15.

The Definite Integral and Area under a Curve

Tony U
University of Macau

Outline

1 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

2 Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)
3 Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution
4 Area and Integration

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC)

Given that the function f (x) is continuous on the interval

a x b. Then,
Z b
f (x)dx = F (x)|ba = F (b) F (a),
a

where F could be any antiderivative of f on a x b.

Rb
Note: The definite integral a f (x)dx is the total net change of
the antiderivative F over the interval from x = a to x = b.

-1-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

(1.)

(2.)

(3.)

(4.)

(5.)

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

f (x)dx = 0
a
b

f (x)dx =

kf (x)dx = k
a

f (x)dx
b

f (x)dx, where k is a constant

[f (x) g (x)]dx =

a
b

f (x)dx =
a

f (x)dx

f (x)dx +
a

-2-

g (x)dx
a

f (x)dx

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 1.
Find

R3

1 (8x

4x + 5)dx.

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Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 1.
R3

Find

1 (8x

4x + 5)dx.

Sol.:
Z

(8x 3 4x + 5)dx

Z
8

3
1

8x 3 dx
3

4xdx +

x 3 dx 4

5dx

(Prop.4.)

xdx + 5
1

1dx

(Prop.3.)

3
x 4 3
x 2 3

 4
 + 5x 
1
4 1
2 1

8 4
4
[3 (1)4 ] [32 (1)2 ] + 5[3 (1)]
4
2

2 (81 1) 2 (9 1) + 5 4

164
-3-

(FTC )

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 2.
Find

|x 2|
dx.
x

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Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 2.
Find

|x 2|
dx.
x

Sol.: Since
Z

3
1

|x 2| =

|x 2|
dx
x

=
=
=

2
1

x 2

x 2

(x 2)
|x 2|
dx +
x

x <2
Z

|x 2|
dx
x

(Prop.5)

Z 3
x 2
x 2
dx +
dx (Prop.3)
x
x
1
2
Z 2
Z 2
Z 3
Z 3
1
1

1dx + 2
dx +
1dx 2
dx
1
1 x
2
2 x

(Prop.3 & 4)

(2 1) + 2(ln 2 ln 1) + (3 2) 2(ln 3 ln 2)

2 ln

4
3

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Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 3.
Suppose f (x) =

x3

ln(2 + t 2 )dt. Find f (x), hence find f (1)

-5-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 3.
Suppose f (x) =

x3

ln(2 + t 2 )dt. Find f (x), hence find f (1)

Sol.: Let G (t) be the antiderivative of g (t) = ln(2 + t 2 ), then

Z

x3

ln(2 + t 2 )dt = G (x 3 ) G (0)

(FTC ),

therefore,
f (x) = G (x 3 )(3x 2 )
= 3x 2 g (x 3 )
= 3x 2 ln(2 + x 6 )
f (1) = 3(1)2 ln(2 + x 6 ) = 3 ln(3)

-5-

Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 4.
Suppose g (x) =

3x

1+ x

u
du. Find g (1).
6+u

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Properties of Definite Integrals (follow the FTC)

Example 4.
Suppose g (x) =

3x

1+ x

u
du. Find g (1).
6+u

Sol.: Let F (u) be the antiderivative of f (u) =

Z

3x

1+ x

u
, then
6+u

u
du = F (3x) F (1 + x),
6+u

therefore

1
g (x) = 3F (3x) F (1 + x)
2 x

3x
1
1+ x
p

2 x 6+1+ x
6 + 3x

3(1)
1
1+ 1
2
g (1) = 3 p
p
=3
4
2 1 6+1+ 1
6 + 3(1)
=3

-6-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

The method of substitution and the method of integration by parts

can also be used to evaluate a definite integral.
Z

b
a

du
g [u(x)] dx =
dx

-7-

u(b)

u(a)

g (u)du.

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 5.
Find

R3
1

(9 x 2 )4 xdx.

-8-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 5.
Find

R3
1

(9 x 2 )4 xdx.

Sol.: Let u(x) = 9 x 2 , du = 2xdx, u(1) = 9 (1)2 = 8 and

u(3) = 9 (3)2 = 0, then
Z

(9 x 2 )4 xdx =

1
2

u 4 du

1
= (05 85 )
10
16384
=
5

-8-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 6.
Find

R1
0

(3x 2 + 4x)(x 3 + 2x 2 )4 dx

-9-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 6.
Find

R1
0

(3x 2 + 4x)(x 3 + 2x 2 )4 dx

Sol.: Let u(x) = x 3 + 2x 2 , du = (3x 2 + 4x)dx, u(0) = 0 and

u(1) = 3, then
Z

(3x 2 + 4x)(x 3 + 2x 2 )4 dx =

u 4 du

1
= [(3)5 05 ]
5
243
=
5

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Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 7.
Find

dt
.
2 + 3t

-10-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 7.
Find

dt
.
2 + 3t

Sol.: Let u(t) = 2 + 3t, du = 3dt, u(0) = 2 and u(3) = 11, then
Z

3
0

dt
1
=
2 + 3t
3

11

du
u

1
[ln 11 ln 2]
3
1  11 
= ln
3
2
=

-10-

Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 8.
Find

R1
0

xe x dx.

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Evaluate Definite Integrals by Substitution

Example 8.
Find

R1
0

xe x dx.

Sol.: Let u(x) = x 2 , du = 2xdx, u(0) = 0 and u(1) = 1,

then
Z 1
Z
1 1 u
x 2
xe dx =
e du
2 0
0
1
= [e (1) e 0 ]
2
1
= (1 e 1 )
2

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Area and Integration

Area and Integration

There is a connection between definite integrals and the geometric

concept of area. If f (x) is continuous and nonnegative on the
interval a x b, then the region A under the graph ofR f between
b
x = a and x = b has area equal to the definite integral a f (x)dx.
Area =

b
a

f (x)dx = F (b) F (a),

where F (x) is any antiderivative of f (x).

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Area and Integration

Why the Integral Formula for Area Works?

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Area and Integration

Let A(x) denote the area of the region under f between a and x,
then
A(x3 ) A(x2 ) x3 f (x3 ),

in general,
A(x + x) A(x) x f (x)
A(x + x) A(x)
f (x)
x
lim

x0

A(x + x) A(x)
= f (x)
x
A (x) = f (x)

f (x)dx =

Since A(a) = 0 therefore

between a and b.

A (x)dx = A(x)|ba = A(b) A(a)

Rb
a

f (x)dx = A(b) = the area under f

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Area and Integration

Fundamental theorem requires f (x) is nonnegative over a to b

If f (x) is negative over a to b, then the definite integral will
be negative
Therefore the area between the x-axis Rand the curve is the
b
absolute value of the definite integral a f (x)dx, or
Rb
a |f (x)|dx

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Area and Integration

Example 9.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve

y = x 2 + 4x 3 and the x-axis.

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Area and Integration

Example 9.

Find the area of the region bounded by the curve

y = x 2 + 4x 3 and the x-axis.
Sol.: First find the x-intercept(s) of the curve,
x 2 + 4x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x 1) = 0
x =3

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or

x =1

Area and Integration

Since x 2 + 4x 3 0, 1 x 3, the area bounded by the curve

and the x-axis,
Z 3
Area =
| x 2 + 4x 3|dx
1

(x 2 + 4x 3)dx

3
1 3
= x 3 1 + 2 x 2 1 3 x|31
3
26
4
= + 16 6 =
3
3

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Area and Integration

Example 10.
Find the area between the x-axis and the curve f (x) = x 2 9 from
x = 1 to x = 4.

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Area and Integration

Example 10.
Find the area between the x-axis and the curve f (x) = x 2 9 from
x = 1 to x = 4.
Sol.: First find the x-intercept of the curve x = 3 and x = 3, the
quadratic function is concave up so the function is negative
between 3 x 3. Therefore the area
Area =

|x 2 9|dx

(x 2 9)dx +

(x 2 9)dx

 

1 3
1 3
(3 13 ) 9(3 1) +
(4 33 ) 9(4 3)
3
3


28
10
38
=
+
=
3
3
3

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