INDEX

1.Preface
2.Acknowledgement
3.Contents
4.Introduction

Objectives
Literature review
Methodology :-sources of data
Analysis
Observation
Findings
Recomendation
Future

Conclusion
Research and Bibliography

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Appendix

INTRODUCTION

Bhopal Gas Tragedy was the worst industrial catastrophe in the

Indian History. It occurred in 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in
Page 2 of 25

Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh. At the time of accident, UCIL was the Indian subsidiary
of the U.S. company Union Carbide Corporation (UCC). UCC is now a subsidiary of Dow
Chemical Company. At the midnight on December 3, 1984, there was a leak of methyl
isocyanate (MIC) gas and other toxins from the gas plant. This leakage affected around half
million people. According to the official data, the immediate death toll was 2,259. However, the
government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths due to gas lekage. But other
government and non-government agencies estimate more than 15,000 deaths.
Thousands of children died after the accident or were permanently disabled. Around 70 per cent
of the children born before the disaster continue to suffer from respiratory diseases and 55 per
cent from affected eyesight. After the accident, many pregnant women suffered miscarriages,
while others delivered malformed babies. More than half the children exposed to the gas in their
mothers wombs died. Many others were born with deformities and permanent disabilities.
Even after 25 years after the gas leak, 390 tons of toxic chemicals abandoned at the UCIL plant
continue to leak and pollute the groundwater in the region and affect thousands of Bhopal
residents who depend on it. This is a very serious issue. Many civil and criminal cases are still
pending in the United States District Court, Manhattan and the District Court of Bhopal, India,
against Union Carbide.
On 8th july ex-employees, including the former chairman of UCIL, were convicted in Bhopal of
causing death by negligence and sentenced to 2 years imprisonment and a fine of 1 lakh Rupees
each. They were held guilty under Sections 304-A (causing death by negligence), 304-II
(culpable homicide not amounting to murder) and 336, 337 and 338 (gross negligence) of the
Indian Penal Code.

Objectives of the term paper

To know about the BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY

To know the actual reason behind this tragedy.

To know who was basically responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy.
To know what actions had been taken by the government against the culprit
To find out how many peoples were actually the victims .
To know adverse effect of this tragedy on the residents of Bhopal.
To check the present situation of Bhopal.

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ACTUAL REASON BEHIND THIS TRAGEDY

The blame game then started about the factory maintenance. It was said that the factory was not
safe and no maintenance was done on time. The workers were not given proper training and the
safety officers were also absent on the night of tragedy. The gas tragedy occurred due to the total
negligence and lack of maintenance. Another controversy linked with the gas tragedy is that a
few workers sabotage the pipe due to which the disaster occurred.

PERSON BASICALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRAGEDY

Warren Anderson, the then chief executive officer of UC and the main accused of the tragedy is
at present a fugitive. Madhya Pradesh government freed him with a bond of Rs 25000 and asked
him to be present whenever needed for interrogation. But from then Anderson has been
absconding.

Bhopal gas tragedy: Who is Warren Anderson?

Over twenty five years ago, Bhopal was choking on the deadly fumes that had found their way
across the city from the Union Carbide Plant. Close to 20,000 people died.
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And the man the victims blame for the tragedy is Warren Anderson, whose plant was the source
of the deadly Methyl Isocyanate gas.
He was charged with culpable homicide not amounting to murder. Yet, just four days after the
tragedy, Anderson flew out of Bhopal on the official plane of Arjun Singh.
Bhopal gas tragedy: Who is Warren Anderson?
Over twenty five years ago, Bhopal was choking on the deadly fumes that had found their way
across the city from the Union Carbide Plant. Close to 20,000 people died.
And the man the victims blame for the tragedy is Warren Anderson, whose plant was the source
of the deadly Methyl Isocyanate gas.
He was charged with culpable homicide not amounting to murder. Yet, just four days after the
tragedy, Anderson flew out of Bhopal on the official plane of Arjun Singh.
In June 2004, the US rejected India's request for the extradition of Anderson saying the request
did not "meet requirements of certain provisions" of the bilateral extradition treaty
Anderson is believed to have taken key decisions, including a cost-cutting measure that
compromised safety at the gas plant. Security precautions too were inadequate
Victims say that Anderson, as the head of the company, knew that the plant stocked toxic gas
within city limits and that it could cause huge damage in case of an accident.
Warren Anderson served as Union Carbide CEO till 1986, when he retired. He lives a life of
luxury in New York
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

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The victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy feel let down even though eight people have been
convicted. A lay person may find it difficult to understand why. The answer lies in a long history
of decisions, which made it impossible for the lower courts to do anything meaningful.
The Supreme Court in 1989 upheld an agreement between the government and Union Carbide
India Ltd, under which only a pittance was to be paid to the affected persons. The settlement
also quashed all criminal proceedings against the accused.
In a subsequent decision in 1991, the apex court set aside that part of the earlier order which had
quashed all criminal proceedings and allowed them to be revived. In a second round of litigation,
the court diluted the charges and the accused were to be tried under section 304A of the Indian
Penal Code (causing death by negligence), not under section 304 Part II (culpable homicide not
amounting to murder, with up to 10 years imprisonment), effectively capping the sentence at two
years.
The gas victims are naturally outraged, let down by the government and the judicial system. The
trial court order has come after 26 years. I am convinced not a single accused will ever go to jail
and the matter will drag on in superior courts for years.
As told to Manish Ranjan.
Colin H. Gonsalves is a Supreme Court advocate and founder, Human Rights Law
Network.Respond at feedback@livemint.com
NEW DELHI: The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has moved a curative petition in the
Supreme Court challenging the 1996 judgement of the apex court, delivered by the then chief
justice A M Ahmadi, that had diluted the charges against the eight accused in the 1984 Bhopal
gas tragedy .
The Petitioner (CBI) by way of the present Curative Petition is seeking restoration of the
charges of Section 304 Part II of IPC against the Respondents/accused persons which were
quashed by this Honble Court without any consideration of the material placed by the
prosecution at that stage, said agency in its petition settled by Attorney General G E Vahanvati.
It deals with the stringent charge of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, which attracts
maximum punishment of a 10-year jail term. However, due to dilution of the charges, the
accused were tried under section 304A of the IPC, which provides a maximum punishment of
two years of jail.
Categorical evidence has now come to light, which unequivocally points to the commission of
offences under Section 304 Part II of the IPC by the Respondents/accused persons. The accused
persons getting away with minimal charges under Section 304-A, despite categorical evidence
pointing to the commission of offences under Section 304 Part II of the IPC has resulted in a
colossal failure of justice. This failure of justice adversely affects not only the victims in
particular but also the society and the nation as a whole, said petition drafted by advocate
Devadatt Kamat.
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It said: The assumption underlying the deletion of the charges under Section 304 Part II of the
IPC breaks down when one takes into consideration the fact that there was structural and
operation defects in the Plant aspects which the Respondents/accused as persons responsible
for running the Plant could not have been said to be oblivious of.
CBI said: This court failed to consider the fact that the Operational Safety Survey Report
conducted by the UCC authorities, which outlined the defects in the plant was also placed on
record and it was specifically submitted that the report was sent to Mr. Warren Anderson and to
Mr. Keshub Mahindra i.e. Accused No. 1 and 2 respectively.

NO.OF VICTIMS OF BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY

THE BHOPAL Gas Tragedy is one of the worst disasters in India in which many innocent people
were killed. Till date, many people are being affected with serious infections due to the gas
tragedy.
The incident occurred on December 2 and 3, 1984, just two months after the death of late Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi. In the incident, the deadly poison gas named Methyl Isocyanate with
another mixture of toxins leaked from the Union Carbide factory got exposed to the air due to
which approximately 4500,000 people were affected and nearly 30,000 people died.

ADVERSE AFFECT OF TRAGEDY ON THE PEOPLE OF BHOPAL

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RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECT

The initial human autopsy studies, which revealed severe necrotising lesions in the lining of the
upper respiratory tract as well as in the bronchioles, alveoli, and lung capillaries, suggested that
the respiratory system was most severely affected. ICMR has concluded in its report that
asphyxia arising from acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) could be
central to most deaths following MIC exposure. Clinical status of the victims has been classified
as acute, sub-acute and chronic based on the duration of appearance of these post-trauma
symptoms. A significant number of subjects displayed abnormalities in lung function tests
(LFTs). The studies by ICMR summarise that clinical symptoms did not recede completely.
Furthermore, autopsies indicated generalised visceral congestion, cerebral edema, and anoxic
brain damage [3]. Interestingly, forced expiratory flow between 25-75% of forced vital capacity
(FEF257596 of FVC) declined progressively during the 2 years period of observation, as did
FVC [15,16]. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) analysis carried out 1-2.5 year after exposure to the
'toxic gas' at Bhopal by Vijayan et al. [17-18] indicate that there was an increase in cellularity in
the lower respiratory tract (alveolitis) of the severely exposed patients (in both smokers and nonsmokers). The increase in cellularity was due to abnormal accumulation of macrophages in
severely exposed non-smokers while in severely exposed smokers, it was due to macrophages
and neutrophils. In Bhopal victims, the vital capacity was low in the majority of subjects.
Although the diffusion tests could be performed, the clinical, functional and radiological
observations suggest that these subjects had a picture of acute extrinsic allergic bronchioloalveolitis due to exposure, which has gone into the chronic phase of the pathogenesis [19].

Ocular health effects

During the first two months after the exposure, victims reported severe ocular burning, watering,
pain and photophobia [22]. These findings are similar to the findings of ICMR clinical studies
compiled in its recent report [2]. In most of the victims, acute phase ocular symptoms appeared
to have healed up, except in few cases where the damage was to the posterior ocular chamber
and required surgical replacement of corneal tissue. Comparison of frequency of ophthalmic
symptoms in subjects staying at different distances from the factory showed that complaints were
present in 80% of subjects residing 0,5 km away from the factory and in 40% of the people
residing 8 km away from the factory. Finding of distant vision testing in both groups showed that
those with vision between 6/12 and 6/60 were considered moderately affected while those with
Page 8 of 25

vision lower than 6/60 were considered more severely affected. No patient from either group
complained of disturbance of colour vision. Ocular movements were normal in all the subjects
[23].
Psychological and neurological health effects
The survivors of the Bhopal gas tragedy were reported with significant neurological,
neurobehavioral and psychological effects. The ICMR report illustrated that the appearance of
psychological implications in the exposed population led to anxiety and depression. In a
randomised study of out patients at ten government run clinics 3 to 5 months after the disaster,
22.6% were found to be suffering from psychological disorders. A similar number suffered from
neurotic depression, anxiety and social adjustment problems [2]. According to the ICMR,
neuromuscular defects, such as tingling numbness, sensation of pins and needles in the
extremities, and muscle aches, have continued among the victims after exposure [24]. Such
effects of MIC exposure could be attributed to the prevention of formation of muscle fibres in the
culture at low doses and causing death of fibroblasts and myoblasts at higher doses [22]. It was
observed that out of 208 persons suffering from psychological problems, 45% suffered from
neuroses, 35% from anxiety states and 9% from exacerbation of preexisting adjustment reactions
Reproductive health effects
Twenty years after the gas disaster, menstrual abnormalities, vaginal discharge and premature
menopause have emerged as common problems among Bhopal MIC exposed women and their
female offspring/girl children. Besides affecting the reproductive health of the women, these
conditions are also leading to social problems in conservative communities. Maternal-fetal,
gynaecological effects have been illustrated through retrospective cohort studies. Clinicians at
Bhopal have observed that now the girls who were exposed during their infancy and those in
their mother's womb are experiencing 'menstrual chaos' [28]. During an early recovery phase, a
comparative survey was undertaken to explicate the effect of exposure to the toxic gas in
pregnant women both in exposed and unexposed area in Bhopal. A high incidence of
spontaneous miscarriages (24.2%) in the pregnant women exposed to the toxic gas was observed
as compared to those in the control (unexposed) area (5.6%). Other indices of adverse
reproductive outcome, such as the rate of stillbirth and congenital malformations were not found
to be different. The perinatal and neonatal mortalities were significantly higher in the affected
area (6.9 and 6.1%, respectively), as compared to the control area (5.0 and 4.5%, respectively)
[14]. The final technical report of ICMR [2] has also reported high miscarriage rates in the initial
years after the disaster in addition to the increased menstrual irregularities and excessive
bleeding among gas-exposed inhabitants. This pattern has been attributed to "postdisaster
trauma". Unfortunately, it is reported that several of these women had episodes of miscarriages
later on, and many could not conceive at all. Shilotri et al. [29], observed a relatively higher
incidence of abnormal uterine bleeding and abnormal pap smears amongst exposed women 15
weeks after the exposure. An anthropometric study on exposed adolescents, carried out almost
sixteen years after the disaster, revealed that there was a selective retardation in boys, but not in
girls, who had been exposed to MIC during their toddler age or those born to exposed parents

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Toxico-genomic effects
In an initial study by Goswami [36], it was observed that sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE)
frequency in lymphocytes were found to be increased more than three times in MIC-exposed
persons [36]. Chromosomal breaks were also observed in 10 out of 14 affected people (71.4%)
studied, while only 6 out of 28 (21.4%) controls showed chromosomal breaks. Even chromatin
bodies were observed in addition to the normal 46 chromosomes among some of the survivors.
In another study, Goswami et al. [37], have formulated a chromosomal profile for 154 persons
studied during 1986-1988. The exposed subjects developed at least two categories of
chromosomal aberration, out of which Robertsonian translocation was repeatedly observed,
mostly in acrocentric chromosomes 13 and 21 [37]. Such observations are suggestive of potential
DNA damage by MIC. It is known that at least 50% of the subjects possessing such serious
chromosomal abnormalities may have pathological implications such as tumors, recurrent
miscarriage or transmission of defects to their offspring. A unique study conducted in 1990
clearly establishes genetic link of cancer patterns among gas victims of the tragedy with MIC
exposure [38]. Such studies were not conducted during the late recovery phase that would have
helped identify people with chromosomal aberrations and at high risk of developing cancer.

CURRENT SITUATION
BHOPAL: Eighty-year-old Maqsuda Bi still comes and stands outside the welfare
commissioner's office, asking to be compensated like other victims of the deadly
methylisocynate gas that swirled through this erstwhile city of nawabs 25 years ago, killing an
estimated 20,000 people and maiming 5,69,160.
''I have all the relevant papers including my ration card and doctors' prescriptions. Everyone in
my family, including my grandchildren, have got compensation. Why have I been ignored?'' she
asks. The ''compensation'', of course, was so paltry that it had led to a fresh round of litigations.
''I was with my family that night in our house in Ashoka Garden. My husband's lungs were badly
damaged and he was bed-ridden for 10 years coughing blood. He died in 1995. I am still fighting
for my due,'' she told TOI. Badli Bai (50) of Rajendra Nagar has a similar story. Her file was lost
from the settlement court. She has the documents to prove herself a victim. The doctors certified
that her lungs were damaged. She received interim relief of Rs 200 per month after the gas leak,
but not a paisa after that.
''I am diseased. No gas victim stays healthy. We all suffer from numerous ailments. I need the
money to buy medicines. Hospitals won't treat me for free unless I am a confirmed gas victim.
The only proof of this is if one gets compensation. But the court says my file is lost,'' Badli Bai
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says. While there are more than 40 cases regarding non-payment of compensation to victims
before the high court since 2004, victims' NGOs are still filing petitions arguing that the
recompense was insufficient and delayed.
''The Centre got into a settlement with the Union Carbide Corporation, USA, without the victims'
consent,'' said Hamida Bi, a gas victim and activist. ''Carbide paid Rs 713 crore (at 1989 prices)
on the assumption that only 3,000 persons had died and 1,05,000 were injured. The actual figure
is five times more. The government admitted that 4,69,367 victims were kept out of the
settlement.
"The compensation amount that was to be distributed among 1,08,000 persons has now been
disbursed among 15,200 dead and 5,69,160 injured. The average compensation works out to Rs
12,410 per victim at the 1989 value of the rupee. Compared to this, the US government paid an
average of $1.8 million per victim of 9/11,'' she adds.
''Those who died that night were fortunate,'' said Husna Bano of Aish Bagh, adding, ''The gas
leak left us like walking corpses. I had a seven kg fibroid in my stomach which left the doctors
researching on the after-effects of MIC. I do some stitching work to run the family. If I earn Rs
50, I spend Rs 35 on treatment. We spend more money on medicine than on food.''
'Doctors treat us like untouchables'
BHOPAL: Rafiq Khan (52) endured the lethal billow of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas that leaked
out of the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal on December 3, 1984. Twenty-five years later, Khan,
who is now also a diabetic, continues to suffer from severe pulmonary ailment as, ironically, a
hospital meant for thousands left critically ill by MIC exposure, has shut its door on him.
''Doctors don't even talk to us. My father has the documents including the victim ID, but the
hospital Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre treats us like untouchables and
refuses to admit him,'' alleged Khan's son, Faizan. ''We can't even sit near the doctor; the hospital
staff is so highhanded,'' alleged Faizan. Faizan said Khan also suffers from kidney dysfunction
and needs dialysis twice a week. ''I work as a van driver and need Rs 2,000 weekly for dialysis to
keep my father alive. We've sold our valuables and borrowed Rs 60,000. People have stopped
giving credit because they know we can't pay back,'' he said.
He said Khan was diagnosed with kidney dysfunction last year and put on dialysis just twice and
then discharged. ''Since then, they have refused to put him on dialysis despite the fact that the
hospital is meant for the gas victims,'' he said. ''The victims are entitled for a lifetime of medical
treatment at the hospital, but we were refused a third dialysis.''
He said far from curing him, the hospital's faulty laser operation left him blind and the family
had to get his eyes operated at a private hospital.

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Litrature Review
1.BHOPAL GAS DISASTERS AN INDUSTRIAL CATASTROPHE
Sakshi Parasar(2010)
Author Sakshi parasar observed that since 26 years have passed but the worlds worst industrial
catastrophe BHOPAL GAS disasters repercussions of the day still continue to haunt not only the
victims but also our country. Victims are still struggling for justice while their wait for justice
seems to be never ending. On 7th June 2010, Chief Judicial Magistrate gave the verdict and
convicted all the eight accused in the 1984 BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY.The major question arises
whether the justice has been done or not?
2.BHOPAL GAS DISASTERS OR SUPREME COURT DISASTER
This article Bhopal Gas Disasters or Supreme Court Disasterthe author(anonymous 2007) tries
to bring its focus on the existing loopholes and the reasons behind the fact that even after passage
of such long time the justice is not done, still the victims are in pain and suffering.
3THE BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY 1984 TO ?THE EVASION OF CORPORATE
RESPOSIBILITY
In this art article THE BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY 1984 TO ?THE EVASION OF
CORPORATE RESPOSIBILITY the author{anonymous} describes the inadequacies in the
response of the Union Carbide Corporation to the accidental release of the highly toxic gas,
methyl isocyanate, from its plant in Bhopal, India in 1984. Over 20,000 people are estimated to
have died from exposure to this gas since 1984, with some 120,000 chronically ill survivors.

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Union Carbide fought to avoid compensation or to keep it very low. The long, much delayed
process of distributing compensation focused on minimizing payouts to victims. The corporation
tried to blame the accident on a disgruntled employee, whereas key parts of the safety equipment
designed to stop the escape of the gas were not functioning or were turned off. The corporation
has always sought to underplay the health effects and has refused to release its research on the
health impacts of the gas (which could have helped develop more effective treatment). In
addition, the medical services in Bhopal have failed to develop a health care service that offers
sustained relief and treatment to the communities most affected. This paper also describes the
work of the Sambhavna Trust, a charitable body set up to work with the survivors, and its
programme to develop simple, more effective, ethical and participatory ways of carrying out
research, monitoring and treatment. Its programmes combine traditional and western systems for
health care and it ensures that individuals and communities are actively involved in all aspects of
public health.describes the inadequacies in the response of the Union Carbide Corporation to the
accidental release of the highly toxic gas, methyl isocyanate, from its plant in Bhopal, India in
1984. Over 20,000 people are estimated to have died from exposure to this gas since 1984, with
some 120,000 chronically ill survivors. Union Carbide fought to avoid compensation or to keep
it very low. The long, much delayed process of distributing compensation focused on minimizing
payouts to victims. The corporation tried to blame the accident on a disgruntled employee,
whereas key parts of the safety equipment designed to stop the escape of the gas were not
functioning or were turned off. The corporation has always sought to underplay the health effects
and has refused to release its research on the health impacts of the gas (which could have helped
develop more effective treatment). In addition, the medical services in Bhopal have failed to
develop a health care service that offers sustained relief and treatment to the communities most

Page 13 of 25

affected. This paper also describes the work of the Sambhavna Trust, a charitable body set up to
work with the survivors, and its programme to develop simple, more effective, ethical and
participatory ways of carrying out research, monitoring and treatment. Its programmes combine
traditional and western systems for health care and it ensures that individuals and communities
are actively involved in all aspects of public health..

4.Bhopal Gas Tragedy: Endless nightmare

Subodh Varma, TNN, Dec 3, 2009, 11.52am IST
Author subodh varma says that Twenty-five years have passed since that night of terror and
death in Bhopal, which saw a cloud of deadly gases explode out of a faulty tank in a
pesticide factory and silently spread into the homes of sleeping people. A report of
the GasTragedy Relief Department of the state says that the morbidity rate (occurrence of
ailments) is nearly 20% among gas-affected persons compared to about 5% among the
unaffected population. The pesticide plant from where the gas leaked belonged to Union
Carbide India, a subsidiary of the US-based Union Carbide Company. They were asked to
pay compensation and arrange for medical treatment Another dimension of the ongoing
tragedy of Bhopal is the poisonous chemical waste lying around in the abandoned premises
of the pesticide plant. Several committees have inspected it and found 44,000 kgs of tarry
residues and 25,000 kgs of alpha naphthol lying in the open since 1984. Various studies
have established that the soil, ground water, vegetables and even breast milk have traces of
toxic chemicals.

5.BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY AND DISASTER

Bhopal Gas Tragedy is known to be a cataclysmic in the industrial world , an incident
occurring at the Union Carbide plant located in Bhopal , India (Bhargava 1 . The complex
reverberations of such a prevalent disaster continued to send quivers through a company ,
an industry , political and bureaucratic leadership of a nation , and the lawful and policy
instruments by which two countries India and the United States had previously sought to
reimburse the victims of the
tragedy . This disaster had collosal consequences for India 's populace and has come to
be known as the Hiroshima of the chemical industry.

6.Seven Convicted in Deadly 1984 Bhopal Gas Leak in India

By: Larisa Epatko June 7, 2010 at 4:31 PM EDT

Page 14 of 25

A court in India has convicted seven former executives of a Union Carbide subsidiary of
"causing death by negligence" for a gas leak at a company plant that killed an estimated 15,000
people in the 1980s. The seven men, some of whom are now in their 70s, were sentenced to two
years in prison and fined 100,000 rupees, or about $2,175. They were released on bail shortly
after the verdict. An eighth man who was charged has since died. Indian authorities also tried to
prosecute Warren Anderson, chairman of Union Carbide, who came to India after the leak and
was briefly arrested, then released on bail.His bail expired a year ago. He is now 89 and lives in
New York, and is considered an absconder by Indian courts, reported the Tim

7.Bhopal Gas Tragedy and Dow Chemical: Need for CSR

Sandipa Lahiri Anand

June 25, 2005

Author of the says that the 1984 Bhopal gas disaster involved a catastrophic failure at Union Carbide
Corporation (UCC), pesticide manufacturing plant at Bhopal. India. Over 15,000 people died, and
500,000 injured in the accident. The disaster occurred due to lack of safety measures and inferior
technology at the plant. The aftermath of the disaster was improperly handled by the management of
UCC as well as Dow Chemical after its takeover. Indian government officials also failed to provide
adequate compensation and relief and rehabilitation to the victims. It had been the source of ongoing
legal battles in both India and the U.S. Dow being financially sound could have dealt the case on much
humanitarian ground but it denied to take any liability and responsibility of the disaster .This case study
narrates the management and governmental failures towards the victim and asks for proper CSR
approach towards them.

Page 15 of 25

METHODOLOGY
The word Methodology spells the meaning itself i.e. the method used by the researches
in obtaining information. The data (Information can be collected from the Primary sources and
Secondary sources.)
Data collection methodThere are two types of data collocation method1. Primary
2. Secondary
Primary dataPrimary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be
original in character.
Method of Primary data collection
1. Observation method
2. Interview method
3. Questionnaire method
Secondary Data
Page 16 of 25

Secondary data means data that are already available, they refer to the data which have
already been collected and analyzed by someone else. In this case he is certainly not
conformed to the problems that are usually associated with the collection of originals data.
Secondary data may either be published data or unpublished data.
My data collection in primary source was questionnaire and schedule. In secondary
source of data collection I have use internet, magazine, books, and Indian journal of
marketing.
Researcher must be very careful in using secondary data. He must make a minute scrutiny
because

it is just possible that the secondary data may be unsuitable or may be inadequate

in the context of the problem which the researcher wants to study.

Source of Secondary data
The secondary source of data collection is the Books, Internet, News paper, etc. These are
the secondary source of data collocation.
Research methodology:-

My research work is EXPLORATORY RESEARCH as it focuses on the exploration of the

facts. It will
collect secondary data and my study will be based on that

ANALYSIS

Page 17 of 25

Around 1 a.m. on Monday, the 3rd of December, 1984, in a densely populated region in the
city of Bhopal, Central India, a poisonous vapor burst from the tall stacks of the Union
Carbide pesticide plant. This vapor was a highly toxic cloud of methyl isocyanate. Of the
800,000 people living in Bhopal at the time, 2,000 died immediately, and as many as
300,000 were injured. In addition, about 7,000 animals were injured, of which about one
thousand were killed. After the incident, over the next few years, numerous studies were
conducted, many theories were explored, and the involved parties accused each other. In this
paper, I will try to explore the various causes offered for the tragedy. In the course of my
research for this case study, I came across many articles that put blame on various people
and groups involved in the tragedy. I found , no proper case study of the Bhopal gas disaster
has been made to draw lessons for future contingency planning to deal with similar disaster
It goes to the credit of the authorities of Madhya Pradesh and the Government of

India and

of Rajiv Gandhi, who had just then taken over as the Prime Minister, that without any previous
experience of dealing with that kind of situation, they rose to the occasion and did whatever they
could to save lives at tremendous risk to themselves. Despite their praise-worthy efforts, over
3500 people died---- as many as during the 9/11 terrorist strikes in the US.
It also goes to the credit of Rajiv Gandhi that he realized the importance of contingency
planning to deal with similar disasters in future and set up a special cell in the Ministry of Home
Affairs for this purpose. This cell allegedly stopped functioning after he left office as the PM in
1989. Contingency planning for disaster management started receiving the attention it deserved
only after 9/11

Observation

Page 18 of 25

Through this term paper i observed that since 26 years have passed but still the victims have not
got the justice and the verdict of a trial court in Bhopal is nothing but a cruel mockery.
Gvernment of India as well as the Government of US were not very much concerned about the
justice of the victims and giving punishment to the 7 culprtits.
US President Barack Obama was also not very much interested in closing the chapter of this
tragedy by giving jail to the culprits because recently he came INDIA but he did not felt
important to visit the victims of this tragedy but before this when he visited INDIA he meet the
victims of the MUMBAI ATTACK and stayed their and this shows the negligence of Mr.Barack
Obama.
I observed that the people of Bhopal still not forget those dreaded tragedy but they still each and
every painful experience of the tragedy and the main reason that why they wont forget the
Bhopal tragedy because every day a new baby born with a new ailment or disease which reminds
the people of Bhopal that horror night.
Still the victims have some hope that a day would come when they would get justice and the soul
of dead victims will get satisfaction

FINDINGS
About two and half decades have elapsed since the incident and much remains to be done to
evaluate the toxic effects of MIC using experimental modalities in a comprehensive manner. The
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global scientific community considers the exposure and toxicity assessment incomplete [39].
Similar thoughts have been voiced by international groups who have advocated investigations on
the toxicogenomic effects of MIC using cutting edge technologies [3-4,7-8,11,40]. The
importance of such experimental studies cannot be understated since any alterations at genomic
and/
or epigenetic level can have long term health consequences that may range from accelerated
ageing, carcinogenesis, immuno-compromised states and, more importantly, vertical
transmission of genetic aberrations.

Redcomendation

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More than 25 years after the infamous Bhopal gas disaster, the verdict of a trial court in Bhopal
is nothing but a cruel mockery of justice. With charges already diluted by the Supreme Court of
India, the June 7 trial court verdict could only be a formal burial of justice. Not only does the
verdict insult the victims of one of the worlds worst industrial disasters by letting off, either
scot-free or with a ridiculously light sentence, the mighty CEOs who were the chief perpetrators,
it amounts to an assurance to multinational corporations that they will enjoy total impunity in
India even when their negligence and violations of regulations leads to the loss of thousands of
Indian lives and injury to several thousand more. The government not to rush with the crucial
legislation. In light of bitter experience of Bhopal, the government should reconsider the nuclear
bill seriously. More than 25 years later, nothing much has changed. Even today, the Congress-led
UPA government is busy shielding Union Carbide and its successor Dow Chemicals, while
shedding crocodile tears for the victims of these companies, who are denied justice as well as
clean up and compensation. Moreover, it is further seeking to send suitable signals of
submissiveness and sell-out to US multinational corporations by pushing the Nuclear Liability
Bill which will institutionalise the impunity that Carbide-Dow have enjoyed in the Bhopal case,
by protecting US reactor supplier firms in advance from any responsibilities towards
compensation or clean up in the event of any disaster. The GoM recommendations are also silent
on the prevention of future Bhopals: they ignore the protection offered to future corporate
offenders by the Nuclear Liability bill.
If justice is to be served, what we need and must demand is an independent and time-bound
probe to fix culpability for the escape of Warren Anderson, and for subsequent attempts to
absolve Dow Chemicals of responsibility. Dow must be made to pay for cleaning up the polluted
sites and for medical care of the victims and must be blacklisted forthwith, the Nuclear Liability
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Bill must be scrapped, and Bhopal victims must be guaranteed not only comprehensive
compensation and clean up, but also justice. Only these measures can ensure that the tragedy of
Bhopal and its shameful consequences are never repeated on Indian soil!
The US government should accept the submission of the government of India that the
corporation and its subsidiaries are treated as a unit, without regard to the location of
responsibility within that unit.
The US government must take note of the verdict by the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh, and in the interest of justice for the Bhopal victims, the US government should
expedite the process of extraditing Warren Anderson at the earliest
In memory of victims of Bhopal, US and Indian governments should call for a mandatory regime
for regulating transnational corporations unlike UNs voluntary Global Compact and reject the
report of the United Nations Secretary-Generals Special Representative for Business and Human
Rights wherein it underlined the need for voluntary regulation and self-compliance by the
companies saying, While corporations may be considered `organs of society', they are
specialized economic organs, not democratic public interest institutions."

Conclusion
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In-depth molecular studies of ocular, respiratory, reproductive, immunological, genetic and

psychological health carried out so far have helped to understand the extent and severity of long
term effects associated with the disaster.
Long-term monitoring of the affected community and use of appropriate methods of
investigation that include well-designed cohort studies for such conditions, characterization of
personal exposure and accident analysis have helped to determine several clinical and
epidemiological inadequacies, including poor study design, bias and inaccurate exposure
classification of studies conducted previously on victims of the tragedy.
Studies aimed at understanding increasing morbidity of MIC exposure carried out on human
cultured cellular model systems have provided a framework of understanding the potential
mechanism of toxicity of a host of other exposures and that might uncover unique abnormalities
in the survivors thereby stimulating efforts to design newer and more effective diagnostic and
therapeutic strategies for helping the survivors.

Refrences and Bibliography

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http://www.proquest.com
http://www.ndtv.com/album/detail/bhopal-gas-tragedy-who-is-warren-anderson-7535/7?cp:
http://www.ndtv.com/album/detail/bhopal-gas-tragedy-who-is-warren-anderson-7535/10?cp
http://www.authorhouse.com
NEWSPAPER AND JOURNALS
1THE TIMES OF INDIA
2THE HINDU

THANKS....!!!

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