TECHNIA International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL.7 NO. 2, January.

2015 (ISSN 0974-3375)

Mechanisms of Solar Collectors with Design of

Artificial Neural Networks for better efficiency
with Visual Control
1

Dr. Samuel Lara Escamilla, 2Dr. Rodolfo Rojas Tovar, 3M.E. Ivett Vsquez Lagunas
Departamento de Ingeniera Industrial, Instituto Tecnolgico de Tlalnepantla., Tlalnepantla s/n, col. La Comunidad,
Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mxico, Mxico C.P. 54070, 2Departamento de Econmico administrative
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, A Teoloyucan Km 2.5 San Sebastin Xhala, Cuautitln Izcalli, Estado de
Mxico, 3Departamento de Econmico administrativo Instituto Tecnolgico de Tlalnepantla.Tlalnepantla s/n, col. La
Comunidad Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mxico, Mxico C.P. 54070
1
Shmuel_lara@hotmail.com, 2rodolforojastovar@hotmail.com, 3vasquezivett@yahoo.com
1

Abstract- The major environmental problems currently

facing the humanity can be solved by the use of alternative
energies that are certainly one practical solution that does
not allow emitting pollutants of the environment. The
present research is focused on the development of integrated
systems that allow maximum use of solar energy, this
through a device that enhances this article, which is the
photovoltaic collector of an autonomous orientation, this is a
robotic system of two and three degrees of freedom which
enables to optimize the incidence of sunlight on the
photovoltaic cell. As part of the design, modeling and
prototype development of a prototype to investigate
automatic positioning and orthogonal orientation to the sun
was built. By visual inspection and the use of neural
networks was possible to obtain results with better
throughput and efficiency of the solar collector system, this
in comparison with static photovoltaic collectors as well as
motion or solar tracker.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, Solar Energy
Collectors, Autonomous Systems, Intelligent Control visual.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The environmental problems facing the humanity due to

the excessive pollution worldwide, is becoming more
evident year by year, from this cause are important efforts
and contributions that are made to the power generation
based on the use of renewable sources, this has a special
significance mainly in cities where every day we consume
a huge amount of energy. In our case, Mexico is
considered as one of the countries with better conditions
of solar radiation and for this reason I have been
developed in recent years studies for maximum use of
solar energy. For these reasons, here we show a prototype
automatic positioning and orthogonal orientation to the
sun, in such a way that optimizes the incidence throughout
the day compared to a collection system static power.
II.

manufactured with a geometric flat shape, as shown in

Fig. 1

Fig 1: Geometric of conventional PV systems.

In this project, a prototype automatic positioning and

orthogonal orientation to the sun, in such a way that
optimizes the incidence throughout the day compared
with a collection system static power develops. In this
sense the development of a prototype automatic
positioning and orthogonal orientation to the sun, in such
a way that optimizes the incidence throughout the day
compared with a collection system static power is also
presented our proposal is generally following
characteristics:
1.
2.
3.

Improvement of solar collection system.

Creating a system of automatic control of solar
incidence.
Coupling of instruments that provide the actual
measurement of the efficiency

One of these references is its software Censol which is

initially conceived as a calculation tool to automatically
perform the basic sizing of facilities; this program
integrates tools for study and analysis of the energy use of
solar radiation (See Fig. the 2a and 2b).

BASIC NOTIONS

Photovoltaic collectors are widely used today because of

the cost-benefit it provides, these in turn maintain a given
output power as a function of environmental conditions,
materials and type of construction of the manifold [4,5]
allowing to consider new alternatives to optimize power
generation using internal and / or external variables. The
photovoltaic systems, photovoltaic or PV are
(a)

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(b)

TECHNIA International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL.7 NO. 2, January. 2015 (ISSN 0974-3375)
Solar Incidence Analysis Software

Fig 4: Region offset for p

The system to characterize the LDR are defined by

Where

(c)

Nmero del LDR

Fig 2: Solar radiation

Voltaje fijo

And these tools allow analyzing the use of solar radiation

(see Fig. 2)
III.

Resistencia fija
Therefore, the desirable orientation system has the
optimum value in (1) when the relation has made in (3).

DESIGN MODELING

To considerate the photo-voltaic system has a latitude,

longitude, altitude and orientation that is orthogonal
variable with the path having the earth relative to the sun,
the point p represents the centroid of the PV system; in
this way has the position and orientation to the sun (1)
The arrangement of the sensors can measure the light
intensity by varying the voltage
in (2) indirectly
orientation described in the following geometric
relationship, as shown in Fig. 3.

However for the actual description given uncertainties

system, shown in Figure 4, is to have the relation to:

En el caso de que (3) y (4) no se cumplan, se tiene las

siguientes operaciones
In the case (3) and (4) are not made, it has the
following operations

Where:
Es la velocidad angular
Aplicando un control proporcional, tal como se
muestra en la Fig. 5 con la descripcin de (6)
Fig. 3: Fixing the sensor resistance light dependent LDR of the cell PV

We have used four sensors distributed so that the ratio of

the distance between them permits the calculation of the
center p of a system based on the position of the sun.
Since distance relationships are

Where:
is the angular velocity
Applying a proportional control as shown in Fig. 5
with the description of (6)

The measurement uncertainties allow us to give a region

called hysteresis, which is bounded by the region
comprising the intersections ''' 'only if it is within /
2 and / 2, as a region offset, as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig 5: Diagram of proportional control

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TECHNIA International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL.7 NO. 2, January. 2015 (ISSN 0974-3375)

Where

The mechanism of two degrees of freedom is oriented

orthogonally to the position of the light source
independently, when the variable resistors are calibrated.

Es la entrada
Es la ganancia dad por la posicin
, Se obtiene el modelo para el sistema.

The prototype of an automatic guiding for solar energy

systems has been validated with controlled parameters.

Where

VI.

X (s) = R (s) H (s) Y (s) is the input

H (s) is the gain given by t position,
the model for the system is obtained.

IV.

ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT OF THE COLLECTOR

AND THE RNA

Proper use of the solar concentrator is composed of the

L1, L2 and L3 longitudinal structural rigid models and
masses m1, m2 and m3 proportionally; coupled for joint
rotation, which can be seen in Figure 7. in which the
structure of the solar concentrator to the realization of a
robot manipulator is shown with three degrees of freedom

SIMULATIONS

Regarding the design of the mechanical system, we

decided that it would work with a system of two coupled
axles on a base and sturdy base to environmental
disturbances, such as factors of wind and rain, as shown in
Fig. 6 with this design is able to obtain two degrees of
freedom.

VII.

DYNAMICS OF SOLAR CONCENTRATOR

The dynamics of a number of types n-link manipulator

which can be suitably rigid described using Euler- La
Granje equations of motion is described below as:
H (q) q + c (q, q) q + Dq + g (q) = t - tp

(7)

Where (f) is the vector of inertial forces (m) is the mass

matrix and (u) is the acceleration vector.
Structural dynamic model of the solar concentrator and
their joints which is interpreted with their respective
values in matrix. To analyze the degree of freedom
dynamic equation for each of the balance degrees occurs:
Inertial forces in equation (8) are simplified:
f Ia m a ua
f Ib mb ub

Fig 6: Simulation Mechanism support and movement.

For the system of actuators have been used two motorreducers 35 rpm and 25 kg / cm.

f Ic m c uc

(9)

Development in matrix form:

V.

EXPERIMENTATION.

f Ia m a

f Ib 0
f 0
Ic

The values used to obtain the voltage respect to the

orthogonal distance light source according to (2) are i = 4
= 5v and V_IN R_0 = 10 k

0
mb
0

0 ua

0 ub
mc uc

(10)

Las fuerzas de la ecuacin (8) obedecen a los

desplazamientos y pueden formularse como:
The forces of the equation (8) are due to displacements
and can be formulated as:

f Sa k aa u a k ab u b k ac u c

The functions resulting graphs of FIG. 7.

f Sb k ba u a k bb u b k bc u c
f Sc k ca u a k cb u b k cc u c

(11)

Finalmente se ilustra de la siguiente forma matricial:

Finally illustrated in the following matrix form:

f Sa k aa

f Sb k ba
f k
Sc ca
Fig 7: Characteristic curves of the LDR

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k ab
k bb
k cb

k ac u a

k bc u b

k cc
u c

(12)

TECHNIA International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL.7 NO. 2, January. 2015 (ISSN 0974-3375)

VIII.

SYNTHETIC MODEL FOR THE FORMAL STUDY OF

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS.

For the full development of the formal mathematical

analysis of neural networks for most architectures. Overall
we are considering a solar concentrator movements in the
X, Y and Z or three degrees of freedom which is
represented by the input model nonlinear output given by
equation (13), and it must be expressed visibly each one
of the elements of this equation, that is:
y(t+1) = g [y(t),,y(t-(n+1) ); u(t),,u(t-(m+1))
(13)
Where:

IX.

y (t + 1) is the output of motion at time t + 1.

y (t - i) is the output of the movement in
previous moments, with i = 0, ..., n + 1.
y (t - j) is the input signal or motion control,
with j = 0, ..., m + 1

DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Using this modeling the physical space that is defined by

Cartesian coordinates to a range of actions articulated
type, thereby using a camera that can convert the
transformed coordinate information. A future of this
research is to reduce the convolution of the equations for
PID control using the Artificial Neural Networks make it
this synthetic processing for a particular advance under a
virtual environment for longitudinal or articulated
movements, and thus able to make more precise to be able
to anticipate execute the movements and perfect by
analyzing images of the sun at various points with the use
of artificial visual control using RNA, for all types of
incidence either obstacles or entity noise moves the
electromagnetic or if unobstructed incidence weakness or
visual spectrum.
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To enhance the movement of the solar collector by means

depicted in (6), and improve the monitoring system, the
design of the neural network control with the use
proposed as shown in Figures 5 and 7 respectively, where
the first control design is to maximize the collection
efficiency and the second control design favors the use of
RNA with the use of visual control. This by using a
camera that will collect the frames, for improving the
movement of concentrator, so that the solar collection
system is further improved and raised above using control
and electronic design.
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Fig 8: PID + FF. Estructure of control

X.

DISCUSSION

The prototype that has the ability to be autonomously

directed light source., This addition can be optimized in
materials, for the aim that the prototype design as light as
possible but stable to disturbance such as wind or rain
mechanisms easy maintenance and cleaning of the
reflectors. This first prototype verifies that it is possible to
capture as active PV energy if the component receives a
greater incidence throughout the day. For further analysis
the solar incidence on spherical bodies which exhibit
better than 35% efficiency compared to conventional solar
collector be considered

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basado en redes neuronales.

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