Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Solarwind hybrid renewable energy system: A review

Vikas Khare, Savita Nema, Prashant Baredar
MANIT, Bhopal, India

article info

abstract

Article history:
Received 11 September 2014
Received in revised form
2 November 2015
Accepted 21 December 2015
Available online 9 January 2016

The demand for electricity is increasing day by day, which cannot be fulfilled by non-renewable energy sources alone.
Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are omnipresent and environmental friendly. The renewable emulnergy
sources are emerging options to fulfill the energy demand, but unreliable due to the stochastic nature of their occurrence.
Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) combines two or more renewable energy sources like wind turbine and solar system.
The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses prefeasibility analysis, optimum sizing, modeling, control aspects and reliability issues. The application of evolutionary technique
and game theory in hybrid renewable energy is also presented in this paper.

Keywords:
Solar energy
Wind energy
Hybrid renewable energy system

& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2. Pre-feasibility assessment of
HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3. Optimum sizing of
HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4. Modeling of
HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5. Control of
HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6. Evolutionary technique in HRES . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1. Genetic algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.2. Particle swarm
optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.3. Fuzzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6.4.
Neural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7. Game theory in HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 8. Reliability in HRES . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 9. Future
scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.223 1364-0321/&
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Electricity is the important factor for industrialization, urbaniza-tion,
financial growth of any country [1]. There are different types of conventional
and non-conventional energy sources used to generate electricity. Solar and
wind energy system is one of the most promi-nent sources of energy. The
utilization of solar and wind energy system has become increasingly popular
due to modular and envir-onment friendly nature [2]. The field of solarwind
has experienced a

E-mail addresses: Vikaskhare09@yahoo.co.in (V. Khare),

s_nema@yahoo.com (S. Nema), pbaredar@rediffmail.com (P. Baredar).

remarkable growth for past two decades in its widespread use of standalone to
utility interactive solarwind systems [3].
Solar and wind energy system works normally in standalone or grid
connected mode, but the efficiency of these sources is less due to the
stochastic nature of solar and wind resources. The hybrid renewable energy
sources with grid integration overcome this drawback of being unpredictable
in nature. Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is a combination of
renewable and con-ventional energy source, it may also combine two or more
renewable energy sources that work in standalone or grid con-nected mode.
The HRES that combines solar and wind energy key resources, operates in
two modes: simultaneous and sequential. In simultaneous mode, the solar and
wind energy system produces

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V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

energy concurrently while in sequential mode they produce electricity

alternatively [4,5].
The significant characteristics of HRES are to combine two or more
renewable power generation technologies to make proper use of their
operating characteristics and to obtain efficiencies higher than that could be
obtained from a single power source. This paper presents a review of solar
wind hybrid renewable energy system covering issue such as pre-feasibility
study, mod-eling, controlling, optimization technique, reliability and power
quality of the system [6]. Fig. 1 presents a basic component of solarwind
hybrid renewable energy system.

2. Pre-feasibility assessment of HRES

Prior to installation and operation, the prefeasibility study of hybrid
energy system is customarily carried out. The prefeasibility analysis includes
the study of climatic condition of the proposed site, availability of renewable
energy sources and assessment of its potential load and load demand of
application site. The pre-feasibility study assists in finding out the best
location to develop a solar wind hybrid renewable energy system. Few
significant con-tributions of various researchers are discussed here.
Rahman et al. [7] gave the feasibility study of Photovoltaic (PV)-Fuel cell
hybrid energy system considering difficulty in the use of PV and provide new
avenues for the fuel cell technology. A photovoltaic system uses photovoltaic
cells to directly convert sunlight into elec-tricity and the fuel cell converts the
chemical energy into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or
other oxidizing agent. Khan et al. [8] gave meticulous description about prefeasibility study

Solar Energy

Wind Energy

Storage

DC/AC
DC/DC
AC/AC
AC/DC

of stand-alone solarwind hybrid energy system for application in

Newfoundland. Hydrogen is used as an energy transporter for appli-cation in
Newfoundland, Canada. Sizing, performance and various cost indexes were
also analyzed. The capital cost, net present cost and cost of energy for energy
consumption of 25 kW h/d with a 4.73 KW peak power demand is $36738,
$47910 and $0.492 respectively. Graditi et al. [9] developed scientific and
ecological aspects of hybrid system as well as non conventional energy
source. Nayar et al. [10] discussed a case study of a Photovoltaic/Wind/Diesel hybrid energy system installed in three remote islands in
the republic of Maldives.
Chong et al. [11] presents prefeasibility analysis of a windsolar HRES
with rainwater collection features for urban high rise applica-tion. Economic
analysis includes manufacturing and preservation costs of the system over the
given life span. The system is analyzed for security, visual impact and noise
pollution. Sinha et al. [12] presents pre-feasibility analysis of solarwind
hybrid systems for a complex hilly terrain. The study is carried out to assess
the potential for a solarwind hybrid system for Hamirpur town located in
Northern Province of India. The prefeasibility study indicates the quality of
potential for utilizing solar-micro wind hybrid system to supplement the
energy needs in hilly regions. Aydin et al. [13] explore geological information
system (GIS) based site allocation for solarwind HRES at western turkey. In
this paper Fuzzy logic and geographic information system tool are used to
search best and alternative location of the target area that benefits financial
and ecological criteria. Tao Ma et al. [14] presented a comprehensive
feasibility study and techno-economic assessment of a remote solarwind
hybrid energy system with battery energy storage for a isolated island.

Climatic condition is the major input to carried out pre-feasibility analysis.

Figs. 2 and 3 show global map solar energy and

AC/
DC

AC/AC
AC/DC

AC/
DC

BUS

DC/AC
DC/DC

BUS

Bidirectional
Converter
Fig. 1. Basic component of solarwind hybrid renewable energy system.

Fig. 2. Global solar radiation potential [15].

AC/DC Load

GRID

V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

25

Fig. 3. Global wind energy potential [15].

Optimum Sizing Analysis

Criteria
Economic

ReliabilityAI Technique

Methodology
Multiobjective

Iterative

Analytical

Probablistic

Graphical
Constraint

Computing
Tool

Fig. 4. Optimum sizing analysis of solar wind hybrid renewable energy system HRES.

wind energy potential in all over world [15]. Feasibility of solar wind hybrid
renewable energy system mainly depends on solar radiation and wind energy
potential available at the specific location. Designing a hybrid renewable
energy system requires appropriate weather data.

3. Optimum sizing of HRES

The next step after prefeasibility analysis is to accurately assess the size of
individual component that can economically satisfy the load demand. Fig. 4
present implicit criteria/methodology gen-erally employed for optimum sizing
of HRES. Chedid et al. presents unit sizing of integrated wind solar power
system for either autonomous or grid linked application with the help of a
computer aided design (CAD) tool. The linear programming is used for
analysis with the objective function set such that the cost of electricity is
minimized.
Kellog et al. [17] determined unit sizing of solar wind HRES by
developing simple arithmetical algorithm. Generation and storage system are
appropriately sized to meet the annual load and reduce the total annual cost to
the customer. Nelson et al. [18] carried out sizing and economic analysis of a
hybrid renewable energy system consisting of a fuel cell (multiple cells
combined to form a stack), an electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank that
work as energy storage arrangement. The sizing and economic analysis is
done using a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth
generation programming language as Matrix laboratory (MATLAB) and
break-even distance analyses is done for each configuration. Lopez et al. [19]
presents the influence of power converter losses assessment in the sizing of a
HRES. An improved technique for in loss calculation of static converter is
presented with an objective to assess energy losses in the system during the
unit sizing process. Khatibi et al. [20]

evaluated optimal sizing of pumped storage plant using single/multi-objective

optimization technique for increased generation. Belfkira et al. [21] gave a
method for sizing and optimizing a standalone wind/Photo-voltaic/diesel
hybrid energy system. Paudel et al. [22] presented feasibility study and
determined unit size of hybrid renewable energy system that combines solar,
wind and battery bank for an isolated location of Nepal. Nagabhusana et al.
[23] esti-mates optimal size of a solarwind HRES employing linear programming technique to minimize present worth of capital and operating cost.
Kumar et al. [24] used probabilistic reliability analysis to find out the most
favorable size of solar wind HRES. The stochastic belongings in all the
parameter in the optimization models are taken into consideration for
estimating power reliability. Laterra et al. [25] explains procedure to develop
the unit sizing of a grid connected solar wind HRES using fuzzy logic based
multi-objective optimization idea. Both scientific and cost-effective objective
functions are used to find out the best configuration. Further Erdinc et al. [26]
explore a novel perspective component performance squalor issue in optimum
sizing configuration. Author used observe and focus algorithm based
optimization to compute the possible degradation in performance and
meticulous configuration of each integrated system component. Bayod-Rujula
et al. [27] analyzed the influence of some unit sizing structure of grid
connected solarwind integrated non-conventional energy system with energy
storage and load consumption on their crossing point with the electrical
network. In this paper sizing con-straint are used as sizing factor which is the
ratio of yearly energy produced by the non-conventional energy system and
yearly energy demanded by an end user. Erdinc et al. [28] describes unit
sizing criteria of solar wind integrated renewable energy system by real time
routine analysis and scrutinize the effectiveness for entire generated system.

gives hybrid system analysis of study

area and summary of sizing methodology of
HRES respectively.
Tables 1 and 2

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V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

Table 1
Hybrid system analysis of study area.
Author (s)

Hybrid system component

Evaluation area

Load details

Sizing approach

Result of sizing

Kalantar et al. [29]

Wind turbine (WT), Photo-voltaic

(PV), and Battery

Tehran, Iran

225 kW Peak
25 kW Base

Genetic Algorithm (GA)

Yang et al. [30]

WT, PV, microturbine and battery

1.5 kW Constant

GA

Bounbum roong et al.

[31]

WT, PV, diesel and battery

Dala Jia Island,

China
Chik Island,
Thailand

26 kW peak
5 kW base

Particle swarm optimization

(PSO)

195 kW WT, 85 KW PV 230 kW

Microturbine
2.14 kA h battery
6 kW WT, 12.8 kW PV,
6 kA h battery
15 kW WT,
24 kW PV,
50 kW diesel,
151 kW h battery

Table 2
Summary of sizing methodologies of solar wind HRES.
Author/year

Analysis

Sizing constraint

Output/conclusion

Yang et al. [30]

Probabilistic

Loss of Power Supply Probability

(LPSP)

Celik et al. [32]

Techno-economic

Cost/kW h, level of autonomy

Kamels et al. [33]

Economic

Net Present Value (NPV)

Koutroulis et al. [34]

Techno-economic

Yang et al. [35]

Techno-economic

Total cost and load energy

requirement
LPSP and LCOE

Gupta et al. [36]

Economical

LPSP and Life Cycle Cost

Diaf et al. [37]

Economical

LPSP and LCOE

Yang et al. [38]

Techno-economic

LPSP

Tina et al. [39]

Probabilistic

Energy index of reliability

Khatod et al. [40]

Economic

Production cost

Kaabeche et al. [41]

Economical

Deficiency of Power Supply Probability, Life Cycle Cost

A battery bank with an energy storage space capability of 3 days was appropriate for
ensuring the desired LPSP of 1% can be achieved with a battery bank of 5 days storage
space capacity.
Author suggests that a third energy source should be integrated into the system instead
of escalating the hardware size.
Optimization result shows that integrated systems are less costly than diesel generation
from a NPV perspective.
The simulation results verify that integrated systems are obtained in terms of desired
system reliability and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE).
The most favorable configurations of the integrated system are obtained in terms of
desired system reliability and the LCOE.
Result explores the cost V/S profit of growing or decreasing the size/number of each
generating component prior to realization of the design. Net present cost and cost of
energy of a given system is $86462 and $0.41 respectively.
The result indicates that the HRES is the best option for all the sites considered in the
study.
This model can be used to compute the system productivity pattern which can attain the
desired LPSP with a least annualized cost of system.
The outcome notifies the design of a preprocessing phase for one input of an algorithm
that probabilistically optimizes the plan of HRES
Result shows that the developed technique needs less computational time than Monte
Carlo simulation method.
The most favorable arrangement of the integrated system is determined in terms of
desired system reliability requirement.

4. Modeling of HRES
There are different types of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
hydro, biomass, fuel cell, tidal etc. Modeling is the first step to design a
system according to the different parameter and constraint. Marchetti, et al.
[42] gave statistical modeling of solar wind HRES based on annual cost,
battery autonomy function, sizing criteria and ecological statistical factor.
Step by step optimization practice is used to find out the befitting result of the
solar wind HRES model. Consoli et al. [43] developed solar wind hybrid
system model based on long term simulation. This system integrates diesel
generating sets with the renewable energy source. Bonanno et al. [44] present
logistical model of HRES to evaluate fuel and energy saving and reported the
problem related to the exploitation of combined renewable and conventional
energy sources. A special feature of logistical model is that a supple-mentary
fictitious source is introduced in order to obtain the power balance at the busbar during the simulation stage. Ghali et al. [45] used loss of power supply
probability (LPSP) to develop integrated renewable energy system model.
Based on load distribution, the probability density function of the storage is
obtained and conse-quently the battery size is calculated to give the relevant
level of the system reliability using the LPSP technique. Zahedi et al. [46]
devel-oped statistical model of one or more PV arrays to be combined with
diesel and/or wind for making a more reliable electricity supply. A near ideal
size of system's component is estimated using Matrix Laboratory program to
predict system's performance. Potamianakis et al. [47] demonstrated modeling
and simulation of the small hybrid

power system. Hybrid system is studied from the view point of small signal,
frequency, voltage and transient stability. Haque et al. [48] investigated the
most viable configuration of a hybrid energy system for a typical electricheated home in St. John's, Newfoundland. It is found that multi-port direct
current (DCDC) converter is appropriate for the desired hybrid energy
system. Gupta et al. [49] developed modeling of hybrid energy system for off
grid electrification of a group of villages and suggested cost minimization
through proper compo-nent sizing and load matching. The model is developed
with the objective of minimizing cost function based on demand and potential
constraint and is optimized using Linear Programming LINDO s/w 6.10
versions. Based on the hydrogen fuel cell Alam et al. [50] developed model of
wind-photovoltaic-fuel cell. To maintain uniform supply of hydrogen for fuel
cell, an electrolyzer and a reformer is used. Badejani et al. [51] developed
modeling of standalone hybrid Photovoltaic-wind system. A discrete cost
function is defined and optimized to determine optimal design option with
minimum number of Photovoltaic and wind units to sustain yearly demand
load. System imitation and energy balance computation over a period of 3
years are used to reimburse for design error caused by the discrete nature of
the opti-mization approach. Gupta and Saini [52] developed an optimal hybrid
energy system for remote rural area of Jaunpur block Uttaranchal state of
India. HRES model consisting of wind, solar, biomass and small-micro hybrid
is optimized to maintain uninterrupted supply. Gupta and Saini [53] have
explored modeling of solar wind HRES using LINDO s/w 6.10 versions for
off grid electrification

of a group of vil-lages. The

model is developed with the goal of cost function

V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

minimization based on demand and potential constraint. Belfkira and Nichita

[21] modeled and optimized sizing of HRES and used a deterministic
algorithm to diminish the life cycle cost of the system while guarantee the
accessibility of the energy. The statistical model-ing of the principle elements
of the hybrid Wind-Photovoltaic system is exposed showing the key sizing
variable. Ruiz and Cirstea [54] modeled integrated renewable energy system
(PV-wind) and used an optimized holistic digital control system design
followed by rapid prototyping of the controller into a single field
programmable gate array (FPGA) where as Karagiannis et al. [55] modeled
and analyzed a solar wind hybrid energy system using fuzzy cognitive maps
and learning algorithm. Olulope et al. [56] presented modeling and simulation
of hybrid power system and investigated the dynamic impact of hybrid
wind/Photovoltaic/small hydro-power on transient stability with the help of
DIgSILENT power factor software which is carried out using single machine
infinite system concept. Bansal et al. [57] modelled and optimized integrated
renewable energy system for a rural site considering total price as an objective
function. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER)
software is used to model the above configuration. Table 3 gives summary of
modeling method of HRES.

5. Control of HRES
Control technique plays a very important role in enhancing system
efficiency and desired output of a plant. The availability of power from a
hybrid system can be economically maximized by choosing proper control
technique in the system design process. Jonathan et al. [62] presented a
control technology for HRES that track and make control decisions based on
the definite battery state of charge offering significant advantages over other
methods. Ottoson et al. [63] used a data logger and gave exhaustive analysis
of the energy production and performance of a remote hybrid power plant
having solar, wind and diesel plant. Nogaret et al. [64] developed a new
expert system based control system tool for HRES and used an advanced
control system for the optimal operation and supervision of Photovoltaic and
wind based medium size power system. CAD (Computer aided design) tool is
used by Chedid et al. [13] for optimal design and control of a hybrid wind
solar power systems considering all ecological factor. Linear programming
techniques are used to reduce the production cost while meeting the load
requirement. Pitrone and Pitrone [65] used an expert system, fuzzy logic
theory, neural network and programmable

Table 3
Summary of modeling method of solar wind HRES.
Author/year/ref.

Objective

Technique/software

Conclusion/special finding

Marchetti [42]
Consoli [43]

Mathematical model of HRES

Long term simulation model of HRES

Analytical method
Matlab simulink

Rahman and
Chedid

Optimal design of a hybrid windsolar

power system

Linear programming

Ghali [45]

Model of HRES based on LPSP.

Loss of power supply

probability

Kellog [17]

Generation unit sizing and cost analysis

for PV/ wind system

Numerical algorithm

Zahedi [46]

Numerical model of HRES

Analytical method

Ai and Yang [58]

Computer-aided design of PV/wind hybrid

system

Loss of power supply

probability

Vani [59]

Modeling of HRES

HOMER

Gupta [52]

Modeling of HRES for off grid electrification of cluster of villages

Modeling of HRES

LINDO Software 6.10 version

Gave a mathematical approach to the environment statistical factor.

1. The system integrates different kind of generator and by traditional
electric energy plant.
2.Estimated the long term performances of hybrid system for electric
energy production
3. Model result shows a fuel consumption reduction of 64% in case of full
DC configuration and about 72% in AC configuration
1. Reduce the average production cost of electricity while meeting the
load constraint
2.Environmental factors are considered both for the design and operation phases
1. The probability density function of the storage is obtained and battery
size is calculated the system reliability.
2. Changing the number of PV modules is not much effective in dropping
the storage capacity required
1. Optimum generation capability and storage required is determined for
a stand-alone, wind, PV, and hybrid wind PV system for an experimental
site in Montana with a typical residential load
2. The hybrid combination of wind and solar generation makes the
system more reliable
Developed a numerical model for optimum sizing of the components in
PV-hybrid power systems and presented an optimum way to predict the
performance of the system.
1. Developed complete sets of mathematical formulation for optimum
sizing of PV/wind hybrid system.
2. Performance of PV-wind system in view of loss of power supply
probability is studied considering practical load data.
Hybrid power system contains solar, wind and diesel power generation
with battery storage for Jamnya Van village dist. Barwani in Madhya
Pradesh, India. Optimized a problem to minimize total net present cost,
operating and running cost of the hybrid system.
Based on demand and potential constraints cost function is minimized.

Gupta [53]

Steady state modeling for grid electrification of cluster of villages

Mixed integer linear mathematical programming

Dursun [60]

Hydrogen production capacity of a standalone renewable hybrid power system is

used
Identification and modeling of HRES.

Matlab/Simscape software

Alam [50]

Mezzai [61]

Fuzzy logic

Matlab/Simulink/Labvie w
software

27

1. Performance of HRES studied under different environmental

condition.
2. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of the PV system and blade
angle pitch control of wind turbine included.
1. Cost constant for each of the proposed resource is introduced with the
objective that source having lesser unit cost shares more to optimize the
objective function.
2. A case study of rural remote area is presented.
1. Dynamic model based on PEM electrolyzer hydrogen productions are
developed with Matlab/Simscape and simple application developed for
Istanbul's 2010 meteorological condition.
The identification and the control of the hybrid system are presented.
Lab- view software has been used and has a real-time acquisition of
renewable energy parameters.

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V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

logical controller for on line supervision and control of distributed hybrid

renewable energy power plant. A real time analysis of the control structure
and management functions of a solar wind hybrid micro-grid system is
reported by Gaztanaga et al. [66] which works perfectly in both operation and
transition mode. Based on the power transfer utility concept Jinhong and
Seulki [67] developed several power control module in service modes such as
normal operation, power dispatching and power averaging according and
effectively controls the inverter. The control module has environ-mental and
utility friendly operation policy such that power injec-tion into network is less
fluctuating. Based on supervisory con-troller, Abdulwahid and Manwell [68]
developed a dynamic central communication system for hybrid power system.
Capacitor voltage equilibrium control scheme is used to control hybrid
cascaded H bridge inverter with single direct current (DC) source to get rid of
higher order harmonics for an integrated energy system by Hui et al. [69].
Web based actual time monitoring with supervisory control and data
attainment system for a Wind-PV battery renew-able energy system is
developed by Wang et al. [70] which consists of two wind induction
generator, ACDC converter, a PV unit and a battery. Vechu et al. [71]
developed digital control over analog control with a 3 phase four leg inverter
for HRES. This system compensates unbalance voltage conditions and the
addition of a fourth leg provides an extra degree of freedom, making it
possible to handle the natural current caused by the unbalance load. Zhang et
al. [72] used PSO based statistical dynamic control system to manage WindPV hybrid system operation. Hernandez et al. [73] developed a hierarchical
control of hybrid power system consisting of a wind turbine, PV panels, a
battery for a DC bus arrangement.

step perturbation tracking maximum power point algorithm. The control

strategies of the PV array, wind power generation and battery is simulated
using Matlab/Simulink. Preethishri et al. [77] developed embedded emulator
of the PV array and wind driven induction generator by using digital signal
regulator. Prabhakar et al. [78] proposed a control system for accomplishing
consistent harmonization of windsolar energy adaptation system in remote
locations. The control technique is formulated to utilize the avail-able energy
source in an efficacious manner to render power at nearly constant voltage and
frequency to the isolated load. Croci et al. [79] developed obedience based
control method which han-dles the energy exchange directly for PV-Wind
HRES. Budh et al. [80] explained smoothing control for battery energy
storage system (BESS) based HRES. Professionally simulation tool for
computer aided design (PSCAD) is used to develop the smoothing control
system for effective regulation of power output level. Table 4 gives summary
of controlling method of HRES.

6. Evolutionary technique in HRES

Evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence that
involves combinatorial optimization difficulty. The use of Darwinian
principles for automated problem solving originates in the 1950s.

6.1. Genetic algorithm

Mbaup et al. [74] gave a new concept control design using a Petri-net
regulator which calculates the operating mode of the multisource renewable
energy system to optimize the energy transfer and the load irregularity for
HRES. Arulampalam et al. [75] developed micro-grid control of PV-winddiesel hybrid system with island and grid linked function. Huang et al. [76]
gave the MPPT control scheme to track the global power of the windsolar
hybrid generating system according to the basic standard of the variable

Genetic algorithm is a randomized hunt and optimization system guided

by the morality of the natural genetic system. GA is an adaptive heuristic
search algorithms based on the evolutionary ideas of natural selection and
genetics. Daming et al. [83] explained an elitist strategy of optimal sizing of
standalone hybrid PV-wind power systems using genetic algorithm with loss
of power supply prob-ability as a constraint and minimizes the total capital of
the entire system. Zhao et al. [84] used a genetic algorithm with PSO to
observe the best probable capacity model of a solar wind hybrid renewable

Table 4
Summary of controlling method of solar wind HRES.
Author/Yr/
reference

Objective

Method/S.W

Conclusion/special finding

Lynch [62]

Maximizing hybrid availability

through system control

Amp. Hour accumulation offers significant compensation over voltage based

methods of system control for HRES

Akurlund [63]

A data logger
and remote control of HRES.
Microprocessor
Based control of HRES.

1.battery voltage
2.Avg. battery voltage
3. Amp. hour accumulation
By data logger

Vander Linde [81]

Microprocessor
based, 'C' Programming,
Motorola 6800
Linear programming ,RAPSODY
Software

Chedid

Unit sizing and control of HRES

Jinhong [67]

Power control of a HRES

By prototype system design

Boquan [72]

Dynamic control of HRES

Particle swarm optimization

(PSO)

Mboup [74]

Petri-nets control design of

HRES
Digital signal controlling of PVWind HRES
Design and control of smart
HRES

Petri-nets controller

Preethishri [77]
Gota [82]

Matlab/embedded emulator
Genetic Algorithm (GA) and direct
design control

Analysis of the energy production and performance of HRES is studied in

detail
Life span of battery is increased by controlling state of charge of the battery

1. This analysis allows the user to study the interaction among economic,
operation and environmental factor.
2. It offers a useful tool for the design and analysis of HRES.
1. The system has several operation modes which are normal operation,
power dispatching and power average to coordinate control of the battery
energy storage system (BESS).
2. The BESS operate as an energy buffer to flexibly shift the generation from
the renewable energy sources without frequent shifts between battery
charging and discharging.
A mathematical model is developed and a new PSO algorithm based on
uniform design and inertia mutation is used to solve the mathematical model
which is further is used to control the operation of wind-PV HRES.
A supervisory control strategy optimize the energy transfer according to the
source power variation and the load characteristics
This HRES can tolerate the rapid changes in natural conditions and suppresses the effect of fluctuation on the voltage within the acceptable range.
An efficient tool for the selection of the component of the energy system is
developed with two major selection criteria (Price and number) using
modified GA.

V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

energy system with rapid global convergence. Gupta et al. [85] used GA to
design and supply varying load located in the area of Jaipur (India). Result
shows that the system can deliver energy in a stan-dalone installation with an
acceptable price. Ben et al. [86] developed optimum sizing of hybrid
PV/Wind battery system using Fuzzy adaptive GA which decides the optimal
number of PV panels, WT and storage units, Further GA is used to conclude
optimal power arrangement of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system.
Tutkun et al. [87] develop authentic power scheduling of an off grid HRES
used for heating and lighting in an archetypal residential house. In this paper
binary coded GA is used instead of assorted integer linear programming to
minimize the operational unit cost of HRES.

6.2. Particle swarm optimization

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population based sto-chastic
optimization practice enthused by social behavior of bird flocking or fish
schooling, where bird flocking or fish schooling is the collective motion of a
large number of self propelled entities. Zhao et al. [84] gave an improving the
PSO algorithm for optimal capacity arrangement of an independent wind/PV
hybrid power supply sys-tem. The way out for Hybrid power system capacity
optimal con-figuration is a typical non-linear integrated integer optimization
problem. An algorithm is projected and tested on system located at

an island. The result obtained proves its feasibility and efficiency. Dehgan et
al. [88] develop most favorable sizing of a hydrogen based wind/PV plant
allowing for reliability indices by applying a particle swarm optimization.
Wang et al. [89] modified PSO algorithm to develop multicultural design of
the integrated power generation system. Sensitivity study is also carried out to
examine the impacts of different system parameter on the overall design
performance. Sizing of solarwind renewable energy system is done by
Sanchez et al. [90] and evolutionary computation technique called PSO is
used with the cost of system as an objective function. PSO algorithm is used
by Ardakani et al. [91] for optimal sizing of system's component. As a result
the optimum number of pv modules, wind turbine and battery along with
inverter capacity is obtained. Bansal et al. [92] develop optimization of hybrid
PV/Wind/ batteries energy system using multi-objective particle swarm
optimization (MOPSO). An objective function for cost of the hybrid system is
formed which includes initial costs, yearly operating costs and maintenance
costs. . Due to the intricacy of hybrid renewable energy system with nonlinear
integral planning, MOPSO is used to solve the problem. The improved PSO
can avoid the option of a local minimum trap. Bashir et al. [93] explain size
optimization of new hybrid standalone renewable energy system by PSO. To
assess system dependability level, the equivalent loss factor (ELF) has been
used as an index. Keyrouz et al. [94] developed a unified MPPT for
controlling a hybrid windsolar

Table 5
Summary of evolutionary technique in solar wind HRES.
Author/year

Objective

Technique

Conclusion/special finding

Wang [70]

Improvement of power factor (P.F.) and

voltage for RES

Programmable logical controller

(PLC)'s new Fuzzy module

Alam [50]

Modeling and analysis of a Wind/PV/

Fuel cell

Fuzzy and HOMER

Chakraborthy [98]

Optimal economic operation of smart

grid
Energy management and supervision

Fuzzy logic

Fuzzy logic

Shahirinia [105]

Intelligent economic operation of smart

grid
Optimal sizing of hybrid power system

Xu et al. [106]

Capital cost

GA

Yang et al. [35]

Arabali [107]

Annualized cost
Optimization approach for energy
management
Sensitivity analysis of an off grid hybrid
system with battery technology.
Control strategy for multi-energy common dc bus hybrid power supply
Design of a smart grid management
system with renewable energy
generation
Renewable energy sources for continuous supply in microgrid application

GA
GA

This paper presents a novel control scheme using a PLC with a new
fuzzy module to enhance the P.F. and voltage of a hybrid Wind/PV
system.
Based on simulation result it has been found that RES would be a
feasible solution for distributed generation of electric power for
standalone application at remote location.
The method is tested on a hypothetical power system with 10
thermal units, 4300 equivalent solar and wind farm.
The method addresses and resolves power quality issue resulting
from real power imbalance fluctuations due to non-conventional
energy.
Wind generator and PV generation as renewable power generation
source are modeled.
A GA approach is employed to obtain the best cost value of hybrid
power system construction.
The issues regarding loss of power supply probability and reliability
criteria are discussed.
Probability of loss of power supply is explained.
A new strategy to meet the controllable HVAC with a solarwind
HRES is proposed.
Sensitivity analysis is done for different battery prices, interest rate
and cost of carbon emission.
Simulation shows that this strategy can be used to keep make the
voltage stable and continuous.
A management system based on multi-agents is designed to measure
and control the loads inside the building using neural network.

Kaviani et al. [111]

The optimal capacity configuration of a

supply system
Annualized cost

Particle swarm optimization

(PSO)
PSO

Hakimi et al. [112]

Net Present Value

PSO

Ardakani [91]

Design of an optimum HRES

PSO

Khare [113]

Optimization of HRES

PSO, CPSO, HOMER

Berrazouane [104]

Chakraborthy [100]

Merei [108]
Jifang [102]
Ricalde [109]

Ghareeb [110]

Zhao [84]

29

Fuzzy logic

Genetic Algorithm(GA)

GA
Neural
Neural

Neural

The performance of solarwind hybrid power system with high

penetration of renewable energy sources was investigated under
dominant weather condition.
The algorithm is tested for a standalone RES, the result analysis
shows its feasibility and effectiveness.
The equivalent loss factor and impact of component outages on the
reliability performance analysis is discussed.
Extra energy was delivered to the electrolyzer and deficit power is
fulfilled by fuel cell.
Hybrid generation system under different design scenarios are
designed based on PSO approach.
The study is based on simulation and optimization of the renewable
energy system of a police control room in Central India. The pattern
of load consumption is studied and optimized by PSO, CPSO algorithm and HOMER software. Net present cost, operating cost and cost
of energy for 1.5KW system is $34,811, $950/yr. and 0.444/kW h
respectively.

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V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

Study of DuopolyAntoine Cournot [1838]

Formal Theory of gamesEmile Borel [1921]

Theory of games-John
Neumann [1928]

Economic Behaviour-John
Neumann [1944]

Finite games on
equilibrium -Nash [1950]

Fig. 5. Overview of game theory.

and fuel cell system. A tracking algorithm based Bayesian informa-tion

combined with swarm intelligence is used as an optimization, searching
algorithm by Amer et al. [95] for minimizing the loss of energy with a
satisfactory choice of the production taking in delib-eration the losses
between production and demand sides to reduce the cost. Sanchez et al. [96]
configure isolated solar wind energy system in the southeast region of Mexico
and scientific-financial analysis is done very effectively using PSO technique
which searches the best possible sizing for the energy system, minimizing the
total cost of the system. An outcome shows that PSO performance is faster
and is capable of providing an optimization pattern that saves around 10% of
the total cost of the integrated system. Borhanazad et al. [97] developed
optimization of micro-grid system using MOPSO and found the best
configuration of the hybrid system using power management algorithm.

6.3. Fuzzy
Chakraboty et al. [98] presents an optimal economic operation of smart
grid by fuzzy advanced quantum evolutionary method. Adhikari et al. [99]
explained analysis, design and control of a standalone integrated nonconventional energy conversion system based on the fuzzy logic control
method by sensing the DC voltage and current output of solar and the rectified
output voltage of permanent magnet brushless direct current (PMBLDC)
generator driven by a wind turbine. Chakarborty et al. [100] developed
intelligence economic operation of smart grid using fuzzy advanced quantum
evolutionary method.
6.4. Neural
Neural network is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that uses a
mathematical model or computational model for infor-mation processing
based on a connectionist approach to computation. Fidalgo et al. [101] applied
artificial neural network (ANN) based approach for applying preventive
control strategies for a large hybrid renewable energy system. ANNs are an
essential part which is better than customary statistical methods in the
dynamic security pattern class and also evaluates the degree of security.
Jifang et al. [102] pro-posed a neural network control strategy for multienergy common DC bus hybrid power supply by analyzing the distinctiveness
of solar energy, wind energy. LevenbergMarquaret algorithm linked to
neural network is used and momentum factor is introduced in the training.
Duang et al. [103] develop a hybrid model for an hourly forecast of PV-wind
renewable energy system and used computational intelligence of PSO for
computing different definitions of the forecast error. Table 5 gives summary of
evolutionary technique used in HRES.

7. Game theory in HRES

In 1838 games appeared in economics literature and at that time cournot
and others developed a model which is based on oligopoly pricing and
production, but the model has the drawback of restricted player to strategies
that only involved quantity or price decision. After the cournot in 1944 John
Von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern explained the basic theory of games
which can

analysis more complex plans and strategies. Fig. 5 presents over-view of

GAME theory.
Sharp et al. [114] developed several types of solar energy incen-tives for
industrial energy consumer. The incentives are formulated using Stackelberg
game theory with the government as a leader offering incentives to the end
user. Ogino et al. [115] presented non-cooperative game approach in an
electric generating system which is related to public participation and
resource supply. The main draw-back of this system is that it does not give
any control mechanism of the entire system. This problem is compensated
when Lygeros and Godbole [116] designed multi-agent hybrid system using
game the-ory. A methodology for designing a hybrid controller for the large
scale multi-agent system is presented. The paper reports problem based on the
optimal and timely investment on grids and is solved using the concepts of the
Nash-Bayesian equilibrium. Wu and Rad [117] developed demand side
management solution for wind power integration in micro grid using dynamic
potential game theory. Interaction among users to efficiently utilize the
available renewable and conventional energy sources is analyzed and
coordinated to minimize the total energy cost to the system. Street and Lima
[118] gave, sharing quotas of a non-conventional energy hedge pool with the
help of a cooperative game theory approach. The objective of this work was
twofold: first objective was to propose a risk-adverse renewable energy hedge
pool to jointly sell a single complementary renewable generation portfolio and
secondly it analyzes different schemes of sharing the financial gains, namely
quotas between the members of such a pool from a cooperative game theory
point of view. Saad and Han [119] has given a coalitional game theory of
cooperative micro-grid distribution networks of solar panels, wind turbines
etc. Baeyens and Bitar [120] explained the wind energy aggregation with the
help of a coalitional game approach. The paper studied the extent to which a
group of N wind power producers can exploit the statistical benefits of
aggregation and amount risk is formulated by coalitional game approach. Mei
and Wang [121] developed the game approaches for integrated power systems
planning. Game theory is introduced in this paper to model the planning of a
grid connected integrated power system comprising of wind turbines, PV
panels and storage batteries. Both non-cooperative and cooperative game
theory models are built by taking wind tur-bines, PV Panels and storage
batteries as players and their life cycle income as payoffs. Wu and Rad [122]
develops wind power inte-gration via aggregator end user coordination by a
Game theoretic approach. The game theory algorithm is implemented in an
aggre-gator in order to organize the action of demand side resources via
pricing in order to tackle the intermittency and fluctuations in wind power
generation. Wei and Liu [123] presented game theory based scheduling of
modern power systems with large scale wind power integration. A mixed
integer Stackelberg game model is proposed to address the generation
arrangement problem under uncertainties. Zhu and Zhang [124] developed a
framework for control of dis-tributed renewable based energy resources in
smart grids. Author used a game theory structure for modeling the tactical
behavior of buses that are connected to renewable energy system and study
the equilibrium distributed power generation at each buses. Dai and Qiao
[125] proposed a Game based stochastic programming to generate optimal
bidding strategies to maximize the total profi ts

of wind and
conventional power producers in both the energy
market and a

V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

31

Reliability Analysis
Loss of power supply probablity
Levelized cost of energy
Expected Energy not supplieed
Level of autonomy

Fig. 6. Reliability analysis indices.

bilateral reserve market, where the reserve price is settled between wind and
conventional power producers by using game theory. Vikas et al. [126]
developed game theory based cournot's model for solar wind HRES and
provides strategic decision to find out best response from solar and wind
energy system. Vikas et al. [127] discuss appli-cation of game theory in PVwind hybrid system. A game approach is employed to analyze solar wind
hybrid system. Various methods such as GAME theory logic, Nash
equilibrium, cooperative and non cooperative GAME theory are studied and
compared.

8. Reliability in HRES
Reliability is defined as the probability of a device or system performing
its purpose adequately for the intended operating period of time. It is also
defined as the ability of electrical power system to supply the system load
having reliable continuity and quality of supply. Fig. 6 presents reliability
analysis indices.
Billionton and Karki [128] addressed reliability analysis of small isolated
renewable energy system by deterministic and probabilistic technique. Zhao
et al. [84] deals with the comprehensive objective functions which not only
include the investment cost, but also the reliability and optimal operation of
the system. The objective func-tion consists of the investment of wind
turbine, PV and cost of loss of power energy in the system which can be
calculated by reliability. Ardakani and Riahy [91] developed a design of an
optimum HRES considering reliability indices subjected to financial and
scientific constraints. The technical constraints related to system reliability are
articulated by the equivalent loss factor. The reliability index is cal-culated
from component stoppage that includes WT, PV array, bat-tery and inverter
failure. Zhao and Wang [129] presented impacts of renewable energy
penetration on nodal price and nodal reliability in deregulated power system.
In this paper the reliability of wind and solar power is investigated in a pool
co-market operation. The method captures the chronological performance of
enumeration reliability analysis. Kishore and Farnandez [130] presents a
reliability assessment of PV-wind hybrid system using Monte-Carlo
simulation. The paper discusses the various components of HES involving PV
and wind energy conversion system (WECS) and their modeling for reliability
studies. Several methods for reliability evaluation have been reported in this
paper. Blaabjerg and Ma [131] presented improvements of system reliability
with the help of power electro-nics. Pradhan and Karki [132] develop a
probabilistic reliability eva-luation of off grid small hybrid solar wind power
system for the rural electrification in Nepal. The paper is focused on the study
and ana-lysis of hybrid system reliability based on various reliability indices
like loss of load expectation (LOLE), Expected energy not served (EENS),
Energy index of reliability (EIR), Expected customer inter-ruption cost
(ECOST) which are evaluated through probabilistic approach using analytical
method. Wang et al. [133] demonstrates adequacy assessment of generating
system incorporating wind, PV and power storage. The reliability evaluation
models of wind power and solar power are used in sequential Monte-Carlo
simulation. Nagarajan et al. [134] represents reliability and cost analysis of
solar wind hybrid renewable energy system. Moreover the optimization of the
system is based on no. of variables like solar radiation, wind speed etc.
Kekezoglu et al. [135] gave a reliability analysis of a hybrid

system installed on the Davutpasa campus of the Yildiz technical university.

Reliability indexes are calculated for the system.

9. Future scope
The utilization of solarwind hybrid renewable energy system is
increasing day by day and has shown tremendous growth in last few decades
for electricity production all over the world. With the development of new
technologies in the field of solar wind hybrid renewable energy system, a new
problem arises, which become much more fascinating to be solved. These
problems will be compensated by some future research in the respective field.
The following lists give idea of future research this field:
Some problem are reported to find out the exact location and climate
condition, site to site data is needed, which is difficult to obtain for remote
location. Hence it is necessary to develop an exact optimization technique
and geographical software to find out the potential of solar radiation and
wind velocity.
There are different types of sizing methods being used such as iterative
method, artificial intelligence method, but these methods do not represent
accurate dynamic performance of solar and wind energy system. Hence it
is necessary to develop a unit sizing method which avoid complexity in
designing of the system and explain perfectly frequency response of the
system in dynamic performance criteria.
It is necessary to develop centralized and multilevel controlling technique
which avoid the potential complexity of commu-nication system and large
computation burden which is sub-jected to single point failure.
Game theory is a recent topic in the field of solar wind hybrid renewable
energy system. It is necessary to use cournot, stackelberg, Bertrand
duopoly concept to find out the exact system cost and salvage value of
integrated system in view of increased day by day installation of HRES.

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