Purpose

The aim of this report is to

The purpose of this report is to
This report is intended / designed to
In this report I aim to (set out the main arguments in favor of ) / (justify the decision to) /
(clarify the issues...)
My aim in writing this report is to
Stating the problem
There has been a lot of controversy recently
One of the biggest problems facing the world today is
During the last few years people have become increasingly worried about
Most people seems to feel that
Many people think/ believe/ say that
Several people said/told me/suggested/thought that
Some people claim that

Examples and possibilities

First things first,
First of all,
In my opinion,
I would like to begin by saying that
In the first place,
The most obvious example of ... is
In addition to ... we are organizing
Another example of ... is the way in which
They gave/suggested the following reasons:
They made the following points:

Results and effects

... can often results in ...
One effect of ... would be that ...
If we ... this would mean that ...
Not only ... but also
Arguments
Some people would argue that ... Nevertheless, the fact that is matter is that... Although it is
true that ..., we have to keep in mind that ... (raising ... will mean a fewer ).
I would therefore recommended
It would seem that ... is the best idea.
Concluding
In conclusion ...
To sum up ...
It would appear that there is agreement on this issue.
It is clear, therefore, that...
For this reason I believe that ...
It is difficult to decide what the best solution to the problem would be.
Finally, it is important to remember that
Lastly, I feel that

ESSAY

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.
GENERAL STATEMANT
In some parts / For some (people/country), TOPIC sentance
The topic of .... is one which often causes a great deal of discussion, especially /in
newspaper and television/ within a XXXX science community
It is general beliefe that
There can be no doubt that
People (sometimes) claim that but I feel that ...
It is often said/argued that ... However, it seems to me that ...
Science argue/ claim/ say/ maintain that ...
It is a common view that/ It is commonly thought that/
There are two very different points of view on the topic of
There is a common opinion that
1.2.
INTRODUCE YOUR OPINION
According to (experts), ...
Many people believe/ think that... (,while other prefer)
People (sometimes) claim that but I feel that ...
It is often said/argued that ... However, it seems to me that ...
It is a fact that ...
Over the past few months/years, it seems that
Recently, we have all become concerned that
Nowadays, we are all realising that ...
In the past, people used to , but now ...
These days, it seems that .
1.3.
EXPLAINING THE STRUCTURE OF ESSAY
In this essay I aim to (set out the main arguments in favour of (equality of the both
mentioned statemant/idea)) / (justify the decision to) / (clarify the issues...)
I will examine both sides below and then give my own opinion./ After looking at this
matter
from both sides, I will
I have divided my essay into three parts, in which I will ....
I will give three reasons for that below.
I will discuss both point of view and express my own opinion.
I will look at/ write about/ examine/ consider/ discuss and then
2. PRVI PARAGRAF
Firstly/In the first place / To begin with, /First things first,... + Paraphrase the TOPIC
SENTENCE + FIRST BULLET point
First thing first, life is ceartanly better now than it was 100 years ago, because of
medicine breakthroughs which help people to live longer and healtier.
It is clear that ...
On the whole, it appears/seems that ...
We must take into account the fact that ....
It goes without saying that ...
It is important to remember that ...
This means that ...
... This is largely due to ...
For example/For instance, ...
In other words, ...

Take, for example, the situation in ...

3. DRUGI PARAGRAF
Secondly/A second area to consider is
Another point to remember is ...
4. TREI PARAGRAF
Finally/Last but not least, ...
5. Conclusion
To sum up,/ In conclusion,
Because of / As a result of this /
Therefore, in my opinion,
On this basis, I can conclude that

5.1.
INTRODUCE YOUR OPINION
I dont agree with the statemant that...
In my opinion ...
I believe that...
On balance, it seems to me that ...

AND
1.Listing
Reinforcement,
indeed
in addition
additionally
moreover
not only . . . but also . . .
as well (as)
besides
especially
specifically
furthermore
what is more
Comparison
also
in the same way
both . . . and . . .
likewise
correspondingly
similarly
equally
2. Transition
now
regarding
turning to
with respect/regard to
as for
as to

3. Reference (refers back to previous sentences)

mainly
mostly
for instance
for example
in other words
particularly
in particular
such as
including
that is
5. Example
for example
for instance
such as
to illustrate
as an illustration
to demonstrate
6. Result
accordingly
as a result
so
because of
for this/that reason
then
hence
therefore
in order that
thus

OR
1. Reformulation
in other words
in that case
rather
that is
that is to say
to put it (more) simply
2. Replacement
again
alternatively
another possibility would be
better/worse still
on the other hand
rather
the alternative is

BUT
1. Contrast
However / even so
Although / even though
Despite / despite the fact that
In spite of / in spite of the fact that
Nevertheless

Nonetheless
While
Whereas
Unlike
In theory in practice

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

One advantage of,
Another advantage of,
One other advantage of,
A further advantage of,
The main advantage of,
The greatest advantage of.
The most important drawback (flaws) / benefit (improvement/advancement/development)
of...,

RELATIVE TO .
Comparison

1. Making statement/Opening Phrases

2. Example/Cause/Further Explanation/Advantages&Disadvantages
3. Making Contrast Point/Example/Expressing opinion/
TO REFER
With reference to, According to the latest scientific research

MAKING STATEMANT
It is clear that ...
On the whole, it appears/seems that ...
We must take into account the fact that ....
It goes without saying that ...
It is important to remember that ...

EXPRESSING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS

I am in two minde about this
I believe/do not believe that ... (because) ...
Personally I feel that ... Let me explain why.
In my opinion, ... Just consider ...
As I see it, The reason is ...
It seems to me that This is because ...
I would argue that for the following reasons.
I feel very strongly that ...
I am convinced that ...

I am of the opinion that ...

I am very much in favour of/against ...
I am completely opposed to ...
The reasons why I believe that ... are as follows.

EXPLAINING/EXPANDING IDEAS AND GIVING EXAMPLES

... This means that ...
... This is largely due to ...
For example/For instance, ...
In other words, ...
Take, for example, the situation in ...
A (good) example of this is/ An example from my own experience is/ For example,/
To give an example,/ One (typical/ well known) example of this is
For instance,...
, such as
OPENING PHRASES
It is my firm beliefe...
There can be no doubt that...
It would be wrong to argue that...
It can not be denied that...
I would despute the clame that ...
It is difficult to disagree with the idea that...
It is true to some extent that...
It is simply not the case with...
According to an article that I read last week,/ According to one of my professors
I once heard that/ I once read that/ I once saw a television programme in which/
Someone once told me that
GIVING REASONS/ CAUSE AND EFFECT/ CONSEQUENCES
This is caused by
As a consequence of this,/ One consequence of this is
This is due to
in order to
For that reason,/ The main reason for that is
As a result of that,
FURTHER EXPLANATION
In other words/ To put that another way,
That is to say
Looking at both sides/ Looking at the other side/ Contrasting
but you could also say that
On the other hand,
It is also possible to argue the opposite point that
Looking at the other side of the argument,
Despite (all) this/ In spite of all this,
Turning to the opposing argument,/ Turning from the pros to the cons,

KEY WORDS
Introduction Background to the topic (why it is important etc)
believed common change controversial last lot majority modern news people society two
world
Explaining the structure of your essay
both divided reasons then
Introduction/ Body Giving
strong opinions absolutely certain clear definitely doubt honest obvious really strongly
Giving weak opinions arguments
both experience expert humble know personal would
Strongly agreeing
agree more right sense think
Weakly agreeing
accept agree sense
Strongly disagreeing
accept agree merit
Weakly disagreeing/ Politely disagreeing
agree but
Body Supporting your opinions Personal experience
experience found
Giving examples
example instance such
Other people opinions and knowledge/ Things you heard and read
according once
Giving reasons/ Cause and effect/ Consequences
caused consequence due order reason result
Further explanation
other say
Looking at both sides/ Looking at the other side/ Contrasting
also hand opposite side spite turning
Final paragraph Summarising/ Conclusion
above all although balance conclude having outweigh restate said sum whole
Recommending/ Giving advice/ Talking about solutions/ Adding a further point that leads on
from your conclusion
best choice government really

Background to the topic (why it is important etc)

It is widely believed that
is a common talking point./ It is a common view that/ It is commonly thought
that/
There is a common opinion that
There has been a change in
is a controversial topic./ is very controversial.
Over the last few years/ decades
There has been a lot of discussion of/ There has been a lot of debate over/ There has
been a lot of controversy over
The majority of people (who I know) seem to think that
In modern life,
has been getting a lot of newspaper coverage recently./ has been in the news a lot

recently. .
For people nowadays,/ (In my country) many (older/ younger) people (think/ say that)...
It is often said that
In todays society,
There are two very different points of view on the topic of
In our globalised world,

Explaining the structure of your essay

I will examine both sides below and then give my own opinion./ After looking at this matter
from both sides, I will
I have divided my essay into three parts.
I will give three reasons for that below.
I will look at/ write about/ examine/ consider/ discuss and then
Giving strong opinions
Im absolutely certain that/ Im absolutely positive that/ Im absolutely convinced
that/ There can be absolutely no doubt that/ I have absolutely no doubt that
I am certain that/ I certainly don't believe that ...
It seems clear to me that/ It is clear to me that
I would definitely say that
I have (absolutely) no doubt that/ There can be (absolutely) no doubt that/ I dont
think anyone can doubt that/ Without (the shadow of) a doubt
In my honest opinion,
It seems obvious to me that/ It is obvious to me that/ Obviously
I really think that
I strongly believe that/ I strongly object to (the idea that)
Giving weak opinions
Although the arguments for/ against are also quite convincing,/ Although there are also
arguments for/ against
Although there are both advantages and disadvantages,
I dont have much experience of this, but/ In my limited experience,
Im no expert on this, but
In my humble opinion,
As far as I know,/ I dont know (very) much about this topic, but/ To the best of my
knowledge,
In my personal opinion,/ I personally feel that ...
I would guess that/ I would imagine that/ I would probably say that
Strongly agreeing
I strongly/ totally/ wholeheartedly agree that
I couldnt agree with more.
is absolutely right.
makes complete sense.
is exactly/ just what I think.
Weakly agreeing
I can probably accept that/ I might be able to accept that
I partially/ partly agree with
seems to make sense.

Strongly disagreeing
Theres no way I can accept that
I cant agree with the idea of/ I dont agree at all with/ I really dont agree with
I cant see any merit in
Weakly disagreeing/ Politely disagreeing
I dont really agree with/ I dont think I agree with/ Im not sure that I agree with
I can see why some people might think that, but/ I can understand why people think
that, but
Supporting your opinions
Personal experience
A relevant experience I had was/ Although I dont have (much) experience of this,./
Experience has shown me that/ From personal experience, I would say/ I (once)
experienced this when/ In my (personal/ limited/ own) experience,/ This is supported
by my own experience in that
I have (generally) found that
Giving examples
A (good) example of this is/ An example from my own experience is/ For example,/
To give an example,/ One (typical/ well known) example of this is
For instance,...
, such as
Other people opinions and knowledge/ Things you heard and read
According to an article that I read last week,/ According to one of my professors
I once heard that/ I once read that/ I once saw a television programme in which/
Someone once told me that
Giving reasons/ Cause and effect/ Consequences
This is caused by
As a consequence of this,/ One consequence of this is
This is due to
in order to
For that reason,/ The main reason for that is
As a result of that,
Further explanation
In other words/ To put that another way,
That is to say
Looking at both sides/ Looking at the other side/ Contrasting
but you could also say that
On the other hand,
It is also possible to argue the opposite point that
Looking at the other side of the argument,
Despite (all) this/ In spite of all this,
Turning to the opposing argument,/ Turning from the pros to the cons,
Summarising/ Conclusion
As should be clear from the arguments above,/ For (all) the reasons given above,/
Taking (all) the things above into account,
Overall,/ All in all,
Although the arguments against are also quite convincing,/ Although there are also

arguments for (such as)/ Although there are both advantages and disadvantages
above,
On balance, I would say that
I therefore conclude that./ In conclusion,
Having considered (all) the points above,/ Having weighed up both sides of the
argument,
The benefits of ... outweigh the drawbacks.
To restate the arguments above,
As I said in the introduction, I am convinced that
To sum up what I have written above,/ To summarise the points above,
On the whole,
Recommending/ Giving advice/ Talking about solutions/ Adding a further point that
leads on from your conclusion
The best idea is to/ The best solution is/ The best thing to do would be
We have (absolutely) no choice but to
The government should do something about/ find a solution for/ put more effort into/ work
towards/ deal with/ take action on/ take care of/ try to solve
We really must/ We really need to/ We really have to/ We really should

On the other hand,

One the one hand,
However, ... but... Nevertheless
While... although ... whereas
Having said that,...
Despite this ...
In spite of ...
In addition to this,...
What is more,...
Apart from this,...
As well as that,...
Beside,...

TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE
For example,
A good illustration of this is
For instance,...

INFORMAL LETTER
Opening
Good to hear from you!
Thanks for the letter.
Its been such a long time since we wrote to each other.
I am sorry I havent written for such a long time but I have been vary busy...
Why you are writing
I know that you are keen to hear about
So, you want to know
You asked me to recommend some
Ive managed to find out some information about ... for you.
About your planned visit,...
Thank-you letter
I just had to write you to thank you for...
Thanks very much for
It was very kind of you to offer
Giving advice
In your letter you said you werent sure what to do about.... Well, if I were you, I would
Have you thought about...
It would be a good idea to
Giving a good news
I am sure you will be pleased to hear that
By the way, did you know that
You will never guess what happened the other day?
Giving a bad news
Im sorry to tell you that
Bad news, I am affraid. (Ive ...)
Asking for help
I hope its not too much to ask, but...
I wonder if I could ask a favour. Could you
Apologising
I am writing to say sorry for ... (my bad behaviour) I wasnt thinking. It was very silly of me.
I want to apologise for (ruining your...)
Explaining and giving excuses
I am affraid the problem couldnt be avoided/ denied
I cant get out of/ away from ....
I am affraid the decision wasnt up to me.
It isnt my fault that I was late.
If you feel like ..., there is good place ...
Let me congratulate you on ...
Write back soon,

Look forward to seeing you soon.

Well, thats all for now.
Take care
Best wishes
FORMAL
GENERAL
I am writing to inquire about/in connection with (da se raspitam za / u vezi sa)/ inform you/ in
replay to your letter asking for information about/ with regard to/ in response to/to ask if you
could help me with/give me advice/for more information

With reference to your last latter/ advertisement

In reply to your query
In response to your last letter, I am writing to

Please accept my sincerest apologies for...

I am writing to draw your attention to...
I am writing to express my strong dissatisfaction with...
Thank you for the kind invitation which I would be honoured to accept /// We would be
honoured if you...
We thank you for your recent invitation to ... but...

I have always been interested in

One of the main reasons I am applying for this job is that
I have a lot of experience
I am available to start work
Thank you for considering my application.
I would like to request further information about
I would be most greatful if you could send me details of
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Zours faithfully
I would appreciate an apology from your company.
For a start