn and
Lursukd
[79]
Lot et al.'s
[83]

TiO2/water

Turbulent forced convection ow in a

mini-channel heat sink with constant
heat ux
Turbulent forced convection ow in a
horizontal tube with constant heat ux

Majid et al.
[85]

TiO2/water

Turbulent forced convection ow in a

horizontal tube with constant heat ux

Majid et al.
[91]
Kalteh et al.
[102]

Al2O3/water

Turbulent mixed convection ow in a

horizontal tube with constant heat ux
Laminar forced convection in a wide
micro channel heat sink with constant
heat ux
Laminar forced convection ow in a
horizontal tube with constant heat ux

Sinan et al.
[103]

Al2O3/water

-Al2O3/water

Al2O3/water

Single phase (Newtonian

and non-Newtonian)
Eulerian
Mixture
EulerianLagrangian
Single phase
VOF
Mixture
Eulerian

Single phase
VOF
Mixture
Eulerian
Single phase
Mixture
VOF
Single phase
Mixture
Eulerian
Single phase
VOF
Mixture
Eulerian
Mixture
Eulerian
Single phase
Eulerian

Single phase (with and

without temperature dependence)
Dispersion single phase
Eulerian
Mixture

Mixture N Single phase

Eulerian N Single phase N Mixture

Mixture N Eulerian N Single phase

EulerianLagrangian N Single phase

Dispersion single phase and EulerianLagrangian N Single phase

and Mixture

EulerianLagrangian N Mixture

Newtonian single phase and EulerianLagrangian N Mixture N

Eulerian N non-Newtonian single phase

VOF, Mixture and Eulerian N Single phase

The difference between the two-phase models results was
marginal.

Mixture model is the most computationally efcient than other

two-phase models.
Mixture N VOF N Eulerian N Single phase

VOF N Mixture N Single phase

Mixture N Single phase and Eulerian

Heat transfer: VOF N Mixture N Single phase and Eulerian

Friction factor: VOF and Eulerian N Single phase and Mixture
CPU efciency: VOF N Eulerian
Mixture N Eulerian
Eulerian N Single phase

Dispersion single phase N Single phase with temperature dependence N Single phase without temperature dependence
Both Eulerian and Mixture underpredict and overpredict heat
transfer coefcient at the beginning and at the developed region
in the tube, respectively.
Eulerian with FMC can reduce computational cost compared to
that with phase coupled.

N: better accuracy than.

rectangular channel subjected to heated outer wall with hot water.

Realizable k turbulence model with enhanced wall function was
used with the Reynolds number ranges 3500 to 11,500. They indicated that the maximum errors predicted by the EulerianEulerian

model were 9.94% and 10.61% for Al 2 O 3 /water and TiO 2 /water
nanouids respectively.
Summary of the numerical studies on the prediction of nanouids
ow using different multiphase models is given in Table 3.

N.A.C. Sidik et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 74 (2016) 114124

4. Concluding remarks
By reviewing several computational studies on nanouids modeling,
we found that the use of single-phase approach is inappropriate and produces large deviation when compared to experimental data. It is unavoidable to include the property of two-phase in the numerical model of
nanouid to obtain good computational results. Among the four multiphase models (EulerianLagrangian, VoF, mixture and Eulerian), undoubtedly, the EulerianLagrangian predicts the best without using
information about the behavior of nanouid and its thermophysical
properties. However, since the model computes the trajectories of each
particles, it requires very high CPU, memory and computational time
and is not suitable for computation at high nanoparticles loading. While
the VoF received less attention than the mixture and Eulerian models,
the three models predict with almost the same accuracy and computational time.
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