2009 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electronic and Photonic Devices & Systems (ELECTRO-2009)

Analysis and Designing of E-Shape Microstrip Patch

Antenna for the Wireless Communication Systems
M. K. Verma1, Sapna Verma2, D. C. Dhubkarya3
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Jhansi (U.P.), INDIA
1
mkverma.ete@gmail.com, 2sverma.ece@gmail.com, 3dcd3580@yahoo.co.in
The approach of the microstrip antenna can fulfill these
requirements because it enjoys all the advantages of printed
circuit technology. The other drawbacks of basic microstrip
structures include low power handling capability, loss, half
plane radiation and limitation on the maximum gain. For many
practical designs, the advantages of microstrip antennas far
outweigh their disadvantages [1]. However, research is still
continuing today to overcome some of these disadvantages.
This paper, introduces an analysis and designing of E-shape
microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication
applications. The E-shape of microstrip patch antenna as
shown in Figure 1.

Abstract In this paper, the analysis and designing of E-shape

microstrip patch antenna for the wireless communication system
presented. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is
required for the operation of fourth generation wireless
communication systems. The operating frequency of antenna is
3GHz, the dielectric constant 4.2 and thickness of the antenna is
1.6mm. The comparison between E-shape and T-shape
simulation results at operating frequency 3GHz of antenna are
done by the help of IE3D Zeland Software (Version 12.0). For the
analysis of antenna we used the popular Finite difference time
domain method (FDTD). This antenna is fed by a co-axial probe
feeding. In this paper, the effects of different types of antenna
parameters like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
are also studied.

II.

Keywords- FDTD, Microstrip patch antenna, Return loss,

VSWR

I.

ANTENNA DESIGN & STRUCTURE

In this paper, the E-shape microstrip patch antenna has

been designed with over all dimensions W(mm) x L(mm). The
designing of E-shaped microstrip patch antenna, the resonant
frequency fr = 3GHz and the dielectric substrate glass epoxy is
used for fabrication. The dielectric constant of the substrate is
r = 4.2 and thickness of the substrate h = 1.6mm to design the
E-shaped microstrip patch antenna. The width and length of
the microstrip antenna are determine as follows

INTRODUCTION

With
the
increased
development
of
wireless
communications, the urgency to design low volume, compact,
low profile planar configuration and wideband multi-frequency
planar antennas become highly desirable. Narrow bandwidth is
a serious limitation of these microstrip patch antennas.
Different techniques are used to overcome this narrow
bandwidth limitation. These techniques include increasing the
thickness of the dielectric substrate, decreasing dielectric
constant [1], and using parasitic patches [2].

W =

2 f r 0 0

r +1

v0
2 fr

(1)

r +1

Where o is the free-space velocity of light.

reff =

r +1
2

r 1
2

h
1 + 12
W

(2)

Where the dimensions of the patch along its length have

been extended on each end by a distance L, which is a
function of the effective dielectric constant reff and the widthto-height ratio (W/h), and the normalized extension of the
length, is

L = 0 . 412

reff

reff

W
+ 0 . 3 )
+ 0 . 264
h
W
0 . 258 )
+ 0 .8
h

(3)

The actual length of the patch (L) can be determine as

L =

Figure: 1. E-shaped microstrip antenna

324

1
2 fr

reff

2L
0

(4)

2009 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electronic and Photonic Devices & Systems (ELECTRO-2009)

analysis of microstrip antenna with finite group planes and the

layer is of course also possible. However, the regular
orthogonal grid that is normally used, it is very flexible. FDTD
inefficient for the analysis of highly conductive radiators. The
FDTD method has been used for the analysis for the probe-fed
microstrip patch antennas and can indeed yield very accurate
highly result.

When two symmetrical parallel slots are incorporated into

the rectangular microstrip antenna, it becomes an E-shaped
patch. The E-shaped microstrip patch antenna is simpler in
construction. The geometry of E-shape microstrip antenna as
shown in figure 2. The dimensions of the E-shape microstrip
patch antenna at operating frequency 3GHz as shown in Table
1.

IV.

The E-shaped patch antenna, supported on a grounded

dielectric sheet of thickness h and dielectric constant r. The
physical dimensions of the E-shaped microstrip patch antenna
are shown in figure 2. The patch has a length of L and L1. The
patch has a width W, W1, W2, W3 and W4. The feed point is
located at the point (x0, y0).

L
W4

L1
W3

A. Outline of the FDTD Method

In the theoretical analysis, we use the finite-difference timedomain algorithm, because it is very simple to understand and
can be used to analyze antennas of many complex structures.
As the detailed theory on FDTD is available in [3-4], only a
brief outline will be presented here. The first step in designing
an antenna with an FDTD code is to grid up the object.

W2
W1

Dielectric substrate r

A number of parameters must be considered in order for the

code to work successfully. The grid size must be small enough
so that the fields are sampled sufficiently to ensure accuracy.
Once the grid size is chosen the time step is determined such
that numerical instabilities are avoided according to the courant
stability condition. A Gaussian pulse voltage with unit
amplitude given by,

E-shape patch

h
Coaxial connector

Figure: 2. Geometry of the E-shaped microstrip patch antenna

TABLE I.

3GHz

31.00mm

W1

6.2mm

W2

12.4mm

W3

18.6mm

W4

24.8mm

23.97mm

L1

11.985mm

Dielectric r

4.2

Thickness h

1.6mm

III.

(t ) =

(t

t
T

0
2

)2

(5)

Where T denotes the period and t0 identifies the center time,

is excited in the probe feed. For the feed probe, we use a series
resistor Rs with the voltage generator to model the current in
the feed probe [5, 4]. To truncate the infinite space, a
combination of the Liaos third order absorbing boundary
conditions and the super-absorbing technique is applied, as in
[67, 5, 89]. After the final time-domain results are obtained
the current and voltage are transformed to those in the Fourier
domain. The input impedance of the antenna is then obtained
from,

DIMENSIONS OF THE OPTIMIZATION ANTENNA

Frequency fr

ANALYSIS OF E-SHAPED PATCHED ANTENNA USING

FDTD METHOD

in

V
I

(f )
(f )

(6)

To get the electric current distributions on the patch and the

ground plane, a sinusoidal excitation at the probe feed is used,
which is given by,

THE FDTD METHOD

The analysis of the E-shape microstrip antenna by using

FDTD method. The FDTD method, which is introduced by
Yee in 1966, is also a PDE-based method. The MM and FEM,
the FDTD method is time-domain method and is not restricted
to a single frequency at any one time. As compared to the MM
and the FEM, the FDTD method is much easier to implement
as it makes limited demands on higher mathematics. The

(t ) =

sin

2 f0t

(7)

Where f0 is the resonant frequency of interest. The field

distributions are recorded at one instant of time after the steady
state has been reached. In our analysis, the total time for
stability is more than 6 cycles. The electric current distributions
Jx and Jy on the metals are obtained by the difference between

325

2009 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electronic and Photonic Devices & Systems (ELECTRO-2009)

the tangential magnetic fields above and below the metal

interface [5, 6]. After the field distribution has been obtained
the radiation pattern can be readily calculated by using the
near-field to far-field transformation [5, 4].
V.

The E-shaped and T-shaped microstrip antenna with probe

feed using IE3D as shown in Figure 3 & 5. Firstly, the return
loss (-30.9dB) and VSWR (1.059) at operating frequency
3GHz for the E-shaped microstrip antenna using IE3D software
determine as shown in Figure 4(a) & 4(b). On the other hand,
the return loss (-12.24dB) and VSWR (1.128) at operating
frequency 3GHz for the T-shaped microstrip antenna using
IE3D software determine as shown in Figure 6(a) & 6(b).

RESULTS

IE3D is an Electromagnetic Three Dimensional Zeland

Software (Version 12.0). The comparison of the simulation
results for the Return loss and VSWR of the E-shaped and Tshape microstrip patch antenna by using IE3D Zeland
Software.

Figure: 5. T-shape microstrip antenna with probe feed using IE3D software

Figure: 3. .E-shape microstrip antenna with probe feed using IE3D software

(a)

(a)

(b)
Figure: 6 (a) & (b) Simulation results of return loss and VSWR for T-shaped
antenna using IE3D software

CONCLUSION

(b)

This paper presents the designing and analysis of the Eshaped antenna using IE3D software and FDTD method
respectively. In this paper, the comparison between E-shaped
and T-shaped microstrip antenna have done using simulated

Figure: 4 (a) & (b) Simulation results of return loss and VSWR for E-shaped
antenna using IE3D software

326

2009 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electronic and Photonic Devices & Systems (ELECTRO-2009)

value of the return loss and VSWR. From the simulation

results, we can say that the E-shaped microstrip antenna gives
the better results as compared to T-shaped microstrip antenna
at operating frequency 3GHz. Without changing the
permittivity and height of the substrate, the effect of various
parameters of E-shaped patch antenna are studied.

[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]

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