Criminal law Transcript for Oct 2

Clarification: kung special mitigating kay maximum?kung mag divide naka sa

maximum siya?
Answer:
There is no such thing as special mitigating. Okay? There is special aggravating.
Ang mitigating privileged na siya. Unsay effect sa ordinary mitigating? One period
lower. Sa ordinary aggravating one period higher. Special aggravating is automatic
maximum. And privileged mitigating is one degree lower. Take note ha ordinary gani
period ra ang mo lower or mo higher, if privileged mitigating na gane degree na ang
mo lower, then kung special maximum.
So kung walay special you do not go to the maximum. Kung ordinary aggravating ra
walay ordinary mitigating? One period higher, dili necessary na maximum. Ordinary
aggravating meaning one period higher. You do not say maximum because
sometimes its not really maximum.
Example, if the penalty is prision correctional medium to prision mayor medium,
there is one ordinary aggravating. One period higher, what is the one period higher?
prision mayor minimum.
See thats the problem, because when I talk you also talk, I try to be simple, mag
binisaya na gane ko and have eye contact with you so that I can relay the message
to you but its like im talking to a blank wall sometimes.
So were saying this is the penalty (prision correccional medium) and there is one
ordinary aggravating, what will be the penalty imposable? Prision mayor medium.
Okay? So if this (prision correccional) is the penalty given for that particular crim,
no mitigating, no aggravating, this is the penalty (prision mayor medium). But if
there is one aggravating this is the penalty, if there is one mitigating this is the
penalty. If there is one privileged then maghimo ka ug another period. The other
period would be minimum, arresto, max, medium. So this will be your period if you
have one privileged. Or if you have no privileged but you apply the ISLAW, this is
now your next period, see, because there is such a thing as complex penalty, its not
always as simple as this. Okay? It could be a combination of different penalties and
different periods, it is even possible that mao ranay iyang penalty, prision mayor
minimum to prision mayor medium. So what do you do now?if you have an
aggravating circumstance or a mitigating cirscumstance?what do you do now?
Okay? You dont have a problem is there is on mitigating or aggravating. Or if your
mitigating is privileged because you just go one degree lower. But what if you have
a special aggravating or ordinary aggravating or an ordinary mitigating? You have
now to divide this by 3 in order to come up with the max, med, min. so always
divide by 3 if you have something that necessitates periods. Magdivide by 3 jud ka

if you talk about periods, you dont have a problem if you dont have an aggravating
or an ordinary mitigating, wa kay problema. You do not need the periods.
But if ang iomng penalty is prision coreccional max and then prision coreccional
med. Upat kabuok, thats also possible, because in complex penalties it can be
complex, sometimes it cannot be very simple, sometimes it will involve 4 different
periods, so when I said bahala nag bisag lima pa siya, it doesnt matter kung wala
lang kay ordinary mitigating ug aggravating. Mag problema raman ka ug duna kay
ordinary na mitigating or aggravating kay mangita naman kag period. Pero mintras
wa ka anang aggravating ug ordinary mitigating, you should not worry. Because
what you need to do is only lower by degree you will not anymore talk by by
periods. Follow?
Q: sa complex crime rana siya mugawas mga in ana na penalty maam?
A: dili, ang book 2 sa revised penal code usahay mu impose siyag penalties na mga
weird. Wala man tay problema sa complex xrime actually. There is no problem with
the complex crime actuallu. Ngano man? Ang effect sa ordinary complex crime,
katung article 48 na formula, ang effect ato is pareho sa effect sa special
aggravating. Unsa may effect?always maximum, do not talk about higher. Higher
means ordinary. So kanang special aggravating pareha na sa ordinary complex, now
there is no problem with special complex. Because the law itself will provide, you
will not compute because the law itself will give you the penalty. Thats why its
called special complex because you will not be computing the maximum, you do not
need to go to the maximum.
So for example, let us say, attempted robbery with homicide, I think the penalty
there is prision mayor uugh there is only two periods there. Basta unique siyag mga
penalties pero given na siya. Bast special complex. Sa ordinary complex always
maximum. Maximum of what?? Because remember that if complex you actually
have two crimes, asa man na maximum ani? Muingon kag direct assault with
serious physical injuries, maximum of what crime? This one or this one??? The
gaver one. So kinsa may mas grave niyag penalty. For example if the serious
physical injuries results in the cutting of the limb or losing the senses, ang penalty
ana is prision mayor naman, nya ang direct assault kay prision correctional raman,
so mas mudako na ang prision mayor, adto ka mukuha sa imong maximum. Prision
mayor maximum.
Pero what if walay losing of the senses or anything? The penalty would only be
prision coreccional sa physical injuries, sa direct assault pareha sila prision
coreccional. Then prision coreccional maximum, okay? So ang ma maximum na
penalty are always maximum, is complex crime and special aggravating, pirmi
siyang maximum. Okay? So tungod kay pirmi siyang maximum bahala nag 20 pana
kabuok na ordinary mitigating di jud na siya mawagtang sa maximum, always nana.
The same is true with complex crime. bisag 20 pana kabuok ordinary mitigfating

always jud na siyang maximum, bisan pag naa privileged mitigating maximum lang
gihapon siya, manaog siyag one degree pero maximum lang gihapon.
Q: unsay example sa special aggravating?
A: Special aggravating, kanang kana siya ay, kana.
Taking advantage of public position, committed by syndicate or organized crime
group or quasi recidivism.
Whay is quasi recidivism? It is a situation where a person who is already convicted,
na convicted na siya, nag serve siyag sentence, mu commit siyag another crime. so
kadtung next niya na crime and iyang penalty atu is always maximum. Always
maximum iyang penalty. So example, makapatay siya inside the jail, ang iyang
penalty is always maximum, or mangawat siya inside the jail, and iyang penalty is
always maximum. Okay?
Q: (about band, di maklaro kay layu.)
A: kanang man gung band, lahi lahi na siyag effect. Okay? Dunay time na kung ang
band ang iyang gi commit na crime is robbery, robbery in band, naa na siyay lain na
effect, dili necessarily na special aggravating. When you say syndicate, it refers
here to at least 3 people. but a band is more than 3 meaning atleast 4 people. so
ang syndicate is 3 and band is 4. Now kung ang syndicate mo more than 3 unya
armed band nana siya. So syndicate na siya band pajud. So which means na if were
talking about special aggravating, special aggravating nana siya kay band naman
siya ang syndicate nahimo anman siyang band. Ay wait. Kung muabot nana siyag 3
syndicate nana siya, so special aggravating nana siya, kung 3 na sila kabuok ang
ilang penalty always the maximum. Pero kung muabot na silag 4 unya na armed na
sila na upat, must be armed kay basta band must be armed mana, kanang gitawag
ug kuan quadrille, quadro meaning 4. So when there is the quadrille meaning band
and this is always armed people. ang ilang particular specific na crime sa band is
now robbery. Di lang kay nahimo siyang special aggravating, more than that pa ang
effect kung robbery in band na crime.
Why? Because in quadrilla they can also be liable even for crimes that are not
agreed upon and even not foreseeable, so that is a principle which only applies to
robbery in band but not to syndicate. So dili pareho, they are not identical, band
and syndicate are not identical. Okay?
Q: is qausi recidivist the same as recidivist?
A: let me get to that. here. They are not the same. Okay? Recidivist that is found in
your article 14 okay? When we have a recidivist it means that the same convict ,
the same person has been convicted of a crime falling under that particular title.
Meaning kung crime against property crime against property nasad ang sunod.
Kung crime against persons crime against persons nasad ang sunod. Okay? Must be

the same title. Ang title naa sa book 2. Kada mga group of crimes gi grouping na
sila, so kanang mga kulata, patay, murder, mga in.ana gitawag na ug Crimes
against persons. Kanang mga kawat, tulis, ilad mao nay Crimes against property.
Kanang mga grave oral defamation, mga libel Crimes against honor. Kanang mga
kabit-kabit mga inana mao na silay Crimes against chastity. So gi-title na sila.
So kung sauna nangawat ka nya karun nakapatay naka, dili ka recidivist kay di man
na same title, pero pwede kang habituality. So para ma recidivist ka kinahanglan na
kung nangawat ka sauna, nangawat sad ka karun. So sa quasi-recidivism, katung
akong giingon na na conivted na siya nya nakasala siya while serving the sentence.
Sa habitual delinquency naa na siyay time frame na 10 years. Now sa habitual
delinquency or multi-recidivism within a period of 10 years naka commit siya ug 3
times sa specific ran a mga crimes. what are these specific crimes?? kanang
robbery, cause sometimes in the codal its been referred to in spanish term, robo
means robbery, orto means estafa of falsification. Kana ran a mga crimes.
So kung sauna you were liable of graft and corruption, ka 20 naka na graft and
corruption, dili ka habitual delinquent kay wala man siyay apil sa enumeration,
okay? Pwede siya ma habitual.
Now, I will not yet touch on the application of ISLAW to special penal laws. Why?
Because you are not yet familiar with special penal laws. But because ISLAW is
another law dili siya part sa RPC, kay kung naa ra siya sa RPC meaning applicable ra
siya sa felonies, nga naa sa RPC, but because ISLAW is not found in the RPC ,
separate law siya muapply sad siya bisag crimes na dili punished under the RPC.
Muapply siya sa mga crimes na punished sa ubang clase na special penal laws. So it
is applicable.
But how will it apply? So the rule is kung ang penalty the same sa RPC, ang way pag
compute pareha gihapon sa RPC. Kay naa may special penal laws na ang ila
gamiton na penalty kining mga prision mayor, prision coreccional, mga in.ana mga
reclusion temporal. So kung mao gihapon ni na mga name sa penalty, king mga
Spanish na names, okay the way nga mag graduate ta sa penalty the same ra
gihapon bisan ug special penal law na. kay pareha raman ug penalty, but dili tanan
na special penal law in-ana ug penalty. Dili tanang special penal law Spanish ang
penalties. Naa say mga unique na penalties.
So I will not belabor you with that, basta the thing that Id like to remind you as of
now is that, bisag unsa pana siya na law, bisag RPC pana siya or special penal law
pana siya, ALWAYS APPLICABLE ang ISLAW. Subject to exemptions.
What aret the exemptions? The exemptions are:
1. Dili siya applicable if the penalty is fine, natural, so if fine, dont talk about
minimum, max and med

2. If the penalty is less than one year you do not apply ISLAW. Mao nay
giatawag na straight penalty. So if penalty is 6 months, it means 6 months, no
minimum range nor a maximum range. You do not apply ISLAW.
3. If the penalty is indivisible. When indivisible? Reclusion perpetua, life
sentence, or death. You cannot divide those. So according to PP v
(inaudible) , there can be no indeterminate sentence if the penalty imposed is
life imprisonment or death penalty because that is found in ISLAW itself. Or
according to (inaudible) if the penalty is Reclusion Perpetua. If you go to
ISLAW ang gi-mention adto kay death ra ug life, wala gi-metion ang Reclusion
perpetua. Okay?so death ug life, kanng Reclusion perpetua dinhi nana gimention ani na case sa PP v (Liyat? Not sure). So in short tungod kay apil na
ang reclusion perpetua nya apil na daan ang life ug and death, in short tanan
na indivisible dili pwede mag ISLAW. Okay?NO ISLAW bast indivisible.
Exceptions:
1. Kanusa nga dunay life or reclusion perpetua na pwede mag ISLAW?
When there is a prviliged mitigating. Why??? Because if there is a
privileged mitigating one degree naman ka. If nay privileged
mitigating always mana nimo e-considere kay privileged gud. So
tungod kay privileged number 1 jud na siya nimung e-consider,
naog jud ka largo. So therefore walay penalty sa bisag unsang
committed by a minor na indivisible, basta by a minor divisible jud
na kay privileged mitigating man ang minor. So because privileged
mitigating siya manaog jud na siya right away. In fact walay crime
na committed ang minor na dili bailable, always jud na bailable. Kay
manaog mana siya thats the privilege. So tungod kay manaog
nana siya dayun manaog na siya sa Reclusion temporal, ig naog
niya sa Reclusion temporal divisible nana siya. Di na mahitabo ang
co-mingling kay divisible naman siya. So thats number
one
exemption.
2. When the Reclusion perpetua is the result of an IPR or incremental
penalty rule. What is IPR? There are crimes such as estafa, theft ,
kana na mga crimes ang penalty ana nila mag agad sa value of the
property stolen. Diba I told you if mangawat kag more than 12k
prision mayor, if lower than 12k but not less than 6k prision
coreccional, magkadako. Unya if sige na siyag dako, for example
estafa? Prision mayor rana pero ang condition na kada 10k na
musubra is equal to 1 year. So example imong estafa is 20M, imbis
na prision mayor ra unta to maximum, for every 10k 1 year, so sige
kag add ug 1 year unya ug 20M na dako na kaayu na, maabot na
siya sa more than 30 years. Ig abot niya sa 30 years ang name ana
Reclusion perpetua na. Pero mao ranay Reclusion perpetua na
divisible, its just a name, divisible mana siya kay gikan mana siya
sa prision mayor, so naa Reclusion perpetua na divisible because
that reclusion perpetua was arrived at because of the sigeg puno ug

1 year. Okay? So can you imagine how many 10k is 30years? Diba
so if naa kay 20M abot kag one thousand years ana haha. Pero
maximum na bitaw nang 30years. Pero ig abot nimo sa 30 years
ang name ana Reclusion perpetua na and divisible, so pwede rana
siya ma ISLAW kay divisible man.
Break.
So lets proceed, so Ive showed to you the different penalties that can be
graduated. So in the graduation of penalties, sometimes the penalty that can be
imposed by law for a particular crime may not be the regular penalty na prision
coreccional or reclusion temporal, no, sometimes it can be composed of different
periods. Now so in such cases the penalty is known as a complex penalty. Complex
kay dili siya simple. Sometimes it can consist of four periods or 2 periods or 3
periods. So different penalties noh? So complex na siya.
Now in the case of murder, or in the case of robbery with homicide the penalty is
Reclusion Temporal maximum to Reclusion perpetua, thats the penalty. So possible
na mao ni siyay penalty, or possible sad na ang penalty is upat, or possible sad na
kani siya. Okay? So Reclusion temporal maximum to Reclusion perpetua. Mao nay
gipangtawag na mga complex penalties. If nay complex crimes naa say complex
penalties. Mao niy mga penalties na dili regular. Dili siya regular kay di siya
composed of 3 periods, so these are complex penalties. If you are confronted with
complex penalties kay 4 ka periods ang one degree, and next na degree kay dapat
4 sad ka periods. Dili na 3 ka period dapat 4 sad. Follow?
So therefore kung mu apply mo sa inyung ISLAW, mao mani siya ang penalty
prescribe by law, ang next lower in degree is the next four. Or kung mao ni siya ang
penalty ang next lower in degreekay 2 sad. So that is what is meant by complex
penalty. Kung kini nag penalty, Reclusion temporal minimum ug Prision mayor
maximum, mao rani siyay penalty ang imong next lower in degree kay dili kining 3
kay balig duha raman to. Okay you follow? So that is how you find the degree.
But how do you find the period? You divide by 3. Basta period na. In the case of
Young, Supreme Court said that kani na penalty, Reclusion temporal maximum to
Reclusion perpetua that is not an indivisible penalty. In short that is a divisible
penalty. It is one of the complex penalties. Pareha siya ani, na balig duha ra. Okay?
Complex penalty siya kay duha, dili simple dili regular, complex. Kini siya complex
penalty sad ni siya pero dili indivisible. Ang indivisible is if ang penalty Reclusion
perpetua, pero kung ang penalty is Reclusion temporal maximum to Reclusion
perpetua, and this is the penalty in several crimes. According to young this is a
complex penalty ang this is a divisible penalty. So how do you divide this? You divide
this by placing the maximum at Reclusion perpetua. And then how do you find the
medium and the minimum? You divide by 2. E divide by 2 and reclusion temporal
maximum. You follow?

Kay balig usa naman ni di mani ma divide. Kini siya duha man so madivide. Thats
how you will get the minimum and the medium. Okay?
So therefore if the penalty is Reclusion temporal maximum to reclusion perpetua,
and there is an ordinary mitigating, it is wrong to say that the penalty should be
Reclusion temporal maximum. It is incorrect. Kung mao ni ang penalty it is correct
to say that if nay aggravating ang penalty is reclusion temporal. But it is wrong to
say that if there is ordinary mitigating that the penalty is Reclusion temporal
maximum. This is not the penalty when there is ordinary mitigating. Because the
penalty for ordinary mitigating is the minimum period of Reclsuion temporal
maximum. So because the Reclusion temporal maximum will still need to be divided
by 2. Follow? Okay? So dili na siya indivisible, divisible na siya. Thats what in Young
says.
Now can we graduate, we said a while ago that we cannot apply the ISLAW for fines,
okay? Pero maka graduate ba ta? Yes. We can have minimum, medium and
maximum for fine. Which means that if nay mitigating manaog sad tag period, mu
minimum sad ka, if naay aggravating mu maximum sad ka bisag fine rana. Di lang
ka ka apply sa ISLAW. Di ka kapangita ug minimum range, nya di ka kaadto sa one
degree lower. Kutob rajud ka diha, kay di man applicable anf ISLAW kung idli
imprisonment ang penalty. Pero maggamit gihapon nato nag mga aggravating ug
mitigating bisag fine lang. so there can be graduation of penalties in fine.
So in graduating fine, the minimum shall remain unchanged. The maximum will also
remain unchanged. But, makaduwaduwa ka sa aggravating mitigating, kay for
example ang penalty is 1 thousand to 6 thousand, so 1-2 is minimum, 3-4 is
medium, and 5-6 is maximum. Di na ka pwede mulaps sa 6, not lower sad sa 1.
Now if we lower by degree the rule is di gihapon dapat mulapas sa minimum ug
maximum. So for example if the participation is accomplice, unya ang penalty is 16k nya accomplice raman, so 6 divided by 4, so oay of that is 1500, so 15006000, so kung walay mitigating aggravating, anhi naka sa 2-4, follow? So if penalty
is 1000 to 6000, and 1-2 is minimum, the medium is 3-4, 506 is maximum. So if
walay aggravating walay mitigating, mao ni imong penalty 3-4, para rani sa
principal, para sa accomplice ang iyang penalty is 4000-1500 so 2500.

Now we will now go to the next topic, which is Successive service of sentence. What
if a person is convicted, daghan siyag crime so daghan sad siyag sentence. For
example, nag estafa siyag 10 ka estafa so iyang penalty is 8 Prision coreccional and
2 Prision mayor. Now how do oyu serve this sentence? Because 8 ka prision
coreccional that is 6x8 is 48 years, unya kingin 2 prision mayor is 12 times 2 is 24
so pila na?72 years. Now heres the thing, the thing is that dili pwede na , in no case
that the person will serve for more than 40 years. 40 years is the limit. If 1 crime, di
pwede na muexceed sa 30 years. So even if were saying that life sentence but it is

really 30 years. That is if theres only 1 life sentence or if there is only 1 reclusion
perpetua. Because if there is 2 life sentences, the maximum is 40 years. So if 1
penalty or crimes maximum is 30, if multiple penalty maximum is 40 years. So kani
siya, 72 years naman ni, di na pwede, maximum rajud na kutob which is 40. Or you
get the 3 fold rule.
What is the three fold rule??? The three fold rule is unsay highest penalty times 3.
So whats the highest penalty ani na penalty? Its prision mayor. PM is up to 12 years,
so 12x3 =36. So if we add maabot ug 72, 72 will not be imposed because di man
pwede mu sobra sa 40. So if ig add mulapas gane sa 40 , 40 ra ang iimpose. Pero
kanang 40 is applicable if the highest penalty times 3 is more than 40. But if times 3
the gravest penalty, less thatn 40 gane mao nay e-apply. So here because the
gravest is 36 times 3, then the penalty is 36.
Remember: if more than 40 years na anag penalty, three-fold rule if mulapas gane
gihapon sa 40 ang three-fold rule, anha na e-apply ang automatic 40. If ang threefold rule is less than 40 then ang three-fold rule ang e apply.
If ang penalty is usa ka 1 year, usa ka 1 year, usa ka 1 year, usa ka 1 year, ug usa
ka 5 years. Kung e add 9 years, mao ba ni ang e serve?now kung e apply ang threefold rule, the gravest penalty is 5, times 3 mahimung 15. So what is lower? Mao na
ang e-apply. Kung ig add nimo mas dako dili na nimo e-apply. Pero if ig add mas
gamay then apply. So if ig add dako, pangitaa ang 40, if times 3 mas less than 40,
apply the three-fold trule.
So example kung 10 ka prision cooreccional, 60 years. Plus 1 reclusion temporal 20
= 80. If timex 3 60 so tungod kay puro siya dagko, use the 40. Use whichever is
lower.
So unsay unahon ug serve? Always start with the gravest penalty, 40 man unahon
ang usa ka 20 and then unya nanang another 20. So if this is the scenario:
1+1+1+1+5=9 . unahon ug serve ang 5 dayun serve the 1s. always the gravest.
Dili pwede dunganon tanan, there has to be successive service of sentence.
So now, what if the penalty is fine and imprisonment, pwede na dungan. Pero if
imprisonment di pwede dunganon ha.
Second to the last topicis extinction of criminal liability. Extinction of criminal
liability when?
Criminal liability is extinguished by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Death of the accused

Service of the sentence
Amnesty
Absolute pardon
Prescription of the crime

6. Prescription of the penalty

7. Marriage to the victim ( only applicable to rape)
Marriage does not take away criminaly liability if utang okay? Its only for rape.
Death, once the offender dies, no more criminal liability, however he may still incur
civil liability. So namatay siya, nya estafa iyang crime, din a siya ma priso sa estafa
but makabayad gihapon siya. Or nakapatay siya, remember when there is crime
committed it can also give rise to civil liability or civil obligation makabayad gihapon
ka. The civil aspect will not be extinguished.
Service, nahuman naka ug priso, no more criminal liability.
Amnesty from pardon. Amnesty refers to an act of congress, sort of a law. congress
passes a law providing that these kinds of accused will not be anymore criminally
liable. For example,BBL katung mga crimes na MILF they will now be free from
criminal liability by virtue of a law passed by congress and signed by the president.
in an amnesty, there is a law exempting them from criminal prosecution, meaning
they will not even be sued, there will not even be a trial, they will not be convicted
because no trial. The effect of an amnesty is that the case cannot be filed anymore.
Which is different from pardon, because in pardon the offender is already convicted.
And the pardon can only be granted by the president, executive clemency. In
amnesty it only applies to political offenses. Whereas in pardon it can apply to any
kind of case. So those are the differences, ang amnesty di ka ma file-an, ang pardon
di pwede if wala paka na convicted, pa convicted sa daan.
Prescription of the crime from prescription of the penalty. In prescription of the
crime wala gi file ang case for the crime. ang prescription of the penalty na file ang
case na convicted ang offender but nakaikyas. Sa prescription of crime, lets say
nanulis si juan pag 1990, muprescribe raman na ang tulis basta walay homicide in
15 years. So kung pag 1990 nanulis na prescribe na dili na pwede file-an ug kaso.
Kailangan e file ang case within 15 years. In the case of slight physical injuries,
kailanga e file ang case within 60 days, if more di na pwede. Kanang mga light
penalties they will prescribe in 60 days. Those punishable with coreccional penalties
will prescribe in 10 years for prision coreccional, then for arresto mayor it will
prescribe in 5 years. For prision mayor 15 years. Reclusion temporal ang perpetua
will prescribe in 20 years. So kung gipatay si juan, nahibaw.an na si pedro ang
gapatay, nya dili file-an ug case si pedro,a fter 20 years kay quits, provided that the
crime or his identity is already discovered. Because the 20 years will start from the
discovery and it will only run if the offender is found I the Phil. So if naa siya sa
states nya walay case na na file, nya nibalik siya after 50 years pwede pa siya ma
kasohan. Because the prescription will oly run if the offender is found in the Phils.
So 2 things that you have to remember: THIS WILL COME OUT

1. The prescriptive period will only run from the discovery. So bisag gipatay na
ni juan si pedro wala ta kahibaw na giaptay na si pwedro kay gitagoan ang
body. during the time na wala na discover dili mu run ang prescriptive
period. Pero if ang imung gi file-annkay nilarga abroad dili gihapon murun ang
prescriptive period. Now date of discovery, in the case of Recebido and Reyes
(not sure about his case) Supreme Court said that if the crime involves a title
of a land, i.e. gi fake ang titulo, or gipugos ug papirma sa titulo, basta
involving title of the land, then the discovery doesnt matter. The principle
behind land titles as an exception to rule, is that the mere registration of the
title is already notice to the whole world. Once registered na everybody is
supposed to know, even if you actually dont know. So from the date of
registration mo run na ang prescriptive period. That is priscription of crime.
2. Sa priscription of penalty, na file-an nag case ang convicted na ang accused
but dili pwede na wala siya kaikyas. Dili pwede na hearing lang, nya
convicted but nakalayas na diay ang accused. Prescription of penalty will not
run unless nadakpan ang accused unya nakaikyas. Follow?? So para mu
prescribe kailangan nadakpan after siya na sentenced, nya nilayas sioya after
na sentenced na siya. That was the problem of Ruben Ecleo, because when
he was sentenced walay sya nadakpi so wala ni prescribe iyang penalty. So di
jud na siya mu prescribe basta nilayas ka na wala paka nadakpan. So naay
forever.
Partial extinction of criminal liability is when there is conditional pardon or
commutation meaning ang sentence is gipagamyan or good conduct allowance.
What are good conduct allowance, mao ni kung buutan kaayu kacredited to imung
pagkapriso to the full period. So before ka naconvicted wala man ka kapyansa na
priso man ka during that time, usually ang crediting ang is only 4. Kada lima ka
adlaw na napriso ka balig 4 rana ang computed sa imung sentence, pero kung good
boy ka aw full credit. Kung good boy ka sayu ka mugawas, kung badlongon ka aw
pag himo nalang ka ug Christmas lights sa sulod.
So last last topic. That is Civil liability.
Civil liability can be incurred when there is a criminal case. However it can only be
incurred when there is a victim. If there is no victim then no civil liability. Example,
illegal possession of fire arms or gambling there is no victim, so di ka kabayad.
Bisag ma convicted paka kay wala kay baryan na civil damages. So kung naay
victim, liable ka for civil damages, so who will be liable. Of course the one who
commits the crime is the one civilly liable. So ig ikaw ang nangawat ikaw bayad. So
the one who is criminally liable is the one who is civilly liable.
Exceptions:
1. When the offender is a minor. Because we cannot hold a minor civilly liable,
he can be criminally liable but not civilly liable. So who will pay in case of

minor offender? The parents. Take note that the liability of the parents is
primary. Meaning bisag richness pa kaayu na ang bata ang makabayad is not
the bata, its still the parents. The liability rest upon the parents.
2. For employer such as driver sa taxi, nakabangga ang taxi. Primary liable is
ang driver kay siya man ang nakabangga. But in the event that the driver
cannot pay then the operator will be subsidiary liable. What is meant by
subsidiary liability?? It is when the operator is only made to pay when the
driver cannot pay. If maka pay ang driver then the operator has no liability. So
the criminal case is filed against the driver. Take note that you only file a
criminal case, if the driver is then found guilty, civil liability automatically
attaches. Di na kailangan mag himo kag civil case. If walay ikabayad si driver
you will hold now the operator liable, but wala man siya nakiha diba? So how
will it go? Just by proving that the taxi belonged to him(operator) you can
now ask the court to go against the operator. The law itself provides that the
employer is subsidiarily liable. but dili pwede mag una kag pangayo sa
operator ha kay subsidiary raman siya.
So what are civil liabilities? Restitution, reaparation, indemnification,
consequential damages.
What is meant by restitution? Kung naguba ang car ipaayo nimo ang car.
Reparation, kung naguba ang car aw bayad ka, money ang bayad.
Indemnification, bayad gihapon pero more on physical injury of the person.
THATS ALL.

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