MONTENEGRO

EARTHQUAKE
The Conservation of the Historic
Monuments and Art Treasures

Unesco

MONTENEGRO
EARTHQUAKE
The Conservation of the Historic
Monuments and Art Treasures

Unesco

This brochure was prepared on behalf of Unesco by the ICCROM

Publications Section with the collaboration of George S. Burrows, who
wrote the text, and Azar Soheil-Jokilehto, who carried out the design.

Acknowledgements
Photographs reproduced by kind permission of :
The Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Cetinje
The Municipal Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Kotor
Magistar Jovan J. Martinovic, Kotor.

Cover Photograph

Gradiste Monastery, 15th/16th century church shortly after the

earthquake.

Unesco 1984
Printed in Italy
Published in 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization, 7 Place de Fontenoy, F-75700 Paris.

CONTENTS
Page

The Earthquake
Historical Background
Aftermath
Progress

An Appeal to the World

Shopping List

Maps
A. Montngro
B. Locations and Protected Centres

Town Plans
Kotor
Budva
OldBar

5
9
29
34
43
45

4
11

12
16

Ulcinj

22
28

Tables
1. Cultural Properties Damaged
2. Estimtes and Fdral Budgets
3. Payments to Communes
4. Allocated Budget - September 1983

36
38
39

MONTENEGRO
ICRNA

GORA)

THE EARTHQUAKE
In the space of only ten seconds, devastating disaster struck
Montngro. At 7.30 in the morning of 15th April 1979
everything trembled and shook in an earthquake of severe
intensity (9\5 on the Mercalli scale), greater than a combined
force of five hundred atomic bombs. At a stroke there was
tragic loss of life and injury. The great social and cultural
wealth, the very essence of love and labour so dear to the
Montngrins was suddenly at risk.

The shock was felt over two thirds of the republic. The ancient
coastal cities suffered most. Old Ulcinj, Old Budva and many
villages were virtually razed to the ground. Over one hundred
thousand people were made homeless. Further inland,
damage was caused to the old capital of Cetinje, the new
capital of Titograd and as far as Niksic and Danilograd.
The dvastation was enormous and incalculable. Over 1,600
cultural monuments suffered in the catastrophe as well as
thousands of works of art and valuable collections: icons,
paintings, rare books, illuminated manuscripts, dlicate fabrics
and embroideries, sacred gold and silver works, ancient
jewellery, church vestments, wood carvings and sculptures.

But the Montngrin, by his very nature does not recognise

defeat, his history and age-long fight for independence hve
stood him in good stead. His dtermination to build anew, to
restore and conserve the architectural grandeur of his country
is exemplified in the steps already taken to study and assess
the damage and to make a methodical start.
Help was readily available from ail over Yugoslavia and from
outside the country. Immediately after the event, Unesco
expressed full understanding for the fate of Montenegro's
cultural hritage and quickly organized international expert
help and advice. A sum of US$ 230,000 was made available
immediately. On 28 May 1979 the Director-General of
Unesco issued a world wide appeal. . . .The size of the task to
be carried out to save the damaged cultural hritage and
rebuild schools and research institutes is beyond the resources
of the Fdral Republic of Yugoslavia on its own, and calls,
for an international effort....
The International Campaign for Safeguarding the Cultural
Hritage of Montngro set up an administrative Working
Party. Unesco assisted in the provision of equipment for the
conservation workshops of the Republic Institute for the

Map a-, the Republic of Montngro.

Budv - typical example of damage to

the many olJ vaulted bouses in the
Old Town.

TABLE
PROPERTY

Churches
sacred

&

CULTURAL PROPERTIES

DAMAGED

HEAVILY
DAMAGED

DAMAGED

DESTROYED

TOTAL

PERCENTAGE

other
299

189

134

622

38

193

328

294

816

49.6

buildings

29

36

26

91

5.5

Commercial Town Walls

Fortifications

0.4

10

12

23

45

2.7

0.1

0.5

Houses,

Public

property
etc.

&

Ethnographical

Engineering
&
Technical
Nat. Liberation
War Monuments

29

36

2.2

Ruins

12

15

1.0

TOTALS

584

573

475

PERCENTAGES

36

35

29

1,642

100

Protection of Cultural Monuments of Montngro, Cetinje,

and for the newly-formed Municipal Institute for the
Protection of Cultural Monuments of Kotor.
A seminar on restoration of historic monuments in seismic
areas was organized by ICCROM ' and Unesco in
September/October 1980 intended for young architects
working in the devastated area. Two fellowships in mural
painting restoration and in architectural restoration were
awarded for 1981 and a further three fellowships in
architectural restoration, history of art and book restoration
were awarded in 1982.
In October 1979 the World Hritage Committee of Unesco
decided to list the Natural and Culturo-historical Rgion of
Kotor in the World Hritage List and in the List of World
Hritage in Danger. A sum of US$ 20,000 was granted for
specialist consultants for one month each.
Unesco, through ICCROM, assisted the Republic Institute for
the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Cetinje, in the
restoration of frescoes in the Church of the Virgin in Podlastva
Monastery. The services of the expert conservators were
given for a three year period. Similar help was given for the
restoration of the Church of Alexander Nevski, on the island
of St. Stephen.
* The International Centre for the Study of the Prservation and the
Restoration of Cultural Property.

-:

The bays of Kotor and Tivat together

form tbe Gulf of Kotor (Boka
Kotorska). It was tbe scne of tbe first
Illyrian/Roman war of 229-228 B.C.,
wben tbe fHyrian Queen Teuta was
decisively defeated.

* '?ifcTV'fl -.

-.*,.. i-9*'.. -^ifiL

^^ fd

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Crna Gora (Montngro), known in the past as Duklja and
Zta, is a truly dramatic land: dramatic in its landscape,
dramatic in its history. It is the smallest of the six republics
which together make the Fdral Republic of Yugoslavia; the
smallest republic both in terms of its territory (13,812 sq km)
and in its population of just over half a million.
The country has three distinct geographical areas each of
which hve influenced the course of its history in quite a
diffrent way. The narrow coastal strip which has seen the
founding of important ancient cities; the broad central plain of
the Valley of the River Moraca and Lake Skadar, stratgie in
the Middle Ages for the rise of independent states, the genesis
of present-day Montngro; and by far the most dominant
feature of the land, the great mountainous mass, harsh,
barren and difficult to negotiate which has formed a gigantic
barrier against the surrounding lands, isolating its people.
Hre hve sheltered gnrations of warriors down the
centuries of bitter and determined struggles for independence
against so many invading forces. Illyrians, Greeks,
Byzantines, Turks, Venetians, French and Austrians came to
the land as conquerors, but thse people brought with them
their great civilizations. This layer upon layer of diffrent
cultures, the juxtaposition of Islam and Christianity, Roman
and Orthodox Churches provides a blend which has made
Montenegro's contribution to the world unique.

This division between two worlds was destined to leave its

mark on Montngro as nowhere else and has given rise to
striking phenomena in the heart of a single rgion. There is
both assimilation and unyielding rsistance, open-mindedness
and conservatism, for each period of civilization and each
cultural exchange carries complex connotations. Throughout
his history, although the Montngrin has adopted powerful
techniques from foreigners, his own creativity is still reflected
in his artistic expression.
Man has lived in this area since earliest times and traces of
Paleolithic occupation from over 60,000 B.C. hve been
found. From the 5th century B.C. Montngro was inhabited
by Illyrian tribes who with their seat of government on the Gulf
of Kotor established the state of Illyria, one of the most
important cultural centres in the Mediterranean between the
5th and 2nd centuries B.C. The territory was later conquered

by the Greeks and then by the Romans under whose

domination it became part of the province of Dalmatia with
major cities concentrated along the coast.

Emperor Diocletian divided Dalmatia into two provinces,

Dalmatia and Prevalitania, which boundary became the
frontier between East and West when the Empire was
partitioned in A.D. 395. After the conquest in A.D. 540, part
of the land was absorbed into the Byzantine Empire and from
then onwards the Church of Rome and the Orthodox Church
of Byzantium existed side by side in a constant struggle for
supremacy, and the two streams of Christianity were to hve
an overriding effect on the art of Montngro.
In the 6th and 7th centuries, waves of Slav tribes invaded the
country and while they adopted Christianity, they clearly
maintained their own identity and thse cultures merged in
the building of monasteries, temples, and in the fresco

paintings.
The llth to 15th centuries was a turbulent time during which
the dynasties of the Vojislavljevics, Nemanjics, Balsics and
Crnojevics rose to power, fighting to increase their territories
and establish independent feudal states. This was perhaps the
most important period in Montenegro's cultural history when
there was a great flowering of monastic building. Each state
produced a distinctive style in architecture, stone carving,
sculpture, fresco painting and iconography, thanks to the
synthesis of Romanesque and Byzantine influences. There
was fine working in precious metals, inlay and ornamental
textiles. The state of Zta (founded on the area of the Roman
city of Doclea, later called Duklja by the Slavs) became the
first independent state and some outstanding works of art
were produced there. The Schools of Masonry and
Iconography at Kotor were reknowned, as were the frescoes
by the Greek masters (pictores graeci). From the monastic
centres came a growth of literature and printing was
established in the late 15th century.
In 1499 Zta fell before the massive Turkish invasion from the
south east which was to last for about 300 years. Zeta's ruler,
Ivan Crnojevic, retreated west with his court into the
inaccessible mountain area of Lovcen, and founded the city of
Cetinje which was to become the political, spiritual and
cultural centre of Montngro. During later centuries Cetinje
was the seat of bishop rulers who ruled the small independent
territory of Montngro. Under the Turks, Islamic culture was
10

Map B: locations and protected

centres. Ancient coastal towns and
major monasteries.
11

KOTOR
I.Catnedral
2.Prince's Palace

12

Kotor
OU Town. Characteristic of Zeta's
architectural style with its cupola
without a square base or tambour.
St. Luke's Church from 1195 -

13

forcefully propagated and the growth of the cities was halted

as they became fortified centres. Much church property was
destroyed as the buildings were converted into mosques, and
monasteries and churches could only be built on the site of
previous foundations. Elsewhere in the country the
monasteries continued to produce fine schools of painting and
iconography, and of particular note is Moraca Monastery.
Also in the 15th century Venice conquered large stretches of
the coastline around the Gulf of Kotor and stayed there until
the end of the 18th century. Evidence of this occupation can
be seen in the fine Renaissance and baroque architecture ail
over that rgion.

The northern part of Montngro and a part of the coastal

rgion were held by Turks, and the Bay of Kotor first by the
French (1807-1814) and then by the Austro-Hungarians
(1815-1918). The political situation became extremely
complicated as three major powers occupied the diffrent
areas of Montngro. Led by the bishop rulers, the
Montngrins organized bitter rsistance during this entire
period to prserve their national identity. Outstanding among
the leader were Bishop Petar I Petrovic Njegos (1786-1830)
and his nephew Bishop Petar II who is much revered today ail
over Yugoslavia as a great philosopher and poet.
The long fight for libration was rewarded at the Berlin
Congress in 1878 when Montngro was accepted as an
independent state and a short period of relative peace
followed during which the cultural development flourished
particularly in the capital, Cetinje.

Then came the Balkan Wars (1912-14) and the First World
War which entailed extensive damage to the cultural hritage.
Following the war, Montngro became part of the newlycreated kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Opposite:
St. Mary 's Collegiate Church - Kotor
Old Town. An example of Zta
architecture of 1221 sbowing the

fusion of Romanesque and Byzantine

styles.

14

After almost incessant warring over the centuries, Montngro

was virtually exhausted and the period between the First and
Second World Wars saw the severest conomie crises and
poverty which lead to mass migration. With the outbreak of
the Second World War, the country was once more involved
in a desperate fight for its libration and independence but by
the end of 1944, Montngro was free once more within the
composition of the Socialist Federative Republic of
Yugoslavia.

15

16

Budva - of tbe 200 buildings in tbe

Old Town, only 6 remain unscatbed.

Budva - tbe 15th century walls and

ramparts suffered severe damage in
the earthquake.
17

Opposite:
Frescoes from tbe severely damaged
Praskvica Monastery - the first stage
of the rescue opration.

Above:

HercegNovi - the youngest of the

coastal towns, founded at the end of
the 14th century, suffered badly in
the earthquake.

Left:
Old Bar

- the walls were severely

damaged in the earthquake.

19

The many wars for freedom, social justice and national

independence had been truly won but not without enormous
sacrifice of human lives and material damage. In order to
appreciate Montenegro's artistic culture it is necessary to
appreciate the circumstances in which it was produced. In the
postwar period, the resolution and dtermination of the
Montngrin peoples to build their country afresh has created
a stronger social and conomie base which has allowed their
inhrent artistry to merge once again. Despite their turbulent
history, the strength of this land has always inspired sensitivity
and a deep need to maintain traditions. The rich national
costumes, old songs of war, ancient dances, painting, music
and poetry are considered insparable from the vital instincts
to live and struggle for survival. Today thse traditions are as
strong as ever.

The secure future of the country has suffered yet another cruel
blow from the dvastation of 15th April 1979 but the people
of Montngro are sparing no toil or self sacrifice in the fight to
conserve and restore the glories and achievements which are
their rich and rightful inheritance.

Opposite:
The 15tb century Church of St
George perched high on the rocky
cliffs of the Gulf of Kotor at Orahovac
- severely damaged but now fully
restored by the Municipal Institute for
the Protection of Cultural
Monuments, Kotor.

20

<v.

22

The town wall of Old Herceg-Novi fell

into the sea.

,-^iii
\

^^9^

^i^^-i-

^-

Tbe aqueduct in Old Bar suffered

severe damage.

23

The Batsi Tower in the musum

complex at Ulcinj suffered badly.

.7>r--

Tbe domestic quarter of the Old

Town of Ulcinj was almost
dvasta ted.

W;'

The Utile church of Praskvica

Monastery ail but totally collapsed.

Damaged frescoes in Praskvica

Monastery.

Opposite:
Earthquake damage to the Church of
St. Ivan - typical of the fate of so
many of the ecclesiastical buildings.

J^^-

Right:
One of the many palaces around
Kotor Bay that bear the scars of the
earthquake.

Below:
Looking down on tbe characteristic
roofscape of Kotor Old Town from
the cliffs.

27

ULCINJ
l.llyrian
2-Bolani
3-Vaults

Rampart
Wall

4-Balsic Tovuer
5.Church.Mosque

28

6.Customs

House

7. Prince's

Palace

50

AFTERMATH
In trying to put into words the magnitude of the disaster one is
liable to be accused of exaggeration, but it is difficult to get
over to the reader exactly what the scale of the intricate
opration of dealing with the aftermath really means in terms
of time, manpower and organisation.

Priority naturally had to be given to coping with tragic human

and social needs, treating the injured, burying the dead,
providing shelter for the homeless, dealing with disrupted
communications, roads and railways, repair of services which
are so easily taken for granted, electricity, drainage and water
supply, in fact the whole infrastructure of urban and
community life. But caring for the country's rich inheritance of
cultural and historic buildings and other treasures was not
neglected.
Immediately after the earthquake a mammoth programme of
work was organized and put in hand to survey and assess the
full impact of the damage suffered. Despite help from ail over
Yugoslavia it has proved a far greater task than ever
anticipated and has taken over three years even to approach
completion
completion which is hard to predict as new
finds are continually being discovered, be they unknown
frescoes, works of art or archaeological vidence.
To date, 1,624 damaged and partially destroyed monuments
are recorded together with 33,000 works of art as well as
extensive amounts of archivai materials. The old towns of
Ulcinj, Bar, Budva, Kotor, and Herceg-Novi were so badly
damaged that their entire artistic contents had to be rescued
and stored elsewhere. The problem of storage alone is a
daunting task in itself demanding skilled knowledge, dlicate
handling and accurate recording and documentation.
The old towns pf Budva, Ulcinj and most of Kotor were
entirely evacuated as they were in a highly dangerous
condition. Other areas suffered almost complte collapse and
dvastation, particularly many villages in the rgions of
Krajina, Crmnica, Pastrovici and Grbalj. The carrying out of
prventive protection against further damage to, and collapse
of the buildings together with the safeguarding of wall
paintings against the ravages of the lments were the fi-st
priorities before any of the subsquent problems could be
tackled.

The traditions of national costumes

and music are very much elive today.

Silver rehquary containing tbe skull of

St. Trypbon - 15th century - work of
Kotor goldsmitbs.

30

The first estimtes of damage to cultural property made in

1979 amounted to some 10,527,690,000 Din which
represented just under 15% of the total earthquake damage.
In today's terms, rocketing inflation has escalated this figure to
3,174,098,500,000 Din, approximately 27,600 million US
Dollars (see Table II, page 36) .

The Yugoslav Government has decreed that it will meet

81.839% of the estimated costs attributed to cultural
property, the remaining 18.161% being the responsibility of
the local communes. To help meet the total costs of the
disaster the Government has set up a statutory fund whereby
each worker contributes approximately 1% of his monthly
income during the ten year period 1979-1989.

After the preliminary clearance of rubble and the carrying out

of prventive works, individual work projects hve been
prepared giving more detailed estimtes of materials, labour
requirements and costs for the conservation, repair and
restoration of the more important monuments and public
buildings which include musums, archives and galleries,
churches and monasteries together with many private
properties. In addition protective measures hve had to be
taken to prevent any further dtrioration of the thousands of
precious frescoes and other paintings most acutely at risk.
This work has taken much longer than first anticipated and
many problems hve had to be overcome, not least of which
is the serious shortage of skilled art restorers and trained
conservators. Help has been forthcoming from outside the
country but mainly for short periods of time only and a more
continuous contribution is essential. Fresco conservation is
exacting and highly detailed, demanding long periods of
concentrated work. Montngro is fortunate in having a long
tradition in the fine arts and has some very talented artists in
this field but the task is a daunting one and many more
specialists are an urgent necessity, as, too, are the materials of
this trade which are either in short supply or very difficult
indeed to obtain. Time is of the essence if thse precious
paintings from past centuries are to be saved for mankind.

The work of building conservation is also very specialised and

again there is a real shortage of skilled architects and
engineers who hve exprience in the field. Help has been
forthcoming from ail over Yugoslavia as well as other
countries but there is vital and continuing need for expert
assistance.
31

Life size silver sculpture of St.

Silvester - t^'pical of the work of the
Kotor goldsmitbs of tbe 14(h century.
It is now in Zadar.

St. Tryphon's Cathedral. Kotor stone ciborium over bigb altar, circa
1360. Shows transition from
Romanesque to Gotbic styles. *Pala
d'oro* is from 15tb century - finest
example of work by Kotor goldsmiths.

32

Problems of accessibility, the severe shortage of petrol in the

country and administrative difficulties hve brought further
complications which hve proved to be more difficult than
could be foreseen, but nevertheless considrable progress has
been made.

Up to lst September 1983 the Government has budgeted for

a total expenditure of 54,722,849,000 Din, of which 3,69%
or 2,023,620,800 Din hve been allocated to cultural
property. Of this, 1,119,468,038 Din hve already been paid
to communes towards their work programmes for cultural
property (see Table III, page 38) .

A detailed account of ail the work being undertaken would

make tedious reading, but broadly speaking priority has been
given to the ancient coastal towns and their immdiate vicinity
and the most important monasteries (see map B, page 11).

33

PROGRESS

The following is but a brief indication of progress made:

Research to dtermine seismic risk levels and the
assessment of the earthquake's effect on the needs of physical
planning hve been carried out and urban plans hve been
I)

prepared and approved for Old Ulcinj, Old Budva, HercegNovi and Cetinje, and that for Kotor is expected to be
completed shortly. A programme for the consolidation and
protection of the archaeological site of Old Bar has been
approved.

II) Ulcinj and Rgion

Project documentation in prparation: 64 private properties.

Work in progress: musum complex including

church/mosque and old customs house, Balsic Tower,
Bolani Wall and vaults, 22 private properties, Churches of St.
Nicholas in Brijeg, St. Nicholas in Stoj, Vrhpazar Mosque,
Pasha's Mosque with public bath, Namazahu Mosque.
III) Bar and Rgion

Work in progress: extensive earth and rubble clearance.

Church of St. Vid, Toplica Palace
musum complex,
Starceva Gorica Monastery, Gornji Brceli Monastery, Donji
Brceli Monastery, ruins of Precista Krajinska Monastery,
Omerbasic Mosque, Turbeh Mosque, Church of St. Tekla,
National Liberation War Mmorial, Monument for Liberation
of Bar (1881).
Work completed: Mmorial Musum of Jovan Tomasevic
(founder of the Montngro Communist Party) .
A long term plan has been drawn up for the conservation of
works of art.

IV) Budva and Rgion

Of the 200 buildings only 6 remain unscathed.
Preliminary research work is completed. Archaeological
research is still in progress.
Opposite:
Early Romanesque font carvings 8-9th century from St. Tryphon's
Cathedral, Kotor.

34

Project documentation completed: City walls, church

complex of St. Ivan, St. Trinity, St. Mary in Punta, St. Sava,
Rezevici Monastery, Praskvica Monastery, Church of St. Vid,
Petrovac.

TABLE II:
ESTIMATES
COMMUNE

DAMAGE TO CULTURAL
AND

PROPERTY
BUDGET AS AT 1979

FEDERAL

ESTIMATED DAMAGE

(Dinars)

GOVT. BUDGET
81 .839

of

ULCINJ

616,575,000

504 , 599 , 000

BAR

567,944,000

464,800,000

BUDVA

2,005,012,000

TIVAT

240,163,000

1,640,888,000
196,547,000

KOTOR

3,607,496,000

HERCEG NOVI

1 ,

CETINJE

1,552,023,000

1,270,161,000

NIKSLIC

99,632,000

81,456,000

DANILOVGRAD

56,448,000

46,197,000

TITOGRAD

71,719,000

58,694,000

KOLSIN

33,457,000

27,381,000

SAVNIK

8,400,000

6,874,000

25,967,000

21,251,000

PLUniNK

2,952,341,000

549 , 746 , 000

4 , 500 , 000

ZABLJAK

1,268,298,000

3,683,000

MOJKOVAC

15,000,000

12,276,000

BIJELO POLJE

26.000,000

21,278,000

IVANGRAD

15,170,000

12,415,000

PLAV

16,884,000

13,818,000

PLJEVLJA

15,654,000

12,811,000

TOTALS

10,527,690,000

8,615,763,000

Work in progress: Gradiste Monastery, Podlastva Monastery,

City Walls.
Work completed: St. Vid Monastery, Church of Alexander
Nevski.
Detailed plans hve been drawn up for conservation of works
of art.
V) Tivaf and Rgion
AU preventative and preliminary

work is completed.
36

work is completed. Research

Project documentation completed: Lukovic Palace, Chapel of

St. Ivan, Churches of St. Rocko, St. Trinity, St. Lukas, St.
Vid, St. Gospodja, St. Autun, St. Mucenici, St. Ivan in
Djurasevici, Church of the Assumption, Monastery of St.
Peter.
VI) Herceg-Novi and Rgion
Prventive measures and preliminary works complte. Master
plan for old town completed.

Project documentation in prparation: Churches of Riza

Bogorodice, Arhandjel Mihailo, St. Jeronimus, St. Anton.

Work in Progress: Fortress Forte Mare, the Palace, Library,

Topla Musum, Savina Monastery, many private houses.
Work completed: Archive Herceg-Novi and Gallery Josip
Bepo Benkovic.

VII) Kotor and Rgion

Over 293 projects are being undertaken in Old Kotor alone.
Preliminary investigations and research work is complte.
107,000 works of art hve been listed, including archive and
library collections.

Preliminary documentation completed: 20 apartment blocks,

26 street blocks (out of 62), music school, 2 government
buildings, 6 mediaeval churches.
Work in progress: Churches of St. Mary Collgiale, St. Luke,
St. Clara, the Holy Spirit, St. Anna, St. Michael, St. Paul,
Franciscan Monastery, Drago Palace, Bishop's Palace,
Maritime Musum, St. Tryphon's Cathedral, Mmorial
Library Captain Bozo Dabinovic, 8 apartment blocks, city
walls, lst and 2nd phases of infrastructure
ail in Kotor
town. Churches of Our Lady in Prcanj. St. Nicholas in
Pelinovo, St. Helias in Dobrota, St. Nicholas in Bratesici, St.
George in Mirac, St. Basil in Stoliv, Ivelic Palace in Risan,
Archives at Skaljari, Bujovic Palace and Viskovic Palace in
Perast, Tripkovic Palace in Dobrota.
Work completed: Cultural Centre in Kotor, Churches of St.
George in Orahavac, Our Lady in Krimovice, St. John in
Dub, St. George in Sisici, St. George in Sutvara, St. George
in Prijeradi, St. Bartholemew in Krimovice, 12 churches in
Grbalj Rgion. Church buildings of St. Eustacius in Dobrota, t
of Our Lady at Skrpjelo, Convent Dobrota, Roman mosaics
in Risan.
37

III:

TABLE

PAYMENTS

RECEireD

FOR CULTURAL PROPERTY BY COMMUNES UP TO 1 SEPTEMBER

.,-^

Total

Communes

Amounts
2

1980

1981

1982

1963

52, 294, 430

BAR

30,130,152

1,890,152

9,240,000

BUDVA

80,636,382

2,376,382

48,260,000

KOTOR

502,427,788

2,872,613

128,800,000

TIVAT

22,076,429

356,429

HERCEG NOVI

66,849,561

175,050

293,309,409

NIKSIC

294,430

11,501,999

29,518,152

28,000,000

19,000,000
30, 000, 000
,

20,000,000

4, 820, 000

350, 755, 175

17,200,000
19,926,177

24,770,000

36,048,000

9,ooaooo

15,000,000

86,231,026

3,950,000

1,200,000

DANILOVGRAD

(in Dinars)

1979

ULCINJ

CETINJE

1983

149,528,384

21, 978,334
10, 000, 000

1,000,000

24, 568, 152

1,000,000

7,094,070

1,200,000

TITOGRAD

11,940,349

366 ,279

KOLASIN

18,166,666

166,666

3,480,000

18, 000, 000

PLAV

6,172,000

ZABLJAK

1,554,960

1, 554, 960

IVANGRAD

3,191,760

3, 191, 760

TOTALS

38

1,119,468,038

6,172,000

20,000,000

289,940,000

4, 500, 000

121,231,026

588,409,736

99,887,276

VIII) Cetinje and Rgion

Project documentation completed: Blue Palace, Library and
Musum Archives, Military Barracks, Zetski dom Thtre,
Njegos's birthplace, Cetinje Monastery, Vlaska Church,
Preobnrazenska Church, Celija Dobrska.
Work in progress: Biljarda, Historical Musum, 19th century
Girls' School, former Russian Embassy
to house the
Faculty of culture, old Pharmacy, former British Embassy,
Theological School.
Work completed: former Austrian Embassy
now the
Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments,
King Nicolas's Palace
now the State Musum, National
Gallery, Bishop's House.
Work has also started in the communes^ of Titograd, Niksic,
Ivangrad, Plav, Bijelo Polje, Pljevlja and Zabljak.

TABLE

Commune

IV:

MONTES ALLOCATED

IN

f total

Estimated

% c

Damage to

damage in

Cultural
Property

Commune

BUTiGET TO 1 SEPTEMBER

Amount allocated in Budget

for Cultural

Property
(Dinars)

(Dinars)

1983

of total
allocated
in Budget
for ail
damage
%

ULCINJ

616,575,000

7.

13

111,400,000

1. 94

BAR

567,944,000

4.

14

119,100,000

0.

99

27.

18

185,500,000

2. 80

2. 44

BUDVA

2,005,012,000

TIVAT

240,163,000

7.

50

49,000,000

KOTOR

3,607,496,000

32.

45

767,000,000

1,549,746,000

14.

64 X

1,552,023,000

29.

75

HEREG

NOVI

CETINJE

66,800,000
532,800,000

11 . 52 %

0.

88

12. 97

39

Gradis te Monastery. Emergency

protective works under construction to
safeguard tbe valuable frescoes from
further damage by tbe lments. See
cover photograph of the same church
taken sbortly after the earthquake.

Opposite:
Monastery Church of St. Savina near
Herceg-Novi. llth century church
completed in late IStb century
showing a syntbesis of styles tbrough
which Zta architecture passed from
Romanesque to Baroque.

40

41

AN APPEAL TO THE WORLD

This brochure is intended to highlight the immensity of the
task for the small Republic of Montngro in saving for ail
mankind the irreplaceable past, the product of over two
thousand years, devastated in a brief moment by an

uncontrollable force of nature.

In his International Appeal for help immediately after the
earthquake the Director-General of Unesco called upon
governments, public and private institutions in Member States
together with musums, art galleries and libraries to help the
Yugoslav authorities.

Now after the dust has settled and the immdiate priority of
caring for the social and conomie needs of its stricken people
is accounted for, the inventory of the devasted and damaged
monuments and the important buildings and works of art
hve been evaluated, and the full immensity of the tragedy
stands revealed.
The need for reconstruction and repair is massive. It is
inevitably a long slow haul and painful process, but for the
most part the country is well organized for the task. Time is the
enemy; the longer it takes, the greater the risk of dtrioration
and direct loss.
The wealth of its great treasures is a huge burden for such a
small republic of half a million people to bear. Montngro
needs help of finance and most of ail for those materials which
cannot be obtained in Yugoslavia and for which foreign
exchange is not available. Unesco showed the way with
immdiate financial aid and by its continued support of
finance and expertise. But more, much more is necessary if
the people of Montngro are going to be able to prserve
that culture contributed by so many peoples over the
centuries. Each time a disaster has struck, only ruins and
foundations remained, together with the most ingrained
customs and traditions of the rgion; each time a new start
was made before the traditional cultural hritage could be
forgotten. The Montngrins are conscious that their great
hritage is not theirs alone but is part of the common hritage
of ail mankind throughout the world.

Montngro therefore appeals for international solidarity in its

urgent fight to save and safeguard thse masterpieces, for the
silent lments and values of spiritual cultures can in no way
.

De

UndereStimated

Opposite:
Icon of the Madonna
17th century
_ now in Perast Musum.

43

Dtails of the six projects accompanying this brochure are

examples of the many diffrent programmes already worked
out and hopefully to be undertaken shortly. Help can take the
form of a gnerai contribution, or towards a spcifie project,
either financial or as a gift of materials urgently needed (see
Shopping List on pages 45 to 47) .

The six projects are listed below in order of cost:

Prince's Palace, Kotor
Church of Our Lady, Prcanj
St. Tryphon's Cathedral, Kotor
Praskvica Monastery, Budva
Blue Palace, Cetinje
Njegos's Birth House, Njegusi

4,725,000 US Dollars

761,194

588,375

276,806

258,540

50,367

Thse figures hve been increased from the original estimtes

to reflect current prices and exchange rates; data on the
inflation rate was kindly supplied by the Yugoslav Embassy in
Rome.

Offers of help should be addressed to:

The Director-General, Unesco, 7 place
F-75700, Paris, France.

44

de

Fontenoy,

SHOPPING LIST
The undermentioned equipment and materials are urgently
required to enable work of conservation and restoration to
proceed, and are not available from suppliers in Yugoslavia:
A) For the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural
Monuments of Montngro, 81250 Cetinje, Bajova Broj 2,
Yugoslavia
(see list A)
B) For the Municipal Institute for the Protection of Cultural
Monuments, 81330 Kotor, 335 Palata Drago, Yugoslavia
(see list B)

LIST A
FOR THE REPUBLIC INSTITUTE FOR THE
PROTECTION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTS OF
MONTENEGRO YU-81250 CETINJE, BAJOVA BROJ 2,
YUGOSLAVIA
1)

Heavy-duty Tools and Large Equipment *

14" electric chain saw
Motor chain saw with spares
2-speed electric reciprocating saw
Circular saw, planing machine and routers
Heavy duty electric sander
Pneumatic drills
Electric hammer drill
Portable woodworking machines for work on site
Moulding and vulcanizing press
Wood press
Scaffolding: lightweight, sectional
Easels for painting
Sculpture stands; modelling stool
Modelling sling
Porter's wheel

2) Hand

Tools

Scalpels
Engraving tools
Electric pencil engraver
Modelling tools
Wooden-handled chisels, various sizes
Wood-carving tools
*

N . B . AU electrical equipment should be 220 Volts

45

Stonechisels
Sculptor's files, rasps, rifflers
Sharpening stones
Nail punch
Compasss
3) Electrical Supplies (ail 220 Volt)

Lamps with stands, connectors, transformers, cables, etc.

Bulbs for spcifie equipment
4) Photographie Equipment

35 mm camra with various lenses and accessories

Various lenses for plate film camra
Plate film camra accessories: flash gun bracket; pistol
grip; mask; sheet film adaptors
Carrying cases
5)

Office Equipment
Dye-line plan copier
Photo-copier (with spares) A4 & A3

6)

Artists' Materials and Gilding Supplies

Artists' watercolours
Artists' Italian varnish colours
Artists' quality mdia and varnishes
Primers, e.g. Bolognese chalk, gesso powder, acrylic
primer
Gilders' bole
Oil for gilding
Agates, various shapes and sizes
Gold leaf - orange, yellow and ducat
Brushes, for both gilding and watercolours
Bristle brushes

Consolidants
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose
Acrylic resins, e.g. PARALOID B 72, BEDACRYL 122X
Epoxy resins with hardeners, e.g. ARALDIT
Polyvinylacetate, e.g. VINAVIL or GELVATOL
Polyester and epoxy adhesives for stone, e.g. AKEMI
STEINKIT
Parchment glue

7) Adhesives and

Silanes
46

8) Chemicals

Trypsin enzyme
Butylamine
Dimethylforamide
Chlorotene - benzine ring solvent mixture
Fungicide, e.g. DESOGEN
9) Other Materials

Various fillers for stone repair

Silicone release paper
Polyester sheeting, e.g. HOSTAPHAN, MELANEX,

MYLAR
Paper pulp
Japanese mulberry paper

Glasswool
Polyurethane panels
FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS REGARDING SUPPLIERS, CURRENT NEEDS, AND COMPATIBILITY WITH EXISTING

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE

INSTITUTE AT THE ADDRESS ABOVE.

LIST B
FOR THE MUNICIPAL INSTITUTE FOR THE
PROTECTION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTS
YU-81330 KOTOR, 335 PALATA DRAGO,

YUGOSLAVIA
1)

Tools and Equipment *

Prcision air abrasive unit
Dental drills, ultrasonic and mechanical, with a variety of
drill bits
Pressurized water pump for cleaning stone
Tools for working and dressing stone
Grinder and sieves for preparing stone powders of known
sizes, used for filling and making good
Hot spatula with accessories

FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS REGARDING SUPPLIERS, CURRENT NEEDS, AND COMPATIBILITY WITH EXISTING
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE
INSTITUTE AT THE ADDRESS ABOVE.
*

N.B. AH electrical equipment should be 220 Volts

47

SINTESI INFORMAZIONE.ROME

1984