Maintenance & Safety:

ENGG ZC242
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Girish Kant
Department of Mechanical Engineering

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Maintenance Planning and

Scheduling
CHAPTER 8, Lecture - 14

Learning Objectives
Critical Path Method (CPM)

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

Use of nodes and arrows
Arrows

An arrow leads from tail to head directionally

Indicate ACTIVITY, a time consuming effort that is required to
perform a part of the work.

A node is represented by a circle

- Indicate EVENT, a point in time where one or more activities start
and/or finish.

Nodes

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

Activity on Node

Activity on Arrow

- A completion of an activity is
represented by a node

- An arrow represents a task,

while a node is the
completion of a task
- Arrows represent order of
events

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

Each event has two important times associated with it :
- Earliest time , Te , which is a calendar time when a event can occur
when all the predecessor events completed at the earliest possible
times

- Latest time , TL , which is the latest time the event can occur with out
delaying the subsequent events and completion of project.
Difference between the latest time and the earliest time of an event is the
slack time for that event

slack : Slack is the amount of time an event can be delayed without

delaying the project completion
ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,
28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

Description
Develop product specifications
Design manufacturing process
Source & purchase materials
Source & purchase tooling & equipment
Receive & install tooling & equipment
Receive materials
Pilot production run
Evaluate product design
Evaluate process performance
Write documentation report
Transition to manufacturing

Immediate Duration
Predecessor (weeks)
None
4
A
6
A
3
B
6
D
14
C
5
E&F
2
G
2
G
3
H&I
4
J
2

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

Paths
ABDEGHJK
ABDEGIJK
ACFGHJK
ACFGIJK

Path duration
40
41
22
23

The longest path (ABDEGIJK) limits the

projects duration (project cannot finish in
less time than its longest path)
ABDEGIJK is the projects critical path
ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,
28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

All activities on the critical path have zero slack
Slack defines how long non-critical activities can be
delayed without delaying the project
Slack = the activitys late finish minus its early finish
(or its late start minus its early start)
Earliest Start (ES) = the earliest finish of the immediately
preceding activity
Earliest Finish (EF) = is the ES plus the activity time
Latest Start (LS) and Latest Finish (LF) = the latest an
activity can start (LS) or finish (LF) without delaying the
project completion. LS = LF -t
ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,
28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Critical Path Method

Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

Late
Finish
4
10
25
16
30
30
32
35
35
39
41

Early
Finish
4
10
7
16
30
12
32
34
35
39
41

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

Slack
(weeks)
0
0
18
0
0
18
0
1
0
0
0
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Computer Applications
In Maintenance Management
CHAPTER 9

Learning Objectives

Introduction to CMMS
Business objectives and Role of CMMS
Data Acquisition
Functions of CMMS
Integration of CMMS with overall network
Software failures and security
Use of internet in Maintenance Management

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

INTRODUCTION
Computer aided maintenance management system is
one of the important computer aided tools in the effective
management of maintenance functions.
Basically, the capability to store and retrieve asset
information, generation of purchase orders, history of
failure data and even CAD overweigh the utility of such
tool.

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Major applications of CMMS

To maintain data as well as to display information on

Preventive, Predictive maintenance schedules.
To prepare and display management information system
reports.
Inventory management for spares.
Shut down planning and to carry out the project
management.
Fault diagnosis/Expert systems with the CMMS having
machine interface

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Long-term goals
Indicates desired outcomes for a fairly long period of
time
Should be accomplished in more than one year or more
than one decision cycle
Are more specific than the Mission Statement but less
specific than short-term goals

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Additional Long-term goals

Profitability or Cost management

Productivity

Competitive Position

Employee development

Employee Relations

Technological Leadership

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Short-term goals

Provide specific detailed target results.

Are results the business intends to

Generate during the next decision cycle.

Can be accomplished within one year

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Examples of Short Term

Goals
Overtime reduction by 2%
Implementation of a Preventive Maintenance or
Predictive Maintenance program for a specific area or
group of equipment
Implementation of a training program for a specific craft
or trade
Implementation of a work order system
Implementation of an inventory management program for
a specific group

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Variables, or performance
indices

Preventive Maintenance Compliance

Schedule Compliance
Inventory Management
Backlog Size
Backlog Severity
Breakdown/Emergency Analysis
Work Distribution- Scheduled vs. Non-Scheduled

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Data to be collected in case of

machine interface with the
information system

Vibration responses.
Thermo graphic data.
Information on oil.
Noise data.
Quantity and weight
Thickness measurements
Alignment and balancing data

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Data to be collected in case of

machine interface with the
information system
Inventory
Reduction
17.8%

Productivity of
Maintenance
Improvement
28.2%

Reduced
Material Cost
19.4%
Others 14.5%

Equipment Down
time Reduction
20.1%

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless Method
The implementation of the wireless LAN or other
wireless technologies to capture and transmit
availability data greatly enhances the timeliness,
utilization and flexibility of the data collection system.
Hard wired systems limit the functionality of a data
collection system.

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wireless Method

A photoelectric sensor is
shown has a reflective lens
and can sense the objects
and their movements. If
interfaced with a counter or
an embedded system, the
same can perform as an
effective monitor for data
collection.

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Key Maintenance Features

Scheduled (Preventive/ Predictive Maintenance) Tasks

Quick Work Orders (Corrective Tasks)
Equipment Metering
Labor Tracking
Tool Tracking (Check In/Check Out)
Tool Calibration Tracking
Craft Requirement Entry
Complete Work Order Descriptions

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Key Maintenance Features..

Invoicing
Automatic Predictive Maintenance Task
Generation/Scheduling
Future Maintenance Workload Forecasting
Maintenance Workload Reporting by Employee, Craft,
Work Order Type, Equipment, and more
Employees Can Be Given Rights To Enter Work
Request Information On Their Own

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Functions of CMMS
Building a Plant Asset information database
Fault Prediction

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Building a Plant Asset

Information Database
Primary benefits gained are:
Improved overall maintenance efficiency
Compliance
Safety
Plant availability
For the industry personnel to extract the best out of
CMMS investment, the integrity of plant equipment data
needed to be very high.

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Fault Prediction
CMMS is also called upon to carry out proactive failure
prediction through continuous monitoring of systems.
Placed on-board equipment or within the data collection
stream.
It sends notifications about potential problems that could
lead to failure or other undesirable operating conditions.

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

CMMS integration with other

systems
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Material requirement Planning

Manufacturing Resources Planning
Enterprise Resource Planning
Supply Chain management system

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Integration of CMMS with

other systems Point to Point

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Integration through single

Interface

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Future course of CMMS

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Software System Failure

Software failures are errors,
which, owing to complexity of a
computer program do not
become evident until the
combination of conditions brings
the error to light. Unlike
hardware failure rate as
depicted in the form of bathtub,
there is no wear out
characteristics but a continuing
burn-in. When ever there is a
change in the software by way
of modifications the error rate
likely to rise
ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety, 28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Software and hardware

fault/error/failure occurence.

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Use of internet
Following are the ways the Internet can be effectively used
in conjunction with the CMMS.
e-Mail
e-Commerce

Technical bulletins
Drawings, field modifications and manuals
Parts information, parts purchasing
Reducing the cost of acquisition
ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,
28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Use of internet
Commerce: Material required for the stores can be
ordered from storefronts on the internet. Storefronts can
cover tools, maintenance supplies, uniforms and other
items.
Technical help
Locating used equipment and parts
Software changes
Directories of installers and vendors
Access to libraries
User groups
ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,
28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Thanks

ENGG ZC242, Maintenance & Safety,

28/10/2014, Lecture - 14

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus