beamerHIT112LectureSlides1 PDF

School of Engineering Sciences 2016
HIT 112 Engineering Mathematics I

Matrices
Andrew Jack Urombo
August 23, 2016
Matrices and Vectors

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
Systems of Linear Equations
References
Table of Contents
1

Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations and their Properties
Matrix Addition
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Matrix Multiplication
Elementary Row Operations

Determinants
Unit Objectives
Properties of Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Table of Contents
1

Matrix Algebra
Matrix Addition

Determinants
Unit Objectives
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit the learner should be able to:
define a matrix
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
define a matrix
describe different types of special matrices
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
define a matrix
transpose a matrix
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
define a matrix
transpose a matrix
perform matrix addition
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
define a matrix
transpose a matrix
perform matrix multiplication by a scalar
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
define a matrix
transpose a matrix
perform matrix multiplication for conforming matrices
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
define a matrix
transpose a matrix
state and prove properties of matrix addition
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
define a matrix
transpose a matrix
state and prove properties of matrix multiplication
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Learning Objectives
define a matrix
transpose a matrix
state and prove properties of matrix multiplication
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Matrix
A matrix is an array of numbers or entries

A matrix is annotated by bold capital typeface and use small
typeface with subscripts indicating the row and column to which
an entry belongs.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
The matrix A
A=
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
am1 am2 amn

This can be written in a compact form
A = [aij ]mn ,
where i represents the row and j the represents the columns.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Order of a matrix
The order of a matrix is the number of rows it has by the

number of columns it has. Our matrix A above has order
m n.
A matrix with the same number of rows as columns is called a
square matrix. The convention is just call the matrix square of
order n if n is the number of rows/columns.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Special matrices
A matrix A is a diagonal matrix if all entries except those on
the diagonal are zero. An entry is a diagonal entry if the row
position is the same as column position. This can be written
as aij = aii if i = j and aij = 0 if i 6= j. In short, a diagonal
matrix D = [dii ]n .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Special matrices
A triangular matrix is one where either all the entries above or
below the main diagonal are zero. The upper triangular
matrix U is given by uij where uij = 0 if i < j. The lower
triangular matrix L is given by lij where lij = 0 if i > j.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Special matrices
The zero matrix O has all entries equal to zero.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Special matrices
The sparse matrix is a matrix with very few nonzero entries.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Special matrices
The sparse matrix is a matrix with very few nonzero entries.
A matrix is a tridiagonal matrix if only the diagonal, and the
immediate entries above and below it are nonzero. The
tridiagonal matrix T has elements such that tij = 0 for all
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Examples
Consider the matrices,
A=
B=
C=
D=
1 2
1 3
1 1
0.25
0
0
1 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
1
1
2
1
3
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
Andrew Jack Urombo
1
0
0
0
0
1.7
0
0
0
4

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0
0
0
0
1.7
0
0
0
4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0 Matrix A is a 3 4 matrix
0
0
0
1.7
0
0
0
4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0
0
0 Matrix B is a diagonal matrix
1.7
0
0
0
4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0
0
1.7
0
0
Matrix C is an upper triangular matrix
0
4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Examples
Answers:
1 2
A= 1 3
1 1
0.25
0
B=
0
1 0
0 2
C=
0 0
0 0
1
1
D=
2
13
4
5
1
0
.50
0
0
1
5
0
0 0
1 0
0 1
1
0
0
1.7
0
0
Matrix C is an upper triangular matrix
0
4
Matrix D is a lower triangular matrix

Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Equality of Matrices
Definition
Two matrices are equal if corresponding elements are equal. For
the matrices to be equal there must be of the same order.
A = B aij = bij , i, j.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Transpose AT
The transpose of a matrix AT is obtained when rows and columns
are interchanged.
AT = [aji ]nm .
Transpose of a transpose reverts to the original matrix,
(AT )T = A.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Transpose AT
are interchanged.
AT = [aji ]nm .
(AT )T = A.
Symmetric Matrix
A symmetric matrix is one for which the transpose is the same as
the matrix, that is AT = A.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Transpose AT
are interchanged.
AT = [aji ]nm .
(AT )T = A.
Symmetric Matrix
A symmetric matrix is one for which the transpose is the same as
the matrix, that is AT = A.
Skew-symmetric Matrix
A matrix is skew-symmetric if the transpose of the matrix is equal
to the negative of the matrix, that is AT = A.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Addition of two matrices is done by adding corresponding entries.

Only matrices with the same order can be added together.
Therefore
A + B = [aij + bij ].
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Example
Find
the sum of the matrices
10 5
5 8
2 1
8 4
15 16
8
8 6 8 and B = 10
A = 12
15 17
11 11
11
9 10 15
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Solution
We add corresponding entries of the matrices,
2 + 10 1 + (5)
8 + 5 4 + (8)
8 + 15 6 + (16)
8+8
A + B = 12 + 10
11 + 15 9 + (17)
10 + 11 15 + 11
12 6
13 4
= 22 13 22 16
26 8
21 31
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Matrix A multiplication by a scalar k, is performed by multiplying

every entry of the matrix by the scalar. Thus
kA = [kaij ]mn .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Matrix product AB
Identity Matrix I
The identity matrix has the property that
AI = IA = A
for any matrix A.
Andrew Jack Urombo
(1)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
Rules for Matrix Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let A, B, C be matrices of the appropriate orders and k, l be
constants(scalars), then
1
A+B=B+A
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
k(lA) = (kl)A
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
k(lA) = (kl)A
1A = A, 0A = 0, 1A = A
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
k(lA) = (kl)A
1A = A, 0A = 0, 1A = A
(A + B)T = AT + BT
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A+B=B+A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A+0=A
A + (A) = 0
k(A + B) = kA + kB
(k + l)A = kA + lB
k(lA) = (kl)A
1A = A, 0A = 0, 1A = A
(A + B)T = AT + BT
10
(kA)T = kAT Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Proof
The proofs for properties 2, 5 and 10.
(2) Assume that all matrices are of order m n, then
(A + B) + C = [aij + bij ]mn + [cij ]mn
= [(aij + bij ) + cij ]mn
= [aij + bij + cij ]mn
= [aij + (bij + cij )]mn
= [aij ]mn + [bij + cij ]mn
= A + (B + C)
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Proof
(5)
k(A + B) = k[aij + bij ]mn
= [k(aij + bij )]mn
= [kaij + kbij ]mn
= [kaij ]mn + [kbij ]mn
= k[aij ]mn + k[bij ]mn
= kA + kB
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Proof
(10)
(kA)T
= ([kaij ]mn )T
= k[aji ]nm
= kAT
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Matrix multiplication is performed in the row to column scheme.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition

Two matrices are conformal for multiplication, the number of
columns in the first matrix should be equal to the rows in the
second matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition

second matrix.
The matrix Amn and matrix Bpr are compatible for
multiplication if n = p
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition

second matrix.
The matrix Amn and matrix Bpr are compatible for
multiplication if n = p
The resulting matrix C = AB has order m r .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Matrix product AB
Definition
Let A = [aij ]mr and B = [cij ]r n , then the product
C = AB = [cij ]mn where
cij = ai1 bkj + ai2 b2j + + air brj =
r
X
aik bkj
k=1
Andrew Jack Urombo
(2)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Example

Find the product of the matrices A =
1 3
2
B = 0 1 1
4 3
2
Andrew Jack Urombo
2 1 3
0 1 4

and

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Using the definition of the product,

2(1) + 1(0) + 3(4) 2(3) + 1(1) + 3(3) 2(2) + 1(1) + 3(2)
AB =
0(1) + 1(0) + 4(4) 0(3) + 1(1) + 4(3) 0(2) + 1(1) + 4(2)

10 16 9
=
16 13 7
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Let A, B and C be matrices and k a constant(scalar), then
1
AB 6= BA in general.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
AB = 0 does not imply that A = 0, or B = 0, or BA = 0.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
AC = AB does not imply that B = C.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
(kA)B = k(AB) = A(kB)
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A(BC) = (AB)C
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A(BC) = (AB)C
(A + B)C = AC + BC
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A(BC) = (AB)C
(A + B)C = AC + BC
C(A + B) = CA + CB
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Theorem
1
A(BC) = (AB)C
(A + B)C = AC + BC
C(A + B) = CA + CB
(AB)T = BT AT
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Example
1 0 2
Let A and B be as in Example 5.1 and C = 2 1 1 .
1 0 3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Solution
We need to prove that AB 6= BA in general, with
matrix C.
1 3
2
1 0
BC = 0 1 1 2 1
4 3
2
1 0
3 3
7
= 3 1 2
8 3 17
Andrew Jack Urombo
matrix B and
2
1
3

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Solution
and
1 0 2
1 3
2
CB = 2 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 3
4 3
2
7 9 6
= 2 10 5
13 6 4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Example
Show by an example that AB = 0 does not imply that A = 0, or
B = 0, or BA = 0.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Solution
0 1 0
1 4 5
0 0 . These are
Choose A = 0 2 0 and B = 0
0 3 0
5
1 3
clearly nonzero.
Now multiplying the matrices we obtain
0 1 0
1 4 5
0 0
AB = 0 2 0 0
0 3 0
5
1 3
0 0 0
0 0 0
=
0 0 0
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Solution
And,
1 4 5
0 1 0
0 0 0 2 0
BA = 0
5
1 3
0 3 0
0 8 0
= 0 0 0
0 16 0
This shows what is required.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Proof
(5) We need to define the three matrices so that they are
compatible for multiplication. Let A = [aij ]mr ,B = [bij ]r p and
C = [cij ]pn , where indices may be used as dummies.
Now from the definition of matrix multiplication
BC =
p
X
bjl clk ,
l=1
and
Andrew Jack Urombo
(3)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Proof
A(BC) =
r
X
p
X
ajl
!
bjl clk
j=1
l=1
p
r
XX
aij bjl clk
j=1 l=1
p
X
r
X
l=1
aij bjl clk
j=1
= (AB)C
Interchange of summations is possible for finite sums.
The final product is an m n matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Proof
(7) To prove the second property we proceed in exactly the same
way, making use of the properties of real numbers and properties
of summation.
Let A = [aij ]r n ,B = [bij ]r n and C = [cij ]mr , where once more
indices may be used as dummies.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Proof
C(A + B) =
p
X
j=1
p
X
j=1
p
X
cij (ajk + bjk )
(cij ajk + cjk bjk )
cij ajk +
j=1
p
X
cjk bjk
j=1
= CA + CB
Other results in the theorem can be proved by mimicking the two
proofs above. You are encouraged to try all of them.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition
Exercise
Use the matrices in Example 5.2 to show that
1
A(BC) = (AB)C
A(B + C) = AB + BC
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition

They are one of the following:
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition

1
Multiplying a row by a scalar factor.

Multiply the i the row by a scalar k,
Ri kRi .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition

1

Ri kRi .
Interchanging any two rows.

Swap or interchange rows i and j,
Ri Rj .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Matrix Algebra
Matrix Operations
Matrix Addition

1

Ri kRi .

Ri Rj .
Adding a multiple of one row to another row.

Add k times row i to row j,
Rj Rj + kRi .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Table of Contents
1

Matrix Algebra
Matrix Addition

Determinants
Unit Objectives
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Learning Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Learning Objectives
define the determine of a matrix
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Learning Objectives
calculate the determinant of a 2 2, 3 3 matrix
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Learning Objectives
calculate the determinant of a general matrix using row and
column expansion
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Learning Objectives
column expansion
state use the properties of determinants
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Learning Objectives
column expansion
prove the properties of determinants
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Learning Objectives
column expansion
prove the properties of determinants
use properties of determinants to evaluate determinants
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Determinants
Definition
Determinants are functions defined for square matrices.
Let A = [aij ]nn .
Then for n = 2,

a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
and
det(A) = a11 a22 a12 a21
The other notation for det(A) is |A|
Andrew Jack Urombo
(4)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Determinants
Definition
For n = 3,
a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

a22 a23

|A| = a11
a32 a33

a21 a23
a21 a22

a12
+
a
13
a31 a32
a31 a33
= a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32
(5)

a11 a23 a32 a12 a21 a33 a13 a22 a31 .

Andrew Jack Urombo
(6)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Example

Find the determinants of A =
Andrew Jack Urombo
a ab
1 a
3
0 1
1 1 .
and B = 2
2 1 2

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We use the definition in direct computation.
For the first matrix,
|A| = a(a) 1(ab) = a2 ab = a(a b).
And for the second matrix,

3

0
1

1 1
|B| = 2
2 1 2

1 1
2 1

1
0
+ 1 2
= 3

2 1
1 2
2 2
= 3(2 (1)) 0 + 1(2 2)
= 5
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
The minor Mij

Definition
Let A = [aij ]nn . The minor of aij , denoted by Mij , is the
(n 1) (n 1) determinant obtained from matrix A by
eliminating the ith row and jth column. Therefore

a11
a12
a1,j1
a1,j+1
a1n

a21
a22
a2,j1
a2,j+1
a2n

..
.
..
.
.
..
..
..

.
.

Mij = ai1,1 ai1,2 ai1,j1 ai1,j+1 ai1,n
ai+1,1 ai+1,2 ai+1,j1 ai+1,j+1 ai+1,n

..
..
..
..
..

.
.
.
.
.

an1
an2
an,j1
an,j+1
ann
Andrew Jack Urombo

(7)


Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Definition
The cofactor of aij , denoted by Cij , is defined by
Cij = (1)i+j Mij
Andrew Jack Urombo
(8)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Determinant
Definition
The determinant of matrix A = [aij ]nn is defined by
det(A) = ai1 Ci1 + ai2 Ci2 + + ain Cin
(9)
= a1j C1j + a2j C2j + + anj Cnj

(10)
n
X
=
(1)i+j aij Mij
(i = 1, 2, , or n) (11)
i=1
n
X
=
(1)i+j aij Mij
(j = 1, 2, , or n) (12)
j=1
(13)
Equation 9 is termed expansion by the ith row.
Equation 10 is termed
the ofjth
column.
Andrewexpansion
Jack Urombo bySchool
Engineering
Sciences 2016

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Example
Expand the 3 3 determinant using the second column, leaving
your answer in terms of cofactors.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Using the second column we have
det(A) = (1)1+2 a12 M12 + (1)2+2 a22 M22 + (1)3+2 a32 M32
= a12 M12 + a22 M22 M32 M32
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Theorem
If two rows or columns are interchanged the determinant changes
sign.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Proof
Let A = [aij ]nn . Interchange Row 2 and Row 3, that is R2 R3 .
Then the matrix becomes
a11 a12 a13

A = a31 a32 a33 ,
a21 a22 a23
and the determinant is
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Proof

a32 a33

|A | = a11
a22 a23

a31 a32
a31 a33

+ a13
a12
a21 a22
a21 a23
= a11 a23 a32 a11 a22 a33 a12 a23 a31 + a12 a21 a33
+a13 a22 a31 a13 a21 a32

= a11 a22 a33 a12 a23 a31 a13 a21 a32
+a11 a23 a32 + a12 a21 a33 + a13 a21 a32
= |A|
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Example
Interchange column 1 and column 2 for the matrix B in Example
1.1 and show that the sign of the determinant changes.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
0 3 1
The new matrix B = 1 2 1 .
1 2 2
The determinant is

0 3 1

|B | = 1 2 1
1 2 2

2 1
1 1
1 2

= 0
3
+ 1
2 2
1 2
1 2
= 0 3(3) + 1(4)
= 5
Which confirms the theorem.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Theorem
If a row or column is multiplied by a constant, the determinant is
multiplied by the same constant.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Proof
The proof is just similar to the last one. We use direct
computation of the determinant. Suppose column 3 is multiplied a
constant k, then the new matrix is
a11 a12 ka13

A = a21 a22 ka23 .
a31 a32 ka33
The determinant is computed below.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Proof

a22 ka23

|A | = a11
a32 ka33

a21 a22
a21 ka23

+ ka13
a12
a31 a32
a31 ka33
= ka11 (a22 a33 a23 a32 ) ka12 (a21 a33 a23 a31 ) +
ka13 (a21 a32 a22 a31 )

a22 a23
a
a

= ka11
ka21 21 23

a32 a33
a31 a33
= k|A|
Andrew Jack Urombo

+ ka13 a21 a22

a31 a32

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Example
Take the matrix B in Example 1.1 and multiply the third row by 3.
Show that the determinant of the new matrix is 3 times that of the
original matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
3
0 1
1 1 .
The new matrix B = 2
6 3 6
The determinant is

3

0
1

1 1
|B | = 2
6 3 6

1 1
2 1
2
1

= 3
0
+ 1

3 6
6 6
6 3
= 3(9) 0 + 1(12)
= 15
= 3|B|
Which is what is required.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Theorem
If a constant multiple of one row(column) is added to another
row(column), the determinant does not change.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Proof
To prove this property let us add k times row 2 to row 3, that is
R3 R3 + kR2 . The matrix becomes
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23 .
A =
a31 + ka21 a32 + ka22 a33 + ka23
We use the now familiar formula for evaluating the determinant.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Proof
|A | =

a11

a22
a23
a32 + ka22 a33 + ka23

a21
a23
a12
a31 + ka21 a33 + ka23

a21
a22
+ka13
a31 + ka21 a32 + ka22
a11 [a22 (a33 + ka23 ) a23 (a32 + ka22 )] a12 [a21 (a33 + ka23 )
a23 (a31 + ka21 )] + a13 [a21 (a32 + ka22 ) a22 (a31 + ka21 )]
a11 a22 a33 + ka11 a22 a23 a11 a23 a32 ka11 a22 a23 a12 a21 a33
ka12 a21 a23 + a12 a23 a31 + ka12 a21 a23 + a13 a21 a32 + ka13 a21 a22
a13 a22 a31 ka13 a21 a22
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Proof
Terms with the same color cancel and we get precisely
= a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32
a11 a23 a32 a12 a21 a33 a13 a22 a31
= |A|
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Example
Using the same matrix B from Example 1.1, choose a row
operation that demonstrates that adding a multiple of one
row(column) to another does not change the value of the
determinant.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
For our choice, let us subtract 4 times the second row from the
first row. The row
1 R1 4R2 . The resulting
operation is R
5
4 7
1
1 .
matrix is B = 2
2 1
2
We evaluate the determinant as follows

5
4 7

1
1
|B | = 2
2 1
2

1 1
2 1
2
1

= (5)
4
+ (7)
1 2
2 2
2 1
= 5(3) 4(2) 7(4)
= 5
= |B|
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Activity
Prove the following properties of determinants
1
If a matrix has a row(column) of zeros, the determinant is

zero.
The determinant of a transpose of a matrix is the same as the

determinant of the matrix, i.e |AT | = |A|.
The determinant of the product of two matrices is equal to

the product of the determinants of the matrices, i.e
|AB| = |A||B|.
If two rows(columns) are identical, then the determinant of

the matrix is zero.
If one row(column) is a multiple of another row(column), the

determinant of the matrix is zero.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
The properties of determinants very useful in evaluating

determinants of matrices.
Use elementary row operations to introduce zeros in a row or a
column.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Example
Evaluate
Unit Objectives

2
0
5 0

3
2
4 1

1
1
2
1

2 2
4 3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
There is a zero in the fourth column, and let us introduce two more
zeros in that column by making use of the following row operations
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
There is a zero in the fourth column, and let us introduce two more
zeros in that column by making use of the following row operations

2
0
5 0

R3 R3 R2
2
4 1
3
4 1 6 0

R4 R4 3R2
7 8 8 0
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Factorise -1 in row 3 and row 4. The factor -1 will multiply the
determinant and we have
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Factorise -1 in row 3 and row 4. The

2 0

3 2
(1)(1)
4 1
7 8
Andrew Jack Urombo
factor -1 will multiply the

5
4
6
8
0
1
0
0

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

2 0

3 2
(1)(1)
4 1
7 8

5
4
6
8
0
1
0
0
Expand the determinant using column 4,
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

2 0

3 2
(1)(1)
4 1
7 8

5
4
6
8
Expand the determinant using column

2 0

2+4
(1)
4 1
7 8
Andrew Jack Urombo
0
1
0
0
4,
5
6
8

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Introduce another zero in column 2 by performing the following
row operation
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Introduce another zero in column 2 by performing the following
row operation

2 0
5

R3 R3 8R2
4 1
6 .

25 0 40
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

2 0 5

(5) 4 1 6
5 0 8
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Factor out -5 from row 3,

2 0 5

(5) 4 1 6
5 0 8
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

2 0 5

(5) 4 1 6
5 0 8
Finally expand the determinant using column 2,
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

2 0 5

(5) 4 1 6
5 0 8
Finally expand the determinant using column 2,

2 5

= (5)(16 25) = 45.
1(5)
5 8
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Theorem
Let L be lower triangular matrix and U be upper triangular matrix.
Then det(L) and det(U) is the product of the diagonal entries.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Proof
We will prove this for the case of a 4 4 upper triangular matrix.
We expand the determinants using the first row right through.

a11 a12 a13 a14

0 a22 a23 a24

det(U) =
0 a33 a34
0
0
0
0 a44

a22 a23 a24

= a11 0 a33 a34
0
0 a44

a33 a34

= a11 a22
0 a44
= a11 a22 a33 a44
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Example
Find the determinant in Example 2.4 by first reducing it to a
triangular matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
First of all factor out 2 from the first row
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
First of all factor out 2 from the first row

5
1
0
2 0

3
2
4 1
2
1
1
2
1

2 2
4 3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Then we perform the following row operations to introduce zeros
in first position of the last three rows.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Then we perform the following row operations to
in first position of the last three rows.

5
1
0
R2 R2 3R1
2

0
2 27

=
1
R3 R3 + R1
1
0
2

R4 R4 2R1
0 2 1
Andrew Jack Urombo
introduce zeros
0
1
1
3

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Now factor out 2 from the second row
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Solution
Now factor out 2 from the

2(2)

Unit Objectives
second row
5
1
0
2
0
1 74
1
0
1
2
0 2 1
Andrew Jack Urombo

0
1
2 .
1
3

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We perform another set of row operations. This time we want to
introduce zeros below the (2,2)th entry.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We perform another set of row operations. This time we want to
introduce zeros below the (2,2)th entry.

5
1 0
0
R2 R2 3R1
2

0 1 7 1
4
2 .
= 2(2)
9
1
R3 R3 + R1
0
0

4
2
9

R4 R4 2R1
0 0 2 4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We now factor out
R4 R4 + 92 R3
9
from the third row, and do the row operation
4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We now factor out
R4 R4 + 92 R3
9
4

4
2(2)
9

1
0
0
0
5
0
2
1 74
0
1
0
0

0
1
2
2
9
5

4
= 2(2)
(1)(1)(1)(5) = 45.
9
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We now factor out
R4 R4 + 92 R3
9
4

4
2(2)
9

1
0
0
0
5
0
2
1 74
0
1
0
0

0
1
2
2
9
5

4
= 2(2)
(1)(1)(1)(5) = 45.
9
This result agrees with the previously obtained one.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Example
Find the determinant of the matrix
4 3
5 8
8
7
8 5
1
5 2
8
1
5
4
0
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We start by factoring out 4 from the first row, and the perform the
indicated row operations to obtain
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We start by factoring out 4 from the first row, and the perform the
indicated row operations to obtain

5
1 3
2
R2 R2 + 8R1
4
4

0
1 18 21
= 4
.
17
R3 R3 + R1
34
6
0
4
21
0 17
R4 R4 + R1
2
4
4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Next we factor out
17
4
from the third and fourth rows.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Next we factor out
17
4
from the third and fourth rows.

17
17
4
4
4

5
1 43
2
4
0
1
18 21
24 .
3
0
1 17
17
21
8
0
1
17 17
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We do another set of row operations
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We do another set of row operations
R3 R3 R2
=4
R4 R4 R2
17
4

Andrew Jack Urombo

17
4

5
1 43
2
4
0
1
18 21
381 .
309
0
0 17
17
349
0
0 285
17
17

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
309
Factor out
and do the row operation R4 R4 +
17
get the triangular form
Andrew Jack Urombo
285
17 R3
we

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
309
Factor out
and do the row operation R4 R4 + 285
17 R3 we
17
get the triangular form

3
5

2
4

1 4
17
17
309 0
1 18
21
4
127
0
0 1
4
4
17

103
248
0
0 0 1751

=4
17
4

17
4

309
17
Andrew Jack Urombo

248
= 186
1751

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Example

1 a bc

Factorise the determinant 1 b ca
1 c ab
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We use row operations indicated

1
a
bc
R2 R2 R1

= 0 b a c(a b)
0 c a b(a c)
R3 R3 R1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

1
a
bc
R2 R2 R1

= 0 b a c(a b)
0 c a b(a c)
R3 R3 R1
Factor out (b a) from the second row and factor out (c a)

from the third row, we have

1 a bc

(b a)(c a) 0 1 c
0 1 b
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

1
a
bc
R2 R2 R1

= 0 b a c(a b)
0 c a b(a c)
R3 R3 R1
Factor out (b a) from the second row and factor out (c a)

from the third row, we have

1 a bc

(b a)(c a) 0 1 c
0 1 b
So the deteminant is
(b a)(c a)(c b).
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Example

1 1 1

x
1 1
Find 1
x2 x1 1
x3 x2 x1
1
1
1
1
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We begin by performing the following row operations
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
We begin by performing the following row operations

R2 R2 x1 R1 1
1
1
1
0 1 x1 1 x1 1 x1

R3 R3 x2 R1 0 x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
R4 R4 x3 R1 0 x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Now 1 x1 is a common factor in row two, and factoring it gives us
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

1
1
1
1

0
1
1
1
(1 x1 )
.
0 x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
0 x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

1
1
1
1

0
1
1
1
(1 x1 )
.
0 x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
0 x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Expand the determinant using the first row
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

1
1
1
1

0
1
1
1
(1 x1 )
.
0 x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
0 x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Expand the determinant using the first row

1
1
1

(1 x1 ) x1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Subtract the second column from the third column
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Subtract the second column from the third column

1
1
0

0 .
(1 x1 ) x1 x2 1 x2
x2 x3 x1 x3 1 x1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution
Expand the determinant using the third column, we now get
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

1
1
2
(1 x1 )
x1 x2 1 x2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Solution

1
1
2
(1 x1 )
x1 x2 1 x2
= (1 x1 )2 [1 x2 x1 + x2 ] = (1 x1 )3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Activity
Find, in factorised form

x1
x2
x2
x2
x2
x1
x4
x4
Andrew Jack Urombo
x3
x3
x1
x3
x4
x4
x3
x4

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Activity
Factorise
Unit Objectives

a2
a2 + ab
2 ab
b + bc
bc
b2

2
2

c
ac + c
ac
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Activity
Show that
Unit Objectives

1 + u1
u1
u1
u1

u2
1
+
u
u
u
2
2
2

u3
u
1
+
u
u
3
3
3

u4
u4
u4
1 + u4
= 1 + u1 + u2 + u3 + u4 .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Activity
Show that

a+b+c
a+b
a
a

a+b
a+b+c
a
a

a
a
a
+
bc
+
c
a
+
b

a
a
a+b
a+b+c
= c 2 (2b + c)(4a + 2b + c)
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Properties of Inverse
Table of Contents
1

Matrix Algebra
Matrix Addition

Determinants
Unit Objectives
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Learning Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Learning Objectives

define the inverse of a matrix
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Learning Objectives

find the inverse of a matrix using the Gauss-Jordan method
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Learning Objectives

find the inverse of a matrix using the cofactor method
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Learning Objectives

state the properties of the inverse of a matrix
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Learning Objectives

state the properties of the inverse of a matrix
prove the properties of the inverse of a matrix
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
The identity matrix I is the matrix with the property that

AI = IA = A for any matrix A. This identity matrix consists of
ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. The identity
matrix of order n is indicated by In . So, for n = 2 and n = 3,

1 0 0
1 0
I2 =
and I3 = 0 1 0 .
0 1
0 0 1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Inverse
Definition
The matrix B is the inverse of the matrix A if
AB = BA = I.
If a matrix has an inverse, it is said to be invertible or nonsingular.
The inverse of a matrix, if it exists, is unique.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Theorem
If B1 and B2 are inverses of A, then B1 = B2 .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
Since B1 and B2 are inverses of A, then
AB1 = B1 A = I,
(14)
AB2 = B2 A = I.
(15)
and
Using the two results above we have
AB1 = I = AB2 .
Post-multiplying 14 by B2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
(B1 A)B2 = IB2 = B2 .
(16)
Pre-multiplying 15 by B1
B1 (AB2 ) = B1 I = B1 .
But from the associativity property of matrix multiplication,
equations 16 and 17 give us
(B1 A)B2 = B1 (AB)2
IB2 = B1 I
B2 = B1 .
Andrew Jack Urombo
(17)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
A matrix is nonsingular if and only if its determinant is not zero.

That is A is nonsingular if det(A) 6= 0. The notation for the
inverse of matrix A is A1 .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Gauss-Jordan Method
Method for finding A1 for the n-square matrix A.
Step 1. Form the augmented matrix
[A|In ]
Step 2. Row reduce the augmented matrix to the form
[In |B]
Step 3. The inverse is given by B, that is
B = A1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Example
Find the inverse of
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
4 0 4
2 3 2 .
1 5 3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
1. We form the augmented matrix with A and I3
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Solution
1. We form the augmented matrix
4 0 4
2 3 2
1 5 3
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
with A and I3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Solution
4 0 4
2 3 2
1 5 3
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
with A and I3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Step 2. We row reduce the augmented matrix so that the left hand
side is the identity matrix I3 , using a series of row operations.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Solution
4 0 4
2 3 2
1 5 3
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
with A and I3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Step 2. We row reduce the augmented matrix so that the left hand
side is the identity matrix I3 , using a series of row operations.
R1 41 R1
1
1 0 1
4
0 3 4 1
2
R2 R2 2R1
0 5 2 41
R3 R3 R1
Andrew Jack Urombo
0 0
1 0
0 1

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
and,
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
and,
1 0 1
R2 13 R2
0 1 43
R3 R3 5R2
0 0 26
3
Andrew Jack Urombo
1
4
16
7
12
0
1
3
53
0
0
1

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
and,
1 0 1
R2 13 R2
0 1 43
R3 R3 5R2
0 0 26
3
1
4
16
7
12
0
1
3
53
0
0
1
and finally
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
and,
1 0 1
R2 13 R2
0 1 43
R3 R3 5R2
0 0 26
3
1
4
16
7
12
1
3
53
0
0
1
and finally
3
R2
R2 26
19
1 0 0 104
R1 R1 R3
1
0 1 0 13
7
0 0 1 104
R2 R2 + 34 R2
Andrew Jack Urombo
5
26
1
13
5
26
3
26
2
13
3
26

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Step 3. Therefore
A1 =
19
104
1
13
7
104
Andrew Jack Urombo
5
26
1
13
5
26
3
26
2
13
3
26

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Example
Find the inverse of
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
3
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
1
3
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
4
1
3
1
2

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Step 1. Augment the matrix with the identity matrix I4 .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
1 12 13 14 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
12 31 41 31
.
0
0
1
0
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
4
3
2 1 0 0 0 1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
1 12 13 14 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
12 31 41 31
.
0
0
1
0
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
4
3
2 1 0 0 0 1
Step 2. We do a chain of row operations, until the left hand side
has been reduced to the identity matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
1
R2 R2 21 R1
0
R3 R3 31 R1 0
R4 R4 41 R1
0
1
2
1
12
1
12
5
24
Andrew Jack Urombo
1
3
1
12
2
9
5
12
1
4
5
24
5
12
15
16
1 0
21 1
31 0
41 0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
1
R2 R2 21 R1
0
R3 R3 31 R1 0
R4 R4 41 R1
0
R2 12R2
1
R3 R3 12
R2
5
R4 R4 24 R2
R1 R1 21 R2
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
12
1
12
5
24
1
3
1
12
2
9
5
12
0 61
1 1
5
0 36
5
0 24
Andrew Jack Urombo
1
4
5
24
5
12
15
16
1
5
2
5
24
5
12
1 0
21 1
31 0
41 0
6
12
1
1
6
1 52
4
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
R3 36
5 R3
R1 R1 + 16 R3
R2 R2 R3
5
R4 R4 24
R3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Andrew Jack Urombo
0 34
0 1
1 23
5
0 48
21
5
36
5
6
5
3
4
36
5
96
5
36
5
6
5
36
5
36
5
32
0
0
0
1

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
R4 48
5 R4
R1 R1 + 34 R4
R2 R2 R4
R3 R3 23 R3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
Andrew Jack Urombo
48
0
5
0 72
5
0 48
5
36
1
5
72
5
144
5
36
5
48
5
48
5
36
5
144
5
72
5
36
5
48
5
72
5
48
5

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
R4 48
5 R4
R1 R1 + 34 R4
R2 R2 R4
R3 R3 23 R3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
48
0
5
0 72
5
0 48
5
36
1
5
72
5
144
5
36
5
48
5
48
5
36
5
144
5
72
5
The inverse is therefore given by
Andrew Jack Urombo
36
5
48
5
72
5
48
5

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
R4 48
5 R4
R1 R1 + 34 R4
R2 R2 R4
R3 R3 23 R3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
The inverse is therefore given
12 6
5 4
3
by
48
0
5
0 72
5
0 48
5
36
1
5
72
5
144
5
36
5
48
5
48
5
36
5
144
5
72
5
6 4 3
12 3 4
.
3 12 6
4 6 4
Andrew Jack Urombo
36
5
48
5
72
5
48
5

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Cofactor Method
Theorem
If det(A) 6= 0, then
A1 =
1
adj(A)
det(A)
(18)
where adj(A) = [Cij ]T = CT , that is the adjoint of a matrix is the

transpose of the cofactor matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Example
Given the matrix
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
2 0 1
A= 0 3 0
1 0 2
find Aadj(A) and adj(A)A.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
The cofactors of A are
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution

0
3 0
1+2
1+1

C12 = (1)
C11 = (1)

0 2 = 6,
1

0 3
= 3 C21 = (1)2+1 0
C13 = (1)1+3
0

1 0

2
2 1
2+2
2+3

C22 = (1)
=
5,
C
=
(1)
23
1

2

1

0 1
3+2 2
C31 = (1)3+1
= 3, C32 = (1)
0
3
0

2 0
=6
C33 = (1)3+3
0 3
Andrew Jack Urombo

0
= 0,
2
1
= 0,
2
0
=0
0
1
= 0,
0

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
So the matrix of cofactors is
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
6 0 3
C= 0 3 0
3 0 6
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
6 0 3
C= 0 3 0
3 0 6
6 0 3
adj(A) = CT = 0 3 0 .
3 0 6
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Now
2 0 1
6 0 3
15 0 0
Aadj(A) = 0 3 0 0 3 0 = 0 15 0
1 0 2
3 0 6
0 0 15
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Now
2 0 1
6 0 3
15 0 0
Aadj(A) = 0 3 0 0 3 0 = 0 15 0
1 0 2
3 0 6
0 0 15
6 0 3
2 0 1
15 0 0
adj(A)A = 0 3 0 0 3 0 = 0 15 0 .
3 0 6
1 0 2
0 0 15
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
This shows that
Aadj(A) = adj(A)A = 15I.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
This shows that
The determinant of A is obtained by expanding using row 2 or
column 2,
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
This shows that
column 2,

2 1

= 3(5) = 15.
det(A) = 3
1 2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
This shows that
column 2,

2 1

= 3(5) = 15.
det(A) = 3
1 2
This gives the relationship
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
This shows that
column 2,

2 1

= 3(5) = 15.
det(A) = 3
1 2
This gives the relationship
Aadj(A) = adj(A)A = det(A)I.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Example
Find the inverse of
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
2 3 3
A= 3 2 4
2 11 2
using the cofactor method.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution

3 4
2 4
1+2

C12 = (1)
C11 =
2 2 = 2,
2 11 = 40,

3 3
3 2
2+1
1+3

C13 = (1)
C21 = (1)
2 11 = 29
11 2 = 39,

2 3
2 3
2+2
2+3

C22 = (1)
C23 = (1)

= 2,
2 11 = 28
2 2

3 3
2 3
3+1
3+2

C31 = (1)
C32 = (1)
2 4 = 18,
2 4 = 1,

2 3
= 13
C33 = (1)3+3
3
2
(1)1+1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
We need the determinant and we calculate it below.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
We need the determinant and we calculate it below. column 2
and column 3

2 0 3

|A| = 3 6 4
2 13 2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
We need the determinant and we calculate it below. column 2
and column 3

2 0 3

|A| = 3 6 4
2 13 2
Factor 6 from the second row

2 0 3
1

|A| = 6 2 1 32 .
2 13 2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
40 2
29
C = 39 2 28
18 1
13
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Subtracting 13 times row 2 from row 3, i.e R3 R3 13R2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Subtracting 13 times row 2 from row

2 0

|A| = 6 12 1
9 0
2

2+2
= 6(1)

3, i.e R3 R3 13R2

3
2

3

20
3

2
3
9 20
2
1
= 6( ) = 1.
6
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
Subtracting 13 times row 2 from row

2 0

|A| = 6 12 1
9 0
2

2+2
= 6(1)

3, i.e R3 R3 13R2

3
2

3

20
3

2
3
9 20
2
1
= 6( ) = 1.
6
The adjoint of the matrix is the transpose of the cofactor matrix,
i.e CT
40 2
29
adj(A) = 39 2 28 .
18 1
13
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
The inverse is given by
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
A1
40 39 18
1
2
1 .
=
adj(A) = 2
det(A)
29 28 13
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Solution
A1
40 39 18
1
2
1 .
=
adj(A) = 2
det(A)
29 28 13
Check that indeed AA1 = A1 A = I3 .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Theorem
Let A, B be square matrices and k be a constant, then
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Theorem
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Theorem
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
det(A1 ) = 1/ det A
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Theorem
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
det(A1 ) = 1/ det A
(An )1 = A1 A1 A1 = (A1 )n , for n an integer
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Theorem
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
det(A1 ) = 1/ det A

1
(kA)1 = A1
k
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Theorem
1
(AB)1 = B1 A1
det(A1 ) = 1/ det A

1
(kA)1 = A1
k
(AT )1 = (A1 )T .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
Let C be the inverse of AB, then
(AB)C = C(AB) = I.
Post-multiplying the second equation by B1 , we have
C(AB)B1 = IB1
(CA)BB1 = B1
CAI = B1
CA = B1
Post-multiplying by A1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
CAA1 = B1 A1
CI = B1 A1
C = B1 A1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
Here we make use of the property of the product of determinants.
From the definition of the inverse
AA1 = I.
Take the determinant of both sides
det(AA1 ) = det(I)
det(A) det(A1 ) = 1
det(A1 ) =
Andrew Jack Urombo
1
det(A)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
This result is proved by the method of mathematical induction.
For n = 1,
(A1 )1 = (A1 )1 = A1 = A1 .
so the result holds for n = 1.
To proceed, now assume that the result is true for n = k, that is
(Ak )1 = (A1 )k .
Now for n = k + 1
(Ak A)1 = A1 (Ak )1 = A1 (A1 )k ,
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
by the inductive hypothesis
= (A1 )(A1 )k = (A1 )k+1 .
This holds true.
Therefore by the principle of mathematical induction
(An )1 = (A1 )n .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
Let B be the inverse of kA, then
B(kA) = (kA)B = I.
Divide by k,
AB =
1
I
k
Pre-multiply by A1 , we obtain
1
A1 AB = A1 I
k
1 1
A I
IB =
k
1
B = SchoolAof1
.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Engineering
Sciences 2016

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
We proceed like in the other proofs above. Let B be the inverse of
AT , then from the definition of inverse,
BAT = AT B = I.
Take the transpose of both sides
(BAT )T
= IT
(AT )T B = I
ABT
Andrew Jack Urombo
= I.

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Gauss-Jordan Method
The Cofactor Method
Proof
Pre-multiplying by A1
A1 ABT
= A1 I
IBT
= A1
BT
= A1 .
Take the transpose of both sides again

(BT )T
= (A1 )T
B = (A1 )T .
So (AT )1 = (A1 )T .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Homogeneous Equations
Table of Contents
1

Matrix Algebra
Matrix Addition

Determinants
Unit Objectives
Inverse of a Matrix
Unit Objectives
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
define a system of linear equations
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
describe the three methods of solving a system of linear
equations
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
equations
convert a system of linear equations to matrix form
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
equations
perform the three elementary row operations
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
equations
solve a system of equations using Gaussian elimination
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
equations
distinguish between the Gaussian and Gauss-Jordan
elimination
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
equations
elimination
reduce a matrix to row echelon form and reduced row echelon
form
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
equations
elimination
form
identify when a system of equations has a unique, infinite or
no solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Learning Objectives
equations
elimination
form
identify when a system of equations has a unique, infinite or
no solution
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
describe the nature of solutions of a system of equations
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form

define a homogeneous system of equation
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form

solve a system of a homogeneous linear equations
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form

solve a system of a homogeneous linear equations
distinguish when a system of homogeneous has the trivial and
infinite number of solutions
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
The Graphical Method.

This method involved plotting the graphs of the equations.
The solution is given by the point of intersection of the
graphs. If the graphs do not intersect the simultaneous
equation are said to have no solution.
The Method of Elimination.
In this method one or both of the equations is multiplied by a
factor, so that the coefficients of one of the unknowns had the
same value. Then one of the equations is subtracted from the
other. That variable would be eliminated and only an
equation in one unknown remained. The remaining equation
is the solved.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
The Matrix Method

The simultaneous equations are expressed in matrix form,
with a matrix representing each of the following (i) the
coefficients of the unknowns, (ii) the unknowns and (iii) the
right hand side of the equation. The inverse of the matrix of
coefficients is obtained and it is used to multiply both sides of
the equation to obtain the solution of the equations. If this
matrix is singular, i.e determinant is zero the equation will fail
to have a solution.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
Solve the following equations
4x + 3y + 3z
= 7
(19)
x 2y + z
= 8
(20)
2x + y + 3z
= 9.
(21)
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
The equations can be solved by elimination of one of the unknowns
to reduce the equations to two equations in two unknowns. Let us
eliminate the first unknown x. We achieve this by doing what is
outlined below.
First, subtract 4 times the second equation (20) from the first
equation (19). We obtain
11y z = 25.
(22)
Next, subtract 2 times the second equation (20) from the third
equation (21) to get
5y + z = 7.
(23)
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
So now we have the equations,
11y z
= 25
(24)
5y + z
= 7.
(25)
Adding the equations (24) and (25), we obtain

16y = 32.
This the leads to y = 2.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
From (24), making z the subject and substituting for y ,
z = 11y + 25 = 11(2) + 25 = 3.
Finally from (20)
x = 8 + 2y z = 8 + 2(2) 3 = 1.
So the solution of the equation is
x = 1, y = 2, and z = 3.
The reader can check that the solution satisfies all the three
equations.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
We introduce the matrix representation of a system of equations

and a structured elimination process or algorithm.
The equations are associated with the rows of an appropriate
matrix.
An elimination process associated with operations on the rows of
the matrix representing the system of equations.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Consider the system of m equations in n unknowns written as,

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2n xn = b2
..
..
..
.
.
.
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + + amn xn = bm
Andrew Jack Urombo
(26)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
This system can be written in matrix form as,
a11
a21
..
.
a12
a22
..
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
am1 am2 amn
Andrew Jack Urombo
x1
x2
..
.
xn
b1
b2
..
.
bm
(27)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
The matrix notation is

Ax = b.
(28)
Here A is an m n matrix, x is a n-column vector and b is also a

m-column vector. The matrix A is called the matrix of coefficients,
x the vector of the unknown variables and b is the right hand side
of the equation.
An n 1 vector x0 is said to be a solution of the equation (27) or
(28) if it satisfies the system of equations, i.e Ax0 = b. This
means it satisfies all the m equation in the system.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
A system of equation that has at least one solution is said to be

consistent, otherwise the system of equation is said to be
inconsistent.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
If the right hand side of the system of equations (27) or (28) is

identically equal to zero, i.e Ax = 0, then the system is called a
homogeneous system. If b 6= 0, the system is nonhomogeneous.
The vector x0 = 0, satisfies the homogeneous equation and it
called the trivial solution.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Elimination is achieved by performing one of the following:

1
Multiplying an equation by a scalar factor.
Interchanging any two equations.
Adding a multiple of one equation to another equation.
These operations give rise to an equivalent system of equations.

The solution of the resulting system of equations is identical to the
solution of the original equation. Elementary row operations are
built from these ideas and techniques. Since in the matrix
representation the equations are represented by rows we define the
following as elementary row operations.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form

Multiply the i th row by a scalar k,
Ri kRi .

Ri Rj .
Adding a multiple of one row to another row.

Add k times row i to row j,
Rj Rj + kRi .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
The system of equations is written in a compact form which

consists of the matrix of coefficients and the right side of the
equation. This form is called the augmented matrix. The notation
for this matrix is
[A|b] .
The augmented matrix has m rows and n + 1 columns.
Andrew Jack Urombo
(29)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
Use row operations to solve the following system of equations.
3x1 x2 + 4x3 2x4 = 16
x1 + 4x2 x3 + 6x4 = 16
2x1 2x2 + x3 4x4 = 8
4x1 + 4x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 9
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
The first step is to construct the augmented matrix. In this case
this matrix is
3 1
4 2 16
1
4 1 6
16
.
(30)
2 2
1 4 8
4
4
1 2
9
The row operations are performed on this matrix.
We will indicate the group of row operations on the left and give
the resulting matrix on the right.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
R1 R2
R2 R2 3R1
R3 R3 2R1
R4 R2 4R1
16
1
4 1
6
0 13
7 20 64
0 10
3 16 40
0 12
5 22 55
1
1 4 1
6
R2 13
R2
7
20
13
0 1 13
31
8
R3 R3 + 10R2 0 0 13
13
46
19
R4 R4 + 12R2
0 0 13 13
Andrew Jack Urombo
16
64
13
120
13
53
13
(31)
(32)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
1 4 1
6
16
13
R3 31
R3
20
7
64
0
1
13
13
13
8
120
0 0
1 31 31
19
R4 R4 + 13 R3
49
0 0
0 98
31
13
1 4 1 6
16
20
7
64
31
R4 98
R4
13
0 1 13 13
8
120
0 0
1 31 31
1
0 0
0 1
2
Andrew Jack Urombo
(33)
(34)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
To obtain the solution of the equation we use the technique of
back-substitution. The last row is equivalent to the equation
1
x4 = .
2
Using this value for x4 in the third equation, we have
x3 =
8
8 1
120
120
x4 =
( ) = 4.
31
31
31
31 2
The second equation gives

x2 =
64
7
20
64
7
20 1
+ x3 x4 = + (4) ( ) = 2.
13 13
13
31 13
13 2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
Finally, the first equation leads to
1
x1 = 16 4x2 + x3 6x4 = 16 4(2) + 9(4) 6( ) = 1.
2
So the solution of the equation is
1
x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 4, x4 = .
2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
Solve the following systems of equations.
3x1 + 2x2 x3 = 2
x1 x2 + 2x3 = 3
5x1 + 3x3 = 5.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
The solution is laid out as in the last example. The augmented
matrix is
3
2 1 2
1 1
2 3
(35)
5
0
3 5
R1 R2
1 1
2
3
0
5 7 7
R2 R2 3R1
0
5 7 10
R3 R3 5R1
Andrew Jack Urombo
(36)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
3
1 1
2
R2 15 R2
0
1 75 75
R3 R3 5R2
0
0
0 3
Andrew Jack Urombo
(37)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
3
1 1
2
R2 15 R2
0
1 75 75
R3 R3 5R2
0
0
0 3
Now, the last equation is equivalent to
0.x3 = 3,
Andrew Jack Urombo
(37)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
3
1 1
2
R2 15 R2
0
1 75 75
R3 R3 5R2
0
0
0 3
(37)
Now, the last equation is equivalent to

0.x3 = 3,
which is not possible. The system is inconsistent. It does not have
a solution.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
Solve the following system of equations.
x1 2x2 +x3 x4 +x5 = 13
2x1
+x3
+x5
=7
x1 +x2
2x4
= 4
2x2 +2x3 x4
=4
Andrew Jack Urombo
(38)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
The augmented matrix is
1 2 1 1
2
0 1
0
1
1 0 2
0
2 2 1
1 13
1
7
0 4
0
4
Using the (1, 1)th entry as the pivot element, the

equivalent form of the system is,
R2 R2 2R1
1 2
1 1
1
4 1
2 1
0
R3 R3 R1 0
3 1 1 1
R4 R4 4R1
0
7 2
1 4
Andrew Jack Urombo
(39)
resulting
13
19
17
17
(40)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
Now, using the (2, 2)th as the pivot element, we obtain
equivalent form,
1 2
1 1
1
13
R2 1/4R2
1
1
1
19
1 4
2 4 4
0
R3 R3 3R2 0
0 41 52 41 11
4
R4 R4 7R2
0
0 41 52 49 59
4
Andrew Jack Urombo
the
(41)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
Pivoting on the (3, 3)th entry,
1 2
1 1
1
13
R3 R3
1
1
1
19
0
4
2
4
4
0
0
1 10
1
11
R4 R4 5/2R3
0
0
0
0 2 12
(42)
To obtain the solution we use back-substitution. The last equation

gives,
x5 = 6
Proceeding to obtain the other solutions,
x3 = 11 10x4 x5
= 5 10x4 ,
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
1
1
19 1
+ x5 x4 + x3
4
4
2
4
19 1
1
1
= + (6) x4 + (5 10x4 )
4
4
2
4
9
= 2x4 ,
2
x2 =
and
x1 = 13 x5 + x4 x3 + 2x2
9
= 13 6 + x4 (5 10x4 ) + 2( + 2x4 )
2
= 7 + 15x4 .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
All the solutions are expressed in terms of x4 . So if x4 is fixed the
rest of the solutions can be obtained. Such a variable is called a
free variable. The system has an infinite number of solutions. The
vector of the solution can be written as,
7 + 15x4
7
15
9 + 2x4 9
2
2
x=
5 10x4 = 5 + t 10
1
x4
0
0
6
6
where t = x4 .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
There are special forms of systems of equations which can be

obtained as result of applying the row operation procedure.
A system of linear equation is said to be in row echelon form if
and only if
1. rows comprising of entire zeros, if they exist, are
2. the first nonzero coefficient in each equation is 1,
3. the number of leading zero coefficients in any equat
The system is said to be in {\bf reduced row echelon fo
4. the variable appearing in the leading term of any eq

Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
The following
are the respective
examples of the two forms. The

1 1 0
2 5
0 1 2 2 is in row echelon form and the
matrix 0
0
0 0
0 1
1 0 0 4
matrix 0 0 1 3 is in reduced row echelon form.
0 0 0 0
The process of reducing a system of equations described above is
called Gauss Elimination.
If the row operations are performed to reduce the system of linear
equation to reduced row echelon form, the process is called
Gauss-Jordan Elimination. We will use Gauss-Jordan elimination
later, when finding the inverse of a matrix.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Consistency I
The consistency of a system of equations can be deducted from
the (reduced) row echelon form.
Let x1 , xi2 , xir denote the variables used in row elimination and
xir +1 , xir +2 , xin denote the remaining variables. The row reduced
form of the system is equivalent to
x1
xi2
+a1,r +1 xir +1 + a1,r +2 xir +2 + + a1,n xin = b1

+a2,r +1 xir +1 + a2,r +2 xir +2 + + a2,n xin = b2
..
.
xir + ar ,r +1 xir +1 + ar ,r +2 xir +2 + + ar ,n xin = br
0 = br+1
..
.
Andrew Jack Urombo
0 = bm

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Consistency II
It is true that r m, and when we use m variable in the
elimination process, r = m and there are no equations of the form
0 = bj . If r < m, the bj s may or may not all be zero. The
following is the criterion for determining the nature of the solution
of a system of equations.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
For what values of k does the system
x 3z
= 3
2x + ky z
= 2
x + 2y + kz
= 1
have (i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution and (iii) an infinite

number of solutions.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
This problem is best tackled using Gauss elimination. We form the
augmented matrix
1 0
1 3
2 k 1 2 ,
1 2
k
1
and perform the row operations indicated.
1 0
3 3
R2 R2 2R1
0 k
5
4
R3 R3 R1
4
0 2 k +3
Andrew Jack Urombo
(44)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
R3 kR3 2R2
1 0
3
3
0 k
5
4
0 0 (k 2)(k + 5) 4(k 2)
Andrew Jack Urombo
(45)

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
R3 kR3 2R2
1 0
3
3
0 k
5
4
0 0 (k 2)(k + 5) 4(k 2)
(45)
There are critical values of k determined by the terms in the third

row of the row echelon form (45).
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
R3 kR3 2R2
1 0
3
3
0 k
5
4
0 0 (k 2)(k + 5) 4(k 2)
(45)
There are critical values of k determined by the terms in the third

row of the row echelon form (45). These values are k = 5 and
k = 2.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
When k = 5, the system becomes
1
0 3 3
0 5
5
4 .
0
0
0 28
The last equation is 0.z = 28, which makes it inconsistent. So
the equation has no solution when k = 5.
When k = 2, the system becomes
1 0 3 3
0 2
5
4 .
0 0
0
0
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
The last equation is 0.z = 0, which makes it true for any z. There
are two nonzero equations in a system with three unknowns. The
system is consistent, and the solution is obtained by setting any
arbitrary value for z. So the equation has an infinite number of
solutions when k = 2.
For k 6= 5, and k 6= 2, the system has a unique solution.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
Find the conditions on a, b and c such that the system
x1 2x2 + 4x3 + x4 = a
2x1 + 3x2 x3 ax4 = b
3x1 + x2 + 2x2 + ax4 = c
4x1 x2 + 3x3 cx4 = b
has no solution.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
The augmented matrix is
1 2
4 1 a
2
3 1 a b
3
1
2 a c
4 1
3 c b
We reduce the system to row echelon form by performing the
indicated set of operations.
R2 R2 2R1
1 2
4
1
a
0
7 9 a 2 b 2a
R3 R3 3R1
0
7 10 a 3 c 3a
R4 R4 4R1
0
7 13 c 4 b 4a
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
R2 1/7R2 2R1
1
0
0
R3 R3 R2
0
R4 R4 R2
1
R3 R3
0
0
R4 R4 4R3
0
2
4
1
1 9/7 1/7a 2/7
0
1
2a 1
0
4 c 2 + a
2
4
1
1 9/7 1/7a 2/7
0
1
2a + 1
0
0 c + 2 7a
a
1/7b 2/7a
c ab
2a
a
1/7b 2/7a
c + a + b
2a 4 c + 4 b
The equation has no solution(inconsistent) when c + 2 7a = 0

or c = 2 7a.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
The rank of a system of linear equation is defined as the number of

nonzero rows in the row echelon matrix. A system is inconsistent if
rankA 6= rank[A|b].
(46)
Variables that can take any value are called arbitrary variables. We
have that
Number of unknowns-Rank=Number of arbitrary variables.
The number of arbitrary variables is called the degree of freedom
of the system of equations.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Theorem
A system of linear equation Ax = b has a solution if and only if
rank A = rank [A|b].
The rank of the augmented matrix is greater or equal to the rank
coefficient matrix. If the rank of the coefficient matrix is equal to
the number of equations, the system has a solution. If the rank of
the coefficient matrix is not equal to the rank of the augmented
matrix the system has no solution.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
Solve the system of equations
x y z
= 0
8x 7y 5z
= 0
9x 7y 5z
= 0.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
We form the augmented matrix, without the right hand side, since
the column of zeros is unaltered by any row operations. So this is
equivalent to reducing the coefficient matrix to row echelon form.
Thus
1 1 1
8 7 5 ,
9 7 5
which we reduce to row echelon form as follows.
1 1 1
R2 R2 8R1
0 1
3
R3 R3 9R1
0
2
4
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
R2 R2
1 1 1
0
1 3
R3 R3 2R1
0
0 10
And finally
1 1 1
R3 1/10R3
0
1 3
0
0
1
The last equation is 1.z = 0 which means z = 0. By
back-substitution y = 0 and x = 0. This is the trivial solution.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
3x1 + x3 = 0
x1 + x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 0
4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 0
9x1 + 7x2 + 6x3 + x4 = 0.
Andrew Jack Urombo
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Solution
The matrix form of the equation
3 0
1 1
4 3
9 7
is
1
2
2
6
0
1
.
0
1
The row reduced form of the system is obtained by performing the

following operations.
R1 R2
R2 R2 3R1
R3 R3 4R1
R4 R4 9R1
1
1
2
1
0 3 5 3
0 1 6 4
0 2 12 8
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
1 1
2
1
R2 13 R2
5
0 1
1
13
R3 R3 + 3R2 0 0 3 3
R4 R4 + 2R2
0 0 26
6
3
1 1 2 1
3
R3 13 R3
5
0 1 3 91
0 0 1 13
R4 R4 + 26
R
3
3
0 0 0 0
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
There is a row of zeros, so there is one free variable. For
convenience, let x4 = 13t, then
x3 =
9
(13t) = 9t,
13
5
x2 = 1 (9t) = 1 + 15t,
3
and
x1 = 1 x2 2x3 x4 = 1 1 15t + 18t 13t = 10t.
This system has an infinite number of solution. The general
solution can be written as
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution

10t
0
1 + 15t 1

x=
9t = 0
13t
0
10
+ t 15 .
9
13
Assigning a value to t gives a particular solution of the equation,

for example when t = 1 the solution is x = [10, 14, 9, 13]T .
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
2x + 3y + 12z
= 0
2x + y + 4z
= 0
y + 4z
= 0
2x y 4z
= 0.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
There are more equations than unknowns in this system. We
proceed as usual.
2
3 12
2
1
4
0
1
4
2 1 4
3
1
R1 21 R1
6
2
0 2 8
R2 R2 2R1 0
1
4
R4 R4 2R1
0 4 16
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
R2 21 R1
1
0
R3 R3 R2 0
R4 R4 + 4R2
0
3
2
6
1 4
0 0
0 0
The second equation gives y = 4z and hence

x = 6z 23 y = 6z 32 (4z) = 0.
The general solution of the equation is
0
x = z 4 .
1
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Theorem
Let Ax = 0 be a homogeneous system of m equations in n
unknowns, then
1
if rank A = n, the system has only the trivial solution,
if rank A < n, the system has a nontrivial solution, and
if m < n, the system has a nontrivial solution.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
If the coefficient matrix A is the same and only the right hand side
b, it is convenient to solve the systems of equation for the different
bs by combining them into an augmented matrix with the bs as
columns.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Example
Solve the system Ax = b, where
2 2
1
1
2 2
A=
2
0
k
5 2
0
and b = [1, 0, 1, 2]T , b = [1, 0, 0, 1]T and
b = [k 2 , k 1, k, (k 2)(k 3)]T and k is a constant.
Discuss the solutions of the homogeneous equation Ax = 0.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Solution
The combined augmented matrix
1
2 2
0
2 2
1 1
2
0
k 1
5 2
0 2
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
is
0
k 1
1
k2
0
k
1 (k 2)(k 3)
Now reducing the system to echelon form.
R2 R2 2R1
1
2
2
0
5 1
0 6
R3 R3 2R1 0 4 k + 4 1
R4 R4 5R1
0 12
10 2
Andrew Jack Urombo
0
k 1
1
k 2 2k + 2
0
k + 2
1 k 2 10k + 11

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
For brevity and clarity we choose row operations that do not
introduce fractions in the next set of operations.
0
0
k 1
R2 R2
1 2
2
0 6
5
1
1
2
k
2
k2
R3 6R3 + 4R2 0 0 3k + 2 1 2
k 2k 2 + 2
0 0
0
0
1 (k 1)(k + 7)
R4 R4 2R2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
The first system of equations will have no solution if 3k + 2 = 0 i.e
k = 32 . Otherwise the solution is unique.
The second system has no solution since the last equation is
0.x3 = 1, which is inconsistent.
The third system has a unique solution if (k 1)(k + 7) = 0, i.e
k = 7 or k = 1.
For the homogeneous equation the the row echelon form is
1 2
2
0 6
5 .
0 0 3k + 2
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Unit Objectives
Introduction
Linear Equations
Row Echelon Form
Solution
If 3k + 2 6= 0 then the last equation gives x3 = 0, and by back
substitution x2 = 0, x1 = 0. So for k 6= 32 the system has only the
trivial solution.
Now, if 3k + 2 = 0, the rank of the system is 2, and hence there is
one free variable. The second equation gives x2 = 56 x3 and the first
equation gives x1 = 2x3 2x2 = 2x3 53 x3 = 13 . Setting x3 = t,
the general solution becomes x = t[ 13 , 65 , 1]T . This can written as
x = u[2, 5, 1]T , where u = 6t.
Andrew Jack Urombo

Determinants
Inverse of a Matrix
References
Good sites to visit for Linear Algebra help
The Linear Algebra Toolkit
Andrew Jack Urombo

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School of Engineering Sciences 2016

HIT 112 Engineering Mathematics I

Andrew Jack Urombo

August 23, 2016

Matrices and Vectors

Matrices and Vectors

Elementary Row Operations

School of Engineering Sciences 2016

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A matrix is an array of numbers or entries

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School of Engineering Sciences 2016

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School of Engineering Sciences 2016

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School of Engineering Sciences 2016

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