PVD User Manual November 2015

KUAB PVD
Road Data Presentation

FWD Data Analysis
User manual
Postal address:
Visiting address:
Telephone:
Fax:
E-mail:
Box 10, SE-795 21 Rttvik, Sweden

Faluvgen 6, SE-795 35 Rttvik, Sweden
+46 248 130 24
+46 248 137 54
all@kuab.se
2015-11-18
Preface
Writing a manual is to balance between writing in full detail, which few people have time
to read, and writing short and concisely, which always leaves someone unsatisfied. We will
thankfully receive suggestions of changes in the manual.
KUAB
Road Data Presentation Program KUAB PVD. User manual. Copyright KUAB, 2015-11-18
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: About the manual..............................................................................................1-1

Manual Organization..........................................................................................................1
Conventions........................................................................................................................2
Symbols..............................................................................................................................2
Recommended approach for the new user.........................................................................3
Chapter 2: Introduction.......................................................................................................2-1
Input data that the PVD program can read and present......................................................1
Basic features.....................................................................................................................2
Additional features.............................................................................................................3
Analysis features................................................................................................................3
Chapter 3: Basic features ...................................................................................................3-1
Create a new project with default settings..........................................................................1
Save project........................................................................................................................6
Open an existing project.....................................................................................................7
Add files to an existing project...........................................................................................7
Printing...............................................................................................................................7
Chapter 4: The program window........................................................................................4-1
Map.....................................................................................................................................1
Video and photos................................................................................................................1
Transverse profile...............................................................................................................2
Deflection basin..................................................................................................................2
FWD...................................................................................................................................3
GPR....................................................................................................................................3
IRI, rut depth and cross-fall................................................................................................3
Test pits..............................................................................................................................4
Sieve data ..........................................................................................................................5
Chapter 5: Advanced functions...........................................................................................5-1
Do not hesitate to try .........................................................................................................1
Main menu..........................................................................................................................1
Right click in an empty left panel window.........................................................................3
Right click in a map window..............................................................................................3
Right click in a video window............................................................................................3
Right click in the cross profile...........................................................................................4
Right click in the basin chart..............................................................................................5
Right click in longitudinal profile......................................................................................6
Symbols............................................................................................................................12
General data......................................................................................................................14
Printing a project..............................................................................................................15
Various tips and information............................................................................................18
Chapter 6: Example Projects...............................................................................................6-1
Simple project.....................................................................................................................1
Comprehensive project.......................................................................................................3
Chapter 7: Analyzing FWD data.........................................................................................7-1
Standard axle loads.............................................................................................................1

Preparing for analysis.........................................................................................................2
Subdivision.........................................................................................................................5
NOR Axle load.................................................................................................................10
FIN Empirical overlay......................................................................................................16
OVER Moduli and overlay...............................................................................................25
OVERCALC....................................................................................................................35
AASHTO 93 overlay........................................................................................................36
PCN Flexible....................................................................................................................39
PCN Rigid........................................................................................................................45
PCN Composite................................................................................................................48
Joint transfer.....................................................................................................................49
Pack..................................................................................................................................53
Rad....................................................................................................................................56
Sur....................................................................................................................................58
RIGID axle load...............................................................................................................59
LCCA module..................................................................................................................63
FEM..................................................................................................................................65
BAKFAA and COMFAA.................................................................................................66
KAASH2002....................................................................................................................67
Chapter 8: Glossary.............................................................................................................8-1
Appendix A: File format....................................................................................................A-1
Input file folders.................................................................................................................1
Several sets of data of the same type .................................................................................1
Maps...................................................................................................................................2
GPR....................................................................................................................................2
KUAB FWD.......................................................................................................................4
Surface data........................................................................................................................8
Video................................................................................................................................10
Test pits............................................................................................................................11
Sieve data ........................................................................................................................13
General data......................................................................................................................15
Text boxes, external files and external programs.............................................................16
Appendix B: Map Creator..................................................................................................B-1
Appendix C: Copies for non-licensed users.......................................................................C-1
Installation package............................................................................................................1
Runnable CD......................................................................................................................2
Chapter 1: About the manual
Chapter 1 gives directions how to use the manual when operating the program PVD.
Manual Organization
Chapter 1, which you are reading right now, gives directions of how to use the manual
when operating the program PVD.
Chapter 2, Introduction, describes briefly what the program is able to do.
Chapter 3, Common functions, describes in detail how to carry out a project. Some screenshots are shown in the manual, and there is a description telling in which order you should
carry out operations to get started. Using this chapter, a relatively inexperienced user, still
having common Windows knowledge, should be able to get going and create a simple
project.
The remaining parts of the manual are less detailed, and we recommend the user to learn
the details by clicking the mouse and see what happens.
Chapter 4, The program window, describes what is shown on the screen when you have
started a normal project, without doing any major changes.
Chapter 5, Advanced functions, describes some parts of the program that are presumed to
be less frequently used or require some time to learn how to use. However, the regular
PVD user is assumed to be using several of these.
Chapter 6, Projects, goes through two example projects, one very simple and one more
comprehensive. Input data files for these projects are delivered with the program.
Chapter 7, Analyzing FWD data, describes how to perform analysis on FWD data in
general, and for each analysis program.
In the Glossary, there are descriptions of how some words are used in this manual.
In Appendix A, File formats, there is a detailed description of what the program PVD
requires from the input data files in order to be able to read them.
In Appendix B, Map Creator, there is an instruction telling how to make a map.
1-1
In Appendix C, Copies for non-licensed users , it is described how to make a project copy
that can be viewed by users that does not have a license for KUAB PVD.
In Appendix D, Synchronization of video with other data, it is described how the accepted
video formats can be synchronized with other data. (This Appendix is not in this copy of
the manual.)
Conventions
This manual uses the following conventions:
Bold represents a menu choice or a button, for example OK and Cancel. When you are
supposed to choose a menu and then a sub menu, there is a comma between the two
choices, for example File, Create project.
Italic represents a program or file name. Italic is also used in the introductory part of every
chapter and for chapter names in the context, and for references to other parts of this
manual.
Bold italic represents the name of a hard drive, floppy drive or a folder.
Courier New
represents file contents, e.g. text in input data files.
Bold Courier New represents text the user is supposed to type.

Tahoma is used when referring to other text on the screen, e.g. input field captions.
Bold Tahoma is used for window names.
Function keys and other special buttons are represented within brackets [ ].
The symbol [] and [Enter] refers to the same button.
Note: In occasions where we believe it is easy to make mistakes which are hard to
correct, we give a warning like this, with the text Note: and indented italic text.
Symbols
xxxx represents an unspecified number or word and can stand for a file name that the user
chooses.
dx, where x is a number, represents the deflection measured by the deflection sensor x cm
from load plate center in an FWD output data file.
1-2
N10 is the number of equivalent 100 kN axle loads.
Recommended approach for the new user

Read quickly through chapters 1 to 5 to get an overview of the programs capabilities, then
create the simple project and, if you are going to be an advanced user, the comprehensive
project following the detailed guidance in chapter 6.
After that resume reading from chapter 1, now paying attention to detail and trying all the
different features described in chapters 1 to 6.
Then, if you are going to analyze data from FWD measurement, go on to the different
analysis method described in Chapter 7. Start with Subdivision.., because this program is
used to prepare for use of the other programs, then try a simple program, such as NOR
axle load..., to get some practice in the handling of PVD before you go on to other
programs. For this purpose SUBD and NOR are described in more detail than the other
analysis programs.
Notice that few people actually use all of the analysis methods.
If you are a provider of other data than from KUAB FWD you may have to read relevant
parts of appendices A, B and C. Notice that any small deviation from the prescribed
formats may make the files unreadable for PVD.
If you want to send a project in digital PVD format to a non-licensed user you may send a
PVD copy together with the data. Without the hardware key, the user can look at the data
and analysis that is made with the key, but not enter new data or change analysis
parameters.
1-3
Chapter 2: Introduction
Chapter 2 describes briefly what the program is able to do.
Input data that the PVD program can read and present
The program can read, show on screen and print files containing:
Maps. Special maps created for PVD by using KUAB MapCreator.

Photographs. By showing a sequence of pictures you are able to see a video from a
drive along the road, or, if you prefer, a smaller number of pictures synchronized
with other data.
Video. Instead of still photographs, a motion picture video can be synchronized
with the other data.
Processed data from surface measurement. Transverse profile, IRI, rut depth, crossfall and any other geometrical data that is available.
Processed data from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurement. Layer
boundaries, material types and information about the accuracy of the processing.
Deflections from KUAB FWD measurement, raw data or normalized deflections.
Other data from KUAB FWD measurement. Load, temperature, time and a few
standardized parameters from visual inspection made during the FWD
measurement.
Test pit information. Material layers are illustrated graphically with layer thickness
and material type, and are also described by text.
Results from sieve analysis of test pit materials. Standardized gradation limit curves
can be presented together with the gradation of the examined material.
General numerical data. Any numerical data, for example friction, visual
observations and FWD analysis data calculated with non-KUAB programs.
All output from KUAB PVD FWD Analysis Programs.
Text boxes and links to external associated files and programs.
2-1
Basic features
It is easiest for the PVD user to acquire input data files in the formats specified in this
manual from the data providers.. The program creates a folder structure where the user
should place these files, and then the user chooses which data to view on the screen. This is
a typical example:
To the left of the screen you can see a map, a photo and a transverse profile. The charts to
the right have the chainage (position, distance measurement, length) along the x-axis, and
various data along the y-axis. These charts are called longitudinal profiles within this
manual, regardless of what they are showing.
The presentation is synchronized via the distance measurement, so corresponding data
from the different input data files are shown at the same time. You can move the current
position along the road by clicking the map or in the charts. You can drive along the road
with the video running, or with the still photos updated like a video.
By dragging or clicking the lower horizontal scroll bar you can move large steps in
longitudinal direction. The dotted red vertical line always shows at what point along the
2-2
road you are. You can also move by entering a value in the position box according to the
following picture.
By clicking the arrow buttons movement is performed in the following order: Fast
backward, Step backward, Normal speed backward, Stop, Normal speed forward, Step
forward, Fast forward.
Different types of data are presented by default in a way that corresponds to what they
represent, for example point or average values.
The user can choose how long distance to be shown on one screen.
Additional features
The way to present data can be changed. You can change between line, point and bar
charts. You can choose color. You can change the horizontal and vertical scales and the
height of the chart. You can add several data series, for example measurements from
different years or different seasons in the same chart.
You can create new charts by making data files that fulfills the detailed requirements
described later in this manual. The user has free choice of what data to be shown.
You can enter certain text in the charts, and you can add special text boxes. You can also
create links to other programs, pictures etc at which the links' existence are shown by
symbols in a chart.
Analysis features
There are 12 different FWD data analysis programs in the PVD package:
Subdivision, to make subsections with homogeneous bearing capacity or input parameters.
NOR Axle load, to calculate the axle load that the pavement is expected to be able to cope
with.
FIN Empirical overlay, calculating overlay based on center deflection only, with a method
similar to old Benkelman Beam approach.
OVER Moduli and overlay, calculating layer moduli, expected lifetime and suggested
overlay, based on strain criteria. The program uses the method of equivalent thicknesses.
2-3
RIGID axle load, checking the strength of PCC road pavements.

OVERCALC, calculating layer moduli, expected lifetime and suggested overlay, based on
strain criteria. The program uses linear elasticity theory.
AASHTO 93 overlay, following the procedure suggested in AASHTO Guide For Design of
Pavement Structures, 1993.
PCN Flexible, PCN Rigid and PCN composite, calculating PCN for flexible, rigid and a
certain type of composite pavements, and suggesting what the pavement should have been
to reach a certain PCN.
Joint transfer, calculating the ratios between deflections from different sensors, for
example to illustrate deflection transfer over joints.
Pack, calculating the ratio between deflection from different drops and surface modulus,
both being good indicator of the degree of compaction.
Rad, calculation radius of curvature under the plate.
Sur, calculating surface moduli for all deflection sensors.
VV Method, simple analysis methods used by Swedish National Road Administration.
LCCA module, calculating present value of investments at different times.
FEM, analysis according to finite element method.
BAKFAA, from FAA.
COMFAA, from FAA
KAASH2002, calculating lifetime based on the so called ASSTO 2002 principles.
2-4
Chapter 3: Basic features
Chapter 3 describes in detail how to carry out a project. Some screen shots are shown in
the manual, and there is a description of which order you should carry out operations to
get started. Using this chapter, a relatively inexperienced user, still having common
Windows knowledge, should be able to get going and create a simple project.
Create a new project with default settings

Start the program. Read the start up message and click OK.
Choose File, Create new project.
In the Create project dialog, you give the project a name and choose in which folder to
store the project. You can also choose whether to use the programs default settings or
previously stored user-defined settings. Choose default settings. When clicking OK the
program creates the following folder structure in the chosen folder.
Now you put the input data files in corresponding folder. To do this you use for example
Windows Explorer. The program assumes that you have put falling weight files in the
folder FWD, radar files in GPR etc. If you put a file in the wrong folder, the program
cannot read the data and issues a warning. Detailed specifications of file formats and file
names are shown in Appendix A.
You dont have to put data files in all of the above folders. You can use the program to
view one file, a few files or several files.
For the most of the folders, it is obvious what type of files to be put in there, but for some
folders you could need some hints:
3-1
In General data you should put files with numeric data that could be presented as a
longitudinal profile, but that do not fit in any other folder. The usage of this folder is
described in detail in chapter 5, the programs advanced functions.
In the folder Test pits you put test pit protocols showing layer thickness and material types,
while sieve analysis data is to be put in Sieve. Sieve data files that do not have any
corresponding test pit will result in a warning message, and the program will ignore the
data.
Symbols always contains the file symbols.txt, which is initially empty, and can be filled
with references to various files and text boxes. The usage of this folder is further described
in chapter 5, the programs advanced functions.
In Video you put photos in JPEG format or a video file with its corresponding sync and
meta file.
In Other you can put various files related to the project. The program ignores the files in
this folder when creating a project. They can be taken into use by being referred to in
symbols.txt. The training project Comprehensive project in chapter 6 shows an example of
using this folder.
When you have added all the input data files you want to have in the project, you click OK
to proceed. You can also create an empty project by proceeding without adding any files.
When you have clicked OK the program performs some validity checks of the files and
possibly gives some error messages. If a data file is passed the program asks for a header
for the chart showing data from this file. Sometimes the program suggests a name.
Note: If you have done something wrong and want to change: Do not abort the
validity check and do not remove any files before all files have been processed and
the message Project created has been shown. Then you can close the project with
File, Close project.
When all files have been checked, two empty charts will be shown where you can add
whatever data you want.
3-2
A number of default charts are also created and can be found under the menu View. When
clicking View the following menu is shown.
In the Left panel menu you can choose to have three or four windows on the left side of
the screen.
3-3
These windows can be configured to contain the map, pictures, video, transverse profiles
or deflection basins. By right-clicking in the left windows you can choose what to show in
each window.
3-4
You can click New floating window in the menu to create a window that is not bound to
the left side. You can also double-click on an existing window to get a floating copy of it,
or drag the window to an empty area to make it float. The left windows can be rearranged
by dragging and dropping them on each other.
In the menu User you can see that you have two charts called New chart, which when the
project is created are empty.
If you do not want the empty charts on the screen you can hide them with a right-click in
the chart and using Hide chart in the menu that pops up. If you on the contrary want more
empty charts you can create more new charts in Project, New chart.
When you point at the other menu items below View, the available data is shown to the
right.
3-5
Example: if you choose FWD T50-2 D0, a chart is shown with the chainage on the x-axis
and D0 from the second drop in the y-axis. More details about viewing possibilities are
described later in this manual.
After selecting what to view from the view menu you can see the chosen data on the
screen. The views to the left are hereby called the map, the video, the transverse profile
and the deflection basin. All charts to the right are called longitudinal profiles.
To show another part of the road you can click on the map, enter a value in the Chainage
box at the bottom, click in a longitudinal profile, click on the arrowed buttons or use the
sliding control at the bottom.
You can swap chart positions with drag and drop.
Save project
A project can be saved in the current state with File, Save project and it can later be
opened in the same state. If you do changes that you do not want to save, you can close the
project without saving by clicking File, Close project and answer No to the question about
saving. Note that you should always click File, Save project if you want to be sure that the
project is saved.
3-6
Open an existing project

Click File, Open project. Choose the folder where the project resides by choosing disk
unit in the top left of the box Open project and choosing folder by double-clicking in the
lower left box. Mark the file xxxx.xml in the right box and click OK. The project opens in
the same state that it was when you saved it with File, Save project.
Add files to an existing project

Click Project, Add data. Use Windows Explorer to add input data files to the project
folder and proceed in the same way as when creating a project.
Printing
Printing can be done in two ways: printing all longitudinal profile charts in a project, or
printing a single chart or left window.
Printing a single chart or window

To print a single chart or window you right-click on the chart/window you want to print
and click Print in the menu. This is the only way to print deflection basins, transverse
profiles, gradation curves, maps and pictures.
Printing a project
When printing a project, all longitudinal profiles that have been made visible with the
menu View will be printed. Choose File, Print and Print in the dialog that appears. Note
that this, with the default printing settings, will print the whole road with 1000 meters per
page, which can result in many pages if the road is long. For information about other
printer settings see Chapter 5: Advanced functions.
3-7
Chapter 4: The program window
Chapter 4 describes what is shown on the screen when you have started a normal project,
without doing any major changes.
Map
The purpose of the map is to give an overview of where the shown data is located. This is
shown with a red cross. The operator can click on the map to move the current position
whereas all charts will be updated and show the data corresponding to the map position.
Video and photos

The program is able to show either still images, which if taken frequently will look like a
video, or a motion picture video from a drive along the road.
The still image video is actually a series of photos, stored in .jpg format. A picture should
have the file name xxxx.jpg where xxxx is the chainage, corresponding to the position of the
camera when the picture was taken. The pictures are assumed to be taken with the camera
in the position shown by the red vertical marking, hereby called the position marker, and
the chainage value at the bottom of the screen. You can also choose an offset value so the
position marker shows the section around the middle of the picture. More about this in the
chapter about advanced functions.
If a picture exists within 5 meters from the position marker the picture will be shown,
otherwise the text No video exists for this section is shown. The 5 meters can be changed
to other values, see chapter 5.
If you point at a picture, a tool tip text shows the offset value and the camera position. Note
that the values are not updated until you move the cursor.
4-1
Transverse profile
In the the transverse profile input file one profile is representing a section, typically the
average profile for a 20 m section, but this will depend on the measuring device and
subsequent data treatment, and not on the PVD program. The value shown is the value
corresponding to the position marker. If there are no values for the current section, the
chart will be empty apart from the axis. If nothing else is stated, the measuring points
position in transverse direction are presumed to be according to a default setting. See the
chapter about advanced functions to change this.
The units of x- and y-axis are mm.
If there are several profiles for the same section, all are shown.
All profiles must have the same lateral sensor positions.
Note that the vehicles outer left (in the moving direction) sensor is the charts zero
position in transverse direction. If you have measured a road in both directions, both
profiles are shown in the chart with the same zero position, although the zeros for the two
directions in reality normally are not the same.
Deflection basin
This chart shows a curve fitted to the measured deflection data together with the actual
deflection values.
There are 2 options available for the curve-fitting.
The one that will probably be most often used is cubic spline, i.e. a series of third degree
polynomials going through all the points, and having the same value and derivative where
they connect to each other.
In the other case a function with two variable parameters is fitted to the deflection values
with the least square deviation method.
The function is the so called rational function
z = a / (1 + (x/b)^2)
a and b are the parameters calculated to minimize deviations, and x is the distance from
load center.
You can choose to show one or both. The curves for the FWD test point closest to the
cursor line are shown, if they are within the specified distance.
4-2
FWD
Deflections in micrometer are shown as columns in the measuring points. You can choose
to show the deflections from one or several sensors. The sensors distances from the load
center are shown together with some other information by right-clicking on the top of the
deflection column in the chart and choosing Show info.
GPR
The chart shows layer boundaries, i.e. the boundary between two layers with different
radar wave propagation properties, as colored lines. Such a boundary is normally also a
boundary between layers with different characteristics from a road-constructing point of
view.
Depending on the difference between the materials and how distinct the boundary is, it is
more or less difficult to find the boundary at the analysis of radar measuring raw data. In
the output from such analysis there is therefore often a number describing this difficulty
enclosed with each boundary value. These values are taken into account by PVD, such that
sharp line represents a distinct boundary, a less sharp line represents a less distinct
boundary and a diffuse line represents an indistinct boundary.
The radar measurements are normally made with such small interval that it is relevant to
connect the points in a longitudinal direction.
In this chart road conduits and blocks discovered by the radar can also be shown.
Some other information is shown when right-clicking and choosing Show info or when
pointing at an occurrence.
IRI, rut depth and cross-fall

The input data is presumed to be an average value over a distance, and is shown as bars
over the distance it represents. The unit on the y-axis is typically millimeters.
Some other information is shown when right-clicking and choosing Show info
4-3
Test pits
The positions and depths of test pits are shown graphically as downward bars. The unit on
the y-axis is typically meter. Layer boundaries are shown with horizontal black lines. If a
layer is classified, but the lower boundary unknown, the lower line is missing.
Standard designation for materials

The default setting for presentation of test pit findings uses the following color/pattern
designations for the different materials:
AC: black.
Base course: square pattern (finer pattern than subbase)
green new base course
yellow old base course
red does not pass the requirements for base course.
Subbase: square pattern (similar pattern as base course, but thicker.)
green new subbase
yellow old subbase
red does not pass the requirements for subbase.
Protection layer: dotted pattern
Subgrade:
Concerning composite soil, the program will choose the last notation of the
composition. E.g. SiSaMn (Silty Sandy Till) will show the color for till.
blue
light gray
green
orange
green
yellow
olive
brown
pink
- till
- clay till
- non-cohesive soil
- sand
- gravel
- clay, dry-crust clay, silt
- clay containing organic material
- peat, organic materials
- fill
If a standardized material notation is missing, the corresponding layer in the chart will
show without color or pattern.
Some other information is showed when right-clicking on a layer and choosing Show info.
4-4
Sieve data
If there is some sieve analysis data with the same position as a layer in a test pit file, the
layer will be marked with a red border. You can show the gradation curve by right-clicking
at the layer and choose Show info.
Sieve analysis data without a corresponding entry in a test pit file can not be shown.
4-5
Chapter 5: Advanced functions
Chapter 5 describes some parts of the program that are presumed to be less frequently
used or requires some time to learn how to use.
Do not hesitate to try

In many cases it is easier to try than to read instructions. In these cases we use the word
Try! in the manual. A general advice is to right-click everywhere and see what happens,
and try all the options shown.
Main menu
Project, Add data

Using this menu item, you can add data to the project after copying additional input data
files to the project folder structure.
Remove data
There is no command for this. Close the project, remove the file, and then open the project.
Change data
There is no command for this. When opening a project, the program checks when the latest
change to the data file was made. If any changes have been made since the last time it was
opened, the user is prompted whether to cancel or use the changed file.
5-1
Project, Properties
In the frame Chart you can change some settings regarding the movement along the road.
Floating chart:
If it is not checked, the longitudinal profiles will move an entire screen when the position
marker moves out of the visible part of the chart. If checked, the chart will move a smaller
length when the marker passes a point set by the value Break at: (%). Try!
Step length:
When clicking the arrow buttons
the position marker will move forwards or backwards with a step length set by the value
Step-length when moving. When clicking the square button, the movement will stop.
With
and
you can move one step.
With the double arrows you will move faster.

In the frame Falling weight you control some details regarding the presentation of falling
weight data.
Normalize:
You can show the raw data deflections from the data file, or show normalized data by
checking this option. On roads it is common practice to normalize to 50 kN (5100 kgf), but
the operator is free to choose other values. Normalizing means that you calculate the
deflection you expect from a drop with the load you normalize to, assuming there is a
linear relation between load and deflection.
In the frame Video you set some options about the displaying of video images:
Offset:
Normally the picture shot with the camera position nearest the length marker is shown. If
you have an offset of xxxx meter, the picture of the length marking (minus) xxxx meter
is shown.
If the nearest picture is taken from a position to far away from the length marker, no
picture will show. This distance is set using Show nearest image within.
In the frame Deflection basin you can set the nearest distance value for the basin chart.
5-2
Right click in an empty left panel window

When right clicking in an empty left panel window you can choose which diagram type to
view as described in chapter 3.
Right click in a map window

When you have selected to show a map and right click in the map window you get the
following menu:
Clear will make the window empty again, and Print... will print the map window. The
map will be printed without the cross. The remaining options are not applicable in a map
window.
Right click in a video window

You will get the same choices as in the map window.
5-3
Right click in the cross profile

When right clicking in the cross profile you will get the same choices as in the map and
video windows, and also the Add... and Properties choices described below will be
available.
Properties
When you point on properties you will see a list of the names of the data series that are
currently displayed in the cross profile window. If you left click on a data series a
Properties window will appear.
You can see if left side, right side or both are shown, and you can also choose side(s) by
ticking or unticking the boxes. If you press the arrow down sign you can replace the
current data series with one of the other series that are available.
Add...
You will get the same Properties window as described above. The difference is that you
can now add another cross profile instead of replacing one.
5-4
Right click in the basin chart

When right clicking in the basin chart you will get the same choices as in the map and
video windows, and also the Add... and Properties choices described below will be
available.
Properties
When you point on properties you will see a list of the names of the data series that are
currently displayed in the cross profile window. If you left click on a data series a
Properties window will appear.
Here you can replace the current data series with one of the other data series that are
available. You can choose what drop to view and what curve fitting to use. The scales for
the chart can be set here. You can also lock the basin chart to a specific position, by ticking
the Locked box and enter a position in the Lock position box. This could be used for
showing a reference basin together with other basins.
Add...
You will get the same Properties window as described above. The difference is that you
can now add another basin instead of replacing one.
5-5
Right click in longitudinal profile

When right clicking in a longitudinal profile you open a menu with nine alternatives as
described below. Some of these options depend on the data present in the input data files.
Show info...
If you right click in an empty part of the chart and choose Show info you get a legend of
the charts data, i.e. the colors and type of marking. If the mouse pointer is held on top of
one of the names, the name of the data file corresponding to the data is shown.
If you right click on a value and choose Show info the program will show the initial nonmandatory rows from the data file. If these rows do not exist, you can add them yourself,
see Appendix A: File format. In some cases additional information is shown. If the current
data is FWD-data, the current row from the input data file is shown. Note that you have to
click at the top of a column, at the break points of a line and on the top left corner of a bar.
Add / remove data...

This is used for adding data to a chart, i.e. showing data that is already in the project, in
contrast to the main menus option Add data that is used for adding data files to the
project.
When the program reads a data file, the operator names the data. When choosing Add /
remove data all available data is listed using this name as a reference. The data is divided
into two groups; data being showed in the chart and data not being showed, and you can
move data between these two groups.
You can mark a data series and move it to the other side with the < and > arrows, or by
left double-clicking.
5-6
In the example screen-shot below you have chosen D5 and can move it into the chart with
> or double-click.
When you have a lot of data the list to the left may be inconveniently long. You can then
click View as tree, and select data by ticking the boxes.
5-7
Note: When adding different types of data to the same chart, all data series are
shown in the same scale, which often result in only one type being shown in a
meaningful scale.
When you have added some data to a chart, you probably want to change the title of the
chart. This is done by right clicking in the chart and choosing Format chart, see below.
Add / remove differential data...

This will show the difference between two data series. For instance if you want to show the
change in rut depths from one year to another or the difference in deflection between two
sensors. The two data series has to be of the same type.
Format data...
Selecting Format data.. gives you the window Format data.
5-8
You can see which data series that are displayed in the chart by clicking on the arrow down
in the Data Serie: input field. You can then select which data series to work with.
You can change its name by clicking the Change name button.
You can choose how the data is shown in the chart, i.e. color (click in the Color: box) and
style (select in the Type: input field). Try!
If you previously have opened a window with Show info this will not be updated if you
change color or style, until you close the window and open again.
If you choose line, the lines will be drawn between test points that are adjacent in the data
file, not between adjacent points in the chart. For the FWD data files, this could be used to
distinguish between points on the left and the right side of the road.
All styles cannot be used for all types of data. You should therefore check that the data is
still visible when changing style. The program issues a warning if you choose an improper
style though.
If you write a number in a Centiles: input field the program will calculate the
corresponding centile value for the data series and show it as a horizontal line in the chart.
If the calculated centile value for the 80th centile is for instance 400, this means that 80% of
the values in the series are smaller than 400.
5-9
Hide chart
This hides the chart. To show the chart again, use View, User in the main menu.
Format chart...
In the box Chart title you can change the title of a longitudinal profile.
If the option Labeled x-axis is checked, the chainage will be visible in the chart.
5-10
Inverted y-axis will turn the chart upside down.
If you use columns as chart style and the value is 0, the chart will not show anything.
Using Zero marking the program will write 0 in the chart instead of leaving the space
empty, if there is a 0 value in the input data file.
5-11
Changing the Length scale will affect all longitudinal profiles. The value in the input field
is the length shown on one screen. You can step with the arrows or write in the box.
Using Auto y-scale will make the program use a scale starting with 0, reaching beyond the
highest value. The maximum value is chosen between 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 etc.
If Auto y-scale is not selected, the program chooses a scale that starts with 0, reaching the
Maximum y-value entered by the user. The maximum value is the largest value visible on
the chart, not necessarily the highest marking on the scale.
Print chart
Prints a longitudinal chart, including the title of the chart. All printer settings cannot be
altered from this menu.
Units
The units set here will influence the chart where the right-click was made only.
Graphic/text mode
You can switch to and fro between graphic presentation and presentation in a text table.
This option can be used to export data from PVD for use in other report formats. Copy the
text and insert it in other programs, such as for instance text editors or spreadsheets. It may
be useful to enter various data into the same chart for text representation, even if the
numerical values are such that the graphic representation is not meaningful. You may for
example want to print various outputs from the same FWD data analysis program in one
table.
Some types of data can be shown as text, but not all.
Symbols
When you right-click in a chart, one item in the menu, Symbols, is not active, unless you
have already activated it as described below.
One data series, the so-called symbol data, is a bit different from the others. It is created
automatically when you create the project, and it can contain comments and links to
external files or programs. When the symbol data is added to a chart, two different symbols
are available, a stylized note pad referring to a text in the file Symbols.txt and a stylized
disk referring to an external file.
5-12
In order to add the symbol data to a chart, right click in an empty chart, select Add/remove
data... and move Symbols into the chart. You may also change the name of the chart.
It is not necessary to create a special chart for the symbols. You can also move Symbols
into any other of the charts.
Moving Symbols into a chart activates the bottom item in the right-click menu of the
longitudinal profile charts.
Right-click in the symbol chart, Symbols, Add...

When right-clicking in the symbol chart, or another chart where the Symbols are present,
but not on an existing symbol, you get the opportunity to Add... information.
5-13
You can then type a comment in the Add comment input field, or add a reference to any
other file that can be handled by the general operating system. The corresponding symbol,
a notepad or a diskette icon, will appear in the diagram, at the location where the mouse
pointer was when you made the right-click. (Notice: not in the position on the cursor line.)
If you type a number in the Length input box the mouse pointer position will be
overridden. The number written must be within the range of other already existing data.
When you point on the symbol the comment or file reference will pop up.
Right-click in the symbol chart, Symbols, Show info..

This menu choice is available only when clicking on a symbol.
If the symbol is a note pad, the text is shown together with the section it belongs to.
If the symbol is a disk, the current file is opened in the associated program, or the program
referred to is started. If just a disk unit or folder is referred, Windows Explorer will start.
PVD will look for the file referred to in the folder Other, and otherwise as decided by the
general operating system. If no program is associated with the file type, an error message is
shown.
Right-click in the symbol chart, Symbols, Edit...

This menu choice is available only when clicking on a symbol.
You can change position, change a comment, change a file reference, and replace a
comment with a file reference or vice versa.
Right-click in the symbol chart, Symbols, Remove...

This removes the symbol clicked on.
General data
Longitudinal profiles with general numeric data can be shown. Create a data file according
to Appendix A: File format, General data.
5-14
Printing a project
When printing an entire project, all longitudinal profiles made visible with the menu View
will be printed. The charts will be printed in the same order as they appear on the screen,
and will have the same formatting as on the screen, for example inverted y-scale and line
or column style.
The user can choose which section to print and how long distance to be fit on each page.
Often you want to print more profiles than there is room for on a paper. In these cases the
print will be divided on several papers.
Default printing
Choose File, Print. Click Print in the bottom right corner in the dialog that appears.
Note that this will print the whole road with 1000 meters per page, which can result in
many papers if the road is long.
Customized printing
Right click in charts not to be printed and choose Hide chart.
Make sure that all charts to be printed are selected in the View menu.
Sort the charts in the preferable order. This is done using drag-and-drop.
Format the charts and data by right clicking in the chart and choosing Format chart and
Format data.
Click File, Print.
This opens a print dialog where detailed settings can be done.
To the right in the dialog there is a schematic picture of what the printing will look like. As
you change the printer settings this picture will update. Thus it is a good idea to carefully
examine this preview to see if you are satisfied with the settings.
On the Common tab you can choose printer, paper size, number of copies, length to be
printed, paper orientation (portrait or landscape) and margins.
Click the Header / footer tab and type the desired header and footer in the boxes. In the
tool bar above the text boxes you can choose font and alignment for the text. Note: If there
are several pages that show the same distance, they can have different headers and footers.
Click on the page preview for the page you want to enter header and footer for, or choose
page number in the little box at the top of the dialog. If you put more text in a footer or
header than there is room for, the printing could be overlapped.
Click on the Chart tab and uncheck the option Use automatic settings.
5-15
In the Caption frame you can choose if the titles for the charts is to be printed as caption,
and in that case, where to place the caption. You should also enter how much space to set
aside for the title in the box Space for caption.
Choose Distance per page and either Scale or Size on paper.
Make sure the options Same distance between all charts and Same height on all charts is
not checked and choose suitable Distance upwards and Height for each chart. Change chart
by clicking in the preview or change number in the little Chart # box.
Distance upwards is the distance to the nearest chart above.
If the chart is the uppermost, the Distance upwards is the distance to the top margin. This
distance is preferable set to zero.
By choosing suitable height in relation to the values in the y-axis you can get the wanted
scale, for example 1 cm/m in the GPR chart.
When you are satisfied you can click Save settings to keep the current settings to the next
time you print.
Click the button Print at the bottom of the dialog.
If you want to use the same settings next time you open the project, you have to save the
project too. In that case, click File, Save project in the main menu.
Details
The chosen printer will not be saved in the project, but in the programs common settings.
This means that all projects will be printed to the printer last chosen by the user, which
may be different from the printer last chosen in the project.
Chosen paper size will be saved in the project.
In the list of paper sizes the standard sizes A3 and A4 is listed if the printer can handle
these. The printers default size is also added to this list.
If you want to use a paper size not listed, you can set this size as default size on the printer
you want to use, and this size will appear in the list. Open Windows Start menu and
choose Settings. Open the Printers folder, right click on the printer to be used and choose
Properties. In this dialog you can choose paper size.
Number of copies is never saved, but is set to 1 every time the printer dialog is opened.
In some programs you can also choose how to sort the papers if printing several copies. In
PVD, the entire first copy is printed, then the entire second copy and so on.
Chosen paper orientation is saved in the project.
Start point and end point for the distance to print is saved in the project.
5-16
Chosen margins are saved in the project.

All margins are measured from the edge of the paper. The margin Header is the distance
from the top edge to the header text and the margin Top is the distance from the top of the
paper to the uppermost chart. Note that space is reserved for the x-scale even if there are no
values.
If placing the captions above the charts, it is up to the operator to set the margins giving the
caption enough space. At this point the print preview could be very useful.
The chosen printers drivers check the given margins. Some printers can print closer to the
edge than other.
Chosen headers and footers are saved in the project.
Note: If there are several pages that show the same distance, they can have different
headers and footers. Click on the page preview for the page you want to enter header and
footer for, or choose page number in the little box at the top of the dialog.
The check box Use automatic settings automatically sets all values on the Chart tab. The
caption is placed to the left of every chart and the space is set according to the length of the
caption. Distance per page is set to 1000 meters and the length of the chart is adjusted to
the space between the margins. All charts get the same height and the space between the
charts is set to 15 mm.
The chosen position and space for the captions are saved in the project.
Note: If the caption is placed above the chart, Space for caption is the distance to the chart,
and not to the values on the x-axis if the chart is inverted.
The chosen Distance per page is saved in the project.
The scale is not saved, but is calculated from the values of Distance per page and Size on
paper.
Chosen Size on paper is saved in the project.
All chosen Distance upwards are saved in the project.
Distance upwards is the distance to the nearest chart above. If the chart is the uppermost,
the Distance upwards is the distance to the top margin. This distance is preferable set to
zero. The distance is measured from the chart and not from the x-scale values if using
inverted charts. If the caption is above the chart, Distance upwards is the distance from the
caption to the chart above.
The chosen heights are saved in the project.
Height is the height of the chart, excluding the x-scale values and the caption.
5-17
Various tips and information
Change name of a project

Close the program. Change name of the project folder and the file xxxx.xml in the project
folder.
Point at an occurrence in a GPR chart

When pointing at an occurrence in a GPR chart, the caption of the occurrences column in
the data file, the length value and the depth from the surface is shown as a tool tip.
Change chart height

Click and drag the lower border.
Print chart
Prints a longitudinal chart, including the caption of the chart.
All printer settings cannot be changed in this menu.
Several sets of data of the same type

When having two or more sets of data of the same type, for example results from rut depth
measuring on the same stretch but different years, the data should be placed in different
files if you want to show them with different styles in the chart. Another example is FWD
measuring in different tracks.
5-18
Chapter 6: Example Projects
Chapter 6 goes through two example projects, one very simple and one more
comprehensive. Input data files for these projects are delivered with the program. Note
that some terms and headers in the data files may be in languages other than English.
Simple project
Background
You have a map, a data file containing results from a FWD measurement, a file containing
processed data from GPR measurement, a file with IRI and rut depth, i.e. surface data,
created with SNRA PMS (Swedish Road Administration Pavement Management System),
a test pit protocol and some files with sieve analysis data, which were delivered to you by
someone who delivers correct and complete sorted data. Now you want to study these data.
The example files are located on the CD in the folder \PVD example input data\Simple
project.
Step by step description
Start Windows Explorer

Create the folder c:\Testing PVD
Open the CD folder \PVD example input data\Simple project.
Start PVD
OK
File, Create new project
Choose Disk unit c:
Double-click to the folder Testing PVD.
Make sure the option Put data files in an empty project is selected.
Type Simple in the box Project name:.
OK
Switch back to Windows Explorer.
Copy all files from all sub folders in \PVD example input data\Simple project to
the sub folders with the same names in c:\Testing PVD\Simple.
Switch back to PVD
OK
6-1
OK on the Mix temp warning.

OK on the suggested FWD data name.
OK on the suggested GPR name.
OK on the Camera positions.
OK on the suggested Surface data name.
OK on the suggested Surface data name.
OK on the invalid name.
Yes on the unknown material.
Choose color OK
OK on the suggested Test pits name.
OK
Right-click in a chart named New Chart, Hide chart
Right-click in a chart named New Chart, Hide chart
View, Left panel, 3 windows
Right-click in left upper window, Map
Right-click in left middle window, Pictures
OK
Right-click in left lower window, Cross chart
OK
View, FWD, FWD T50-2 D0
View, GPR, GPR T50_AC.txt AC
View, Surface, RST T 5000 H:2 Rut depth
View, Surface, RST T 5000 H:2 IRI
View, Test pits, Test pits
File, Save project
A project named Simple is now created and saved.

In the upper left corner there is a map with a red marked road and a red cross. The red
marked road is the section included in this project. The cross shows the location of the
currently shown data.
To the right there are 5 longitudinal profiles showing center deflection from a FWD
measurement, a processed result from a GPR measurement, rut-depth, IRI and test pits. If
you use a low-resolution screen, you may have to scroll using the vertical scroll bar to the
right to see all charts.
A red vertical dotted line (position marker) and the Length box show the position more
precisely than the map. The video image is the nearest available, if there is one within 5
meters.
Click on the map or a longitudinal profile or type a value in the Chainage: box to jump to
another position. Click on the arrow buttons to drive or step along the road.
By pointing with the mouse pointer following information can be retrieved:
Point at the video: offset (see the chapter Advanced functions) and camera position.
Point at an occurrence in the GPR chart: the occurrences name, chainage and depth
below the road surface. The name is the material above the layer boundary.
6-2
Point at a layer in a test pit: the material name, thickness of the layer, and the test
pits transverse position.
By right clicking in a chart and choosing Show info the following information is shown:
Right-click on the top of a bar in the FWD chart: four lines from the input data
files header, the deflection sensors positions and the data line that the bar
illustrates.
Right-click on a red-bordered layer in a test pit: four rows from the input data files
header and a sieve gradation curve for the material.
Right-click in the sieve chart, choose Show limit curve and click on the limit curve
to show.
Comprehensive project
Background
Further measurements have been done on the road handled in the simple project, and you
want to have a closer look at data and make comments about your observations. An
inexperienced PVD user have reported data reading problems.
The additional data are located on the CD in the folder \PVD example input
data\Comprehensive project.
Use old data with a new project
Start PVD
OK
File, Create new project
Choose Disk unit c:
Double-click to the folder Testing PVD.
Make sure the option Put data files in an empty project is selected.
Type Comprehensive in the box Project name.
OK
Switch to Windows Explorer.
Copy all files from all sub folders in c:\Testing PVD\Simple to the sub folders with
the same names in c:\Testing PVD\Comprehensive.
Switch back to PVD
Confirm all boxes as for the simple project.
For practicing, add all charts and views as for the simple project.
File, Close project
The last step is not necessary, but made for training purpose.
6-3
Add new data

Copy all new files from the CD \PVD example input data\Comprehensive project to
corresponding folder in c:\Testing PVD\Comprehensive.
Check and correct new files

All files have to fulfill the requirements stated in Appendix A. Normally you should state
these requirements to the data provider. One way to check a file is to open it in Notepad
and compare the file with the requirements.
In this example the file T50.test pit locations.out has an incorrect name. Rename the file to
T50.test pit locations.FWD.
Another file, the GPR file T50_subbase.txt has incorrect content. Open the file in Notepad.
If you compare the file with the requirements, you will notice that the first identification
line is missing. Add the text IGPR
: 500 MHz as the first line in
the file.
Add the new files to the project

Switch to PVD
File, Open project...
Double-click to Comprehensive
Select the file Comprehensive.xml
OK
OK
Project, Add data...
OK
Change the names or just click OK to accept the names suggested by the program.
View, FWD, FWD T50:2-2 D0
View, GPR, GPR T50_subbase.txt Subbase
File, Save project
Now you have the same data as in the simple project, plus another FWD chart and another
GPR chart.
Customize the charts

You may want to see more of the project on the same screen.
Right-click in any longitudinal chart

Format chart...
6-4
Change scale in the box Length scale:, by typing in the box or left-clicking the up
or down arrows. The number in the box is the length of the section shown on one
screen. Now select 5000.
OK
File, Save project
You may want to show data from both FWD measurements in the same chart:
Right-click in the chart FWD T50-2 D0

Add / Remove data
Move FWD T50:2-2 D0 from the left table to the right by selecting the data and
clicking the > button on the screen.
OK
File, Save project
You may want to show also D3 and D6 in the same chart as D0.

Add / Remove data
Move FWD T50-2 D3, FWD T50-2 D6, FWD T50:2-2 D3 and FWD T50:2-2 D60
from the left table to the right by selecting the data and clicking the > button on the
screen.
OK
File, Save project
Now it could be hard to see the difference between different deflections.

Format data
Choose Data series FWD T50-2 D3
Choose Cross
Choose Data series FWD T50-2 D6
Choose Cross
Choose Data series FWD T50:2-2 D3
Choose Cross
Choose Data series FWD T50:2-2 D6
Choose Cross
OK
File, Save project
It is difficult to read the FWD diagram, so you may want to change the vertical scales.

Format chart...
Un-tick the box Auto y-scale:.
6-5
Type 1100 in the box Maximum y-value:.

OK
File, Save project
You may want a caption on the chart that clearly shows that it contains data from two
different occasions.

Format chart
Type FWD T50 D0, D3, D6 in the box Chart caption
OK
File, Save project
You may want to change the scale in the chart GPR T50_AC.txt AC showing the thickness
of the asphalt concrete:
Right-click in the chart GPR T50_AC.txt AC

Format chart
De-select Automatic y-scale
Type 0.25 in the box Maximum y-value:.
OK
File, Save project
You may want to change the scale in the chart GPR T50_subbase.txt Subbase, show all
GPR data in this chart, add the test pits to the chart and change the title of the chart:
Right-click in the chart GPR T50_subbase.txt Subbase

Format chart
De-select Automatic y-scale
Type 2 in the box Maximum y-value:.
Write Test pits and GPR all layers in the box Chart title:.
OK
Right-click in the chart now named Test pits and GPR all layers.
Add / Remove data
Move GPR T50_AC.txt AC, GPR T50_Base.txt Base, GPR T50_subbase.txt Culvert,
GPR T50_subbase.txt Terrace and Test Pits from the left table to the right by
double-clicking or selecting the data and clicking the > button on the screen.
OK
File, Save project
Now you may think that the second FWD chart and the test pit chart are unnecessary. Hide
them by right-clicking and Hide chart.
6-6
Add a Symbol chart

Among the new data files there are a number of pdf files with pictures and diagrams from
the test pits. The position of the samples are shown in the file names.
View, User, New chart

Right-click in the chart New chart
Format chart...
Change the chart title to Symbols
OK
Right-click in the chart Symbols
Add/remove data
Move Symbols from the left table to the right by selecting Symbols and leftclicking the > button on the screen
Right-click in the chart Symbols
Symbols, Add
Type 148601 (the position of the first test pit) in the Chainage: box
Select Add reference
Browse to the file you want to show, in this case \Testing
PVD\Comprehensive\Other\T50_148601_all.pdf and add it using standard
Windows procedures
OK
File, Save project
Now a stylized disk appears at position 148601. View the pdf file by right-clicking on the
disk and left-clicking Symbols, Show info...
You may also want to add some comments, for example:
Right-click in the Symbol chart

Symbols, Add
Type 151313 the Length box
Select Add comment
Type This culvert is damaged!
OK
File, Save project
Now a stylized notebook will appear at position 151313. View the note by pointing at it or
right-click and Symbols, Show info.
Print
The details of the printing may depend on the driver of the printer you are using, so the
following description is perhaps not correct in all details.
6-7
You may for example want to print all longitudinal profiles, position 153000 - 155000 on a
portrait A3 sheet in the scale 1:10000.
File, Print. The print dialog appears. Choose the Common tab
Select printer.
(In some cases the default settings are not compatible with the current printer. In
that case some printer dependent settings may be necessary now.)
Change size to A3
De-select the Whole distance option.
Enter the Start point and End point
Choose the Chart tab
De-select Automatic settings
Choose 2000 in the list Distance per page
Type 10000 in the Scale box and press [Tab].
As you can see, the chart will occupy 200 mm on the paper, but only 188 mm is available.
(This may be different for different printer and printer settings). Change Space for caption
to 45 mm and press [Tab].
To the right you can see a draft preview of the printouts. Depending on your printer all
charts may or may not fit on one paper. If they do not, change the Height:.
Save the settings and print.
Now the two charts at the bottom of the page do perhaps overlap. The reason is that if the
chart at the very bottom was moved from the top of the second page, where there was no
Distance upwards, to the bottom of the first page, the distance became to little. Choose
File, Print again. Change the Distance upwards for the last chart to 15 mm.
Save the settings and print.
Surely you can refine the printout further. Try!
6-8
Chapter 7: Analyzing FWD data
Chapter 7 describes how to perform analysis on FWD data.
Standard axle loads

General experience, theoretical considerations and test road experiments show that there is
a relation between number of axle passages, axle load and damage to the road. The relation
between load and number of passages seems to be that the number of passages for axles
with weight X that will cause the same damage as an axle with weight Y is approximately
(X/Y)^Z, where the number Z found in most investigations and used in most regulations
for flexible pavements is in the range 4 to 4.5. For example TRL Overseas Road Note 31,
A guide to the structural design of bitumen-surfaced roads in tropical and sub-tropical
countries suggests 4.5, while the AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures 1993
uses a set of tables with a more complicated relation. There is no general consensus
regarding the treatment of tandem and triple axles. For example the TRL Overseas Road
Note 31 suggest that the axle in a tandem or triple be treated as separate axles, while the
tables in AASHTO Guide .. 93 suggests that the combinations do less damage than that.
A few of the methods for analysis of data from FWD measurement requires the traffic
expressed as standard axles as an input.
If the traffic data available are already expressed as equivalent number of axles this
number can be used. However, notice the difference between 100 kN standard axles and
standard axles based on another reference axle load. For example calculation according to
TRL Overseas Road Note 31 and the tables in the AASHTO Guide .. 93 are based on 18
kip (8160 kgf) standard axle load. Such values shall be divided by 2.5 if 100 kN standard
axle loads are required. The equivalent number of 100 kN axles are denoted N10.
If you have the number of axles and their weight but not a calculated N10 number, you can
use the formula
N10 = SUM( X/100)^4
where N10 is the equivalent number of 100 kN loads
SUM means the sum for all axles, with axles in tandems and triples treated as individuals
X is the weight of each axle
You need about 10 000 personal cars to make one standard axle, so light vehicles can be
ignored.
7-1
Obviously the truck loading habits in the area under investigation are most important.
There can typically be from about 0.2 up to about 5 standard axles per heavy vehicle. The
smaller number is when there is only local distribution traffic, and the high numbers may
appear in connection with heavy industry. Illegal loads on the trucks may give even higher
numbers. If you have counting only and no weighing, you have to make a subjective
estimate within the above range. If you have no clue, assume one N10 per heavy vehicle
for local distribution traffic, and three N10 per heavy vehicle on major roads between
cities.
Also notice that when N10 is requested, it is the N10 per lane, assuming a typical lateral
traffic distribution within the lane. Thus a traffic count in one direction is directly
applicable on a two lane road about 7 m wide. Other types of road may require an
adjustment factor.
Preparing for analysis

First of all, start a new project, as described in Chapter 3, or open an existing project. The
project must contain at least one FWD file. Click Project, New analysis... to get the Add
analysis window.
7-2
Select the FWD file you want to analyze and click Add. You can select several different
files and you can select the same file several times, to create a list from which you can
choose one file to analyze.
Click Analysis, Choose data file to show the list.
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You can see the name associated with the data file, and after the colon an identification
number. The reason for the possibility to add the same file several times, and hence the
need for an identification number, is that you may want to analyze the same file several
times with different input parameters.
Select one of the items in the list. You are now ready to begin the analysis. Always start
with Analysis, Subdivision.
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Subdivision
Theory
The subdivision can be made in three ways. There can be one section, manually defined
subsections or subsection calculated by the program.
There is no specific theory applied when the program makes the subsections. A bearing
capacity indicator is selected, and its value in each test point is calculated. A number of
ranges for the indicator and a minimum number of points in a subsection are defined. The
program tries to find groups of adjacent test point with the value of the bearing capacity
indicator within the same range. Single points with values below or above the range are
ignored according to certain rules.
The bearing capacity indicator can be a deflection or the variable Subd calculated with the
following formula:
Subd = 0.19 * d0 + 0.6 * d0 * (1 + Log((d0 d45)/d45)/log(10)
where dx is the deflection at distance x cm from load plate center.
Subd is not allowed to go below 0.6 * d0 or above 1.4 * d0.
As can be seen from the formula subd is similar to d0, but modified to a higher value when
the deflection bowl is steep, i.e. d45 is small, and to a lower value when the deflection
bowl is wide. Thus subd accounts for the fact that a steep deflection bowl means higher
strain in the asphalt layers.
7-5
Input and output window
FWD Data file: shows the input data file previously selected with Analysis, Choose data
file. It can not be changed from the Subdivision calculation window.
The contents of Road section start: and Road section end: are read from the file and
can not be changed from the Subdivision calculation window.
If there are more than one drop per test point recorded, you choose which drop to analyze
in the input field Choose impact:. In routine work on roads it is common practice to
analyze the last of the drops with 50 kN load.
In the frame Section subdividing you can choose to work with just one section, to
subdivide manually or to have PVD make the subsections by selecting Subdivide
automatically.
One typical approach is to start working with one section, then when you get somewhat
acquainted with the data make automatic subdivisions with different input parameters, and
then before the final calculations manually adjust the subsection set that was suggested by
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PVD. Another approach that may be good for routine work is to prescribe a certain fix
procedure that always shall be performed for a certain type of work.
If you have chosen Subdivide automatically the Auto subdivision input field becomes
active, and you can choose which parameter to use as bearing capacity indicator for the
subdivision.
The field Temperature correction: is active only if D0 was chosen as bearing capacity
indicator. Temperature correction of D0 can be made according to two methods that will
be described together with the analysis methods they are taken from. In most cases
temperature correction does not significantly influence the sub sectioning.
In the Auto settings frame you define the ranges for the indicator and a minimum number
of points in a subsection.
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The first range is from 0 to the value in Levelstart:. to the value in Levelstart: + the value
in Levelstep:. Next range is from the previous to the previous + the previous divided by
the value in Leveladd: + the value in Levelstep. In the example in the picture above the
borders between the ranges will be:
0
0 + 350 = 350
350 + 350/100 + 350 = 703.5
etc, as long as the border value is less than the value in Levelmax:.
If you enter a number smaller than 5 in the Minpoints: input field the program will use 5.
When you press Apply subsections will be calculate as ordered and displayed in the right
side of the Subdivision calculation window.
The remaining functions of the right side of the window will become active when
Subdivide manually is chosen.
Add subsec will give you a window where you enter the end of a new subsection.
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As you can see in the screen-shot the minimum 5 point restriction is not applied on manual
subdivision.
You can also mark a subsection with a left-click and use Edit subsec or Remove subsec.
When you are done you can leave the window open or close it with Close.
Application hints
There are normally two reasons to make subsections. One is that different input parameters
for the analysis programs that will be described later in this manual may be required for
different parts of the road, the other is that the parameters calculated by the analysis
programs vary along the road, and you may for instance want to find subsections with the
same overlay within the subsection, but different overlays in different subsections.
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NOR Axle load

This program calculates the axle load allowed according to a method developed in
Norway. The calculation is based on the center deflection and the deflection 20 cm from
the center of the load.
Theory
A large center deflection d0 and a large difference between d0 and d20 at an FWD test are
strongly correlated with large strains induced in a pavement when a wheel load of the same
magnitude as the FWD load is applied. Thus high values for these parameters may be
assumed to indicate a weak road. The strains under traffic load are approximately
proportional to the wheel load. The time that a road can be assumed to remain in
acceptable condition is strongly correlated with the strains and the number of vehicles
passing each year. The above are from a theoretical point of view quite safe assumptions,
and are furthermore proved by general experience and test road experiments. The
numerical description of the above must be based on experience.
The following formula, developed by Norwegian authorities, is such a numerical
expression for the relation between FWD test results, traffic load magnitude, traffic
intensity and road service life.
BE = 11 * (110 000 * p / (d0 * (d0 d20))^0.5 / 200^0.6 * (50 / DCT)^0.072
BE
axle load allowed for 15 years road service life, metric tons
(1 metric ton = 1000 kg)
p
=
pressure applied by FWD on a 30 cm load plate at FWD test, MPa
d0 =
center deflection, micrometer
d20 =
deflection 20 cm from load plate center, micrometer
DCT =
number of commercial vehicles, i.e. vehicles with max weight more than 3500
kg, per day
11, 110 000, 200, 0.6, 50 and 0.072 are constants with empirical background
The similarity between 110 000 * p / (d0 * (d0 - d20))^0.5
and the surface modulus 2 * (1 v^2) * p / d0, where v = Poisson's ratio,
may be recognized.
Thus 110 000 * p / (d0 * (d0 - d20))^0.5 may be interpreted as a modified surface
modulus, to some extent taking the shape of the deflection bowl into account, 200 may be
interpreted as a reference surface modulus expressed in MPa, and 50 may be interpreted as
a reference traffic.
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The reference modulus 200 MPa and the other constants in the formula are, as all empirical
values, essentially valid only in an environment similar to the environment where they
were derived.
The original method also prescribes a statistical treatment of the point values. The
representative bearing capacity of a section is defined as mean value minus 1.3 standard
deviations. In a normal distribution this means that 10 % of the point values are smaller
than the representative value.
Preparations before starting NOR

Prepare a list of files to analyze, containing at least one file, and select a file, as described
under the heading Preparing for analysis.
(If you want to make a training calculation and get output values similar to those in the
pictures in this manual,create a new project with the FWD data file from Cambodia Road
51. The calculation from which the pictures were extracted was made on part of that road.)
Run the Subdivision...
When the purpose of the analysis is to check the bearing capacity in general or to decide
which sections that may need strengthening it may be useful to select subdivision
parameters such that the lengths of the subsections are related to practical strengthening
sections. When the purpose of the analysis is to check the expected future performance of
the entire road, to estimate the time remaining until repair is necessary, or to actually
decide on a load restriction, all data should be treated as one section, since the same load
restriction must be applied on the entire road.
Input
Choose Analysis, NOR Axle load.. to open input box.
7-11
The default value for the Reference surface modulus is in the original application of the
program 200 MPa. In principle this value is valid only with the same weight distribution in
the traffic and the same conditions in general as in the original environment in Norway, but
it can be assumed that the formula will give reasonably good estimates also for similar
pavements in other environments. The value 200 MPa can be used for roads with thin
bituminous surfacing, such as single and double surface treatment and AC not thicker than
about 5 cm.
The Average number of heavy vehicles per day is the total number of vehicles with an
allowed total weight of more than 3500 kg, total number of vehicles in both directions on a
two lane road. Thus this method is not associated with weighing of vehicles, just with
count and classification.
After entering the above described values, press Analyze.
Output
The output from the program is the axle load allowed for 15 years service life, at the
conditions prevailing at the time of the FWD measurement.
In order to look at the values, create a new chart with Project, New chart, place the mouse
pointer in the chart and right-click, and select Add/remove data... In the Add/remove
data window that appears click View as a tree and get another window with the same
name Add/remove data.
In the above example picture you can see that the data available to view are FWD data
files, and output from the programs SUBD and NOR. (Under FWD you will find all input
data files, not just FWD files) You can also see that all boxes are empty. This is because
the chart is still empty.
Click on + for NOR and again on + plus to select analysis number 1 (in the example
picture the only one available) and tick the square box:
7-12
The calculated axle loads in each point will now appear in the new chart.
You may want to change the chart title with right-click in the chart, Format chart, and
typing in the Chart title field.
7-13
As described above under the heading Theory the original method considers mean value
minus 1.3 standard deviations to be the axle load representative for the section. PVD works
with centiles, and the corresponding centile is 10 %. You should therefore also show the
10% centile in the chart.. Right-click in the chart, Format data, type 10 in a Centiles:
input field.
Notice that you have to leave the window by pressing OK. Leaving with [Enter] will
leave the value in the Centiles: box unchanged.
You may also want to change the vertical scale in the chart with right-click, Format
chart..., un-tick the square box for Auto y-scale and type the maximum y-value that you
want to show in the Maximum y-value input field.
7-14
The final chart would then look as follows, where you can see that the maximum load
allowed on this road is about 8.4 metric tons.
Application hints
The program may be used to indicate the bearing capacity roads for planning purposes,
such as to make comparisons with other roads and to decide about for example the
urgency of strengthening measures.
It may also be used to decide about the maximum axle load to be allowed on a certain road,
always or as a temporary restriction during seasons when the bearing capacity is low due to
high water content in and immediately under the pavement.
7-15
FIN Empirical overlay
Theory
High deflection under wheel load is strongly correlated with high strains induced in the
pavement. Thus a high deflection, i.e. a low surface modulus, may be assumed to indicate a
weak road that may need strengthening in order to perform well for a certain period. The
above are from a theoretical point of view quite safe assumptions, and are furthermore
proved by general experience and test road experiments. The numerical description of the
above must be based on standardized test methods and experience showing the correlation
between test results and road performance..
During a long time various road test methods and road design methods based on the above
were developed and used. Such test methods are Static and dynamic load plate tests,
Benkelman Beam Tests and Traveling Deflectograph tests such as Lacroix Deflectograph.
Various criteria for acceptable deflection or acceptable surface modulus were developed by
various organizations, such as Asphalt Institute and TRL.
The program FIN uses the above concept, requesting a certain surface modulus at an FWD
test for a certain amount of traffic..
The surface modulus is calculated with the formula
E0(0) = 2 * (1 - v ^ 2) * p * a / d0
where
E0(0) is the surface modulus
v is Poisson's ratio
p is the average pressure under the loading plate,
a is the radius of the loading plate
D0 is the deflection under the center of the plate
The modulus is adjusted for temperature and other seasonal variations. The temperature
correction is done according to a method developed by The university of Oulu for the
Finnish National Road Administration. The seasonal correction is supposed to account for
moisture variation and is a subjective manual input.
The adjusted surface modulus is requested to have e certain value related to the amount of
traffic the road is supposed to sustain, expressed as number of 100 kN axle load
applications.
7-16
If the surface modulus is too small, a strengthening layer thick enough to bring the
modulus up to the requested value is calculated by the program. The theory used to
calculate the expected modulus after strengthening is the theory of equivalent thicknesses.
The essential assumptions in the theory are that the materials are linearly elastic,
homogeneous and isotropic, and that two layers with different layer moduli do the same
job in the pavement, if
h1/h2 = ((E2/(1- v2^2))/(E1/(1-v1^2)))^(1/3)
where
h1 and h2 = layer thickness
E1 and E2 = layer moduli
v1 and v2 = Poisson's ratio
Three different numbers are calculated: The thickness of an AC layer on top of the old
road, the thickness of a gravel layer on top of the old road and with a new AC layer on
top, and the thickness of a gravel layer after removal of the old AC layer, and with a new
AC layer on the top.
Obviously the second of the above is not a suggested strengthening, but merely a nominal
calculation of a strengthening requirement.
In the above AC is used as a generic term for a bituminous layer, not necessarily being
asphalt concrete. From the point of view of the equations in the program all layers are just
layers with a modulus and a Poisson's ratio.
Preparations before starting FIN
When this program is used the purpose is normally to arrive at a suggested strengthening.
Initially two criteria should guide the choice of subdivision parameters. One is that the
parameters should be selected such that the lengths of the subsections are related to
practical strengthening sections. The other is that a manual subdivision should be made if
there are known differences in input parameters along the road, such as different thickness
of bituminous layers. Thickness difference of 2 cm or less is normally not significant.
Input
This dialog is accessed by clicking Analysis, FIN Empirical overlay...
7-17
Do temperature correction. Normally temperature correction is used if there is a

bituminous layer in the structure, otherwise not.
Surface modulus required. This is exactly what the wording indicates. An example of
requirement is the following table, which is an extract from a diagram in a Finnish
regulation.
Number of N10 during the design period
0 300 000
300 000 800 000
800 000 2 000 000
2 000 000 5 000 000
5 000 000 10 000 000
Requested surface modulus, MPa

175
190
265
365
420
As always with empirical values they may be inadequate for use under conditions different
from those under which they were obtained. The values in the above table are valid for a
conventional pavement with the upper layers made of hot mix asphalt on base/subbase of
granular material. Conditions that may be different in other environments are material
quality, construction procedures, traffic pattern, climate and maybe other things. The
values are calculated with Poisson's ratio 0.5.
7-18
If there are existing modulus requirements (= center deflection requirements) based on

similar methods these values may be used with a correction factor. Typically a 10% higher
modulus may be required if the measurement is made with FWD than if it is based on
Benkelman beam. This is a rough average value. The correction can be made by means of
entering other corrected values in the box Surface modulus required. The correction can
also be done to the FWD measurement, by means of using the K2 correction, see below.
If the modulus is smaller than the requirement the strengthening that is needed to increase
the modulus to the required value is calculated. Modulus of asphalt overlay and Modulus
of the gravel overlay are the moduli of the materials used for strengthening. In the
calculation formulas the names of the materials have no significance. There are just
materials with a certain moduli.
Asphalt thickness over gravel overlay. As described above three strengthening
alternatives are calculated. In one of them the existing asphalt is removed, gravel base is
added, and the top layer is asphalt with the modulus Modulus of asphalt overlay and the
thickness Asphalt thickness over gravel overlay.
K2 is a seasonal correction. The value Surface modulus required is a value required
under certain design conditions. If the measurement is made under conditions different
from the design conditions, the correction K2 is applied on the measured modulus. K2 is
expressed as percentage. If it is assumed that the deflections at the time of the
measurement is x % of the deflections during design conditions the value x is entered in
the box K2(%). This correction can also be used as correction factor between different
deflection measurement methods. For instance, if the Surface modulus required is based
on statistics from Benkelman Beam or static plate bearing measurements the value 90%
could be used.
K2(%) can be different for all subsections, or the same. It will be the same if the box Same
value for all subsections is ticked. If the box is not ticked, the subsection number can be
selected in the box Subsection.
Also in the right part of the input window, Temperature correction, it can be selected if
the same or different input values shall be used for the different sections.
Sunny day. The temperature correction is based on the average interior temperature in the
asphalt. This temperature is calculated from the pavement surface temperature, which is
automatically measured by the FWD. If it is a sunny day it is assumed that there is a
difference between surface temperature and average asphalt temperature. If it is not a
sunny day it is assumed that the average asphalt temperature is the same as the surface
temperature. Hence the box Sunny day shall be ticked when it is a clear sky or thin
clouds, i.e always when the pavement surface is significantly heated by the sun or cooled
by a clear sky at night.
Surface asphalt layer thickness is the total thickness of the existing asphalt layers. It is
used for two purposes. One purpose is for temperature correction. The other purpose is
calculation of a rehabilitation where the existing asphalt is removed and replaced by a new
granular base and a new asphalt layer. In this case it is assumed that the removed layer has
the same modulus as the value entered in the box Modulus of asphalt overlay, and it
7-19
must be considered that this in most cases may be an overestimation of the modulus, and in
rare cases perhaps an underestimation.
Number of asphalt layers. This is used in the calculation of temperature correction. 2
and more than 2 layers give the same correction.
Age of surface asphalt layer (years). This is used in the calculation of temperature
correction. Age less than 1 year is entered as 0 years. Age between 1 and 2 years is entered
as 1 year. Age 2 years or more is entered as >1 years.
Time of data collection (HH:MM). This is used in the calculation of temperature
correction. Normally the time is recorded in the FWD data file. If there is time in the data
file the time in the file is used and the value in the box Time of data collection (HH:MM)
is ignored. The computer clock should therefore be approximately correct. If there is no
time in the file the time entered in the box will be used for all points in the file.
Poisson ratio. The value used in the calculation must be the same values as was used
when the Surface modulus required was established.
When all values are entered press Analyze.
Output
In order to look at the calculated values, create a new chart with Project, New chart, place
the mouse pointer in the chart and right-click, and select Add/remove data... In the
Add/remove data window that appears you can see a number of lines starting with
FIN.
7-20
FIN means the the line represents a set of values calculated with the program FIN. The
number 1 is a number automatically added by the program in order to give each analysis a
unique name, for example if the same file is analyzed several times with different input
parameters. FWD road 108 is the name given to the set of data in the file that is analyzed.
The last part of the line is the name of the calculated variable. In order to move the variable
into the diagram, double-click on the line, or mark the line and click on the arrow in the
center part of the window.
If there are a lot of values in the list of variables that can be entered in the diagram it may
be convenient to use the View as a tree function. Click View as a tree and get another
window with the same name Add/remove data.
files, and output from the programs SUBD and FIN. (Under FWD you will find all input
data files, not just FWD files) You can also see that all boxes are empty. This is because
the chart is still empty.
Click on + for FIN and again on + plus to select analysis number 1 (in the example
picture the only one available) :
7-21
The following variables are calculated:

E: The surface modulus calculated on the measured values.
Ec: The surface modulus after correction for temperature and season.
A+: The thickness of the asphalt overlay that is needed to bring the surface modulus above
the required.
G1+: The thickness of the gravel overlay that is needed to bring the surface modulus above
the required, if the calculated gravel thickness and the predefined asphalt thickness entered
in the box Asphalt thickness over gravel overlay are put on the existing surface. This is
normally not a good strategy, because water can be trapped between two asphalt layers, but
a nominal calculation of a strengthening need.
G2+: The thickness of the gravel overlay that is needed to bring the surface modulus above
the required, if the existing asphalt is removed ant then the calculated gravel thickness and
the predefined asphalt thickness entered in the box Asphalt thickness over gravel
overlay are put on the existing base.
The diagrams on next page shows all these variables. After the calculation the road was
divided in subsections, using the program Subdivision.., with manual subdivision based on
subjective judgment, and the strengthening covering 90 % of the points was selected. The
diagram below shows how the value 90% is selected.
7-22
7-23
Application hints
When a deflection-based method is using center deflection only, it tends to underestimate
the lifetime on weak subgrade, and overestimate the life when the weak part is the top
layers. This is maybe not so big a disadvantage when FWD is the test device, since the
loading time is shorter than the loading time of trucks, and the deflection hence is smaller
than the deflection caused by trucks on very weak subgrade.
More accurate calculations can be made with methods taking all deflections into account,
but if very little is known about layer thickness the simple FIN calculation may be to
prefer.
7-24
OVER Moduli and overlay
Theory
Short description
This program calculates the E modules for the layers in a pavement, given the values for
each layer's thickness and Poisson's ratio. It does so using an iteration procedure, where
theoretical deflection values in a mathematical model are compared with the measured
data, and the program adjusts the layer modules until no further improvement is obtained.
The program then calculates the strains in the layers and works out which layer that
according to the criteria for strain allowed will fail first and how many years this will take..
Finally the program calculates the overlays required for the pavement to carry a certain
load for a certain lifetime.
Equivalent thicknesses approach
This program uses the equivalent thicknesses approach. In order to calculate the
compression of a certain layer the other layers are converted to layers with the same
modulus as the layer we are looking at, and with an equivalent thickness such that the
thickness multiplied with the modulus raised to .33 is the same for the equivalent layer as
for the original layer. The above description is an approximation of the procedure, not an
exact replica of the used formulas.
In the equivalent pavement the deflection at the top and at the bottom of the layer is
calculated according to Boussinesq, and the difference between these is the compression of
the layer. The total deflection on the surface is the sum of the deflections in all layers.
For the first calculation of theoretical deflections in the mathematical model the user's best
estimate of Poisson's ratio, modulus and thickness for each layer, so called seed values, are
used. Also the subgrade layer must have a limited thickness to an infinitely stiff bedrock
layer at the bottom. After the initial calculation another calculation with a slightly changed
modulus for layer one is made. The modulus value that gives the best agreement between
calculated and measured deflection is selected. In this way all layer moduli and the
thickness of the subgrade are changed in small steps until no further improvement can be
obtained. Poissons ratio and the thicknesses of all layers except the subgrade are kept to
their initial values.
In the final model of the pavement the strains can be calculated, again based on
Boussinesq.
Failure criteria and lifetime
It is assumed that the horizontal strain at the bottom of layer 1, the highest vertical strain in
layer 2, normally occurring at the top of the layer, and the vertical strain at the top of the
other layers are the critical strains.
7-25
It is also assumed that there is a linear relation between the logarithm of the strain and the
logarithm of the number of load repetitions to failure. Of course failure in this context is
not a sudden breaking of the pavement, and of course a certain layer does not fail while the
others remain intact, but they are all to some degree deteriorated and contributing to the
continuous decrease of riding quality of the road.
Thus the calculated strains can be compared with the strains allowed for different amounts
of traffic, and the lifetime determined. As can be understood from the above the calculation
of the lifetime does not predict a sudden failure at a certain time, but it is a formal
approximation calculation of the time until the road has deteriorated to such state that it
should be rehabilitated.
If this time is smaller than the requested, an asphalt overlay is applied in steps of 1 cm,
until the calculated lifetime is at least equal to the requested.
Notice that there is a relation between strain allowed and temperature in asphalt layers. The
strain allowed must be the strain allowed at the specified reference temperature.
The default values which are shown in this manual and in the program when it is delivered,
are our best estimates for unbound gravel, unstabilized soil and base course type asphalt,
and if nothing else is known these values are recommended, although it goes beyond the
scope of this manual to make recommendations about criteria for specific cases.
An asphalt layer with high modulus, high viscosity of the binder and low binder content
may require a lower value. An asphalt with low modulus and low binder viscosity may last
with a higher strain value. For example, the Swedish regulations allows substantially
higher strains in the typical Swedish asphalt base course.
Temperature
Roads with high traffic often have thick asphalt layers, and then the temperature is an
important parameter. The moduli are calculated at the conditions that prevail during the
measurement. Then the modulus of the asphalt layer is converted to modulus at a reference
temperature, and the strains are calculated at this temperature.
The FWD reads the air temperature, and in most cases also the pavement surface
temperature. The temperature that should be used is however the average interior
temperature in the asphalt layer. The temperature correction formula in the program is an
exponential function, such that the modulus is multiplied by 2 for a 7.5 degrees decrease in
temperature.
Sometimes the air and surface temperatures are fairly good indicators of the internal
temperature. This is especially when it is raining, windy and little variation over time. For
such circumstances the program allows the operator to choose between air temperature,
surface temperature and the average of the two as input for the calculation. The choice
must be done based on experience from the local conditions.
Under other conditions, strong sun and clear sky, there may be a large differences between
the three temperatures. In this case it is strongly advised to measure the temperature in
drilled holes in the pavement, about every second hour, sometimes more often. In that case
the interior temperature must be entered in the measurement file. In new versions of the
FWD this is done during the measurement with the menu choice Add Mix temperature
7-26
reading. For older files or files made with older FWDs, the mix temperature can be
entered in the place of surface temperature or air temperature, or as temperature lines with
the same format as made by new programs, for example using NOTEPAD. See appendix A
for a format description.
Preparations before starting OVER

there are known differences in input parameters along the road, such as different thickness
of bituminous layers. Thickness difference of 2 cm or less is normally not significant.
Input
This dialog is accessed by clicking Analysis, OVER Moduli and Overlay...
7-27
In the upper part it is selected if there shall be different input values for different
subsections, or the same values for all sections.
Thereunder it is selected if temperature correction shall be done or not, and which

temperature to use. Normally temperature correction should be used, and normally mix
temperature measured in drilled holes in the asphalt is to prefer.
The reference temperature is the temperature at which the overlay design is made. Notice
that there is a relation between temperature and modulus of he asphalt, and also a relation
between temperature and strain allowed.
The amount of traffic is also input here, expressed as the number of equivalent standard
axle loads per day and an annual increase.
The low part defines the existing pavement structure, the size of the standard load that
correspond to the number of standard axles and the properties of the overlay that may be
needed.
A number of default pavement structures are saved in the file OVERMODS.DEF, which is
described later in this chapter. As soon as a project is created, these structures are imported
into the project. OVERMODS.DEF can be edited by the used for creation of more and/or
other standard structures. Additional structures can be created within a project, and saved
for later use within the project by clicking Save structure.
The following parameters are found in the file:
The E modulus of the asphalt overlay that is to be applied (MPa).
The Poisson ratio value for the asphalt overlay that is to be applied.
7-28
A table defining the pavement structure. The table is described more in detail later
in this chapter. All the values on the screen can be changed.
It can also be selected if the subgrade shall be treated as linear or nonlinear. It is

recommended that the subgrade is treated as linear when the exponent i positive.
Note: Even if the trains may be more accurately calculated with a nonlinear
approach, the design may be less accurate if criteria developed with linear analysis
are used together with nonlinear analysis.
Output
In order to look at the output values, create a new chart with Project, New chart, place the
mouse pointer in the chart and right-click, and select Add/remove data... In the
Add/remove data window that appears click View as a tree and get another window
with the same name Add/remove data.
7-29
Click on the + close to the program name OVER, and you can see which calculations that
were made with OVER. In this examples the data set FWD T50 was analyzed twice.
Click on a + to select a data set, and you get the window where you can select the output
variables to display by .ticking the square boxes.
7-30
The variables available are

E0: E modulus of layer 1, at the temperature of the measurement, calculated value.
E corr: E modulus of layer 1, after temperature correction, calculated value.
Emod2: E modulus of layer 2, calculated value (if there are more than 2 layers)..
Emod3: E modulus of layer 3, calculated value (if there are more than 3 layers).
Emod4: E modulus of layer 4, calculated value (if there are more than 4 layers).
Esub: the E modulus of the subgrade, calculated value.
Hasf: the thickness of the asphalt layer, before overlay, user input.
H5app: the thickness of the subgrade that gives the best fit in the iteration, calculated
value.
Critical layer: critical layer, the layer with the shortest lifetime.
A overlay: the overlay necessary to reach the requested life time, calculated value.
Lifetime: Life time for the existing structure, calculated value.
RMSdev: the RMS of the deviation between calculated and measured deflections,
calculated value.
AHSTRAIN, VSTRAIN(2), VSTRAIN(3) and SUBSTRAIN are parameters to be used
as inputs in the program KAASH2002.
In this example the boxes for E0 and Ecorr were ticked, and we get the following diagram
You may then for example want to change the diagram name. Right click, select Format
chart and type the new name in the box., or make other diagram manipulations, as
described elsewhere in the manual.
7-31
Layer Structure Definitions File, OVERMODS.DEF

This file (OVERMODS.DEF) contains values defining different types of road structures.
The file can contain many different structures. The user can create sets of values that
matches the actual structures he is working with. The file itself contains a description and
examples of what the values refer to.
File Description
A line starting with is a comment line and can be written in any format. In the beginning
of the file any number of comment lines can be written. Blank lines are ignored. Other
lined are read by the program, and must be exactly in the same format as the example.
The following is an example of the format and contents of one set of values. The bold text
shows the values that are read by the program.
default=KERROSTEN LKM4
[KUAB STANDARD]
any number of comment lines here. Elsewhere the file format must
follow this example. Ie. 2 title lines after number of layers, and 4
comment lines/ title lines before the next values.
4
Layer Thickness Poisson Emax
Emin
Eseed Reference Kexponent"
#
cm
ratio
MPa
MPa
MPa microStrain
1
10
.35
8000
2000
4000
195
5.62
2
30
.35
600
200
350
885
4.00
3
50
.35
500
150
250
885
4.00
4
500
.45
500
20
885
4.00
"overlay values"
"asphalt E
Asphalt Poisson
Gravel E Gravel Poisson"
Mpa
Ratio
Mpa
Ratio"
4000
.35
35
.35
default=KERROSTEN LKM4 This line appear only once in the file. I tells the program
which of the sets to read if not specified elsewhere.
[KUAB STANDARD] The name of the layer structure. This needs to be inside the square
brackets [].
7-32
4 This is the number of layers in the structure. This must agree with the number of layers
in the table below this figure. This figure does not appear on the screen where the other
values can be changed.
Layer Layer #1 is the layer at the top, etc
Thickness This is the thickness of the layer in cm. The thickness of the subgrade is often
not known. In that case 300 cm can be a reasonable value to enter.
Poisson Ratio The Poisson ratio for the layer.
Emax The maximum possible value of E modulus that the layer might have, at reference
temperature. If the modulus reaches this value in the iteration process it is not further
increased.
Emin The minimum possible value of E modulus that the layer might have, at reference
deceased.
Eseed The most likely value of E modulus that the layer will have. The program starts off
with this value and then moves away from it during the iteration process to the calculated
value. If the value for the bottom layer is 0 the program calculates the seed value. If there
is a number that number will be used. The - sign on the bottom line is translated by the
program to 0.
Reference strain The value of the strain (in microstrain) that will produce excessive
damage after one million loads.
Kexponent The exponent factor in the equation relating strain to number of loads.
The formula relating strain and the number N of loads passing a point during its lifetime is
as follows:
N = 1.000.000 * (RefStrain/CalculatedStrain)-Kexponent
The value at 1000000 loads and the Kexponent, which relates strain to number of load
repetitions are entered, although the PCN method prescribes 10000 loads. This principle is
maintained in order to make the program more useful for non-standard applications. If the
strain allowed at 10000 repetitions is known, but not the Kexponent, the value at 10000
can be entered together with a high value on the Kexponent, such as 1000. This high value
will make the influence of the number of loads insignificant, and the strain values in the
reference strain column will be used for all numbers of load repetitions.
Overlay Values These values are the values for E modulus and Poissons ratio that are to
be used for the overlays that need to be added to strengthen the structure.
New structures
A convenient ways to add new structures to OVERMODS.DEF is to copy an existing
structure to the end of the file OVERMODS.DEF, using for example NOTEPAD, and then
edit it, including the structure name.
7-33
If two many structures are added there may be more than the program format can handle.
In that case structures can be removed with for example NOTEPAD.
New structures can also be added from the program. Change the structure in the table on
the screen, click on the Save structure button and give the structure a new name. The
structure will then be saved in the project file, but not in the general file
OVERMODS.DEF . Thus it can be retrieved within the project, but not in other projects.
7-34
OVERCALC
The inputs and outputs of this program are the same as for the program OVER, except that
OVERCALC can not use nonlinear subgrade. No additional instructions are needed.
The difference is that instead of the method of equivalent thicknesses it uses linear
elasticity theory for the calculations.
7-35
AASHTO 93 overlay
This program calculates overlay according to a method described in AASHTO Guide for
Design of Pavement Structures (hereafter referred to as the Guide). The calculation is
based on the center deflection and another deflection at a distance specified in the Guide.
Theory
This is an empirical method based on statistics from the famous AASHO Road test. The
program uses formulas from the Guide, which also contains background information and a
large amount of supporting information about overlay according to the method and about
road design in general. The Guide is about 600 pages, and we do not try to cover all
aspects of the method in our manual, but refer to the Guide.
The method is using a fairly advanced statistical concept, and we do alert the user to the
fact that the method accounts for statistical variations, such that sometimes average values
should be used in situations where the designer when using other methods normally would
apply a design value somewhere in the low end of the strength distribution (high end of
overlay distribution). It is advised that the user spends a fair amount of time studying the
Guide prior to using the method.
Preparations before starting AASHTO Overlay
there are known differences in input parameters along the road, such as traffic, thickness of
bituminous layers and total pavement thickness.
A particular parameter to consider is the subdivision process is the subgrade modulus,
which is a parameter with significant influence on the final result. In the Guide it is
mentioned that the standard deviation of this parameter is supposed to be less than 15 %.
The road should therefore preferably be divided in subsections with not much more than
15 % standard deviation. The subgrade modulus is closely related to deflections at about
0.6 m to 1.2 m distance from the load plate center. Therefore such deflection can be used
as subdivision parameter in the Subdivision program. Another approach is to perform the
calculation with one section, and then make a manual subdivision based on the subgrade
modulus calculated by the program.
7-36
Input
Choose Analysis, AASHTO Overlay to open the input box, as described elsewhere in this
manual..
The input parameter names are the same as or very similar to the names in the Guide, so
there should not be any difficulty to identify what to put in the different input boxes.
A few boxes may need some explanation:
The Temperature used for correction is the mix temperature, figures L5.4 ad L5.5 in the
guide. From the available temperatures choose the one that most resembles the mix
temperature.
The Reference temperature for calculations is 68 degrees Fahrenheit, 20 degrees
Celsius. We have included the possibility to use other temperatures for those who have
sufficient knowledge to dare to use modifications to the methods.
On some asphalt pavements, for example old pavements, the influence of temperature may
be significantly less than the correction made by the method. With TCCF the temperature
7-37
correction can be reduced. The amount of temperature correction to d0 is multiplied with

the value in this box. In the AASHTO method the number in the box shall be 1, but we
have included the possibility to use other temperatures for those who have sufficient
knowledge to dare to use modifications to the methods.
For calculation of the subgrade modulus the method uses a formula involving d0 and the
deflection at a minimum distance calculated with formulas on pages III-96 and III-97 in the
Guide. It is not explicitly specified which deflection to use if there are several deflections
available. In the box Seismo it is selected which deflection to use. If the word Auto is
written in the box the program does choose the deflection which is closest to the plate but
outside the minimum distance. If a number is written the program uses the deflection from
the sensor with that number. If several numbers are entered with a space between them, the
program will make the calculations one time for each sensor and calculate the average.
Practical experience show the variation is reduced if the calculation is based on two or
more sensors, especially on cracked pavement.
The AASHTO method is originally using imperial units (Fahrenheit, inch etc) and in order
to simplify comparisons with the numbers in the Guide it may be convenient to select
imperial units when using this program.
Output
Access the output selection window Add/remove data as described elsewhere in this
manual, and select the parameters you want to see. The variable names are so close to the
names in the Guide that there should not be any identification problems.
7-38
PCN Flexible
This program calculates the E modules for the layers in a pavement, given the values for
each layer's thickness and Poisson's ratio. It does so using an iteration procedure, where
theoretical deflection values in a mathematical model are compared with the measured
data, and the program adjusts the layer modules until no further improvement is obtained.
The program then calculates the strains in the layers and works out which layer is likely to
fail first, and how large load, expressed as PCN, it can take, given a certain number of load
passages. Finally the program calculates the overlays required for the pavement to carry a
certain load for a certain number of passages.
The pavement can be divided up into subsections, and the initial conditions (values for
layer thickness etc) can be different for each of the subsections. A maximum of five layers
can be specified.
User Input
The following data will need to be entered before the calculations can be carried out.
Temperature correction
Click the checkbox if you want to do temperature corrections to the data. In the list you can
choose which temperature to use for the correction; Surface temperature, Air temperature
or the average value of the two. You also have to enter the reference temperature to use in
the calculation.
Calculation parameters
In the next frame you can choose to have the same input values for all subsections when
using several subsections, or to enter individual values for each section.
Enter the requested PCN value for the calculation.
For number of loads you can enter either Number of loads per day, Growth and Design
lifetime and let the computer calculate the total number of loads, or you can enter the Total
number of loads directly.
Pavement structure
The program needs information about the pavement structure. The majority of values are
read from the file OVERMODS.DEF, which is described later in this chapter. All values
can be changed and saved as a new structure template by clicking Save structure. The
following parameters are found in the file:
The E modulus of the asphalt overlay that is to be applied (MPa).
The Poisson ratio value for the asphalt overlay that is to be applied.
7-39
Layer
1
2
3
4
A table defining the pavement structure. The table is described more in detail later
in this chapter. All the values on the screen can be changed. An example table of
values is given below. The bottom layer is the subgrade or embankment that the
road/airfield is built on.
Thickness
cm
10
50
50
300
Poisson
ratio
.35
.35
.35
.45
Emax
Mpa
4000
600
500
500
Emin
MPa
600
150
50
20
Eseed
Mpa
1200
270
150
0
Reference Kexponent
microstrain
330
5.62
885
4
885
4
885
4
When you are satisfied with all settings, click Analyze. Click View, Analysis results and
select the desired charts in the PCN branch of the tree. The data is described below.
Output Data File

The output file is stored in the project folder and is named xxxx_PCNF.txt where xxxx is
the name of the input data file. The following is shown in the output file:
The table head from the input file.
A selection of the input values entered by the operator.
Maximum, minimum and average temperature.
The temperature correction method selected.
A table, for each test point described below.
Statistical values for each subsection.
Posn: Position of the test point, measured value.

E: E modulus of layer 1, at the temperature of the measurement, calculated value.
Ecorr: E modulus of layer 1, after temperature correction, calculated value.
Emod2: E modulus of layer 2, calculated value.
If there is no layer 3 or 4, the table shows the modulus 0.
Esub: the E modulus of the subgrade, calculated value.
Hasf: the thickness of the asphalt layer, before overlay, user input.
7-40
H5app: the thickness of the subgrade that gives the best fit in the iteration, calculated
value.
cr: critical layer, the layer with the lowest PCN. If PCN is sufficient, the number has no
meaning, calculated value.
Aov: the overlay necessary to reach the requested PCN, calculated value.
PCN: PCN for the existing structure at reference temperature, calculated value.
RMSdev: the RMS of the deviation between calculated and measured deflections,
calculated value.
Theory and some practical advice

This is not a complete description of the theory, but a number of details of the theory that
may be worth mentioning in relation to the practical use of the program.
PCN method
In the ACN/PCN method calculations are made in a mathematical model, where each plane
is replaced by a single load that is assumed to cause the same structural damage to the
pavement as the plane does. This single load is circular with a contact pressure of 1.25
MPa and variable diameter. PCN is the number of 5000 N loads that is distributed over the
circular area when the life of the pavement is 10000 passages. For example: if the
pavement can take 10000 passages of a load with the radius 15 cm the PCN value is
0.07*1250000/5000 = 17.
Notice that the number of passages of the load is given by the method and is 10000
passages, and not related to the actual traffic on the airport. The program allows different
amount of passages to be entered, in the form of a daily traffic today, an annual growth,
and a calculation period or a total number of loads.
Equivalent thicknesses approach
This program uses the equivalent thicknesses approach. In order to calculate the
compression of a certain layer the other layers are converted to layers with the same
modulus as the layer we are looking at, and with an equivalent thickness such that the
thickness multiplied with the modulus raised to .33 is the same for the equivalent layer as
for the original layer. The above description is an approximation of the procedure, not an
exact replica of the used formulas.
In the equivalent pavement the deflection at the top and at the bottom of the layer is
calculated according to Boussinesq, and the difference between these is the compression of
the layer. The total deflection on the surface is the sum of the deflections in all layers.
For the first calculation of theoretical deflections in the mathematical model the users best
estimate of Poisson ratio, modulus and thickness for each layer, so called seed values, are
used. Also the subgrade layer must have a limited thickness to an infinitely stiff bedrock
layer at the bottom. After the initial calculation another calculation with a slightly changed
modulus for layer on is made. The modulus value that gives the best agreement between
calculated and measured deflection is selected. In this way all layer moduli and the
7-41
thickness of the subgrade are changed in small steps until no further improvement can be
obtained. Poissons ratio and the thicknesses of all layers except the subgrade are kept to
their initial values.
In the final model of the pavement the strains can be calculated, again based on
Boussinesq.
Failure criteria
It is assumed that the horizontal strain at the bottom of layer 1, the highest vertical strain in
layer 2, normally occurring at the top of the layer, and the vertical strain at the top of the
other layers are the critical strains.
These calculated strains in these positions are compared with the strains allowed, and the
highest PCN that does not cause excessive strain in any layer is calculated.
If this PCN is smaller than the requested, an asphalt overlay is applied in steps of 1 cm,
until the calculated PCN is at least equal to the requested.
Notice that the relation between strain allowed and temperature in asphalt layers. The
strain allowed must be the strain allowed at the specified reference temperature.
The default values which are shown in this manual and in the program when it is delivered,
are our best estimates for unbound gravel, unstabilized soil and base course type asphalt,
and if nothing else is known these values are recommended, although it goes beyond the
scope of this manual to make recommendations about criteria for specific cases.
An asphalt layer with high modulus, high viscosity of the binder and low binder content
may require a lower value. An asphalt with low modulus and low binder viscosity may last
with a higher strain value.
Temperature
Airfields often have thick asphalt layers, and then the temperature is an important
parameter. The moduli are calculated at the conditions that prevail during the
measurement. Then the modulus of the asphalt layer is converted to modulus at a reference
temperature, and the strains are calculated at this temperature.
The FWD reads the air temperature, and in most cases also the pavement surface
temperature. The temperature that should be used is however the average interior
temperature in the asphalt layer. The temperature correction formula in the program is an
exponential function, such that the modulus is multiplied by 2 for a 7.5 degrees decrease in
temperature.
Sometimes the air and surface temperatures are fairly good indicators of the internal
temperature. This is especially when it is raining, windy and little variation over time. For
such circumstances the program allows the operator to choose between air temperature,
surface temperature and the average of the two as input for the calculation. The choice
must be done based on experience from the local conditions.
Under other conditions, strong sun and clear sky, there may be a large differences between
the three temperatures. In this case it is strongly advised to measure the temperature in
drilled holes in the pavement, about every second hour, sometimes more often. In that case
7-42
the interior temperature must be entered in the measurement file in the place of surface
temperature or air temperature, for example using NOTEPAD.
Layer Structure Definitions File, OVERMODS.DEF

This file (OVERMODS.DEF) contains values defining different types of road structures.
The file can contain many different structures. The user can create sets of values that
matches the actual structures he is working with. The file itself contains a description and
examples of what the values refer to.
File Description
A line starting with is a comment line and can be written in any format. In the beginning
of the file any number of comment lines can be written. Blank lines are ignored. Other
lined are read by the program, and must be exactly in the same format as the example.
The following is an example of the format and contents of one set of values. The bold text
shows the values that are read by the program.
default=KERROSTEN LKM4
[KUAB STANDARD]
any number of comment lines here. Elsewhere the file format must
follow this example. Ie. 2 title lines after number of layers, and 4
comment lines/ title lines before the next values.
4
Layer Thickness Poisson Emax
Emin
Eseed Reference Kexponent"
#
cm
ratio
MPa
MPa
MPa microStrain
1
10
.35
8000
2000
4000
195
5.62
2
30
.35
600
200
350
885
4.00
3
50
.35
500
150
250
885
4.00
4
500
.45
500
20
885
4.00
"overlay values"
"asphalt E
Asphalt Poisson
Gravel E Gravel Poisson"
Mpa
Ratio
Mpa
Ratio"
4000
.35
35
.35
default=KERROSTEN LKM4 This line appear only once in the file. I tells the program
which of the sets to read if not specified elsewhere.
[KUAB STANDARD] The name of the layer structure. This needs to be inside the square
brackets [].
4 This is the number of layers in the structure. This must agree with the number of layers
in the table below this figure. This figure does not appear on the screen where the other
values can be changed.
Layer Layer #1 is the layer at the top, etc
7-43
Thickness This is the thickness of the layer in cm. The thickness of the subgrade is often
not known. In that case 300 cm can be a reasonable value to enter.
Poisson Ratio The Poisson ratio for the layer.
Emax The maximum possible value of E modulus that the layer might have, at reference
increased.
Emin The minimum possible value of E modulus that the layer might have, at reference
deceased.
Eseed The most likely value of E modulus that the layer will have. The program starts off
with this value and then moves away from it during the iteration process to the calculated
value. If the value for the bottom layer is 0 the program calculates the seed value. If there
is a number that number will be used. The - sign on the bottom line is translated by the
program to 0.
Reference strain The value of the strain (in microstrain) that will produce excessive
damage after one million loads.
Kexponent The exponent factor in the equation relating strain to number of loads.
The formula relating strain and the number N of loads passing a point during its lifetime is
as follows:
N = 1.000.000 * (RefStrain/CalculatedStrain)-Kexponent
The value at 1000000 loads and the Kexponent, which relates strain to number of load
repetitions are entered, although the PCN method prescribes 10000 loads. This principle is
maintained in order to make the program more useful for non-standard applications. If the
strain allowed at 10000 repetitions is known, but not the Kexponent, the value at 10000
can be entered together with a high value on the Kexponent, such as 1000. This high value
will make the influence of the number of loads insignificant, and the strain values in the
reference strain column will be used for all numbers of load repetitions.
Overlay Values These values are the values for E modulus and Poissons ratio that are to
be used for the overlays that need to be added to strengthen the structure.
New structures
A convenient ways to add new structures to OVERMODS.DEF is to copy an existing
structure to the end of the file OVERMODS.DEF, using for example NOTEPAD, and then
edit it, including the structure name.
If two many structures are added there may be more than the program format can handle.
In that case structures can be removed with for example NOTEPAD.
New structures can also be added from the program. Change the structure in the table on
the screen, click on the Save structure button and give the structure a new name. The
structure will then be saved in the project file, but not in the general file
OVERMODS.DEF . Thus it can be retrieved within the project, but not in other projects.
7-44
PCN Rigid
This program uses the AREA concept to calculate k-value and slab thickness or modulus,
and applies conventional formulas for stress in PCC slabs to calculate how large load with
the in the PCN method specified contact pressure that can be applied without exceeding the
stress allowed in the PCC.
If the calculated PCN is smaller than a requested PCN it also calculates the PCC thickness
that would be required.
This program calculates the k-value of the support for a concrete slab. The slab thickness
or modulus is given as input, and the other is calculated.
Test location
This program is mainly intended for a straightforward analytical analysis of PCC
pavements according to Westergaards equations. This means that the pavement should be
in reasonably good condition, essentially without cracks, and have the same k value under
the entire slab, including edges and corners. When this is not the case more engineering
judgment may be needed about how to use the program, and perhaps also other
calculations may be needed.
Measurements should be made in the middle of the slabs, on the edges and on the corners.
If the pavement is in good condition the majority of the measurements can be made mid
slab, but if there are cracks and bad joints it may be important to measure in such places,
although they may be difficult to analyze. Put mid slab measurement, edge measurement
and corner measurement in different files.
Deflection transfer over joints

Analyze the edge and corner measurements with the program Transfer (Deflection
transfer over joints) to determine the joint efficiency, normally as ratio between the
deflection 300 mm from load center and the center deflection, with the sensors on different
sides of the joint.
User input
Enter Poisson Ratio of the concrete, normally about 0.15.
Enter the deflection transfer over joints, expressed as a percentage, e.g. 90.
7-45
Enter the PCN requested, e.g.

75.
Enter the distance between joints, e.g. 6. If the plate is rectangular, enter the longest
distance.
Enter the temperature difference between top and bottom of the concrete, e.g. 20.
Enter the maximum difference that will be encountered, not the value at the time of
the measurement. The program does not calculate the stress from shrinking and
general temperature decrease. These two missing contributions to the stresses can
be compensated for by a slight exaggeration of the temperature difference between
top and bottom.
You can select whether to calculate the modulus from a given thickness or the
reverse. The program can calculate only one of these two variables. The other must
be given as input by the user: Enter thickness (cm) or modulus (MPa).
Enter the flexural stress allowed, in kgf/cm2, e.g. 27, 27, 27. The first is the stress
allowed in the center, the second at an edge and the third in a corner. If you want to
calculate PCN for one of these cases, put a high number for the others.
When you are satisfied with all settings, click Analyze. Click View, Analysis results and
select the desired charts in the PCNR branch of the tree.
Output Data File

The output file is stored in the project folder is named xxxx_PCNR.txt where xxxx is the
name of the input data file. The following is shown in the output file:
The table head from the input file.
A selection of the input values entered by the operator.
Maximum, minimum and average temperature.
A table, for each test point described below.
Statistical values for each subsection.
Position: Position of the test point, measured value.

AREA (inch) Based on sensors in 0, 300, 600 and 900 mm distance from load center.
RRS Radius of relative stiffness
k-value (kgf/cm3)
Thick Slab thickness, cm.
Emod Slab modulus, MPa.
7-46
PCN is the PCN value that does not induce stresses higher than those allowed.
Thick+ is the additional concrete thickness that would have been needed for the requested
PCN. Notice that this is not a suggested overlay, because the calculated additional
thickness may not be possible to add and make to work together with the old concrete for
various reasons.
Calculation of PCN
First 500 kgf is applied on a circular area with contact pressure 1.25 MPa, and the stresses
are calculated with Westergaard's formulas. The stresses are compared with the stresses
allowed. If the calculated stress is smaller than the allowed, PCN is set to 1. Then the load
is increased to 1000 kgf, and if the calculated stress still is smaller than the allowed PCN is
set to 2, etc, until the calculated stress is larger than the allowed.
If PCN is smaller than requested, the concrete is made thicker is steps of 0.5 cm and the
iteration goes on until the slab is thick enough to carry the requested load. The new
concrete is assumed to have the same modulus as the old.
A Warning
The calculation is quite sensitive to errors in concrete thickness. It is recommended to
make modulus tests on concrete specimens, and use the program in both possible ways,
with modulus as input and with thickness as input.
7-47
PCN Composite
This method is not implemented yet.
7-48
Joint transfer
Theory
If a joint in a PCC pavement is in perfect condition the deflections on each side of the joint
are close to being the same. In this case the slab adjacent to the loaded slab will help to
bear the load. If there is just an open space between adjacent slabs the one that is not
loaded will not help to bear the load. In this case there is normally a big difference in
deflection when the two sides of the joint are compared. A more descriptive name of this
program would be Deflection transfer over joints.
The simple theory of the program Joint transfer is just to calculate the ratio between two
deflections that are measured close to a joint, on each side of the joint, and look at the ratio
as a rough measure of the quality of the joint.
He same reasoning can be applied not only to joints, but also to cracks in PCC pavement
and flexible pavement.
The ratio between two deflections ca also be seen as a rough measure of pavement quality,
even if there is no joint or crack between the points where the deflections were measured,
since a steep deflection bowl, i.e for example a small value on d200/d0, is a general
indicator of weak pavement.
Preparations before starting Joint transfer

Input
This dialog is accessed by clicking Analysis, Joint transfer...
7-49
Two ratios are calculated. The inputs are sensor numbers. The ratio between the
deflections measured by the two sensors in the first pair and the ratio between the
deflections measured by the two sensors in the second pair are calculated, with the
deflection of the sensor in the upper input box as numerator.
Output
The output from the program is the two ratios. The ratio of the first pair is called Ratio A
and the second Ratio B.
files, and output from the programs SUBD and from Joint transfer, here abbreviated to
Transfer. (Under FWD you will find all input data files, not just FWD files) You can also
see that all boxes are empty. This is because the chart is still empty.
7-50
Click on + for Transfer and again on + plus to select analysis number 1 (in the example
picture the only one available) and tick the square box of the ratio you want to see.:
You will get a new chart with the selected data, and you can rename and other wise
manipulate the chart in the same way as described elsewhere in the manual.
Application hints
In the measurement proceeding the use of this program on jointed PCC pavement the most
common procedure is to place the load plate near the edge of the slab with the 300 mm
sensor on the other side, and then use d300/d0 as a measure of joint quality. One may have
theoretical objections to this practice, one reason being that due to a cantilever effect the
deflection at the joint may be bigger than the deflection under the plate, but still the above
procedure is the most widespread.
7-51
One particular problem that can be studied with the calculated ratios is the risk for
reflexion cracking when a jointed or cracked pavement is overlaid. Obviously there is more
risk for quick development of reflexion cracks if there is a big difference in deflection on
the two sides of a joint or crack..
7-52
Pack
Theory
When an unbound material is compacted the modulus is increasing. Therefore the
deflection and the surface modulus can be used as indicators of the degree of compaction.
This program calculates the surface modulus and displays the calculated surface modulus
together with a reference value.
The surface modulus is calculated with the formula
E0(0) = 2 * (1 - v ^ 2) * p * a / d0
where
When the FWD is testing the impact is normally increasing the degree of compaction. The
deflection is therefore normally decreasing when several drops are applied in the same
point. The decrease may be less than 1% on a well compacted surface, such as a road that
has been under traffic for o couple of years, and more than 50% on a not so well
compacted unbound material. Therefore the ratio of the deflections of two impacts, and
consequently the ratio between the surface moduli, can be used as an indicator of the
degree of compaction. This program calculates the ratio between the surface moduli of two
impacts displays the ratio together with a reference value.
This method of compaction control is since long time used with static plate loading.
Preparations before starting Pack
7-53
Input
This dialog is accessed by clicking Analysis, Pack...
Poisson's ratio is entered in the upper left entry box.

The correction factor in the entry box below Poisson's ratio can be used to convert to
surface modulus values that could be expected with another test method, if criteria for such
method and correlation between such method and FWD are known.
In the next two boxes the drops to be used are entered.
On the right side are the reference values for surface modulus and ratio.
Output
The outputs from the program are the modulus, the ratio and the reference values.
7-54
Click on + for Pack and again on + plus to select analysis number 1 (in the example
picture the only one available) and tick the square boxes of the parameters you want to see.
Notice that you can not place the ratio and the modulus in the same chart, because of the
difference in the values. The ratio is normally between 0.3 and 1, and the moduli are
normally a few hundred MPa.
Application hints
It may be suitable to mimic the old procedure from the static plate loading method, i.e.
make one settlement drop with about 10 kN which is not used in the calculations, and then
take the ratio between two drops with about 50 kN peak load.
7-55
Rad
Theory
When the pavement is loaded by a wheel or the plate of the FWD the surface layer is bent.
Especially if the surface layer is bound, such as a bituminous hot mix layer or a PCC slab,
the radius of curvature of the bent surface is a good indicator of the expected lifetime
before it starts to crack.
The radius is calculated with a mathematical function passing through two deflection
values d0 and dx. The formula
R = x ^ 2 / 2 / (dx/d0)/(d0 dx)
R is the radius of curvature of the pavement surface
d0 is the deflection in the center of the load
dx is the deflection at the distance x from load center
Three values are calculated, with x = 200 mm, x = 300 mm and x = 450 mm.
Preparations before starting Pack

Input
This dialog is accessed by clicking Analysis, Rad...
7-56
The only input is the nominal load. The impact to be used was selected in the program
Subdivision,and Pack normalizes the values to the entered nominal load, assuming linear
conditions.
After entering the nominal load press Analyze.
Output
The outputs from the program are the three radii.
Click on + for Rad and again on + plus to select analysis number 1 (in the example
picture the only one available) and tick the square boxes of the radii you want to see.
7-57
Sur
Theory
The surface modulus is mostly calculated for the center deflection only, with the formula
E0(0) = 2 * (1 - v ^ 2) * p * a / d0
where
It can however also be calculated for all deflection sensors. The definition is then that the
surface modulus of a specific sensor is the modulus of a homogeneous isotropic linearly
elastic half space, that would obtain the same deflection as the deflection measured.
7-58
RIGID axle load

This programs calculates the k-value of the ground under a concrete slab, and one of the
parameters concrete slab thickness and concrete slab modulus. These values are use in a
calculation of how big axle load the slab can take without cracking, and how thick the plate
should have been in order to be able to take a certain load without cracking.
Theory
Regression formulas developed at the University of Illinois are used to calculate subgrade
support k-value and the radius of relative stiffness (RRS) of the slab, using the so called
AREA concept, with the following formulas:
area = (6 / d0) * (d0 + 2 * d300 + 2 * d600 + 900)
RRS = (Log((36 - area) / 1812.279) / -2.55934) ^ 4.387009
k = ((125 * P) / (d0 * RRS ^2) * (1.0016 - 0.0472 * (a / RRS) - 0.2728 * (a/ RRS) ^ 2)
a is plate radius and P is the applied load. The formulas are using imperial units.
Now the stiffness of the plate is known, but this stiffness can come from an infinite number
of combination of modulus and thickness. Either the thickness or the modulus of the
concrete must be known, and then the other can be calculated.
When k-value and PCC slab properties are known the stress in the slab for various loads
can be calculated with Burmeister theory. The program applies a circular load with the
contact pressure 0.707 kgf/cm2, and calculates how big load that can be applied without
exceeding stress criteria in the concrete, and then also calculates how thick the slab should
have been to accommodate a certain load. The load is applied in three positions: center
slab, edge and corner.
A temperature difference between the top and bottom of the slab will introduce significant
stress in the slab, since it by gravity is prevented form bending in relation to the expansion
on the high temperature side in relation to the low temperature side. This stress is added to
the stress caused by traffic.
Preparations before starting RIGID axle load

Run Subdivision...
7-59
Run Joint transfer.., since the deflection ratio over joints is an input in Rigid axle load...
Input
This dialog is accessed by clicking Analysis, Rigid axle load...
You can now select to use the same or different values for different subsections by
unclicking or clicking the Same values for all subsections box.
Poisson's ratio is the value for the PCC. Requested axle load (in the above picture
Requested PCN), i.e. twice the wheel load, must in this program be expressed in metric
tons (1 metric ton = 1000 kgf = 9810 N). The Joint Transfer Ratio is calculated with
Joint transfer..
Joint distance is the longer side of a rectangular slab.
Slab temperature difference is the temperature difference between top and bottom of the
slab under design conditions (irrespective of the conditions during the FWD measurement).
Either Slab thickness or Slab E-modulus shall be entered.
7-60
There are three values for Stress allowed in PCC. Theoretically they should be the same,
but the existence of three values does give the opportunity to use a load in a specific point
as design load, by putting the allowed stresses for the other locations high. In real roads (as
opposed to mathematical models) it seems that cracking close to corners occur more often
than mid-slab cracking, even if theory does predict the opposite. In order to compensate for
this different allowed stresses can be used.
When input is completed, Analyze.
Output
Access the output selection window Add/remove data as described elsewhere in this
manual, and select the parameters you want to see.
(In the above picture PCNR should say RIGID and PCN should say Axle load (ton).
The output variables are:
Area (inch) Based on sensors in 0, 300, 600 and 900 mm distance from load center. This is
an intermediate result in the calculation that may be of interest to the more advanced user.
RRS Radius of relative stiffness. This is an intermediate result in the calculation that may
be of interest to the more advanced user.
k (kgf/cm3)
7-61
Thick Slab thickness, cm.

Emod Slab modulus, MPa.
Axle load (ton) The highest axle load that does not induce stresses higher than those
allowed.
Thick+ is the additional concrete thickness that would have been needed for the requested
axle load. Notice that this is not a suggested overlay, because the calculated additional
thickness may not be possible to add and make to work together with the old concrete for
various reasons.
Application hints
Test location
This program is mainly intended for a straightforward analytical analysis of PCC
pavements according to Westergaards equations. This means that the pavement should be
in reasonably good condition, essentially without cracks, and have the same k value under
the entire slab, including edges and corners. When this is not the case more engineering
judgment may be needed about how to use the program, and perhaps also other
calculations may be needed.
The program uses measurements made in the middle of the slabs and on the on the edges.
If the pavement is in good condition the majority of the measurements can be made mid
slab, but if there are cracks and bad joints it may be important to measure in such places,
although they may be difficult to analyze. Put mid slab measurement, edge measurement
and corner measurement in different files.
A Warning
The calculation is quite sensitive to errors in concrete thickness. It is recommended to
make modulus tests on concrete specimens, and use the program in both possible ways,
with modulus as input and with thickness as input.
7-62
LCCA module
The LCCA (Life Cycle Cost Analysis) module, is a simple module for calculating the
present value of future expenses. The program calculates the sum of a number of
rehabilitation actions to be done a specific year at a specific interest rate. To determine the
present value of one action the following formula is used:
PV = At * 1 / (1 + d)^t
Where
PV = Present Value
At = Amount of one-time cost at a time t
d = Real Discount Rate
t = Time in years
On the General Input tab, the rehabilitation actions are defined. The actions are program
specific, therefore they can be used in any project. Using the buttons Add action, Edit
action and Remove action you can manipulate the rehabilitation actions. The interest rate
is also defined in this dialog. These general settings are stored in the file lcca.ini in the
PVD folder.
7-63
On the Project input/output tab you can create strategies containing several actions and
compare the total cost for each strategy. You can create a new strategy by clicking New
strategy. In the Actions frame you can select action, enter Year and click Add to strategy.
The actions are added to the Strategy actions table and the sum of all actions in the
current strategy is shown in the Strategies table.
7-64
FEM
This module uses the program Illipave 2005. The screens are reexplaining.
Enter Wheel Load Data and Layer Properties.

For Mesh Generation and Execution details default settings can be used.
When all data are entered the Save File box becomes active. Saving activates the Perform
Analysis box.
Notice that the computer must be set to . as decimal separator, and that the program is
working with Imperial units (inch etc).
7-65
BAKFAA and COMFAA

These are exactly the programs from FAA. All necessary information is available on FAA
homepage.
7-66
KAASH2002
This program calculates how ruts, cracked area and IRI develop over time according to the
principles outlined in the AASHTO MEPDG, often referred to as AASHTO 2002
guidelines. For each parameter the time until a performance criteria is exceeded is
calculated, and the time for next rehabilitation can be calculated and used in the LCCA
module.
The manual for this program is delayed and will be delivered within short. The program is
not yest completely debugged, so it is recommended that it is not used for real projects
until the next version of the program and the manual is delivered.
7-67
Chapter 8: Glossary
Camera position - The position of the camera when taking photos or filming a video of
the road. In the manual called the chainage or length, i.e. a position in the roads
longitudinal direction.
FWD - Falling Weight Deflectometer. In this manual FWD also appears as folder names
for FWD measuring data files.
GPR - Ground Penetrating Radar.
IRI - International Roughness Index, a standardized index for the road surfaces
longitudinal roughness.
Layer boundary - Boundary between different materials in or below a road
superstructure.
Length per page - The length of the road section in a longitudinal profile printed on a
paper.
Limit curves - Sieve limit data taken from SNRA ATB VG. The curves show the
requirements for the gradation of road construction materials.
Longitudinal profile - Graphical illustration where a numeric value or an occurrence is
showed with the chainage along the horizontal axis.
Main menu - The top left menu that is showed directly when starting the program.
Normalize - You can show the deflections directly from a FWD file or show the
normalized deflection values. Normally you normalize to 50 kN (5100 kgf), but the
operator can freely choose other values. Normalization means that the deflection is
calculated to a value corresponding to the expected deflection at the normalizing load,
assuming a linear relation between load and deflection.
Point occurrence - An occurrence that has a value in a single position, in opposite to
section occurrence.
Position marker - A cross on the map and a vertical red dotted line across all longitudinal
profiles.
Processed data - Collected data that has been processed in some sort of calculation, e.g. an
average value.
Program window - The main window that appears when starting the program.
PVD - KUAB Road data presentation and analysis program.
8-1
Raw data - Unprocessed data from some sort of measurement.

Section occurrence - An occurrence that has a length in the roads longitudinal direction,
e.g. an average value of the rut depth over a 20 m section.
Size on paper - This phrase refers to how much space a chart will occupy on a paper.
Transverse profile - The chart where transverse data is shown.
Video - The program can show either a series of still images or a motion picture video
synchronized with the other data. Sometimes the still images are referred as video in this
manual.
Video window - The area where the still images or video is shown.
8-2
Appendix A: File format
This appendix describes in detail the requirements of the input data.
Input file folders

The files to present should be placed in the following folder structure:
Several sets of data of the same type

When having two or more set of data of the same type, e.g. rut-depth measurement results
from the same section but different years, the data should be placed in different files if you
want to show them in different colors. Another example is FWD measurement in different
tracks.
A-1
Maps
The maps are created using KUAB Map Creator.
Three files should be copied to the Map folder: xxxx.txt, xxxx.jpg and xxxx.jgw, where xxxx
could be any name, same or different for the three files.
GPR
The file extension should be .txt
A file should be a Unicode file or an ASCII file with character set Latin1 (ISO 8859-1).
The file should not be tab delimited. Data is read on the basis of row and column. In some
cases the character following a space is read. Thus, no additional characters may occur
between the data to be read.
IGPR
: 1000 MHz
This row is mandatory and should be the first row in the data file. The colon shall be in
position 19. After the colon there shall be a space followed by the antenna frequency. The
frequency unit can be selected by the user.
HEquipment
HProvider
HEdited
HEditor
:
:
:
:
GSSI, air-coupled
RVA
2002 02 20
Olle Tholn
These lines are non-mandatory and can be added after the first row in the file. The program
can read and present the first four H rows if they exist. Additional H rows will be ignored.
There must be a : in position 19 on the row. The text between the H and the : and after the :
is selected by the user. If there are more than about 100 characters after the : the end of the
line may not be shown by PVD. Empty lines before, after and between H lines are ignored.
A header line, defining the contents of the file, follows..
Chainage
Subbase
Accuracy
Culvert
Accuracy
Terrace
Accuracy
should stand in the first 8 positions, followed by 7 spaces. Within next 10

positions is the name of a layer or occurrence. If the name refers to a layer, it is the layer
above the boundary that it refers to. If the name refers to a culvert or a block, it is the
distance to the top surface of the occurrence. In the following 8 positions is the word
Accuracy followed by a space. Within the next 10 positions is the name of another
Chainage
A-2
occurrence followed by the word Accuracy and a space, etc. for an arbitrary number of
occurrences.
This is an example of some input lines:
Chainage
11195
11200
11205
11210
11215
12230
Subbase
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Accuracy
0
0
0
0
0
0
Culvert
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.6400
0.0000
0.0000
Accuracy
0
0
0
4
0
0
Terrace
0.3158
0.3158
0.2707
0.3384
0.2707
0.2331
Accuracy
101
1
2
2
1
201
In the column Chainage is the position value, right-justified.

In the next column is the depth below the surface in meters. This number can have up to
four decimals and the decimal point in position 19 on the line. If the header is not Culvert
or Block the number is assumed to be the distance from the pavement surface to the layer
boundary under the layer in the header. If the occurrence does not exist for the position, the
value should be 0. For culverts and blocks the number is the distance from the pavement
surface to the top of the culvert/block.
The third column is a code. In position 31 is a number. If it is a 0, the occurrence is not
present. If the number is 1, 2 or 3, it shows how distinct a layer boundary is. 1 is less
distinct, 3 is very distinct.
Normally the samples for the layer boundaries are so frequent that you can interpolate
linearly between them. The beginning of an occurrence like this is marked 10 in the two
positions before the distinction value, and the end of the occurrence is marked 20.
If the number in position 31 is a 4, it means that a culvert was discovered in the GPR
analysis, and 5 means a block. In these cases, the header for the column should be Culvert
or Block respectively. A combination of the beginning and end values and the block value
5 (i.e. 105 and 205) means a section with a lot of blocks.
A-3
KUAB FWD
The file extension should be .txt or .fwd.
The file format should be Unicode or ASCII with character set Latin1 (ISO 8859-1). The
file should not be tab delimited. Data is read on the basis of row and column. In some cases
the character following a space is read. Thus, no additional characters may occur between
the data to be read.
Below is an example of a typical KUAB FWD data file.
IKUAB FWD FILE
HEquipment
HProvider
HEdited
HEditor
HRegion
HRoad
HAJunction
HChainage
HBJunction
HObject
HTransv. position
HDirection
HPositioning
HSurface
HOperator
HFWD serial no
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
YE14A
KUAB 50
VV Konsult
2014-10-14
Olle Tholn
Y
E14
1771A12.02
18453
1771A20
Matfors-Stde
Shoulder
W
vdb
ACC
Erland Sjlund
FWD913
IDate
ILoad Mode
IPlate radius
IExtra Field Set
IDrop Sequence
INo of drops
IRecord Drop?
IDrop Height
IImpact Load
ISensor Number
ISensor Distance
ISensor Position
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
2014-09-14
1
(2+2 buffers)
15.0
(cm)
STANDARD
333
111
NYY
1
2
3
4
26.0 38.0 50.0 68.0 kN
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.0
20.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
90.0 120.0 (cm)
CENTER BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND
IReference Offset :
ITestpoint spacing:
0 m
50 m
JDistance Imp Load

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6 Air Pave
Time
J
m Num
kN
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
C
C
J-------- --- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -------C Comment at 0 m Time: 11:18:29 :Starting westbound
T Mix temperature at 0 m, depth 4 cm :15.2 Time: 11:19:33
T Mix temperature at 0 m, depth 8 cm :14.2 Time: 11:19:40
D
0
2 51.4 281 215 177 129
98
61
44
13
8 11:30:22
D
0
3 51.4 280 215 175 129
98
62
45
13
8 11:30:32
D
50
2 51.2 226 185 162 120
87
45
24
14
9 11:32:05
A-4
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
50
100
100
151
151
200
200
250
250
300
300
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
52.1
51.6
51.8
51.3
51.7
51.3
51.7
50.5
50.8
50.5
50.7
BWeather
BNew pavement?
BComment
BComment
BBJunction
224
325
322
329
323
318
315
480
476
663
648
187
241
240
252
249
241
239
436
430
533
524
162
194
194
200
196
200
197
404
401
449
440
121
141
140
137
137
144
144
348
343
337
333
87
103
103
98
98
106
106
298
296
255
255
45
55
56
63
65
65
65
215
214
152
152
23
31
32
46
50
48
48
159
159
104
104
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11:32:15
11:33:21
11:33:31
11:34:41
11:34:51
11:36:13
11:36:23
11:38:47
11:38:59
11:40:16
11:40:27
: cloudy
: no
:
:
:
The file starts with one mandatory identifier line.

IKUAB FWD FILE
This identifies the file as a KUAB FWD file. Additional information can be entered to the
right of the colon.
HEquipment
HProvider
HEdited
HEditor
:
:
:
:
KUAB 50
VV Konsult
2014-10-14
Olle Tholn
These are non-mandatory header lines and can be added after the first row in the file. The
program can read and present the first four H rows if they exist. Additional H rows will be
ignored. There must be a : between the header name and the header information. The text
between the H and the : and after the : is selected by the user. If there are more than about
100 characters after the : the end of the line may not be shown by PVD. Empty lines
before, after and between H lines are ignored.
IDate
: 2014-09-14
Date of the file creation. Must be in the format YYYY-MM-DD.

ILoad Mode
IPlate radius
: 1
: 15.0
(2+2 buffers)
(cm)
Information on the load configuration. Load Mode is just an index number with some
additional information regarding the weight assembly. The load plate radius should be
specified with its unit. Valid units are (cm) and (in).
IExtra Field Set
: STANDARD
Non-mandatory information on the current data column setup.

IDrop Sequence
INo of drops
IRecord Drop?
: 333
: 111
: NYY
The drop sequence configuration. First row shows the height number(s) in use. The second
row shows the number of drops from that height. The third row shows whether the drop is
saved or not. This example will perform three drops from height 3 and save the last two of
them. This information should match the D rows described later.
IDrop Height
IImpact Load
:
:
1
26.0
2
38.0
3
50.0
4
68.0 kN
A-5
Shows the nominal load for each drop height separated by one or more spaces. The unit
should be specified at the end of the second row. Valid units are kgf, lbf, kN and kip.
ISensor Number
ISensor Distance
ISensor Position
:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
:
0.0
20.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
90.0 120.0 (cm)
: CENTER BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND
This is mandatory information regarding the deflection sensors. The columns are separated
by one or more spaces. The number of sensors, distance and positions vary depending on
the FWD setup. The sensor distance unit should be specified within parenthesis after one
or more additional space on the second row. Valid units are (cm) and (in). Valid positions
in relation to the load plate are CENTER, BEHIND, FRONT, LEFT, RIGHT and ??????,
where the last one is used for disabled sensors. If a sensor is disabled, its data column is
omitted.
IReference Offset :
ITestpoint spacing:
0 m
50 m
Information on the DMI setup. Not used in the software.

JDistance Imp Load
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6 Air Pave
Time
J
m Num
kN
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
C
C
J-------- --- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --------
The column headers are mandatory information and must look like above, with following
exceptions:
The dashes (-) shows the width of each column. The column widths are arbitrary.
All data should be fitted within these columns.
The number of sensors can vary. To determine the sensor positions, the sensor
number in the J row is matched with the number in the I row.
The program accepts signs for micrometer and degrees used in older versions of
KUAB FWD files.
The time column can be omitted if no mix temperature rows are present (see
below).
The pavement temperature can be omitted.
Comment at 0 m
Time: 11:18:29 :Starting westbound
Rows starting with C are comment lines and will be ignored in the program.
D
51.4
281
215
177
129
98
61
44
13
8 11:30:22
Rows starting with D contains the main portion of the data to be presented in the program.
The first column to the right of D shows the position of the drop (chainage) in the
unit stated on the second J row. Valid units are m, km, ft, yds, mi.
The next column contains the number of the drop in the sequence. In the program
you can choose which drop to display.
The next column shows the load of the drop. Valid units are kgf, lbf, kN and kip.
The following columns are the deflections from the different sensors expressed in
the shown unit, one column per sensor. Valid units are m and mils.
Air and surface temperatures should be expressed in degrees C or F. The surface
temperature (Pave) is not mandatory.
The time format must be HH:MM:SS.
A-6
GPS coordinates for each drop can be stored in separate columns. These are not used in the
program but in other GPS related utilities. The format is NMEA standard
DDMM.MMMMM
Lat
Long
Time
----------- ----------- -------5718.24930 01334.81781 13:10:06

5718.24930 01334.81781 13:10:15
Complete GPS NMEA strings can also be stored as comments (note that the below two
lines is actually one row). These lines are not used in the program nut in other GPS related
utilities.
C Comment at 0 m Time: 13:10:29 :
$GPGGA,111244.2,5718.24930,N,01334.81781,E,1,08,1.2,162.2,M,37.1,M,,*51
T
Mix temperature at 0 m, depth 4 cm :15.2
Time: 11:19:33
Rows starting with T contain the so called mix temperature, typically obtained from
measurement in small holes drilled in the pavement. If using T rows, a valid date and time
is needed to do temperature interpolation between the temperature points.
The program can read and display also three additional columns. The entries on the J line
must be exactly as follows:
Pave Crack Rut Comp.
Time
C
---- ----- --- ----- --------
One, two or all three of the additional columns can be present.

In the Crack column the entries 0, cr and all are displayed as 0, 1 and 2 respectively.
In the Rut column the entries 0-1, 1-3 and >3 are displayed as 0, 1 and 2 respectively
In the Comp. column the entries b, = and w are displayed as 1, 0, -1 respectively.
The B rows are bottom rows and are ignored by the program.
A-7
Surface data
A file should be a tab delimited Unicode file or ASCII file with character set Latin1 (ISO
8859-1).
The file can begin with the following non-mandatory header.
HEquipment
HProvider
HEdited
HEditor
:
:
:
:
SCC
VV Konsult
2002-03-22
Arne Gran
The program can read and present the first four H rows if they exist. Additional H rows
will be ignored. There must be a : in position 19 on the row. The text between the H and
the : and after the : is selected by the user. If there are more than about 100 characters after
the : the ed of the line may not be shown by PVD. Empty lines before, after and between H
lines are ignored.
Data can be both readable text and numeric values ordered in columns with headers above
like the following example.
Region
W
W
W
W
W
Road
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
70.00
Link order
Forward
Forward
Forward
Forward
Forward
Side
R
R
R
R
R
Lane
10
10
10
10
10
Chainage
30000
30001
30021
30041
30061
Length
1
20
20
20
20
Date
10717
10717
10717
10717
10717
Rut depth
3.5
5.0
3.3
3.1
2.3
IRI
1.87
2.80
1.28
1.32
1.96
A summary of the data is shown in the table below. Note that the some columns are
mandatory. All columns beyond these are treated as data columns and will result in a data
series in the program. Transverse profile data should have the headings as the table, while
longitudinal data can have arbitrary headers.
To present data collected at different occasions or from different sides (L/R) in different
colors, the data series have to be divided in several files. Nevertheless, the program can
handle files with longitudinal and transverse data in the same file, assuming all columns
are filled in.
Field
Region
Description
Region designation could be several
characters, e.g. AC
Road
Road number numerical value
Link order Forward, Backward text
Side
R (right) , L (left)
Lane
Chainage
10, 20, 30 (first, second, third lane from the

right etc) numeric value
Distance in meters from chainage 0 point
integer
Mandatory
X
Non-mand.
X
X
With transversal
data
X
X
A-8
Length
Date
xxxx
_1036
_1037
Length of the section that the data line

refers to integer
Date of the measurement
Arbitrary header for longitudinal data. The
data should be a numeric decimal value.
Average transverse profile value from
sensor 2 numeric decimal value
Average transverse profile value from
sensor 3 numeric decimal value
(For average transverse profile values, the
numbers 1036-1060 are used depending on
the number of sensors.)
X
X
X
X
X
The sensors' transverse positions can be stated in a tab delimited Unicode file or ASCII file
with character set Latin1 (ISO 8859-1). The name of this file should be Camerapos.txt and
it should be placed in the same folder as the surface data. The file is non-mandatory and
the program uses default values if the file doesnt exist. The distance on each line in the
file is the number of millimeters from the nearest sensor to the left. The file should look
like below.
Point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
TermID
_1036
_1037
_1038
_1039
_1040
_1041
_1042
_1043
_1044
_1045
_1046
_1047
_1048
_1049
_1050
Distance
0
300
300
110
130
110
120
230
300
300
230
120
110
130
110
300
300
The program is not able to show transverse profiles with different sensor position arrays at
the same time.
A file cannot have the same column header more than once.
A-9
Video
The video can be either a series of still images or a motion picture video.
The still images should be compressed files of the type Joint Photographic Experts Group,
JPEG. The file names should correspond to the camera position ( = chainage ) in unit
meter. The program does not assume that all images are present, but shows the closest
image within an adjustable distance, if it exists. The leading zeros are not mandatory.
000000.jpg
000010.jpg
000020.jpg
000030.jpg
000040.jpg
000050.jpg
000060.jpg
A prefix can be used in the filename if it is delimited by a point.

Front_cam.000000.jpg
Multiple image series can be shown if the additional images are put in subfolders of the
video folder.
When using a motion picture video, the video should be a compressed file of the type
.wmv, .avi or .mpg (MPEG1 or MPEG2). The video should be placed together with its
synchronization file (xxxx.sync) and meta file (xxxx.meta) in the video folder. See the
Appendix C for more details.
A-10
Test pits
A test pit file should be a Unicode file or an ASCII file with character set Latin1 (ISO
8859-1). The file should not be tab delimited. Data is read on the basis of row and column.
The file can begin with the following non-mandatory header.
HEquipment
HProvider
HEdited
HEditor
:
:
:
:
Spade
VV Konsult
2002-03-22
Sven Pers
the : the end of the line may not be shown by PVD. Empty lines before, after and between
H lines are ignored.
The data in the file should look like the following:
11325
0.12
0.22
0.81
R
AC
Base course
Subbase
SiMn
The first number is the chainage value.

On the same row, starting in position 10 is a transverse position sign, which can be R for
the right side when driving with increasing chainage, L for left side or the distance from
the center line in meters, where distances to the right are positive and distances to the left
are negative. This is followed by a line feed.
Next are the characteristics of the pit itself. The first column indicates the layers lower
boundary, counted as distance from pavement surface. The second column, starting in
position 10 indicates the material type or soil type. This can be a standardized term or an
arbitrary text. If standard terms are used, the program will automatically choose color and
pattern for the chart.
If a layer designation is not standardized, the program will ask the operator if a color
should be chosen. If a color is chosen it will be valid in the current project only.
A-11
For the pavement the following standard terms are available:

AC
Base course
New base course
Old base course
Non-approved base course
Subbase
New subbase
Old subbase
Non-approved subbase
Protection course
For subsoil and embankment the following standard terms are available:
Mn
(Till)
LeMn
(Morain clay)
Fr
(Non-cohesive soil)
Sa
(Sand)
Gr
(Gravel)
Le
(Clay)
Let
(Dry-crust clay)
Si
(Silt)
GyLe
(Clay with organic content)
T, Gy, D (Peat, organic materials)
F
(Fill)
The program can also identify composite soils, e.g. SiSaMn (Silty sandy till). In this case
the last term, in this example till, will be used to select color.
If the layer boundarys depth is unknown, the column for the layer boundary should be
empty. This is applicable for the lowest layer only.
Several test pits can be entered in the same file by separating them with one or several
additional line feeds.
A-12
Sieve data
A file may only contain one set of sieve data. The file should be a Unicode file or an
ASCII file with character set Latin1 (ISO 8859-1). The file should not be tab delimited.
Data is read on the basis of row and column.
A typical file looks like below.
HEquipment
: Sieve analyzer
HProvider
: KUAB
HEdited
: 2002-03-22
HEditor
: Olle Tholn
Z 776 AMMERN (344) - Y-LNSGR
9/295 V 2.5-30cm
DMC PROJEKTERING
01-08-28
FSTL
HRNELL
0
22.23707
70
15.42326
11.99358
18.13971
28.24923
38.30132
47.37691
55.0165
62.254
65.81531
69.66382
74.43138
77.76293
80.29533
85.16637
93.83269
97.83509
100
100
100
2001-10-04
.063
.125
.25
.5
1
2
4
5.6
8
11.2
16
22.4
31.5
45
63
70
125
180
0
01-08-31
0
The file can begin with a non-mandatory file header of 4 rows starting with the letter H.
A-13
the : the end of the line may not be shown by PVD. Empty lines before, after and between
H lines are ignored.
Other rows in the top of the file, not starting with a number, are ignored.
The first row beginning with a number should contain the following:
The chainage in meters. Any / sign will be ignored.

One or more spaces.
A transverse position sign which can be R for the right side when driving with
increasing chainage, L for left side or the distance from the center line in meters,
where distances to the right are positive and distances to the left are negative.
One or more spaces.
The sieved materials upper surfaces distance from the road surface.
A minus character.
The sieved materials lower surfaces distance from the road surface.
The unit of the distance (cm or m) from the road surface.
The following rows start counting on the row after the above described row.
Rows 1 - 10 are ignored.
Rows 11 - 28 should contain the results of the sieve analysis. All rows must be filled.
Every row should start with a space followed by the percentage of the material passing a
sieve, one or more spaces and the size of the sieve.
All rows after 28 are ignored.
Sieve data not corresponding to a test pit are ignored.
You can also use sieve protocols in pdf format. The file name should be in the format
cccc-s-d.ddd.pdf where cccc is the chainage, s side and d.ddd is the depth of the upper
boundary of the layer. Example: 10545-L-0.075.pdf.
The chainage, side and depth should match a test pit in order to show in the test pit data.
A-14
General data
Files with general data can be opened in the program and be shown as line, point or bar
charts. The files should be tab delimited Unicode file or ASCII files with character set
Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1). The file can begin with the following non-mandatory header:
HFree
HFree
HFree
HFree
text
text
text
text
:
:
:
:
Free
Free
Free
Free
text
text
text
text
Note that the header is not tab delimited but filled with spaces. The program can read and
present the first four H rows if they exist. Additional H rows will be ignored. There must
be a : in position 19 on the row. The text between the H and the : and after the : is selected
by the user. If there are more than about 100 characters after the : the end of the line may
not be shown by PVD. Empty lines before, after and between H lines are ignored.
If the data corresponds to a point occurrence, the position values Pos1 and Pos2 should be
the same. See below.
Pos1
m
10020
10030
10040
Pos2
m
10020
10030
10040
Value1
cm
0.5
0.34
0.18
Value2
cm
0.45
0.54
1.32
If the data corresponds to a section occurrence, the position values should show start and
end points respectively as the following example:
Pos1
m
10020
10030
10040
Pos2
m
10030
10040
10050
Value1
cm
0.5
0.34
0.18
Value2
cm
0.45
0.54
1.32
and Value2 in this example are the values you want to present. The header of the
column is chosen by the user and will be shown as a part of the chart caption in the
program. Any number of columns can be entered. Below the column header line is the unit
line. The position of the data must have the unit specified (m, km, yd, mi, ft), while the
value columns can have a unit or be dimensionless. Unit strings recognized by the program
are m, mil, mils, m, cm, mm, in, psi, Pa, MPa, K, F, C, N, kN, lbf, kgf, kip, km, yd, yds,
mi and ft. Other units will be identified as dimensionless.
Value1
Section occurrences and point occurrences may not be in the same data file. Section
occurrences may not overlap each other within the same file.
A-15
Text boxes, external files and external programs

In the folder Symbols, there is a file named Symbols.txt. An empty file is created when
starting a new project. References can be added to this file within the program, or outside
the program using a text editor.
The program can handle text boxes and symbols that can be added to the symbol chart to
represent occurrences along the road. A typical symbol file should be a space delimited
Unicode file or ASCII file with character set Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1). The file should contain
one column with current chainage in the first position and corresponding text within
quotation marks starting in position 10.
If the symbol refers to a document or program, the path should be entered without
quotation marks. Documents and programs must be correctly associated within Windows
operating system. If no full path is specified, the program will look for the file in the Other
folder. Multiple documents can be assigned to the same point separated by semi-colon.
Example:
1040
11320
13400
16550
16770
18550
Longitudinal cracks
Frost heaves
s:\radar\Road 1061.xls
LabResults1.pdf
c:\kuabplot\kuabplot32.exe
LabResults2.pdf;LabResults3.pdf;LabResults4.pdf
A-16
Appendix B: Map Creator
KUAB Map Creator is a simple utility to create maps for KUAB PVD.
You need a map in .jpg format. The map image can be created in any way, for example by
scanning a paper map or with a screen dump. Try to create the map in the format ratio 4:3
(Width:Height), for instance 640 x 480 pixels to best fit the screen.
Start the program Map.exe, normally located in the folder MapCreator.
Click Get map file, browse to the location of the map .jpg file and Open.
B-1
Enter two of the parameters Total length, Start point and End point, and the program
will calculate the third. Step length defines the resolution of movement of the cross on the
map.
Point to the starting point of the project with the mouse, and click. Then click on points
along the road until the end of the project. The cross will move on straight lines between
the click points. There are further instructions written under the map.
The output from the program is two files, xx.jgw and xx.txt where xx is the name of the
map jpg file that was used. The jpg map file and the two output files should be placed in
the Map folder of your PVD project.
B-2
Appendix C: Copies for non-licensed

users
This is an instruction on how to prepare and distribute a PVD project. The instruction is
intended for a person with common computer knowledge.
The PVD projects can be distributed in two ways:
1. The project and a PVD installation file separately. The end-user needs to install
PVD on his/her computer.
Easy for the distributor.
Fast performance but a somewhat complicated procedure for the end-user.
2. The project and PVD redistribution files on a CD. The project can be opened
directly from the CD, without installing PVD to the computer.
Somewhat complicated for the distributor.
Slow performance but simple for the end-user.
Since the end-user has no hardware lock, the program will start in demo mode. The enduser can view and change the attributes of all data within the project, but cannot add or
remove data from the project.
Installation package
Using this option, you just need to distribute the PVD project and the PVD installation file,
pvd.msi or PVDinstall.exe. The installation file can be found on the PVD distribution CD.
The end-user runs the PVD installation and copies the project manually to the hard drive.
The project can be distributed by any suitable media, for instance e-mail, CD or DVD,
depending on the size of the project.
C-1
Runnable CD
Using this option, you need the PVD project, the PVD redistribution files and a start-up
command file.
The PVD redistribution package consists of the following files:
asycfilt.dll
PVD.exe
comcat.dll
map.exe
msvcrt.dll
PVD user manual.pdf
msxml3.dll
fwdfilestrings.ini
oleaut32.dll
pvd.ms1
olepro32.dll
pvd.ms2
scrrun.dll
pvd.ms*
stdole2.tlb
OVERMODS.DEF
vbscript.dll
KUtilDll.dll
msvbvm60.dll
VViewer.dll
riched32.dll
grans.ini
msstdfmt.dll
folders.ini
COMDLG32.OCX
units.ini
MSCOMCT2.OCX
help.ini
MSCOMCTL.OCX
imgresizer.dll
MSFLXGRD.OCX
sumatraPDF2.exe
RICHTX32.OCX
ACDKUAB.exe
TABCTL32.OCX
CLC391NG1.EXE
hasp_com_windows.dll
hasp_com_windows.tlb
If you do not have the redistribution files, you can pick them manually from the PVD
program folder and the Windows folder.
1. Create a temporary folder on the hard drive for the PVD folder structure.
2. Create a sub-folder called PVD and copy all PVD redistribution files to the folder.
3. Copy the PVD project folder to the temporary folder.
4. Copy the start-up file to the temporary folder. The start-up file could also be
created using Notepad. Assuming the project name is T50, the folder structure
should look like this:
C-2
5. Edit the start cmd file using Notepad. The end of the second row should correspond
to the PVD project name. That is, if the folder structure is as above, the start file
should look like this:
cd pvd
pvd.exe ..\T50
6. When the structure is prepared, you can test-run it from the hard drive by doubleclicking on the start-up file.
7. If everything looks OK, you can write the whole structure to a CD or put it on a
USB stick and distribute it.
C-3

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KUAB PVD

Road Data Presentation

Box 10, SE-795 21 Rttvik, Sweden

Chapter 1: About the manual..............................................................................................1-1

Standard axle loads.............................................................................................................1

Chapter 1: About the manual

represents file contents, e.g. text in input data files.

Bold Courier New represents text the user is supposed to type.

N10 is the number of equivalent 100 kN axle loads.

Recommended approach for the new user

Chapter 2 describes briefly what the program is able to do.

Maps. Special maps created for PVD by using KUAB MapCreator.

RIGID axle load, checking the strength of PCC road pavements.

Chapter 3: Basic features

Create a new project with default settings

Open an existing project

Add files to an existing project

Printing a single chart or window

Chapter 4: The program window

Video and photos

IRI, rut depth and cross-fall

Standard designation for materials

Chapter 5: Advanced functions

Do not hesitate to try

Project, Add data

you can move one step.

With the double arrows you will move faster.

Right click in an empty left panel window

Right click in a map window

Right click in a video window

Right click in the cross profile

Right click in the basin chart

Right click in longitudinal profile

Add / remove data...

Add / remove differential data...

Inverted y-axis will turn the chart upside down.

Right-click in the symbol chart, Symbols, Add...

Right-click in the symbol chart, Symbols, Show info..

Right-click in the symbol chart, Symbols, Edit...

Right-click in the symbol chart, Symbols, Remove...

Chosen margins are saved in the project.

Various tips and information

Change name of a project

Point at an occurrence in a GPR chart

Change chart height

Several sets of data of the same type

Chapter 6: Example Projects

Step by step description

Start Windows Explorer

OK on the Mix temp warning.

A project named Simple is now created and saved.

Use old data with a new project

Add new data

Check and correct new files

Add the new files to the project

Customize the charts

Right-click in any longitudinal chart

Right-click in the chart FWD T50-2 D0

Right-click in the chart FWD T50-2 D0

Now it could be hard to see the difference between different deflections.

Right-click in the chart FWD T50-2 D0

Right-click in the chart FWD T50-2 D0

Type 1100 in the box Maximum y-value:.

Right-click in the chart FWD T50-2 D0