V p 0

V 0
n
I z p

Ix 0

0
0
n
0

0 I p
0 I n
0
0 Vx
0

0 g m Vz
0

terminalss of the CDTA

and
are parasitic current gains betw
ween
,
A, where
where
1
, an
nd
1
. Here, and are th
he current traccking errors, aand their absoolute values aare
much lesss than the unitt value. Thereefore in non-ideal case, thee CDTA can bbe characterizzed by follow
wing
equations
0

CDTA element

Fig. 2. CM
MOS-based C
CDTA
The
T CDTA eleement with itss CMOS-baseed CDTA circcuit realizatioon in Fig. 2. has a pair of loowimpedancce current inpu
uts p and n, an
nd an auxiliarry terminal z,, whose outgooing current iss the difference of
input currrents. Here, ou
utput terminaal currents aree equal in maggnitude, but fflow in opposite directions, and
the product of transcon
nductance
and the voltaage at the z teerminal gives their magnituudes. CDTA ccan
be though
ht as a combin
nation of a currrent differen
ncing unit folllowed by a duual-output opeerational
transcond
ductance ampllifier, DO-OT
TA.
is a fu
unction of thee bias current..