[Sleep wake cycle]

Sleep- wake cycle

-stimulus is the sunlight
-occurs in a circadian pattern
-25hrs
Beta activity
-15-40 Hz
-associated with an aroused individual
-desynchronized
-low voltage, high frequency
Alpha wave
0-12Hz
-relaxed with eyes closed
4 stages during slow wave sleep
- Period:30-45 mins
Stage 1
-alpha waves
-interspersed with theta waves (3-7Hz)
Stage 2
-further slowing of EEG (Slow wave activity) interrupted by
bursts of activity
- at 12 14 Hz ( Sleep Spindles) and large, slow potentials ( K
complexes )
Stage 3
-delta waves ( 0.5- 2Hz) with occasional sleep spindles
Stage 4
- Delta waves without sleep spindles
Slow wave sleep
-characteristic: awake
-exceedingly restful and associated with decreases in peripheral
vascular tone and vegetative functions
-dreamless sleep ( dreams and nightmares may occur only it
is not remembered)
-no consolidation
- characteristic awake (24 hrs and deep sleep during first hr
after)
- dreams that are forget after
- relaxation of the muscles of the body
- ease in awakening decreases progressively
- waking up passes the steps in reverse
Features of Slow Wave Sleep
-relaxation of muscle of the body ( intermittent adjustment of
posture)
-decrease in BP, HR, basal metabolic rate
-Increase GI motility
-ease in awakening decreases progressively
Forms of Sleep
- Rapid eye movement (REM)
- Several episodes each night
- Desynchronization of EEG/ low voltage, fast activity

February 26, 2014

resembling that of an aroused individual ( paradoxical)

Loss of muscle tone with phasic contractions of a
number eye
Basis is REM
Autonomic changes

Autonomic changes during REM

- Loss of temperature regulation
- Meiosis
- Penile erection
- Intermittent change in BP, HR and respiration
- Difficult arousal ( intermittent arousal common)
- Occurrence of most dreaming

REM sleep
- New born : sleep of time
- Young adult: 20-25% of sleep
- Elderly: little
Mechanism of sleep
- Reduced activity of the reticular activating system
- Arousal: low voltage
- Stimulation of the medulla near the nucleus of the
solitary tract ( active process)
- Involved neurotransmitters: NE, serotonin, Ach
- Manipulation: change in sleep- wake cycle
Sources of circadian periodicity
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus ( hypothalamus)
- Receive projections from the retina
- Neurons: from a biological clock adapting to darklight cycle
- Role of melatonin ( pineal gland)
Disorders of Sleep- wake cycle
1.
-

Insomnia
sleep disorder: difficulty in falling or staying asleep
types: sleep onset and sleep maintenance

2.
-

Bed wetting
Nocturnal enuresis or nighttime urinary incontinence
Involuntary urination ( asleep) after the age at which
bladder control has been attained
Somnambulism
Slow sleep stage in a state of low consciousness and
perform activities
Narcolepsy
Chronic sleep disorder- overwhelming daytime
drowsiness and sudden stacks of sleep
Brain inability to regulate normal sleep- wake cycle

3.
4.
-

LANGUAGE
- CORPUS CALLOSUM: transfer of information
between 2 cerebral hemispheres

1.
2.
-

Right hemisphere- dominate in facial expression,

intonation, body language and spatial tasks
Left hemisphere- dominant in language
Lesion: APHASIA- defect in language
function( difficulty in reading, writing, and saying
what had been read)
Role of 2 brain areas
1. Wernickes area
Damage: receptive / sensory aphasia ( difficulty
understanding spoken and written language)
2. Brocas area
Damage: expressive/ motor aphasia ( difficulty in
speech and writing; to understand language relativity
well

LEARNING AND MEMORY

-

Major functions of the higher levels of the NS

Learning: mechanism ( changes in behavior result of
experience )
- memory: storage mechanism from what is learned
-neural circuitry: complex mechanism difficult to
study

Mechanism of learning

1.

Interconnection: single sensory and motor neuron

a. Habituation learning not to respond to repetition
of an insignificant stimulus
b. Sensitization increased responsiveness to
harmless stimuli following presentation of a
strong or noxious stimulus
c. Associative conditioning learning to respond to
a previously significant event after paring it with a
significant one
Involvement: change of Ca levels

2. Long term initiation

- repetitive activation of an afferent pathway to the
hippocampus of one of the intrinsic connections-->increased
response of the pyramidal cells
Involvement of:
NMDA receptors
2nd messenger pathway- carries information within the cell
(cyclic AMP, calcium)
Retrogrademerssenger- from post synapse to pre synapse
- nitric oxide and cannabis
NOTETAKERS:
Malicdan, Richard
Glenditah
Claudio, Denise