Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TRANSACTION CYCLES the means through which an accounting system processes transactions of related activities
A. REVENUE & COLLECTION CYCLE
Activities involved: (1) Exchange of goods and services with customers; (2) collection of revenue in cash
Accounts affected: (1) Sales and related sales adjustments; (2) Cash in bank; (3) Accounts receivable and related
allowances; (4) Uncollectible accounts expense; and (5) Inventories
Documents used and Audit Significance
Documents
Significance
Customers purchase order
- Provides evidence that a customer actually ordered the goods.
- PO numbers are recorded on sales invoices to determine to which PO an
invoice relates.
Sales order
- Contains the sellers understanding of the terms.
- Numerical sequence helps ensure that shipments are made for sale orders and
all sales are billed.
Bill of Lading (Shipping Documents)
- Signature of carrier provides evidence that goods have been shipped.
- Numerical sequence helps ensure that all shipments are recorded as sales.
Credit memo
- Provides evidence that the seller has reduced the amount billed to a customer.
- Numerical sequence helps ensure that CMs are recorded.
Remittance Advice
- Indicates date and amount of payment and the invoices paid.
Uncollectible account authorization form - Numerical sequence helps ensure that all write offs are recorded.
Monthly statements
- Reports the beginning balance and transactions that occurred during the period.
Accounting records employed: (1) Sales journal; (2) Sales returns and allowances journal; (3) Cash receipts journal; (4)
General journal; (4) accounts receivable ledgers; and (5) Accounts receivable TB
I.
Assertion: PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE, sales and accounts receivable are recorded in accordance with PFRS
Sales must be properly classified
- Determine whether the invoice copy contains approval
signature for account classification used.
II.
c.
Completeness
d.
Valuation or Allocation
e.
Presentation
AUDIT PROCEDURES
Review sale journal, GL and accounts
receivable masters file or TB.
2. Trace sales journal entries to supporting
documents.
3. Trace shipping documents to entry of
shipments in perpetual inventory records.
4. Compare prices on sales invoice with
authorized price list or contracts.
5. Trace shipping documents to sales invoices
and entry to sales journal and AR master file.
6. Compare date sales are recorded and date on
shipping records (perform sales cutoff test)
7. Recompute information on sales invoices.
8. Trace entries in sales journal to sale invoices.
9. Trace details on sales invoices to related
documents.
10. Examine document supporting sales
transactions for proper classification.
1.
III.
IV.
V.
Assertion: RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS, all cash receipts are deposited in the bank account of the client
Cash receipts are deposited intact daily in the companys
- Observe whether the procedure is followed
bank account
- Compare cash in the prelisting and validated deposit slip.
Assertion: VALUATION AND ALLOCATION, the DR to cash and CR to AR are valued at amount actually received
Cash receipts should be recorded at the amount indicated
- Compare entries made in the cash receipts journal to
in the remittance advice
remittance advices.
Assertion: PRESENTATION AND DISCLOSURE, cash receipts transactions are recorded in accordance with PFRS
An accounting supervisor approves classifications made in - Determine whether the accounting supervisor approval is
journalizing
recorded.
VI.
1.
b.
Completeness
3.
c.
Valuation or Allocation
4.
6.
d.
Presentation
2.
5.
AUDIT PROCEDURES
Trace cash receipts journal to prelisting of cash
receipts and to remittance advice. (sample)
Reconcile daily deposits to validated deposit
ticket. (from a sample of entries)
Reconcile daily listings and validated deposit
ticket to cash receipts journal to verify that all
cash receipts are recoded
Examine remittance advice and verify that
discount taken was appropriate (sample)
Foot AR subsidiary ledger and reconcile with
GL account.
Review account coding in the cash receipts
journal (sample).
III.
b.
Completeness
c.
d.
Valuation or Allocation
e.
Presentation
AUDIT PROCEDURES
Examine underlying documents for authenticity.
Scan voucher register for large or unusual
items.
3. Inspect asset acquired.
4. Trace inventory purchased to perpetual
records.
5. Scan voucher register for duplicate payments.
6. Trace a sequence of receiving reports to
entries in the voucher register.
7. Test cutoff.
8. Account for sequence of entries in voucher
register.
9. Trace from invoices to perpetual inventory
records.
10. Examine vendors invoices.
11. Recompute the invoices and compare invoice
price to purchase order.
12. Check accuracy of accounts on invoices by
reference to chart of accounts
1.
2.
TEST OF CONTROLS
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Completeness
c.
AUDIT PROCEDURES
b. Examine paid checks for appropriate
endorsements.
e. Examine documents underlying payments.
a. Reconcile cash disbursements per books
with cash disbursements per bank.
d. Test bank reconciliation.
e. Examine documents underlying payments
C. PAYROLL TRANSACTION
Activities involved: (1) acquisition of employee services; (2) compensation
Accounts affected: (1) Salaries Payable; (2) Cash in bank; and (3) Payroll expenses
Documents used and Audit Significance
Documents
Significance
Time Card
- Provides evidence about the validity of the hours employee is paid for working.
Deduction authorization
- Indicates that the employee authorized an amount to be withheld from a
paycheck.
Certification of Taxes withheld
- Indicates that taxes withheld were reported to the various taxing authorities.
Labor ticket and labor ticket summary
- Records specific activity of a laborer and the labor used in production on any
given day.
Payroll tax returns
- Provides evidence that amount withheld are paid to the appropriate authorities.
Other personnel records
- Numerical sequence helps ensure that all write offs are recorded.
Accounting records employed: (1) Payroll register; (2) Employee Earnings Record; (3) Labor Distribution journal; (4) and
General journal
I.
b.
Completeness
c.
d.
Valuation or Allocation
e.
Presentation
AUDIT PROCEDURES
Check the personnel records to determine whether
the employees are actually employed.
2. Observe actual payroll distribution.
3. Investigate the method of the company in handling
unclaimed pay.
4. Trace payroll tested to summaries.
5. Trace postings to summary totals to the GL and
subsidiary ledgers.
6. Check propriety of the accounting distribution.
7. Examine the canceled employee payroll checks for
propriety.
8. Examine receipts signed by employees.
9. Check the recorded pay against the original record
for hours worked or units produced.
10. Compare the rates paid with authorization
forms/contracts.
11. Check computations and deductions
12. Compare the total amount of payroll tested with
appropriate recorded disbursements from general
bank account.
1.
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Accounts affected:
(1) Notes Payable (non trade);
(2) Bonds Payable;
(3) Mortgage Payable
(4) Long term Liability (finance lease)
(5) Share capital
(6) Investment in securities
(7) Accounts Receivable (non trade)
(8) PPE and related adjustment
Page 7 of 8
I.
II.
IV.