KOORTBOJIAN, Michael, The Divinization of Caesar and Augustus. Precedents, Consequences, Implications, PDF

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978-0-521-19215-6 - The Divini zation of Caesar and Augustus: Precedents, Consequences, Implications
Michael Koortbojian
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T h e D i vi n i zat i o n o f Ca e sar an d Au g u st u s
This book examines the new institution of divinization that emerged as a political
phenomenon at the end of the Roman Republic with the deification of Julius Caesar.
Michael Koortbojian addresses the myriad problems related to Caesars, and subsequently Augustus, divinization, in a sequence of studies devoted to the complex
character of the new imperial system. These investigations focus on the broad spectrum of forms monumental, epigraphic, numismatic, and those of social ritual
used to represent the most novel imperial institutions: divinization, a monarchical
princeps, and a hereditary dynasty. Throughout, political and religious iconography
is enlisted to serve in the study of these new Roman institutions, from their slow
emergence to their gradual evolution and eventual conventionalization.
Michael Koortbojian is Professor of Roman Art and Archaeology at Princeton
University. He is the author of numerous articles on Roman art and Renaissance
antiquarianism, and his book Myth, Meaning, and Memory on Roman Sarcophagi was
published in 1995. He has been a Fellow of the Warburg Institute, Kings College
Cambridge, and the American Academy in Rome.
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T h e D i vi n i zat i o n o f
Ca e sar an d Au g u st u s
Precedents, Consequences,
Implications
Michael Koortbojian
Princeton University
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Michael Koortbojian
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Michael Koortbojian 2013
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
Koortbojian, Michael.
The divinization of Caesar and Augustus: precedents, consequences,
implications / Michael Koortbojian, Princeton University
pages cm
Includes bibliographical reference and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-19215-6 (hardback)
1. Emperor worship Rome. 2. Caesar, Julius Cult. 3. Caesar,
Julius Art. 4. Caesar, Julius Monuments. 5. Augustus, Emperor of Rome
63 B.C.14 A.D. Cult. 6. Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 63 B.C.14 A.D. Art.
7. Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 63 B.C.14 A.D. Monuments. I. Title.
DG124.K66 2013
937.07dc23
2013015611
ISBN 978-0-521-19215-6 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication
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accurate or appropriate.
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R.B.
M.H.C.
T.H.
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Preface
Abbreviations
I Making Men Gods
page xi
xvii
xxi
1
Divine Honors for Caesar?
Deus and Divus
Three Claims
Four Assumptions
10
Prospectus
13
II The Question of Caesars Divinity and the

Problem of His Cult Statue
15
The Problem of Cult Statues
17
Making Divus Julius
21
Mors Honoresque Caesaris
24
Sidus Iulium
27
Ciceros Evidence
29
Ciceros Challenge to Antony
31
The Simulacrum of Philippics II
36
The Aedes Divi Iulii and Its Statue
39
Two Visions of the Divus
45
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Contents
III Augural Images: Old Traditions, New Institutions
50
The Augurs and Their Competences
50
The Memory of Attus Navius and the Power of His Priesthood
53
Augurs in the Public Eye
56
Imagines Augurales
60
The Lituus and Its Symbolism
63
An Image of the Auspices?
73
IV Romulus, Quirinus, G E N I U S , D I V U S
78
Romulus, Quirinus, and the Statue of Caesar
84
Invictus Quirinus?
88
A Change of Costume
91
V Caesars Portrait
94
The Statues and Their Imagery
95
The Portraits
100
Other Caesars
106
Typologies and Inconsistencies
110
Some Other Multiply Attested Portraits
112
Historical Circumstances and the Transformation of Types
114
Caesars Crown
118
From Republic to Empire
126
VI Auspicious, Propitious, Victorious
129
Worshipping the New Divus
130
Proteros Kaisar
133
The Bringer of Victory
138
Propitius Divus
144
Under the Emperors Auspices
146
VII Representation in an Era of Divinization
155
Numen Violatum
156
Public versus Private Cult
158
The Differing Character of Private Honors in the Public Sphere
160
Cult Honors and the Dedication of Sacra Privata
165
Augustan Numen and Numen Augusti
170
The Status and Form of the Shrines
179
The Longevity of Honors
180
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Contents
The Status of Statues
182
The Monument of the Aenatores
186
VIII A D U R B E M E T
and Its Fate
EX
U R B E : The Imagery of the D I V U S

191
Public and Private Honors ad Urbem
192
Super Ceteros Mortales
193
Nude Statues, in Public and in Private
198
Nudity at Rome, Nudity Outside of Rome
203
The Image of Divus Augustus
211
To Look Like a Divus
217
IX Coda: Reverberations in the East
227
Notes
237
Works Cited
283
Index of Ancient Authors
313
Index of Inscriptions
321
Index of Coins
325
Index of Works of Art
327
General Index
331
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I L L U S T RAT I O N S
I.1.
I.2.
II.1.
II.2.
II.3.
II.4.
II.5.
II.6.
II.7.
II.8.
II.9.
II.10.
II.11.
II.12.
II.13.
II.14.
II.15.
III.1.
III.2.
III.3.
Divus Julius: cult statue (augur). RRC 540/2, rev., 36 B.C., page 10
Divus Julius: cult statue (hipmantled). RRC 540/2, rev., 36 B.C., 11
Libertas. RRC 433/1, obv., ca. 54 B.C., 16
Capitoline Triad. RRC 296/1, rev., ca. 11211 B.C., 18
Enthroned Jupiter statue in Capitoline Temple. RIC II, 70,
no. 452, rev., A.D. 71, 18
Terracotta Hercules and Minerva acroterion from the Forum
Boarium. Rome, Antiquarium Comunale. Mid sixth century B.C., 22
Victory crowns triumphator. RRC 367, rev., ca. 82, 23
Ferculum with statues in triumphal procession (from Amiternum).
Limestone relief. Chieti, Museo Archeologico Nazionale
dellAbruzzo. Claudian, 33
Caesars sella and corona. RRC 497/2d, rev., 42 B.C., 35
Apotheosis scene from the Belvedere Altar. Marble. Vatican
Museums. 122 B.C., 41
View of Aedes Divi Iulii in Forum, 43
Cult statue of Jupiter and Libertas. RRC 391/2, rev., 75 B.C., 45
Algiers cult statue relief. Marble. Algiers, Muse Nationale
dAntiquities. Julio-Claudian, 46
The Julio-Claudian Dynasty. Marble. Ravenna, San Vitale.
Claudian, 46
Divus Julius crowned by Augustus. RIC I, 77, no. 173 = RIC2 I,
74, no. 415 = Giard 1976, nos. 5559, 12 B.C., 47
Torso of Augustus (?) statue. Marble. Cherchel, Muse
Archologique. Augustan, 47
Reconstruction of the Aedes Divi Iulii and its cult statue, 48
Aeneas sacrificing. Rome, from the Ara Pacis, west side.
Marble. 139 B.C., 55
Augustus with lituus. RIC2 I, 61, no. 275a = BMCRE, I, 106,
no. 650, obv., ca. 3128 B.C., 58
Tiberius with lituus. RPC 83, A.D. 1437, 58
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III.4. Apotheosis of Caesar Claudius Germanicus. Sardonyx. Paris,
Bibliothque Nationale, Cabinet des Mdailles. After A.D. 54, 59
III.5. Minucius Monument. RRC 242/1, rev., 135 B.C., 62
III.6. Numa sacrificing. RRC 334/1, rev., ca. 97 B.C., 62
III.7. Cornificius augur, crowned. RRC 509/2, rev., 42 B.C., 63
III.8. Equestrian Octavian with lituus. RRC 497/1, rev., 42 B.C., 63
III.9. Sulla coin with lituus. RRC 359/1, rev., ca. 84/83 B.C., 65
III.10. Augural implements and trophy. RRC 460/3, rev., 476 B.C., 66
III.11. Augural implements. RRC 374/2, rev., 81 B.C., 66
III.12. Genius populi Romani. RRC 428/3, obv., 55 B.C., 68
III.13. Jupiters eagle with thunderbolt, lituus, and jug. RRC 428/3,
rev., 55 B.C., 68
III.14. Helmeted head of Roma. AR denarius. RRC 285/2, obv.,
116/115 B.C., 69
III.15. Jupiter with thunderbolt in Triumph; lituus above. RRC
285/2, rev., 116/115 B.C., 69
III.16. Sulla coin with lituus. RRC 359/1, rev., ca. 84/83 B.C., 70
III.17. Venus. RRC 359/1, obv., ca. 84/83 B.C., 70
III.18. Victory crowns triumphator. RRC 367, rev., ca. 82 B.C., 71
III.19. Roma. RRC 367, obv., ca. 82 B.C., 71
III.20. Antonius as augur. RRC 533/2, obv., 38 B.C., 73
III.21. Vicus Sandaliarius altar. Marble. Uffizi, Florence, 74
III.22. Augural chickens in cage (detail). Marble. Rome, Palazzo
Albani del Drago. After A.D. 100, 75
IV.1. Temple Quirinus pediment relief. Marble. Rome, Museo Nazionale
Romano delle Terme. A.D. 8196, 79
IV.2. Temple Mars Ultor pediment relief. Marble. Rome, Villa Medici.
A.D. 4154, 80
IV.3. Sorrento Base (Romulus?). Marble. Sorrento, Museo Correale.
Late Augustan, 81
IV.4. Origins of Rome painting (Pompeii V,4,13: Naples, Museo
Archeologico). Augustan (?), 83
IV.5. Temple of Mars (?) pediment relief with Rhea Silvia and
twins. Marble. Rome, Museo Nazionale delle Terme. Trajanic, 83
IV.6. Romulus trophaiophoros from Pompeii (IX,13,5). Fresco
(watercolor copy), 90
IV.7. Genius populi Romani, standing. RRC 329/1, rev., 100 B.C., 92
IV.8. Genius populi Romani, seated. RRC 397, rev., 74 B.C., 92
IV.9. Genius populi Romani. Boscoreale silver cup (detail). Paris,
Muse du Louvre. 9 B.C., 93
V.1. Apotheosis of Lucius Verus. Marble. Ephesus Monument.
Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. A.D. 140/160, 96
V.2. Via Cassia terracotta relief. Rome, Museo Nazionale delle
Terme / Palazzo Massimo. Trumviral (?), 97
V.3. Villa Casali relief. Engraving from Piranesi, Vasi, II, taf. 75, 97
V.4. Octavian coin with globe underfoot. RIC2 I, 59,
no. 256 = BMCRE I, 100, no. 615, rev., 3129 B.C., 98
V.5. Temple of Clementia Caesaris. RRC 480/21, obv., 44 B.C., 99
V.6. Tusculum Caesar, frontal. Marble. Turin. Augustan (?), 102
V.7. Caesar. RRC 480/6, obv., 44 B.C., 102
V.8. Caesar, frontal. Marble. Woburn Abbey. Augustan, 102
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Illustrations
V.9.
V.10.
V.11.
V.12.
V.13.
V.14.
V.15.
V.16.
V.17.
V.18.
V.19.
V.20.
V.21.
V.22.
V.23.
V.24.
V.25.
V.26.
V.27.
V.28.
V.29.
V.30.
V.31.
V.32.
V.33.
V.34.
V.35.
V.36.
V.37.
V.38.
V.39.
V.40.
V.41.
V.42.
VI.1.
VI.2.
Caesar, frontal. Marble. Florence, priv. coll. Augustan, 102

Caesar, frontal. Marble. Pantelleria. Claudian, 103
Caesar, profile. Marble. Pantelleria. Claudian, 103
Tusculum Caesar, profile. Marble. Turin. Augustan, 103
Caesar, frontal. Marble. Pisa, Camposanto. Augustan, 104
Caesar, profile. Marble. Pisa, Camposanto. Augustan, 104
Chiaramonti Caesar, frontal. Marble. Vatican Museums.
Augustan, 105
Chiaramonti Caesar, profile. Marble. Vatican Museums.
Augustan, 105
Caesar, frontal. Marble. Rome, Staderini collection. Augustan, 106
Caesar, profile. Marble. Rome, Staderini collection. Augustan, 106
McClendon Caesar, frontal. Marble. J. Paul Getty
Museum, Malibu. Augustan, 107
McClendon Caesar, profile. Marble. J. Paul Getty
Museum, Malibu. Augustan, 107
Arles Caesar. Marble. Arles, Museum. Augustan (?), 108
Caesar, frontal. Leiden. Marble. Augustan, 109
Diagram of Pisa/Chiaramonti variants, 110
Caesar, profile. Florence, priv. coll. Marble. Augustan, 111
Caesar, profile. Woburn Abbey. Marble. Augustan, 111
Crassus. Marble. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.
Julio-Claudian, 113
Crassus. Marble. Paris, Louvre. Julio-Claudian, 113
Tivoli General (detail), frontal. Marble. Rome,
Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Museo Nazionale Romano, 114
Tivoli General portrait head, frontal. Marble. Vatican
Museums, 114
Palazzo Barberini General, portrait head, frontal.
Marble. Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano delle Terme, 115
Apollonia (Tirana) replica of the Palazzo Barberini General:
head, frontal. Marble. Tirana, Archeological Museum, 115
Lex Rufrena. Inscribed statue base. Stone. Vatican Museums.
Augustan, 116
Caesar divi filius. RRC 535/1, obv., ca. 38 B.C., 116
Divos Iulius. RRC 535/1, rev., ca. 38 B.C., 116
Augustus portrait. Marble. Pontevedra (Spain). Augustan, 117
Caesar with corona civica, frontal. Marble. Thasos, Museum.
Julio-Claudian, 121
The comet of Divus Julius. RIC I, 84, no. 253 = RIC2 I, 44,
no. 37b, rev., ca. 20 B.C. (?), 122
Divus Julius with star atop crown. RIC I, 73, no. 141 =
RIC2 I, 66, no. 340, rev., ca. 17 B.C., 122
Tusculum Caesar, back view. Turin, Museum. Augustan, 124
Juba II, profile. Marble. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, 124
Diademed Greek ruler. Bronze. Princeton Art Museum, ca.
275250 B.C., 124
Divus Julius and Caesar divi filius. RPC 517, obv., ca. 36 B.C. (?), 125
Divus Julius with star. RRC 480/5b, obv., ca. 44 B.C., 132
Breastplate of the Augustus from Prima Porta. Marble.
Vatican Museums. Augustan, 137
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VI.3. Augustus crowned by Divus Julius. RPC 1650. (Augustan)
Claudian reissue, 138
VI.4. Silver Victoriatus. RRC 53/1, rev., ca. 211 B.C., 140
VI.5. Venus proffering the victoriola. RRC 480/3, rev., 44 B.C., 140
VI.6. Victory atop the globe. RIC I, 62, no. 27 = RIC2 no. 254b., ca.
3129 B.C., 141
VI.7. Octavian proferring the victoriola. RIC2 I, 60, no. 270, rev., ca.
3129 B.C., 141
VI.8. Octavian portrait with Jupiters thunderbolt. RIC2 I, 60,
no.270, obv., ca. 3129 B.C., 141
VI.9. Octavian atop rostral column. RIC2 I, 60, no. 271, rev., ca.
35 B.C., 142
VI.10. Augustus restores rights and laws. Aureus, ca. 29 B.C., 143
VI.11. Augustus as world ruler. Silver cup from Boscoreale. Paris,
Muse du Louvre. 9 B.C. (?), 143
VI.12. Germanicus delivers victory to Tiberius. Tiberius sheath,
detail. Bronze. British Museum. After A.D. 16 (?), 147
VI.13. Cult statue of DEO AUGUSTO. RPC nos. 2213, obv. A.D. 22, 150
VI.14. Gemma Augustea. Sardonyx. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches
Museum. Augustan, 152
VI.15. Grand Came de France. Sardonyx. Paris, Bibliotheque
National. Tiberian, 152
VI.16. Germanicus on parade before enthroned Augustus.
Sardonyx. Florence, Museo Archeologico. Augustan, 153
VII.1. Seated Augustus statue. Marble. Tivoli, Museo Archeologico.
After 13 B.C. (?), 164
VII.2. Tivoli site (plan). After NSc 1925. Drawing, 165
VII.3. Ara Pacis, 139 B.C. (view), 166
VII.4. Augustus with the flamines. Rome, Ara Pacis, south frieze
(detail). Marble. 139 B.C., 166
VII.5. Sacro-idyllic painting with shrine from Boscotrecase. Naples,
Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Augustan, 178
VII.6. Shrine of the Vestals. Rome, Forum Romanum, 179
VII.7. Augustus at an outdoor shrine. Belvedere Altar. Vatican
Museums. 122 B.C., 181
VII.8. Claudius. Marble. Aquilea. Claudian, 184
VII.9. Divus Augustus. Marble. Aquilea. Claudian, 184
VII.10. Divus Augustus portrait (from a cuirassed statue). Marble.
Jesi, Pinacoteca Civica, 185
VII.11. Aenatores monument: four-stage reconstruction drawing, 187
VIII.1. Terme Ruler. Bronze. Rome, Museo Nazionale delle
Terme. Second century B.C. (?), 196
VIII.2. Hipmantled man. Bronze. Brindisi. Museo Archeologico
Provinciale Francesco Ribezzo, 196
VIII.3. Cavenzano Navarca statue. Marble. Aquilea, Museo
Nazionale, 197
VIII.4. Capua Narvarca statue. Marble. Capua, Museo Provinciale
Campano di Capua, 197
VIII.5. Delos fragment. Marble. Delos, Archaeological Museum, 197
VIII.6. Tivoli General statue. Marble. Rome, Palazzo Massimo /
Museo Nazionale Romano delle Terme. Ca. 80 B.C., 197
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VIII.7. Via Salaria funerary relief (now lost). Marble, 199
VIII.8. Man wearing Greek himation (from the Villa dei Papiri,
Herculaneum). Marble. Naples, Museo Archeologico.
Julio-Claudian, 200
VIII.9. Man wearing Greek himation on an Etruscan kline
(from Volterra). Marble. Volterra, Museo Etrusco
Guarnacci. Ca. 200 B.C., 201
VIII.10. L. Cornelius Pusio portrait. Bronze. Rome, Museo Nazionale
delle Terme. Late sixties A.D., 202
VIII.11. C. Cartilius Poplicola. Marble. Ostia, Museo Archeologico.
Late republican (Triumviral period), 203
VIII.12. Nude Claudius (from Herculaneum). Bronze. Naples, Museo
Nazionale. Claudian, 206
VIII.13. Nude seated Claudius (from Cerverteri). Marble. Vatican
Museums. Claudian, 206
VIII.14. Octavian, from Tusculum. Marble. Paris, Louvre, 208
VIII.15. Augustus portrait (from Pergamon). Marble. Istanbul, 209
VIII.16. Genius/paterfamilias (from the house of Vettii, Pompeii), 210
VIII.17. Genius Augusti. BMCRE I, 248, no. 251 = RIC2 I, 163,
no. 215, rev., ca. A.D. 6466, 211
VIII.18. Seated Divus Augustus statue from the Theater of Marcellus.
RIC I, 106, no. 20 = BMCRE I, 130, no. 74, rev., A.D. 2223, 211
VIII.19. Arles Augustus (reconstruction: Boschung). Marble, 212
VIII.20. Arles Apollo relief (from the theater, Arles). Arles, Museum, 213
VIII.21. Nude Divus Augustus (from Herculaneum). Bronze. Naples,
Museo Nazionale. Claudian, 214
VIII.22. Enthroned Divus Augustus from the Rostra at Leptis Magna.
Marble. Tripoli, Archaeological Museum, 215
VIII.23. Enthroned Claudius from the Rostra at Leptis Magna. Marble.
Tripoli, Archaeological Museum, 215
VIII.24. Hipmantled Tiberius from Nemi. Marble. Copenhagen, Ny
Carlsberg Glyptotek, 216
VIII.25. Claudius sacrificing before statues of Divus Augustus
and Livia (as Venus). Round altar. Marble. Abellinum,
Museo Irpino, 218
VIII.26. Deceased Germanicus and his wife, Agrippina the
elder, flanking trophy. Round altar. Marble. Abellinum,
Museo Irpino, 218
VIII.27. Dedicant (?) and Antonia the younger (mother of
Germanicus). Round altar. Marble. Abellinum, Museo Irpino, 218
VIII.28. Augustus/Diomedes, from Otricoli. Marble. Vatican Museums, 221
VIII.29. Pompeian portrait: Doryphoros model. Naples, Museo
Nazionale, 221
VIII.30. Nude citizen from the theater at Venafro. Venafro, Museo
Archeologico, 222
VIII.31. Nude citizen from the theater at Venafro. Venafro, Museo
Archeologico, 222
VIII.32. Nude young man (Formia III). Marble. Formia, Museo
Archeologico, 224
VIII.33. Nude man (Formia II). Marble. Formia, Museo Archeologico, 224
VIII.34. Nude man (Formia I). Marble. Formia, Museo Archeologico, 225
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VIII.35. Augustus Versospi. Marble. Vatican Museums, 225
IX.1. Roma crowns Augustus. Pergamene cistophoros. BMCRE
I, 196, no. 228 = RIC2 I, 131, no. 120 = RPC 2221. Claudian, 230
IX.2. Augustus crowned. Marble. Aprhodisias, Sebasteion, 231
IX.3. Temple of Roma and Augustus with hipmantled emperor.
Nicomeidan cistophoros. BMCRE III, 396, no. 1096 = RIC2 II
396; no. 459a. Hadrianic, 232
IX.4. Temple of Roma and Augustus with cuirassed emperor.
Nicomedian cistophoros. BMCRE III, 396, no. 1097 = RIC2 II,
396, no. 459b. Hadrianic, 232
IX.5. Emperor crowned by Fortuna (?). Pergamene cisotophoros.
BMC Mysia, 142, no. 263. Trajanic, 233
IX.6. Emperor crowned by Fortuna (?) with additional figure (?).
Nicomedian cistophoros. BMC Pontus 108, no. 32. Hadrianic, 233
IX.7. Greek imperial funerary monument with hipmantled figure.
Marble. Verona, 235
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P R E FAC E
This is a book that has been long in the making. An early exposition of the
basic arguments expounded in Chapters IIII and VIII was presented as a lecture at the American Academy in Rome in 1999, and a more concise version
in Toronto later that same year. More recently, part of Chapter IV was given
as a lecture at the University of Pennsylvania (2010); some aspects of Chapter
V at the University of Iowa (2010); portions of Chapter VII at the Columbia
University Seminar in Classics (2010); and a version of Chapter VIII at the
Roman Art Seminar in London (2011). I am indebted to the audiences on all of
these occasions for their stimulating responses. In addition, material related to
Chapter VI appeared in Crossing the Pomerium: The Armed Ruler at Rome, in
The Emperor and Rome, ed. B. C. Ewald and C. Norea (Cambridge, 2010), and
a large portion of Chapter VI was included in an essay entitled The Bringer of
Victory in Representations of War in Ancient Rome, ed. S. Dillon and K. Welch
(Cambridge, 2006).
The books different chapters constitute relatively independent essays
devoted to a sequence of interrelated historical problems. I have endeavored to
make plain those interrelationships, with as little repetition as seemed feasible
although a fair amount of redundancy has proven inevitable, in order that each
chapter might have some sense of self-sufficiency.
In these essays I have tried to offer a wide-ranging investigation of several
specific historical phenomena, and in so doing have been compelled to enter
fields that are hardly my own. The writings of several scholars have provided
much-needed direction, and the exemplary works of four of them Duncan
Fishwick, Jerzy Linderski, John Scheid, and, above all, Stefan Weinstock
deserve special mention, for my debt is profound; indeed, their names might
well have appeared more frequently amid the notes than they already do.
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Turning to my own field, I have relied extensively, as shall be clear, particularly
in Chapters VII and VIII, on the comprehensive works of Dietrich Boschung,
Christopher Hallett, and Brian Rose; it is my hope that they will regard what I
have attempted to do as both a compliment and a complement.
The bibliography, long enough as it is, makes no pretension to be comprehensive; to have cited it all would have more than doubled the size of a list already
unwieldy, which is constantly expanded by new publications that address the
topics treated here, and I have tried to take account of as many of these contributions as was possible some of which reach similar, some dissimilar, conclusions to my own. And many scholars might have been referred to with even
more regularity, but I have refrained in order not to further overburden the
already abundant citations, with which I have tried not only to acknowledge
those to whom I have been directly indebted for specific information or whose
ideas I have depended on explicitly, but to signal those contributions that have
played an important if only implicit role in the formation of my own views.
Citations of work published after 2010, when the manuscript was submitted,
are highly selective.
My translations of the Latin authors owe much to those of the Loeb Classical
Library, and at times as is the case with all those of the Greek authors borrow
directly; translations of the epigraphic materials are my own.
This leaves only the great pleasure of thanking all of those individuals and
institutions whose generosity has made the writing of this book possible.
For research funds I am grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities
Research Council of Canada for three years of support, the Andrew W. Mellon
Foundation for a fellowship at the American Academy in Rome, and both The
Johns Hopkins University and Princeton University.
No scholarly work can be accomplished without libraries. I am much indebted
to the following and their staffs: the Library of the American Academy in Rome,
the Robarts Library of the University of Toronto, the Sheridan Library of The
Johns Hopkins University, the library of the German Archaeological Institute in
Rome, and the Marquand and Firestone Libraries of Princeton University.
Many friends and colleagues have over the years provided advice, criticisms,
and assistance of varying kinds, and I should like to thank in particular Yelena
Baraz, Tim Barnes, Seth Bernard, Dietrich Boschung, Christer Bruun, Matteo
Cadario, Ted Champlin, Christina Corsiglia, Werner Eck, Jonathan Edmondson,
Lisa Fentress, Harriet Flower, Michael Flower, Nicholas Horsfall, Brad Inwood,
Barbara Kellum, Ann Kuttner, Daria Lanzuolo, W.-R. Megow, Tim Moore, Josiah
Osgood, Clementina Panella, Michael Putnam, Matt Roller, Thomas Schfer,
Susan Walker, and Paul Zanker.
Finally, three individuals have, for nearly thirty years, in their very different
ways, provided the examples that have shaped all of my scholarly endeavors.
xviii
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Michael Koortbojian
Frontmatter
More information
Preface
They are acknowledged by the dedication with profound gratitude for the
inspiring intelligence of their scholarship, their enduring friendship, their constant encouragement, and last, but surely not least, their unflagging criticisms.
It is no exaggeration to say that I am indebted to them for much if not most of
what may be of value in the pages that follow. The flaws are all mine.
Princeton, 2013
xix
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Michael Koortbojian
Frontmatter
More information
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Michael Koortbojian
Frontmatter
More information
AB B R E V I AT I O N S
AA
ActaAArtHist
ActaClDebrec
AE
AJA
AJAH
AJN
AJP
AnalRom
ANRW
ANSMN
AntCl
ArchCl
ARG
ArtB
BA
BCH
BdA
BFAR
BICS
BJb
BMC
BMCRE
BMCRR
BSFN
BullCom
Archologischer Anzeiger
Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia
Acta classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis
L Anne pigraphique
American Journal of Archaeology
American Journal of Ancient History
American Journal of Numismatics
American Journal of Philology
Analecta Romana Instituti Danici
Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt
American Numismatic Society Museum Notes
LAntiquit Classique
Archeologia classica: rivista della Scuola naz. di Archeologia, pubbl. a
cura degli Ist. di Archeologia e Storia dellarte greca e romana
Archiv fr Religionsgeschichte
The Art Bulletin
Bolletino di Archeologia
Bulletin de correspondance hellnique
Bollettino darte
Bibliothque des coles franaises dAthnes et de Rome
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London
Bonner Jahrbcher des rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn und des
Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande
Catalog of Greek Coins. British Museum, Department of Coins and
Medals, 1873ff.
H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum.
London, 1965 [192336].
H. A. Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum.
3 vols. London, 1920.
Bulletin de la Socit franaise de numismatique
Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica comunale di Roma
xxi
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Michael Koortbojian
Frontmatter
More information
Abbreviations
CAH
CCCA
CCG
CIL
CJ
ClAnt
CLE
CNR
CP
CQ
DFG
DialArch
EchCl
GaR
GGA
Helbig4
HSCP
HTR
ICLW
IG
IGR
ILLRP
ILS
Inscr. It.
IRT
JdI
JRA
JRGZM
JRS
Kleine Pauly
LIMC
LTUR
MAAR
MDAI(I)
MDAI(M)
MDAI(R)
MEFR
MEFRA
MemLinc
MGR
Cambridge Ancient History

Corpus cultus Cybelae Attidisque, ed. M. J. Vermaseren. Leiden, 1900.
Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin, 1862.
Classical Journal
Classical Antiquity
Carmina latina epigraphica. F. Buecheler, ed. (Suppl., ed. E.
Lommatzsch.) 3 fasc. Leipzig, 18951926.
Corpus Nummorum Romanorum, ed. A. Banti and L. Simmonetti.
Florence, 197273.
Classical Philology
Classical Quarterly
Deutsches Forschungs Gemeinschaft
Dialoghi di Archeologia
Echos du monde classique / Classical Views
Greece and Rome
Gttingische Gelehrte Anzeiger
W. Helbig, Fhrer durch die ffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer
Altertmer in Rom. Tbingen, 196372.
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
Harvard Theological Review
D. Fishwick, Imperial Cult in the Latin West. Leiden, 19872005.
Inscriptiones Graecae. Berlin, 1873.
Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes, ed. R. Cagnat
et al. Paris, 190627.
Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae, ed. A. Degrassi, 2 vols.
Florence, 1965.
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. H. Dessau, 3 vols. Berlin, 1892
1916; reprint, 5 vols., Chicago, 1979.
Inscriptiones Italicae, ed. A. Degrassi. Rome, 1947.
Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania, ed. J. M. Reynolds and J. B.
Ward Perkins. Rome, 1952.
Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts
Journal of Roman Archaeology
Jahrbuch des Rmisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz
Journal of Roman Studies
Der Kleine Pauly. Lexikon der Antike in fnf Bnden, ed. K. Ziegler
and W. Sontheimer. Munich, 1979.
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, ed. E. M. Steinby. Rome, 1996.
Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung
Instanbul
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Madrid
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abteilung Rom
Mlanges dArchologie et dHistoire de l cole Franaise de Rome
Mlanges dArchologie et dHistoire de l cole Franaise de Rome,
Antiquit
Atti dellAccademia nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali,
storiche e filologiche. Memorie.
Miscellanea greca e romana
xxii
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Michael Koortbojian
Frontmatter
More information
Abbreviations
MH
MNR
WJA
ZAKMIRA
Museum Helveticum
Museo Nazionale Romano. Le Sculture, ed. A. Giuliano, 12 vols.
Rome, 197991.
Monuments et mmoires. Fondation E. Piot
T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, I [1951].
Atlanta, 1986.
Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines
Numismatic Chronicle
Notizie degli scavi di antichit
W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Leipzig,
19035.
Opuscula Romana: acta Inst. Rom. Regni Sueciae
Papers of the British School at Rome
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
Revue Archologique
Real-Encyclopdie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, ed. A.
Pauly, G. Wissowa, and W. Kroll. Stuttgart, 1893.
Revue des tudes Anciennes
Revue des tudes Latines
Rendiconti. Classe di lettere e scienze morali e storiche, Istituto
lombardo, Accademia di scienze e lettere
Rendiconti. Atti della Pontificia accademia romana di archeologia
Res Gestae Divi Augusti. The Achievements of the Divine Augustus,
ed. P. A. Brunt and J. M. Moore [1967]. Oxford.
Roman Imperial Coinage, ed. H. Mattingly and E. A. Sydenham.
London, 1923.
C. H. V. Sutherland, Roman Imperial Coinage, I: 31 BCAD 69.
London, 1984.
Die rmischen Inschriften von Tarraco, ed. G. Alfldy. Berlin, 1975.
Rivista di filologia e distruzione classica
Revue Numismatique
A. Burnett, M. Amandry, and P. P. Ripolls, Roman Provincial
Coinage, 2 vols. London and Paris, 1992.
M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge, 1974.
Roman Statutes, ed. M. H. Crawford, 2 vols. London, 1996.
Scripta Classica Israelica
Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris
Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum (1923)
W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3. Leipzig,
191524.
Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni
Sylloge nummorum graecorum (Denmark)
Studi miscellanei. Seminario di archeologia e storia dellarte greca e
romana dellUniversit di Roma
Symbolae Osloenses
Transactions of the American Philological Association
Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum, ed. V. Lambrinoudakis and
J.-C. Balty, 5 vols. Los Angeles, 2004.
Wrzburger Jahrbcher fr die Altertumswissenschaft
Zentrum fr die antiken Kulturen des Mittelmeerraumes
ZPE
Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik
MonPiot
MRR
MRSH
NC
NSc
OGIS
OpRom
PBSR
PCPhS
RA
RE
REA
REL
RendIstLomb
RendPontAc
RG
RIC
RIC2
RIT
RivFil
RN
RPC
RRC
RS
SCI
SDHI
SEG
SIG
SMSR
SNG
StMisc
SymbOslo
TAPA
ThesCRA
xxiii
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KOORTBOJIAN, Michael, The Divinization of Caesar and Augustus. Precedents, Consequences, Implications, PDF

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I Making Men Gods

Divine Honors for Caesar?

Deus and Divus

II The Question of Caesars Divinity and the

The Problem of Cult Statues

Making Divus Julius

Mors Honoresque Caesaris

Ciceros Challenge to Antony

The Simulacrum of Philippics II

The Aedes Divi Iulii and Its Statue

Two Visions of the Divus

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The Augurs and Their Competences

The Memory of Attus Navius and the Power of His Priesthood

Augurs in the Public Eye

The Lituus and Its Symbolism

An Image of the Auspices?

Romulus, Quirinus, and the Statue of Caesar

The Statues and Their Imagery

Typologies and Inconsistencies

Some Other Multiply Attested Portraits

Historical Circumstances and the Transformation of Types

From Republic to Empire

VI Auspicious, Propitious, Victorious

Worshipping the New Divus

The Bringer of Victory

Under the Emperors Auspices

VII Representation in an Era of Divinization

Public versus Private Cult

The Differing Character of Private Honors in the Public Sphere

Cult Honors and the Dedication of Sacra Privata

Augustan Numen and Numen Augusti

The Status and Form of the Shrines

The Longevity of Honors

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The Monument of the Aenatores

U R B E : The Imagery of the D I V U S

Public and Private Honors ad Urbem

Super Ceteros Mortales

Nude Statues, in Public and in Private

Nudity at Rome, Nudity Outside of Rome

The Image of Divus Augustus

To Look Like a Divus

IX Coda: Reverberations in the East

Index of Ancient Authors

Index of Works of Art

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