Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TEMAS GRAMATICALES
INGLES I
- 2014 1
CONTENIDO
Pgina
..
Verbo to be
El artculo
10
El pronombre
11
El adjetivo
15
El sustantivo
.... 21
El adverbio
31
Estructura there + be
. 35
Verbos modales
.. 36
La forma -ing
.. 38
El imperativo
.. 40
El Presente Simple
.. 41
El Pasado Simple
.. 44
El Futuro Simple
.. 49
El Presente Continuo
.. 51
Going to
.. 54
Oraciones condicionales
.. 56
Prefijos y Sufijos
.. 57
Lista de conectores
60
Referencias
62
a report
a hospital
a song
AN + NOUN (un/una)
(indefinite article + noun (vowel)) (artculo indefinido + sustantivo (vocal))
an operation
an analgesic
an organization
the police
the hospital
the violins
the nurses
the President
the Pope
a long story
an incredible group
a noisy city
an interesting subject
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(pronombres personales)
En funcin de sujeto.
SUBJECT (sujeto)
Singular
1st b
I
2nd b
You
3rd b
He
3
3rd b
3rd b
Plural
1st b
2nd b
3rd b
She
It
We
You
They
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(Pronombres personales)
En funcin de objeto.
OBJECT (objeto)
Singular
1st b
2nd b
3rd b
3rd b
3rd b
Plural
1st b
2nd b
3rd b
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
They like books. They like them.
st
1 b
2nd b
3rd b
3rd b
3rd b
1st b
2nd b
3rd b
Singular
I
You
He
She
It
Plural
We
You
They
My name is Carlo.
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Your teacher is married.
Affirmative:
Negative:
I am from Spain.
You are young.
She is a nurse.
Interrogative:
SUBJECT + TO BE + NAME
(Sujeto + to be + nombre)
He is Peter.
I am Susan.
I am an engineer.
He is a musician.
SUBJECT + TO BE + AGE
(Sujeto + to be + edad)
SUBJECT + TO BE + ADJECTIVE
(Sujeto + to be + adjetivo)
We are happy.
She is married.
I am tired.
She is clever.
I am divorced.
He is single.
She is married.
Albert is widow.
SUBJECT + TO BE + NATIONALITY
(Sujeto + to be +nacionalidad)
5
She is Italian.
It is Spanish.
This is a class.
That is a movie.
That is an image.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
(Pronombres interrogativos)
Para objetos:
What is that?
What is he/she?
He / She is
a politician.
a nurse.
a policeman / a policewoman.
a post production technician.
a scientist.
a physical exercise teacher.
Respuesta:
Subject + to be + state (adjective)
I am very well.
Who + to be + .?
Who + to be + a / an + profession?
+ adjective?
+ from country?
Who is a nurse?
Who are tired?
Who is from Uruguay?
Where is he from?
Where are they from?
When .? (Tiempo)
When + to be + subject + verb/noun/adjective? (para preguntar sobre el tiempo)
Why .? (Causa)
Why + to be + subject + verb/noun/adjective? (causa)
Why is he sad?
She is tall.
I am amusing.
It is rainy. / cloudy. / snowy. / wet.
TO BE
SER O ESTAR
The simple present of the verb to be (Presente simple del verbo to be)
Subject
Affirmative
am
am not / m not
Questions
Am I tired?
You
are
He
She
It
We
You
They
Negative
is not /isnt
is
are not/ arent
are
Interrogative
tired. Is he tired?
Is she tired?
Is it tired?
Are we tired?
Are you tired?
Are they tired?
Short answers
Yes, I am.
No, Im not.
Yes, I am. / Yes, you are.
No, I am not. / No, you arent.
Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.
Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.
Yes, it is. / No, it isnt
Yes, we are. /No, we arent.
Yes, we are. /No, we arent.
Yes, they are. /No, they arent.
The simple past of the verb to be (Pasado Simple del verbo to be)
Affirmative
was
You
were
He
She
It
We
You
They
Negative
was
was not
/ wasnt
were not
/ werent
was not
/ wasnt
were
were not
/ werent
Interrogative
Questions
Short answers
Was I tired?
Was he tired?
tired. Was she tired?
Was it tired?
Were we tired?
Were you tired?
Were they tired?
PRESENT
am
is
are
PAST
was
was
were
She is at home now. He wasnt at home yesterday. They are at school. They were in Italy in 1980.
THE ARTICLES
LOS ARTCULOS
The and A/An are called "articles". We divide them into "definite" and "indefinite": (Los
artculos son: The, A y AN. Podemos dividirlos en definidos o determinados e indefinidos o
indeterminados:)
Clasificacin
Definite/definido
Indefinite / indefinido
The
A, An
We use "definite articles" to mean sure, certain. "Definite" is particular. (Utilizamos a los artculos
definidos para significar certeza, algo particular.)
We use "indefinite articles" to mean not sure, not certain. "Indefinite" is general. (Utilizamos los
artculos indefinidos para significar duda, algo incierto.) When we are talking about one thing in
particular we use THE and about one thing in general we use A or AN. (Cuando nos referimos a
una cosa en particular empleamos THE y al referirnos a una cosa en general empleamos A o
AN.
Ejemplo:
Think of the sky at night. In the sky there is 1 moon and millions of stars. So, normally we could
say:
I saw a star last night.
I saw the moon last night.
The
A, An
Of course, often we can use The or A/An for the same word. It depends on the
situation.(Obviamente, a menudo podemos usar los artculos the o a/an para la misma palabra.
Depender de la situacin.)
Ejemplos:
We want to buy an umbrella. (Any umbrella, not a particular umbrella. /cualquier paraguas)
Where is the umbrella? (el paraguas que compramos)
(We already have an umbrella. We are looking for our umbrella, a particular umbrella./Ya tenemos
un paraguas, estamos buscando el nuestro, uno en particular. )
Read this story and see the difference between The and A, An:
A man and a woman were walking in Oxford Street. The woman saw a dress that she liked in a shop. She
asked the man if he could buy the dress for her. He said: "Do you think the shop will accept a cheque? I
don't have a credit card."
10
THE PRONOUNS
LOS PRONOMBRES
Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun.
Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns,
we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. (Los pronombres son palabras que toman el lugar de un
sustantivo. Podemos utilizar un pronombre en lugar de un sustantivo. Algunos de ellos son: he,
you, ours, themselves, etc. Si no tuviramos los pronombres tendramos que repetir mucho los
sustantivos.)
Do you like the President? I don't like him. He President is too pompous.
Personal Pronouns
Pronombres personales
El siguiente cuadro de pronombres personales incluye los adjetivos posesivos a los fines de
comparacin y conveniencia.
number
Person
1st
2nd
singular
3rd
plural
1st
2nd
3rd
gender
*
m/f
m/f
m
f
n
m/f
m/f
m/f/n
- m=male/masculino
subject
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Pronouns
object
possessive
me
mine
you
yours
him
his
her
hers
It
its
Us
ours
You
yours
Them
theirs
- f=female/femenino
reflexive
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
Possessive
adjectives
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
- n=neuter/neutro
Ejemplos:
Pronoun
Subject
Object
Possessive
Reflexive
Possessive adjective
11
Recuerde que:
1. La desinencia verbal del idioma castellano nos indica a qu persona gramatical corresponde,
por ende, depender del texto la traduccin del pronombre personal o su omisin.
They released...
2. Cuando los pronombres WE y THEY indican una generalizacin, pueden traducirse por
UNO.
Ejemplo:
Reflexive Pronouns
Pronombres reflexivos
The reflexive pronouns indicate that the sentence subject also receives the action of the verb. (Los
pronombres reflexivos indican que el sujeto de la oracin tambin recibe la accin del verbo.)
La combinacin BY + SELF PRONOUN debe traducirse por SOLO o POR SI MISMO.
Verbos y expresiones utilizadas comnmente con pronombres reflexivos:
Amuse oneself
Ask oneself
Blame oneself
Cut oneself
Enjoy oneself
Help oneself
Hurt oneself
Introduce oneself
Kill oneself
Look after oneself
Do something oneself
Take care of oneself
Demostrative pronouns
Pronombres Demostrativos
12
Recuerde que en el idioma castellano los pronombres demostrativos llevan tilde, con la excepcin
de esto y eso.
THIS: esto, ste/a
THESE: stos, stas
Ejemplo:
Those are the types of problems ... sos son los tipos de problemas...
Otros usos:
Combination
Translation
That of
........ el de / la de / lo de
That which ........ el que / la que / lo que
Those of
........ los de / las de
Those which ....... los que / las que
Ejemplo:
The most important controls for pregnant women are those which have no adverse reactions.
Los controles ms importantes para las mujeres embarazadas son aquellos que no tienen
reacciones adversas.
Interrogative Pronouns
Pronombres interrogativos
What
Which
Who / Whom
Why
When
Where
How
Whose
How many
How much
How long
How far
How old
How often
Qu?
Cul?
Quin /quines?
Por qu?
Cundo?
Dnde / Adnde? / De dnde?
Cmo?
De quin / de quines?
Cuntos/as?
Cunto/a?
Cunto tiempo / qu longitud?
(a) qu distancia?
Qu edad/Cantos aos?
Con qu frecuencia/ cada cunto/ cuntas veces?
What ...like
Cmo?
Recuerde que en el idioma ingls suelen cambiarse las palabras interrogativas con
preposiciones que figuran al finalizar la pregunta.
13
Sujeto
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Adjetivo
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Objeto
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You
Them
Posesivos
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Reflexivos
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
Yo
T, usted, vos
l
Ella
l, ella
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos, ellas
I am ill.
You are hungry.
He is handsome.
She is pretty.
Its a good dog.
We are tired.
You are angry.
They are at the cinema.
Mi, mis
Tu, tus
Su, sus (masculino)
Su, sus (femenino)
Su, sus
Nuestro/a, nuestros/as
Vuestro/a, vuestros/as
Su, sus (de ellos)
This is my husband.
This is your tie.
This is his brother.
This is her sister.
This is its collar.
These are our suitcases.
These are your seats.
Here are their socks.
Me, m
Te, tu, ti, usted, vos
l, le, lo
Ella, le, la
Lo, la, ello, le
Nosotros, nos
Vosotros, les, ustedes, os
Ellos, les, los, las
Mo/s, ma/s
Tuyo/s, tuya/s
Suyo/s, suya/s (de l)
Suyo/s, suya/s (de ella)
Suyo/s, suya/s
Nuestro/s, nuestra/s
Vuestro/s, vuestra/s
Suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos)
Yo mismo, me
T mismo, te, se
l mismo, se
Ella misma, se
l mismo, se
Nosotros mismos, nos
Vosotros mismos, ustedes mismos, se
Ellos mismos, se
14
THE ADJECTIVE
EL ADJETIVO
Sustantivo
opinion
nice
fact
age
old
shape
round
colour
red
candles.
Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie's the richest woman in town.
Positivo/Neutro
Rich
Lovely
Beautiful
Comparativo
Richer
Lovelier
more beautiful
Superlativo
Richest
Loveliest
most beautiful
old, fast
15
happy, easy
old > older
late > later
big > bigger
happy > happier
Modern, pleasant
Expensive, intellectual
Modern > more modern
expensive > more
expensive
old, fast
happy, easy
old > the oldest
late > the latest
big > the biggest
happy > the happiest
modern, pleasant
expensive, intellectual
modern > the most
modern
expensive > the most
expensive
16
Adjetivos irregulares
(comparativo/superlativo)
Adjectivo
Neutro
good
well
(healthy)
bad
far
far
old (people
in a family)
old (general
use)
Comparativo
better
better
worse
further
farther
elder
Superlativo Ejemplo
the best
Tara is the best athlete in the school.
the best
He is still in hospital, but he is better than he
was last week.
the worst
You are the worst driver I have ever known.
the furthest My house is the furthest one.
the farthest My house is the farther one.
the eldest
Ram is my elder brother.
older
the oldest
El nio alto
El gato negro
El black cat
El libro grande
La nia bella
La Casa Blanca
El perro bravo
Antes de
sustantivo
Ingls
I
you
he, she
you (formal)
we
we
you
you
they
you (formal)
mi
tu
su
su
nuestro,
nuestra,s
vuestro,
vuestra,s
sus
sus
Ingls
my
your
his, her, its
your (formal)
our
our
your
their
your (formal)
their
My name is Anna
Your middle name is Maria
Her surname is Garca
Her passport is Australian
Her country of origin is Peru
Our briefcases are brown
Your children are in the coffee bar
Adjetivos demostrativos
Los adjetivos demostrativos colocan la relacin de un sustantivo con respecto a la distancia y al tiempo. Se
utilizan antes del sustantivo.
18
this girl
that girl
Recuerde que en el idioma castellano los pronombres demostrativos llevan tilde, con la
excepcin de esto, eso y aquello.
THIS: esto, ste/a
THESE: stos, stas
Ejemplo:
Those are the types of problems (sos son los tipos de problemas...)
Otros usos:
Combination
That of
That which
Translation
el de / la de / lo de
el que / la que / lo que
Those which
Those of
los de / las de
los que / las que
Ejemplo:
The most important controls for pregnant women are those which have no adverse reactions.
(Los controles ms importantes para las mujeres embarazadas son aqullos que no presentan
reacciones adversas.)
Singular
Plural
Singular
Masculinos
Femeninos
-ous
-some
-y
Alguien est ed si algo (o alguien) es ing. O si algo es ing, uno est ed. En nuestro
ejemplo, Jane est aburrida (estado) porque su trabajo es aburrido (cualidad, caracterstica).
Otros ejemplos de pares de adjetivos terminados en ing y -ed:
20
THE NOUN
EL SUSTANTIVO
storage/ postage
disturbance /deliverance /assistance
determinant / servant
democracy / accuracy
wisedom / boredom / kingdom
degree / employee
difference / dependence
loser/ lover
electrician /Indian
swimming / Swallowing
scientist /humorist
activity /fluidity / capability / flexibily
bracelet /droplet
enforcement /establishment /contenment
happiness /quietness /toughness
translator /actor/reactor
compulsion / Regression
inflation/ action / revolution
Sin embargo existen algunas terminaciones que tambin se aplican a los adjetivos.
Por ejemplo, el sustantivo "spoonful" termina en -ful, pero el adjetivo "careful" tambin
termina en -ful.
2) Posicin en la oracin (Position in Sentence)
21
Los sustantivos aparecen con frecuencia despus de un determinante (como: a, an, the, this,
my, such.)
a relief
an afternoon
the doctor
this word
my house
such stupidity
El caso posesivo
Para demostrar que algo pertenece a alguien o a algo, generalmente agregarmos 's a un
sustantivo singular y apstrofe (') a un sustantivo plural:
The men's hockey team will be play as soon as the women's team is finished.
The hunter followed the moose's trail all morning but lost it in the afternoon.
Sustantivos Contables
Countable Nouns
Los sustantivos contables son fciles de reconocer. Son cosas que podemos contar. Por
ejemplo lpices. Podemos tener uno, dos, tres, cuatro o ms lpices.
Ejemplos:
dog, cat, animal, man, person, bottle, box, litre, coin, note, dollar, cup, plate, fork, table, chair, suitcase,
bag
My dog is playing.
Podemos utilizar los artculos indefinidos a/an con los sustantivos contables. (We can use the
indefinite article a/an with countable nouns)
A dog is an animal.
Si el sustantivo contable es singular debemos utilizar una palabra como a/the/my/this. (When a
countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:)
Si es plural podemos utilizarlo solo (When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone)
I like oranges.
Bottles can break.
23
Podemos utilizar some y any con los sustantivos contables. (We can use some and any with
countable nouns):
Tambin podemos utilizar a few y many. (We can use a few and many with countable
nouns):
Sustantivos Incontables
Uncountable Nouns
Los sustantivos incontables son sustancias, conceptos, etc. que no podemos dividir en
elementos separados. No podemos contarlos. Por ejemplo, no podemos contar la leche/milk.
Podemos contar "bottles of milk" o "litres of milk", pero no la leche/milk en s:
Ejemplos:
music, art, love, happiness, advice, information, news, furniture, luggage, rice, sugar, butter, water,
electricity, gas, power, money, currency
No podemos utilizar un artculo definido a/an, pero s podemos decirlo de la siguiente forma:
a piece of news
a bottle of water
a grain of rice
Hair
Light
Noise
Paper
Uncountable
I don't have much hair.
Close the curtain. There's too much
light!
It's difficult to work when there is too
much noise.
I want to draw a picture. Have you got
24
(=newspaper)
Our house has seven rooms.
We had a great time at the party.
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's
greatest works.
Room
Time
some paper?
Is there room for me to sit here?
Have you got time for a coffee?
Work
Sustantivos comunes
Uncountable
Money
Music
Luggage
Furniture
Electricity
Wine
Information
Advice
Travel
Work
Scenery
Common nouns
A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -- usually,
you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the
opposite of a proper noun. (Un sustantivo comn es un sustantivo que se refiere a una persona,
lugar o cosa en un sentido general. Es el opuesto al sustantivo propio. Se escribe nicamente
con mayscula si est al principio de una oracin.)
All the gardens in the neighbourhood were invaded by beetles this summer.
I don't understand why some people insist on having six different kinds of mustard in their
cupboards.
Sustantivos propios
Proper nouns
Un sustantivo propio es una palabra especial (o nombre) que empleamos para una persona,
lugar u organizacin. Ejemplos: John, Marie, London, France o Sony.
25
Concrete Nouns
Sustantivos concretos
Un sustantivo concreto es un sustantivo que nombra todo o a todos quienes uno puede percibir
a traves de los sentidos: tacto, vista, olfato, gusto u odo. Un sustantivo concreto es el opuesto
a un sustantivo abstracto. (A concrete noun is a noun which names everything (or everyone)
that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A
concrete noun is the opposite of a abstract noun.) Las palabras en negritas son todos
sustantivos concretos:
Whenever they take the dog to the beach, it spends hours playing with waves.
The real estate agent urged the couple to buy the second house.
Abstract Nouns
Sustantivos abstractos
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your
five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun. (Un sustantivo abstracto nombre
algo que no se percibe a travs de los cinco sentidos, es lo opuesto a un sustantivo concreto.)
Justice is essential.
Collective Nouns
Sustantivos colectivos
A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count
the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole as one unit.
A collective noun is similar to a non-countable noun, and is roughly the opposite of a countable
noun. (Un sustantivo colectivo es un sustantivo que nombra a un grupo de cosas, animales o
personas. Se podra contar a los miembros individuales del grupo pero generalmente se piensa
en el grupo en su totalidad como una unidad. Un sustantivo colectivo es similar a un sustantivo
incontable y en lneas generales es el opuesto a un sustantivo contable.)
26
The collective noun "geese" takes the singular verb "spends." (El sustantivo colectivo geese
toma la forma singular del verbo spends.)
In this example the collective noun "jury" is the subject of the singular compound verb "is
dining."
In this sentence the word "class" is a collective noun and takes the singular verb "was".
-s
boy
bed
book
pencil
day
boys
beds
books
pencils
days
-es
horse
edge
patch
prize
box
horses
edges
patches
prizes
boxes
-y becomes -ys
osprey
ospreys
bay
bays
Germany Germanys
Algunos sustantivos que terminan en f o fe cambian a ves en el plural. (Some nouns that
end in -f or -fe are changed to -ves in the plural):
27
plural
firemen
feet
geese
lice
men
mice
teeth
women
Algunos sustantitvos que terminan en o agregan s como el plural y otros agregan es. (Some
nouns ending in -o take -s as the plural, while others take -es.)
-o becomes -os
auto
autos
kangaroo
kangaroos
kilo
kilos
memo
memos
photo
photos
piano
pianos
pimento
pimentos
pro
pros
-o becomes -oes
echo
echoes
embargo
embargoes
hero
heroes
potato
potatoes
tomato
tomatoes
torpedo
torpedoes
veto
vetoes
28
solo
soprano
studio
tattoo
video
zoo
solos
sopranos
studios
tattoos
videos
zoos
Algunos sustantivos que terminan en o agregan s o es. (Some nouns ending in -o take
either -s or es):
singular
buffalo
cargo
halo
mosquito
motto
no
tornado
volcano
zero
plural
buffalos/buffaloes
cargos/cargoes
halos/haloes
mosquitos/mosquitoes
mottos/mottoes
nos/noes
tornados/tornadoes
volcanos/volcanoes
zeros/zeroes
plural
cod*
deer
fish*
offspring
perch*
sheep
trout*
Traduccin
Plural
Bacteria
Addenda
Errata
Analyses
Bases
Crises
Axes
Bacilli
Genera
Hypae
Larvae
Nebulae
Retinae
Nuclei
Micrococci
Mycelia
Media
Radii
Spirilla
Strata
Staphylococci
Stomata
Traduccin
Femenino
Authoress
Actress
Waitress
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1. Function Funcin
The principal job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and
other adverbs. In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the word that it modifies is in
italics. (La principal tarea de un adverbio es modificar verbos (o brindar mayor informacin
acerca de ellos). En los ejemplos, el adverbio aparece escrito en negritas y la palabra que
modifica en itlica.)
Modify a verb: (Modifica a un verbo)
- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)
But adverbs have other functions, too. They can: (Pero los adverbios tambin tienen otras
funciones, pueden:)
Modify a whole sentence: (Modificar a una oracin completa)
- Obviously, I can't know everything.
Modify a prepositional phrase: (Modificar a una frase preposicional)
- It's immediately inside the door.
2. Form - Forma
Many adverbs end in -ly. We form such adverbs by adding -ly to the adjective. Here are some
examples: (Muchos ejemplos finalizan en ly. Formamos dichos adverbios agregando ly al
adjetivo.)
But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. "Friendly", for example, is an adjective.
Some adverbs have no particular form, for example: (Pero no todas las palabras que terminan
en ly son adverbios. Por ejemplo, la palabra friendly es un adjetivo. Algunos advrebios no
tienen una forma particular, ver los siguientes ejemplos)
3. Position Posicin
Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence: (Los adverbios tienen tres posiciones
principales en la oracin)
Middle (between the subject and the main verb): (al medio, entre el sujeto y el verbo
principal)
- We often study adverbs.
End (after the verb or object): (al final, despus del verbo y el objeto)
- We study adverbs carefully.
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Frequency answer the question "How often?" or "How frequently?" They tell us how
often somebody does something. (Los adverbios de frecuencia responden a las preguntas
"How often?" o "How frequently?". Nos informan la frecuencia con la cual alguien realiza algo.)
Rarely and
seldom
Examples:
We see them rarely.
John eats meat very seldom.
100% Always
Usually
Frequently
Often
50%
0%
Sometimes
Occasionally
Siempre
Normalmente, por lo
general, usualmente
Con frecuencia, a
menudo,
frecuentemente
A menudo, seguido
Rarely
Seldom
casi nunca
Hardly ever
Casi nunca
Never
Nunca
SUPERLATIVE
Most quickly
Most fortunately
Hardest
Earliest
Best
Worst
Least
Most
Farthest(distance)Furthest
(used more widely)
Adverbs Form
33
An adverb normally derives from adjectives and it is formed by adding "ly" at the end of it
(Normalmente, un adverbio deriva de un adjetivo y se forma agregando ly al final.)
Adjective
serious
certain
mad
sad
fortunate
Exception:
Adverb
seriously
certainly
madly
sadly
fortunately
Good well
If the adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with "i" and add "ly". (Si el adjetivo termina en y, reemplaza la y
con la I y luego agrega ly.)
Adjective
Angry
Easy
Crazy
Busy
Cranky
Adverb
angrily
easily
crazily
busily
crankily
If the adjective ends with "able" , "ible" , or "le" , replace the "e" with "y". (Si el adjetivo termina en able, ible o le
reemplazar la e con y.)
Adjective
probable
terrible
incredible
sensible
probable
horrible
Adverb
Probably
Terribly
Incredibly
Sensibly
Probably
Horribly
If the adjective ends with "ic" add "ally". (Si el adjetivo termina en ic agregar ally.)
Adjective
basic
academic
historic
Adverb
basically
academically
historically
If the adjective ends with "ical" add "ly". (Si el adjetivo termina en ical agregar ly.)
Adjective
academical
historical
comical
Adverb
academically
historically
comically
34
THERE + BE
(existencia)
Present:
When you want to say that something exists, or when you want to mention the presence of
something, you can use there followed by be and a noun. (Cuando se quiere decir que algo
existe o cuando se quiere mencionar la presencia de algo, podemos utilizar there seguido del
verbo be y un sustantivo.)
Examples:
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
There were two boys in the bedroom. Haba dos nios en el dormitorio.
35
MODAL VERBS
VERBOS MODALES
ELLOS SON: CAN, COULD, HAD BETTER, HAVE TO, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, OUGHT TO,
SHALL, SHOULD, WILL, WOULD, BE ABLE TO. MODIFICAN AL VERBO PRINCIPAL Y
EXPRESAN POSIBILIDAD, OBLIGACION, PROBABILIDAD, ETC. TAMBIEN SE DENOMINAN
VERBOS AUXILIARES MODALES. SON SEGUIDOS POR UN VERBO PRINCIPAL.
can
speak
English.
cannot
speak
English.
he
speak
English?
Examples:
Modal Use
1. General Ability (Habilidad)
2. Permission (Permiso)
3. Request (Solicitud)
4. Possibility (Posibilidad)
- Cant
Examples:
I can speak Japanese.
I can use my mothers computer.
Can I have a glass of water?
Learning can be a real challenge.
May - May not
Modal Use
1. Possibility (Posibilidad)
2. Permission (Permiso)
3. Request (Solicitud)
Examples:
I Jack may be sad.
You may leave the table now. May I make a phone call?
May I borrow your eraser?
Must - Must not Mustnt
Modal Use
1. Certainty (Certeza)
2. Subjective Obligation (Obligacin
Subjetiva)
3. Strong Recommendation
(Recomendacin firme)
4. MUST NOT: Prohibition (Prohibicinaquelllo que no est permitido)
Examples:
That must be John.
I must stop smoking.
You must take some time and rest.
You must not swim in that river.
Examples:
John could be the student who stole the money.
If I had more money, I could travel around the world.
You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.
I could run ten miles in my twenties.
Could I have something to drink?
37
LA FORMA -ING
I)
II)
ADJECTIVE (ADJETIVO)
or
There is a bird that sings in the cage. Hay un pjaro que canta en la jaula.
Ej.: The dying patient cant breathe. El paciente moribundo no puede respirar.
or
The patient that is dying cant breathe. El paciente que se est muriendo
no puede respirar.
Los ADJETIVOS que terminan con ing provienen de un verbo-raz. Su traduccin depende
justamente del verbo del que provienen. Obsrvelo en los ejemplos antes mencionados:
a) to swim: nadar
to walk: caminar
to sleep: dormir
b) to sing: cantar
to die: morir
III)
39
THE IMPERATIVE
EL IMPERATIVO
El imperativo, en el verbo espaol, tiene un tiempo solamente, con el cual se manda, exhorta,
ruega, anima o disuade. El que manifiesta desinencias exclusivas para denotar mandato,
Listen!
Dont forget to bring your ID!
Do not eat so much!
Stop her!
Put that gun down!
Come quickly!
Instructions
Warnings
Invitations
Offers
Advice
Requests
(instrucciones):
(advertencias):
(invitaciones):
(ofrecimientos):
(consejos):
(pedidos):
40
PRESENTE SIMPLE
FORM:
subject
+
?
auxiliary verb
main verb
like
coffee.
He, she, it
likes
coffee.
do
not like
coffee.
He, she, it
does
not like
coffee.
Do
like
coffee?
Does
he, she, it
like
coffee?
am
French.
are
French.
is
French.
He, she, it
main verb
am
not
old.
41
are
not
old.
He, she, it
is
not
old.
Am
late?
Are
late?
Is
he, she, it
late?
present
future
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are
not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of
the verb to be in the present simple tensesome of them are general, some of them are now:
(Hay que tener en cuenta que en el caso del verbo to be se puede emplear este tiempo para
situaciones que no son generales, i.e. para referirnos al ahora. En los siguientes ejemplos,
encontrar ejemplos de ambos casos.)
Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
past
present
future
42
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.
Past
present
future
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can
be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event (timetables), a scientific fact or something
that often happens. (Se emplea este tiempo para expresar que una accin se repite o es usual.
Puede ser un hbito, un hobby, un evento cotidiano, un evento programado (horarios), un
hecho cientfico o una accin que se realiza a menudo.)
Examples:
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true
now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is
also used to make generalizations about people or things. (Este tiempo tambin puede indicar
que el hablante cree que un hecho era cierto, es cierto y lo ser en el futuro. No es importante
si est en lo cierto sobre ese hecho. Tambin se emplea para realizar generalizaciones acerca
de personas o cosas.)
Examples:
43
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
EXAMPLES:
Once a week, the teacher explains a new subject..
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
44
PASADO SIMPLE
FORM:
The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is: (Afirmativo)
base
The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is: (Interrogativo)
Base
Examples:
subject
+
?
auxiliary verb
main verb
went
to school.
You
worked
very hard.
She
did
not go
with me.
We
did
not work
yesterday.
Did
you
go
to London?
Did
they
work
at home?
Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it
was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences.
To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. (Excepcin: el verbo to be es diferente.
Se conjuga el verbo to be y NO utilizamos un auxiliar para el negativo y el interrogativo. Para
formar una interrogacin, intercambiamos el sujeto y el verbo.)
45
+
?
subject
main verb
I, he/she/it
was
here.
were
in London.
I, he/she/it
was
not
there.
were
not
happy.
Was
I, he/she/it
right?
Were
late?
present
future
present
future
46
Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or seconds in
the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long the event is. It can be
a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the simple past
tense when: (No importa hace cuanto tiempo se produjo el evento, pueden ser unos pocos
minutos o segundos o millones de aos en el pasado. Tampoco importa la duracin del mismo,
pueden ser milisegundos (explosin de un automvil) o millones de aos (perodo jursico).
1. Simple Past Tense for Completed Action in the Past (accin finalizada
en el pasado)
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in
the past. Sometimes the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have
one specific time in mind. (Se emplea este tiempo para expresar la idea de una accin que
comenz y termin en un momento especfico del pasado. A veces el hablante puede, en
realidad, no mencionar el tiempo especfico en que se realiz la accin, pero lo tiene en
mente.)
Examples:
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it
clear that we are talking about a habit we often use expressions such as "always," "often,"
"usually," "never," "..when I was a child" or "...when I was younger" in the sentence. (Este
tiempo puede utlizarse tambin para describir un hbit en el pasado. Para aclarar que nos
estamos refiriendo a un hbito, a menudo empleamos las siguientes expresiones: "always,"
"often," "usually," "never," "...when I was a child" or "...when I was younger" en la oracin.)
47
EXAMPLES:
References of time:
Last week
yesterday
The day before yesterday
A long time ago
Two years ago
In spring
On Monday
At 3:15
In 1999
When I was ten years old
Etc.
Examples with Question Words
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
The police officer caught the band.
The band was caught by the police officer
ACTIVE
.
PASSIVE
48
FUTURO SIMPLE
FORM:
base
will
For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and
main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. (Para las
oraciones en negativo, colocamos la palabra not entre el verbo auxiliar y el verbo principal. En
las interrogaciones, intercambiamos el sujeto y el verbo auxiliar.)
Examples:
subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
will
open
the door.
You
will
finish
before me.
She
will
not be
at school tomorrow.
We
will
not leave
yet.
Will
you
arrive
on time?
Will
they
want
dinner?
cuando no existe un plan o decisin para realizar una accin antes del momento en que nos
referimos a la accin. Tomamos la decisin espontneamente en el momento de hablar.)
Examples:
- Hold on, Ill get a pen.
- Its hot here! Ill turn the conditioning on.
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
EXAMPLES:
John will finish the conference by 5:00 PM.
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
50
PRESENTE CONTINUO
FORM:
base + ing
Examples:
subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
am
speaking
to you.
You
are
reading
this.
She
is
not
staying
in London.
We
are
not
playing
football.
Is
he
watching
TV?
Are
they
waiting
for John?
We use the present continuous tense to talk about: (Empleamos este tiempo para hablar acerca
de)
51
a) for action happening exactly now (una accin que est sucediendo
exactamente ahora)
I am eating my lunch.
Past
present
Future
The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now,
and it is not permanent or habitual. (La accin puede no estar sucediendo exctamente ahora,
pero est sucediendo justo antes y justo despus de ahora, y no es permanente o habitual.)
present
-----------------------------------------------------------------
future
---------------
We can also use this tense to talk about the futureif we add a future word!! We must add (or
understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow,
next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about
the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a
decision and a plan before speaking. (Podemos tambin utilizar este tiempo para hablar sobre
el futuro, si agregamos una palabra que denote futuro. Debemos agregarla (o darla por
sobreentendida a partir del contexto). nicamente utilizamos este tiempo para referirnos al
futuro cuando hemos planeado realizar algo antes de hablar. Ya hemos tomado la decisin y
hemos hecho un plan antes de hablar.)
Examples:
present
future
!!!
A firm plan or programme
exists now.
-
Example:
She is always coming to class late.
They are always complaining about the same issue.
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
EXAMPLES:
They are looking after the environment.
The environment is being looked after.
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
53
GOING TO
Going to is not a tense. It is a special expression to talk about the future. (Going to no es un
tiempo, sino una expresin especial para referirnos al futuro.)
Structure
be
(not) going
am
going
to buy
a new car.
I'm
going
to go
swimming.
He
is
going
to take
The exam.
It
isn't
going
to rain.
Are
you
going
to paint
not
infinitive
The house?
1. Intention (intenciones)
We use going to when we have the intention to do something before we speak. We have
already made a decision before speaking. (Se emplea cuando tenemos la intencin de hacer
algo antes de hablar. Hemos tomado la decisin previamente antes de hablar.)
Examples:
-
John has won the lottery. He says he's going to buy a Porsche.
We're not going to operate the patient today.
When are you going to go on holiday?
In these examples, we had an intention or plan before speaking. The decision was made
before speaking. (En estos ejemplos, tenamos la intencin o plan antes de hablar. Fue tomada
antes de hablar.)
2. Prediction (predicciones)
54
We often use going to to make a prediction about the future. Our prediction is based on
present evidence. We are saying what we think will happen. (A menudo empleamos going to
para realizar una prediccin acerca del futuro. La misma se basa en prueba presente. Estamos
diciendo aquello que creemos suceder.)
Examples:
In these examples, the present situation (black sky, the time, damaged car) gives us a good
idea of what is going to happen. (En esos ejemplos, la situacin presente nos brinda una buena
idea de lo que va a suceder.)
Future Time: Summary
This table gives a simple scale of probability for each structure. It is not exact because
language is not a science (La siguiente tabla nos ofrece una simple escala de probabilidad para
cada estructura. NO es exacta porque el idioma no es una ciencia exacta.)
% probability before
speaker speaks of event
happening
structure
used for
example
0%
will
no plan
70%
going to
intention
90%
present
continuous
plan
99.999%
present simple
schedule
55
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES
ORACIONES
CONDICIONALES
Probabilidad
Certeza
Posibilidad real
Condicional
0
I
Probabilidad. Posibilidad
irreal. Sueo.
Sin posibilidad
Tipo O
II
III
Ejemplo
If you heat ice, it melts.
If it rains, I will stay at
home.
If I won the lottery, I would
buy a bigger house.
If I had won the lottery, I
would have bought a car.
Tipo 1
POSIBILIDAD REAL
PREFIXES PREFIJOS
Negativos (oposicin)
UnA-, AnNonIn-im-il-irDisDeDys- (mal)
MalMis- (incorrecto)
Tiempo y orden
PrePostEx
Re- (nuevamente)
Fore- (antes)
Numerales
Uni-, monoBiTriMulti-; polyOtros
Ab-, aAd-, ac-, ag-, at- (to)
An- (sin)
Anti- (contra)
Arch- (mayor)
AutoBeBeneCircumCo- (with)
Com-, con-, col- (con)
ContraCounter- (en oposicin a)
Em- (antes de b y p)
En- (en; proveer de; causar)
ExtraHyper- (extremadamente)
Infra-(menos)
Inter- (entre)
Intra- (dentro de)
Neo- (nuevo)
Unheard, untie
Anemic, atheist
Non-smoker
Insecure, impossible, illegal, irregular
Disconnect, discredit
Deforestation, dehumidify
Dysfunction
Malcontent, malformation
Misinform
Prerequisite
Postgraduate
Exterritorial, ex - wife
Rebuild, review
Foretell
Unilateral
Bilingual, bicycle
Tripartite
Multinational, polytheism
Absent, amoral
Aggressive, attract
Anarchy
Antimissile, antisocial
Archenemy
Autobiography
Benign, befriend
Beneficial
Circumvent
Co-pilot
Commit, confound, collate
Contradict, contraband
Counterclockwise, counter-revolution
Empower
Engulf, enable
Extracurricular
Hypercritical, hyperactive
Infrared, infrasonic
Interpose, intercom
Intramural, intravenous
Neocolonial, neo-Gothic
57
SUFFIXES
-hood
-dom
-ship
-acy
-ery
-ancy
-let
-ette
-ess
-y
-ster
-eer
-er, -or
-ist
-ite
-ism
-ity, -ty
-ness
SUFIJOS
Indicadores de sustantivos
Boyhood, neighborhood
Freedom, martyrdom (status)
Friendship, dictatorship (domain)
Democracy, supremacy (quality)
Slavery, machinery
Brilliancy
Booklet
Kitchenette (diminutive)
Waitress (femenine)
Daddy, baby
Ganster
Engineer (occupational)
Singer, adviser, actor
Violinist, novelist
Socialite, Israelite
Idealism, paganism
Necesitty, sanity, cruelty
Kindness, happiness
58
-ation
-ment
-ant
-ee
-al
-age
-th
-ure
-ance, -ence
-ful
-cide
-ology
-ify
-ate
-ize
-en
-al
-able, -ible
-ious
-fold
-ese
-ian
-ish
-y
-ory
-ary
-ent
-ic
-ful (lleno de)
-less (sin)
-like
-ly
-ive
-ly
-ward(s)
-wise
Proclamation, exploration
Government, amazement
Inhabitant, disinfectant
Employee
Rehearsal, refusal, dismissal
Storage, shrinkage, drainage, peerage
Warmth, depth, growth
Pressure, failure
Confidence, acceptance
Mouthful, handful
Pesticide, biocide
Biology, Shakespearology
Indicadores de verbos
Simplify, qualify, falsify
Activate, confiscate
Polarize, popularize, unionize
Ripen, deafen, sadden
Indicadores de modificadores
Criminal, carnal, musical
Portable, edible
Flirtatious, rebellious, courteous
Thirtyfold, twofold, manifold
Chinese, Japanese
Darwinian, Rumanian, Colombian
Turkish, foolish
Gloomy, creamy, hairy
Prohibitory
Visionary
Excellent
Cubic, heroic, democratic
Doubtful, useful, helpful
Lifeless, childless, worthless, topless
Warlike, childlike
Friendly, lovely, lonely, cowardly
Attractive, affirmative
Indicadores de adverbios
Happily, strangely, cruelly
Northward, toward, backward
Likewise, profitwise
59
Lista de conectores
Addition
And
Both and
Either or
Furthermore In addition Moreover
Neither nor
Not only but also
Condition
If whether
Whether . or
Contrast
Although though even though
But
Conversely
However yet nevertheless
In spite of despite
Otherwise
Regardless
Unlike
Whereas albeit
Purpose
In order to
So that so as not to
Reason
Because
Because of due to owing to
Considering
Since
Result
Consequently
Likewise
So
Therefore
Thus
Time
After
As
At present now nowadays
At that time
Before
By
During
First
In the early
Lastly
Adicin
Y
Ambos
Uno o el otro
Adems
Ni uno, ni el otro
No solo sino que tambin
Condition
Si en caso de
Si o
Contraste
Aunque, an cuando
Pero
De distinto modo, a la inverse
Sin embargo
A pesar de
De otro modo
A pesar de, sin considerer
A diferencia de
Mientras que
Propsito
Con el fin de para
Para que de manera que
Razn
Porque
A causa de, debido a
Considerando, en atencin a
Ya que, puesto que
Resultado
En consecuencia
Asimismo, tambin
Por lo tanto
Entonces, por lo tanto
As, de este modo
Tiempo
Despus
Cuando, a medida que
Actualmente, ahora
En ese momento
Antes
A las, para las
Durante
En primer lugar
A principios de
Finalmente
60
Later
Since
Then
Until
When
Whenever
Ms tarde
Desde
Luego
Hasta
Cuando
Cada vez, cuando sea
61
REFERENCIAS
Focus on Grammar. Longman Grammar Series. By Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner
Essential Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press. By Raymond Murphy
Basic Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press. By Raymond Murphy
A Proficiency Course in English. Hodder and Stoughton. By F. V. Bywater.
Larousse Consultor. Ediciones Larousse.
English Grammar. Collins Cobuild. Harpers Collins Publishers 1990. Latest Reprint 2004.
Dictionary of Contemporarty English, The Living Dictionary. Pearson Education Limited,
Longman.
INTERNET
www.englishclub.com
www.englishpage.com
www.rae.es
DICCIONARIOS ON-LINE
http://www.wordreference.com
http://www.pons.de
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
www.rae.es
62