AbuLughod,JanetL.

BeforeEuropeanHegemony:TheWorldSystemA.D.
12501350
,Chapters57.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1989.

Chapter5discussestheMongoleconomy,whichwasbasedontheexploitationof
peopleaswellastaxingtrade.Thiseconomywasconsideredunstablebecauseit
neededtoconstantlyconquerinordertogrow.Chapter6talksaboutBaghdadand
thePersianGulf,whichbothdeclinedduetoconquestbytheMongols.This
indicatesgeographyandlocationarenottheonlyfactorsintradeprosperity.Chapter
7writesaboutCairoandtheriseofthekarimiwholesalers.Egyptwasunableto
utilizeitspower,asseenwhendeGamabroketheArabianmonopolyontheIndian
Oceantrade,whichwastheeconomysonlysourceofsurplus.

Adas,Michael."ImperialismandColonialisminComparativePerspective."
The
InternationalHistoryReview
20,no.2(1998):37188.
doi:10.1080/07075332.1998.9640829.

Adaswritesonthedistinctionbetweencolonizationandimperialism,andintroduces
bothEuropeancolonizationandManchu/Qingimperialexpansionforcomparison.
ThearticledescribesthedifferencesbetweenEuropeanandQingapproachesto
expansionism,onereasonforthedifferencesbeingtheculturalandethnic
separationbetweentheEuropeansandcolonizedpeoplesbeingfargreaterthanthat
oftheChinese.Adasarguesthatdecenteringandglobalizingtheconceptof
colonialismwouldhelpusbetterunderstandsystemsofimperialism.Hetoucheson
TengtodiscusstheroleofgenderinQingcolonialexpansion.

Bayly,C.A.
IndianSocietyandtheMakingoftheBritishEmpire
,Chapter2.
Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1987.

ThechaptertalksaboutIndiantradeofclothandsilkaswellasrawmaterialslike,
indigo,pepper,cardamum,etc.Europeanstookanimportantroleinproviding
materialsforcoinagewhichwasthemainformofcurrencyinIndia,andthusIndia
wasdependentontheEuropeaneconomyfromearlierthanoncethought.Given
this,weseearelianceoneachother:Indiaforitsvaluablecommoditiesand
Europeansfortheirtradeandrawmaterialnecessaryforproduction.

Bernard,Tim.Guestlecture(inclass)

ProfessorTimBernardgaveabriefhistoryofSingapore,wherehementionsthree
differentyearsofcontentionforthebeginningofthecountry.Hementionsthatthe
SingaporeansstillhaveagoodimpressionoftheirBritishcolonizersandadore
ThomasRafflesandhaveseveralstatuescommemorating.Bernarddescribesthe
fourmainracesofSingaporeaswellasSingporesopenpolicyofattracting

corporationsandbankstocreateofficesthere,therebyboostingtheeconomy.
SingaporeshistorywasverydifferentfromthatofothercolonieslikeSanto
Domingo,wheretherewasmuchbloodshedinordertoreachliberty.

Carter,Mia,andBarbaraHarlow.
ArchivesofEmpire
.Durham:DukeUniversity
Press,2003.

VolumeIntroduction:
CartergivesabriefintroductionofBritishcolonialism.Theintroductiondiscussesthe
formationoftheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyin1599,whichwasveryselfinterested
andsmuggledopiumfromIndiatoChinatofunditsmilitary.TheEICactof1773and
theConstitutionoftheEICestablishedchecksandbalancesaswellasheld
employeesresponsibleforoffenses.TheBritishthoughtofIndiaasbeingstuckin
thepastandwasseenasasociallaboratorytheytookoverandinstitutedtheRaj
system.

Introduction(MerchantCapital):
ThisintroductionexploresthehistoryoftheBritishEastIndiaCompany,amilitary
andcommercialinstitutionwhicheventuallyevolvedintoacolonialempire.They
werefinancedviathesmugglingofopiumintoChinaandcapturedPortugueseships
tolearnabouttheEast.Asamonopoly,theyeliminatedfreetradeaswellas
competition.Aswritteninthevolumeintroduction,theEastIndiaCompanyAct
providedchecksandbalancestolimittheirpowers.Theintroductionincludesstories,
letters,andlawsthatrevealthesentimentsurroundingtheEastIndiaCompany.

Introduction(TheAsiaticMystery:TheSepoyMutiny,Rebellion,orRevolt):
CarterwritesabouttheSepoyMutinyasimpossibletorepresentduetoits
ambiguitiesandcontradictions:theeventsof18571859arereferredtoasamilitary
mutiny,nationalrevolt,aswellasanativerebellion.Sheintroducesthedisputeson
itsoriginsaswellasintroducessometheories:contemporyhistorianssuggestitwas
provokedbynativerulerswhotrickedthemassestoregaincontroloftheirland.The
mutinycausedamyriadofinterpretations,responses,andnarrativesthroughprose
aswellaspoetry.

Carroll,JohnM.
AConciseHistoryofHongKong
.Lanham:Rowman&
Littlefield,2007.

CarrollbeginswithaslighthistoryofHongKonganddescribesitstransitiontoa
highlycomplexandadvancedcolony,aswellasChinasmostcriticallinktotherest
oftheworld.ItisconsideredanimportantpartofbothmodernChineseandBritish
colonialhistory,andwouldnothavebeenthesameplacehadBritainnotcolonizedit
andpusheditscultureupontheisland.Hementionsitsdecolonizationin1997was

hardlyembarrassingastheregionhadbecomemoreeconomicallyadvancedthan
mostcountries.HeendsbyconsideringHongKongsfutureandhowitwouldsurvive
undertheonecountry,twosystemsarrangementaswellasunderitscurrent,
sometimesunfavorablegovernment.

Carroll,JohnM.Guestlecture(inclass)

ProfessorJohnCarrollgaveaguestlectureonHongKongshistoryaswellas
directioninthefuture.HementionedthenonviolentdecolonizationthatHongKong
uniquelyexperiencedaswellasfavoringofBritishoverChineseintermsofrule.He
touchedontheupcomingchangefromspecialadministrativeregionbacktoChinese
rule,atopicnotcoveredtoomuchinmosthistoricaltexts.

Chandra,Bipan.
India'sStruggleforIndependence,18571947
,Chapters13.
NewDelhi,India:PenguinBooks,1989.

ThesethreechaptersfocusontheRevoltof1857inDelhiaswellasitseffectson
peasantuprisingspostrebellion.Therevoltwasaprecursortothewidespread
SepoyMutinyandembracedalmostallcontonmentsintheBengalaswellasafew
inBombay.However,whilebeingthemostdramaticinstanceofIndiasstruggle
againstforeignpower,itwastheresultofacenturylongresistancetoBritainand
tooktheformofcivilrebellions,tribaluprisingsandpeasantmovements.

Dirlik,Arif."ChineseHistoryandtheQuestionofOrientalism."
Historyand
Theory
35,no.4(1996):96.doi:10.2307/2505446.

DirlikdevelopstheideaoforientalismintroducedbySaidandarguesthatAsians
alsoplayedaroleinthecontructionoftheorient,whichimpliesthatorientalism
shouldbeviewedasaprobleminAsianmodernitiesandnotjustasaEuropean
concept.HeutilizestheideaofcontactzonesfromPratttodrivehomethepoint
thatorientalismwascreatedfromtheinteractionbetweenEuropeanandAsian
intellectualsinsuchcontactzones.

Gandhi
.DirectedbyRichardAttenborough.ByJohnBrileyandRaviShankar.
PerformedbyBenKingsley,CandiceBergen,EdwardFox,JohnGielgud,
TrevorHoward,JohnMills,MartinSheen,andRohiniHattangady.Great
Britain:ColumbiaE.M.I.WarnerDistributors,1982.

ThemoviesurroundsMohandasGandhislifefromthepointwherehefacesracism
inaSouthAfricantrain1893,allthewayuptohisassassinationin1948.He
becomesanationalheroofIndiaandworkstowardsgrantingIndiaitsindependence,
whichhappensafterWorldWarII.Unfortunately,thecountryisdividedbyreligion

andsubsequentlysplitsintoPakistanandIndia.Weseedecolonizationfromthe
colonizedperspective,onethatisnotnormallyshown.

Goda
a,andMr
n
e,Vishnu
bhatt

laPnd
e
.1857:TheRealStoryoftheGreat
Uprising
,Chapters13.NewDelhi:HarperPerennial,2011.

ThebookrevolvesaroundtheauthorduringtheSepoyMutinyandisafirstperson
accountofhisjourney.Styledmorelikeastorythanhistoricalfact,itdescribeshis
journeywithhisuncletoearnmoneyandtheobstaclestheyfacedduetothe
coincidingwiththeSepoyMutiny.

Gordon,Stewart.
WhenAsiaWastheWorld
.Cambridge,MA:DaCapoPress,
2008.

Chapter6:
ThechapterrevolvesaroundIbnBattutawhoisonapilgrimagetoMecca.He
realizestheimportanceofcourtlypresentsandisabletogetapositionasoneofthe
chiefjudgesofDelhi.Thechapter,whencomparedtoGordonspieceonTome
Pires,indicatestheneedtounderstandculturestogainanadvantage,asBattuta
haddonewiththeriskofspendinganextraordinaryamountofmoneyoncourtly
presents.

Chapter9:
GordonwritesonTomePires,aPortugueseapothecaryandgovernmentscribewho
ledthefirstdiplomatictriptoChina.He,unlikeIbnBattuta,didnotunderstandthe
localcultureandtraditionsandwasunabletogetalongwiththeChinese.Asa
result,thePortuguesegrandplanforAsianmaritimefailedandtheChinesebanned
foreigntradersforseveraldecadesaswellasinitiatedanarmsraceacrossthe
Asianmaritimeworld.

Conclusion:
GordonconcludeswithanemphasisontradenetworksthatmadetheAsianworld
powerfulandunique.Asianempirespromotedlinkagesandconnectionstoother
kingdomsandhadsimilarcourtlyandpoliticalculture.IslamandBuddhismboth
requiredlongdistancetraveltopursueknowledge,whichledtoauniversalizationof
Asiaasmostkingdomspromotedsuchtravel.Therewerevastdifferencesbetween
AsiaandEurope,onesuchdifferencebeingthatEuropeanarmieswereless
fragmentedastheyfollowedtheKing,notthecommander.

Habib,Irfan.Understanding1857,in
Rethinking1857
.NewDelhi:Orient
Longman,2007.

HabibarguesthattheRevoltof1857cannotbestudiedseparatefromthe
emergenceandtransformationofcolonialisminthe19thcentury.Ithaditsrootsin
thepressureonIndiabytheimperialismoffreetradethesepoyswerejoinedby
regularcivilianswhowishedtotakepartinthefightagainsttheEnglishdueto
religiousreasons.Heconcludesbystatingthatthepatriotismanddefianceofthe
rebelscannotbedisputed,despitethefactsontheactualrevoltbeingdebatable.

Kipling,Rudyard."TheWhiteMan'sBurden."
PeaceReview
10,no.3(1998):
31112.doi:10.1080/10402659808426162.

Thepoemissummedupbytakingupthewhitemansburden,whichessentially
promotesimperialismwhileatthesametimeattemptingtohelptheindigenesby
endingfamine,disease,andcivilizingthem.Whileracistandpromotingsuch
imperialism,hedoeswarnagainstallowingsinslikegreedandslothtotakeover,
whichmayinterferewiththenoblegoalofsavingotherpeoplesbyrulingover
them.Thisisvastlydifferentfrommostotherreadingsasitstrivestowardstruly
helping(despiteinherentracismandlookingdownuponnatives)whileothertexts
showanexploitationoflaborandgoingthroughloopholesofapprenticeshipto
stablishaslaveryesquesystem.

Macaulay,ThomasBabington."MinuteonIndianEducation."
Archivesof
EmpireVolumeI.FromTheEastIndiaCompanytotheSuezCanal
,2003,
22738.doi:10.1215/9780822385042051.

InhisMinute,Macaulayarguesthatprovidingeducationbasedinthelanguageof
SanskritorArabicinIndiawouldnotfosterIndiasdevelopmentasheconsidersthe
languagelessvaluableanduniversal.Instead,hepushesforeducationinthe
EnglishlanguagebecauseEnglishissuperiornotonlyinsciencebutalsoinmorals,
class,utility,etc.TheMinuteillustrateshowEurocentriccolonizerswereintheir
takingoveroflandsandpushingtheircultureandtraditionsonthecolonized.

Mandeville,John.
ChapterXXX:OftheRoyalEstateofPresterJohn.Andofa
RichManthatMadeaMarvellousCastleandClepteditParadiseandofhis
Subtlety.

MandevillewritesofthestrangekingdomofafictionalChristianPresterJohn.While
hiskingdomislargeandrich,itisnothingcomparedtotheKhanempire,whichis
muchcloserandlessdangerousPresterJohnsportisveryrockyandhasno
water,onlydrawingiron.MandevillethenmovestoanobleGatholonabes,whohad
acastlecalledparadise.Hepromisedknightsthisparadiseaslongastheypledged
completeloyaltytothemhowevertheyfoundoutabouthisfalsehoodandkilledhim,
destroyingparadise.


Merwin,Samuel.
DruggingaNation,theStoryofChinaandtheOpiumCurse
,
Chapters13.S.l.:HardpressPublishing,2012.

MerwindiscussestheimportanceofopiuminChinabothtoconsumersandthose
withfinancialstakesinthesmuggledgood.Hementionssomestatisticsthatarevery
generalbutgiveagoodimpressionthatahugeproportionofChineseconsumed
opium.ItiscleartheEastIndiaCompanyknewofopiumsdangersasthey
considereditnotfitforconsumptionbytheirownpeoplebutratherasaforeign
commerce.Chapter3endswithalookintoanopiumprovince,whereallclasses,
sexes,andageshavebeenravagedbythedrug:90%ofthemen,womenand
childrensmokeopiuminsuchplaces.

Metcalf,ThomasR.
ImperialConnections
.Berkeley:UniversityofCalifornia
Press,2007.

Metcalfconveystousthesubjectofhiswork:theindividualchaptersmovethrough
timebackwardsandforwardsandisnotcomprehensive,butratherasetofessays
thatofferaviewintotheBritishEmpirefromtheperspectiveoftheIndianRaj.His
firstchapterissitutatedinthegoverningofcolonialpeoplesandvariousstrategiesof
governing.Metcalfwritesaboutsuchstrategiesandtheconstructionofcoloniallegal
systems,utilizingregionssuchasEgyptandAfricatoexemplifysuchcolonial
systems.

Morrison,KathleenD.ChristiansandSpices:HiddenFoundationsand
MisrecognitionsinEuropeanColonialExpansiontoSouthAsia.

Inthispaper,MorrisonwritesontheglobalengagementofSouthAsiaevenpriorto
Europeancolonization.ThearticlementionsthatdaGamaandthePortuguese
profitedgreatlyfromproduction,exchange,andinformationrouteswhichwere
heavilyusedandexistedhundredsoreventhousandsofyearsbeforetheyarrivedin
1498.Thearticlegoesontomentionsomeoftheseformsofproduction,knowledge,
andcommoditieswhichwerecriticaltoearlycolonialengagementbutarenot
acknowledgedasmuch,includingpepperandotherbotanicspices.

Nally,David."ThatComingStorm:TheIrishPoorLaw,ColonialBiopolitics,andthe
GreatFamine."
AnnalsoftheAssociationofAmericanGeographers
98,no.3(2008):
71441.doi:10.1080/00045600802118426.

ThearticlesituatestheGreatFamineaspartofcolonialbiopoliticstohelpIrish
societyrecover.Nallyarguesthatitwasintentionallyshapedtofurtherpopulation
reforminIrelandanddiscussestheIrishPoorLawsystemasawaytoshedlighton

thenecessaryevilsinvolvedinimprovingIrishsociety.Thisarticlehighlightsone
exampleoftheimpactofcolonialismonanation.

Nightingale,C.H."BeforeRaceMattered:GeographiesoftheColorLinein
EarlyColonialMadrasandNewYork."
TheAmericanHistoricalReview
113,no.
1(2008):4871.doi:10.1086/ahr.113.1.48.

NightingalefocusesonthedevelopmentofcolorlinesinthecolonyMadras,which
wasthefirstcitythatofficiallyseparateditselfintoWhiteTownandBlackTown.
HealsodiscussesNewYorkCity,whereslaveswereforcedtolivewiththeirwhite
mastersunderthesameroof.Heemphasizestheimportanceofcitiesinthe
reconfigurationoftheglobalcolorline.

Orwell,George.
ShootinganElephant
.London:Penguin,2003.

ThestoryrevolvesaroundOrwellasanofficerinBurma,secretlyagainstBritish
imperialismbutstillhatedbytheBurmese.Hebecomesinvolvedinanincident
involvinganelephantandispressuredbythelargecrowdofBurmesetokillit
despitebringingagunonlyforselfdefense.Thestoryillustratestheparticular
inhumanityandirrationalityinvolvedinimperialism,aswellaslegaljustificationsthat
perpetuatethesystemofcolonialism.

Polo,Marco,andMiltonRugoff.
TheTravelsofMarcoPolo
,Chapters23,78.
NewYork:NewAmericanLibrary,1961.

Marcodescribeshistravels,specificallyShibarghan,Badakhshan,Wakhan,Etzina,
inchapter2.HegoesontodescribeKubilaiKhanandhiskingdominchapter3.He
travelsmoreinchapter7andstressestheimportanceofspiceaswellasmythsand
superstitions.Mostkingdomshavetheirownlanguagesanddidnotpaytributeto
anyone.Inchapter8itisfoundthatpeoplerelyonavarietyofanimals,including
giraffes,elephants,andwhales.Insomeareasthereweretensionsbetween
SaracensandChristians.WeseefromMarcoPolostravelsthattherewascultureto
befoundeverywhere,yetdifferingbyregion.

Said,EdwardW.
Orientalism
,Introduction.NewYork:VintageBooks,1979.

SaidintroducestheideaoftheOrientastheOtherandOrientalismasastyleof
thoughtbaseduponanontologicalandepistemologicaldistinctionmadebetween
theOrientand(mostofthetime)theOccident(2).TextsontheOrientarealways
exteriortotheOrientandsotheOrientisneverdepictednaturallybutratherthrough
representationsthismeansOrientalisttextsareinactualitymoreabouttheWest

thantheOrientitself.ThisthesisoforientalismisdevelopedinDirliksChinese
HistoryandtheQuestionofOrientalism.

Sinn,Elizabeth.
PacificCrossing:CaliforniaGold,ChineseMigration,andthe
MakingofHongKong
,Chapter1.

ThefirstchapterisonHongKongaroundthetimeoftheGoldRush.Itdescribes
reasonsHongKongwasabletotakeadvantageofthetrafficinCaliforniaand
becomeoneofAsiasbiggestportsintermsoftraffic,includinglocation,freeport
status,andsecurityoftheseasviaNavy.Itswellplacementledtothematurationof
itseconomythroughdiversificationfromsolelyopiumtoareassuchasshoppingand
banking,leadingtotheHongKongweknowtoday.

Sramek,Joseph."FaceHimLikeaBriton:TigerHunting,Imperialism,and
BritishMasculinityinColonialIndia,18001875."
VictorianStudies
48,no.4
(2006):65980.doi:10.2979/vic.2006.48.4.659.

Sramekdiscussestigerhuntingassymbolicasapartofimperialandmasculine
identityfortheBritishincolonialIndiaduringthe19thcentury.Theyrepresentedthe
wildanduntamed,andthusthehuntingrepresentedimperialdominationinIndias
politics.However,italsoprovidedabridgewithIndiansthroughwhichBritonswere
abletoovercomecolonialbarriersandinteractwithIndianinaformofcontactzone,
asperPratt.

Teng,Emma.
Taiwan'sImaginedGeography:ChineseColonialTravelWriting
andPictures,16831895
.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityAsiaCenter,
2004.

Introduction:
Tengintroducesherbookandmentionsthatitismeanttochallengetheviewthat
Westerncivilizationisalwaysthecolonizer.ShewritesaboutTaiwansimagined
geographyanditstransformationintoamoreChinesesubject,theQingexpansionist
policyconsideredonthesamelevelasEuropeanimperialism.

Chapter1:
ThechaptermainlytalksaboutTaiwanshistoryduringtheQingdynasty.Itmentions
thatthemajorityoftheQingthoughtTaiwantobeworthlessandfilledwithsavages
andwasnotincludedinmanymapsduringthattimeperiod,signifyingits
unimportancetotheQing.However,firsthandaccountsmentionotherwise,
emphasizingthevalueofTaiwantotheQingasworthcontrolling.

Chapter2:

ThechapterfocusesonthenativeTaiwanesefromtheperspectiveoftheChinese.
Theywereconsideredsavageandlivinginanearliertime,basedontheir
underdevelopedculture.TheChinesethoughtoftheTaiwanesenativesasthiskind
ofprimitivesavageaswellashavingbackwardscustoms.

Chapter7:
Inthischapter,Tengwritesaboutgenderaffectingtheperspectivetakenbythe
ChineseonTaiwan.SometimeslabeledonmapsastheIslandofWomen,Taiwan
wasthoughtofbytheChinesetobeinhabitedbyfemininepeopleasthey
effeminizedthesavageslivingthere.

Chapter9:
ThischapterdiscussesthechangeinviewstowardsTaiwaninthelate19thcentury.
Theislandnolongerwasthoughttobeworthless,afterfirsthandaccountsrevealed
thattheislandwasfertileandfittoyieldcropsaswellasothercommodities.Thisas
wellasitsstrategicimportanceledtoTaiwanbecomingaprovinceofChina.

Conclusion:
TengconcludeswithasummaryofthechangingattitudestowardsTaiwanandthe
Taiwanesenatives.ShewritesabouttheQianlongemperorspositionasrulerofthe
FiveNations,UnderHeaven,whichdidnotincludenorrecognizeTaiwanasa
crucialpartofChina,partlybecauseitsindigenesdidnotplayaroleinthecreation
oftheQingstate.Later,theOpentheMountainsandPacifytheSavagescampaign
inthelate19thcenturysoughttotransformTaiwanintoaproperprovinceofChina.
Sheendswithanepiloguewhereshewritesthattherecannotbeapostcolonial
theoryofTaiwan,asTaiwanhasneverfullydecolonizedandthatsomedonot
acknowledgethatTaiwanwasevercolonizedinthefirstplace.

Tarlo,Emma.
ClothingMatters:DressandIdentityinIndia
.Chicago,IL:
UniversityofChicagoPress,1996.

Tarlodiscussesthechanging,nonstaticattitudesandpreferencestowardsclothesin
Indiafromcolonialtimestomoderndaythroughthetextweseehowcolonialismas
wellasmodernizationhaveanimpactontheclothesthatIndianswear.Shealso
talksaboutGandhiandthepoliticsofdressing,fromthedhotitowesternattireto
evenwearingaloincloth.Thedifferentstylesandstitchingofclothinghavenotionsof
backwardnessaswellasprogressandpeoplechosetowearwhatisconsideredthe
latteratthetime.

Yang,GeneLuen.
Boxers&Saints
.FirstSecondBooks,2013.

ThisisapairofbooksillustratingbothsidesoftheBoxerRebellion:
Boxers
,and
Saints
.Eachbookfollowsthestoryofachildwhoisthrownontoopposingsidesof
therebellion,eachchildhavinghis/herbeliefsaboutthewarwhilenotstatingwhich
sideoftheconflictwasgoodorbad.Thebookshowsagraphicinsightinto
possibleperspectivesonboththeChineseandEuropeansidesoftherebellion,
whichprovidesafreshchangecomparedtothehistoricaltextsonEuropean
colonialism.Weseeabroadconnectioninthethoughtsofeachprotagonisttothe
perspectivesoneachsideofcolonization,showingboththethoughtsofcolonizer
andcolonized.