ELECTRIC CIRCUITS I

BEKU 1123
Name

: Zaihasraf bin Zakaria

Designation

: Lecturer

Address

: Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Karung Berkunci 1200, Hang Tuah Jaya
75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka

Tel

: 06 555 2346

Fax

: 06 5552222

E-mail

: zaihasraf@utem.edu.my

Office
hours

: 9am ~ 5pm

Electric Circuit 1

FKE
UTeM

Detail Syllabus
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter

1 : Basic Concepts
2 : Basic Laws
3 : Method of Analysis
4 : Sinusoidal and Phasors Analysis
5 : Circuit Theorems
6: AC circuit analysis

Electric Circuit 1

FKE
UTeM

Course Evaluations
1. Course Works (50%)
Quizzes
10%
Assignments
10%
Test 1
15%
Test 2
15%

2. Final Examination 50%

Total

100%

Electric Circuit 1

FKE
UTeM

References
1.

C.K Alexander and M.N.O. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric

Circuits, 3rd Ed 2006, McGraw-hill

2.

J.W. Nilsson and S.A. Riedel, Electric Circuits, 6th Ed 2001,

Prentice Hall

3.

T.L. Flyod, Principles of Electric Circuits, 7th Ed 2003,

Prentice Hall

4.

R.C. Dorf and J.A. Svoboda, Introduction to Electric

Circuits, 6th Ed 2004, John Wiley & Sons

Electric Circuit 1

FKE
UTeM

CHAPTER 1
BASIC CONCEPTS

Electric Circuit 1

Basic Concepts - Chapter 1

1.1 Systems of Units
1.2 Electric Charge
1.3 Current
1.4 Voltage
1.5 Power and Energy
1.6 Circuit Elements
Electric Circuit 1

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

SI Fundamental Units
Quantity

Unit

Length
Mass
Time
Electric Current
Temperature
Luminous Intensity
Amount of substance

meter
kilogram
second
Ampere
Kelvin
candela
mole

Electric Circuit 1

Symbol
for Unit
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
7

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Some Important Electrical UnitsIMPORTANT
Current
Charge
Voltage
Resistance
Admittance
Power
Inductance
Conductance
Capacitance
Frequency
Energy work

Symbol for
Quantity

Unit

Symbol
for Unit

I
Q
V
R
Y
P
L
G
C
F
E

Ampere
Coulomb
Volt
Ohm
Mho
Watt
Henry
Siemens
Farad
Hertz
Joule

A
C
V

Electric Circuit 1

Quantity

W
H
S
F
Hz
J

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Some Important Magnetic Units
All magnetic units are derived from the fundamental units.

Quantity
flux density
magnetic flux
magnetizing force
magnetomotive force
permeability
reluctance

Unit

Symbol

tesla
weber
ampere-turn/meter
ampere-turn
weber/ampere-turn-meter
ampere-turn/weber

T
Wb
At/m
At
Wb/Atm
At/Wb

Electric Circuit 1

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Scientific and Engineering Notation
Very large and very small numbers are
represented with scientific and engineering
notation.

47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

= 47. x 106 (Engineering Notation)

Electric Circuit 1

10

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Scientific and Engineering Notation
0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)
= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

Electric Circuit 1

11

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Metric Conversion
When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit,
move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a
smaller unit means the number must be larger.
Smaller unit

0.47 MW = 470 kW
Larger number
Electric Circuit 1

12

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Metric Conversion
When converting from a smaller unit to a larger
unit, move the decimal point to the left. Remember, a
larger unit means the number must be smaller.
Larger unit

10,000 pF = 0.01 microF

Smaller number
Electric Circuit 1

13

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Metric Arithmetic
When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric
prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.

10,000 W + 22 kW = ?
10,000 W + 22,000 W = 32,000 W
Alternatively,

10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW
Electric Circuit 1

14

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Metric Arithmetic
When adding or subtracting numbers with a
metric prefix, convert them to the same prefix
first.

200 A + 1.0 mA = ?
200 A + 1,000 A = 1,200 A
Alternatively,

0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA

Electric Circuit 1

15

FKE
UTeM

1.1 System of Units

Engineering Metric Prefixes

Factor

Prefix

Symbol

1012
109
106
103
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15

tera
giga
mega
kilo
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto

T
G
M
k
c
m

n
p
f

Electric Circuit 1

16

FKE
UTeM

What is electricity?

9/6/2012

Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts

17

FKE
UTeM

Dictionary definition

Main Entry: electricity

Pronunciation: \i-lek-tri-s-t, -, -tris-t\
Function: noun
Inflected Form(s): plural electricities
Date: 1646
1 a : a fundamental form of energy observable in positive and
negative forms that occurs naturally (as in lightning) or is
produced (as in a generator) and that is expressed in terms of
the movement and interaction of electrons b : electric current or
power
2 : a science that deals with the phenomena and laws of
electricity
3 : keen contagious excitement <could feel the electricity in the
room>
Electric Circuit 1

18

FKE
UTeM

1.2 Electricity
The Bohr atomic structure
The nucleus is positively charged
and has the protons and neutrons.
Electrons are negatively
charged and in discrete shells.

In the neutral atom, the

number of electrons is equal to
the number of protons.

Electron

Electric Circuit 1

Proton

Neutron

19

FKE
UTeM

1.2 Electricity
Electricity is defined as the flow of
electrons

FKE
UTeM

1.2 Electricity
Only some materials have free electrons inside.

YES!

silver
copper
gold
aluminium
iron
steel
brass
bronze
mercury
graphite
dirty water
concrete

Conductors:

NO!
Insulators:
No free electrons = No current

glass
rubber
oil
asphalt
fiberglass
porcelain
ceramic
quartz
(dry) cotton
(dry) paper
(dry) wood
plastic
air
diamond
pure water

21

FKE
UTeM

How can we get electrons to

flow?
Source: something that has
an imbalance of electrons and
protons
Protons are positively
charged
Electrons are negatively
charged
Since opposites attract, if
we create an imbalance of
electrons and protons we
have electrical potential
Electrical potential is
electrical pressure and it is
measured in volts

Path: a conductor that connects

the protons with the electrons
A conductor is anything that
has less than 4 electrons held
loosely in their atoms outer
orbit
This allows the electrons to
move freely from one atom to
another
An insulator holds its
electrons in a tighter orbit
and does not allow movement
easily
Once a path is established,
electrons will move because
of the attraction caused by
the imbalance in the source FKE
UTeM

What is electric circuit?

Electricity: flow of electrons
What is required for electrons
to flow?
A basic circuit
What is a basic circuit? :
An interconnection of
electrical elements
What is the type of electrical
elements?
Source
Path
Restriction or load

Path (wire)

Load

Source

FKE
UTeM

Charge and Current

9/6/2012

Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts

24

FKE
UTeM

1.2 Charge
Charge : is an electrical property of the
atomoc particles of which matter
consists and it is measured in coulombs
(C)

Electric Circuit 1

25

FKE
UTeM

1.2 Charge

Electric Circuit 1

26

FKE
UTeM

1.3 Current
Electric current is defined as the time rate of
change of charge (or net flow of charge) and it
is measured in amperes (A).
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/sec= 6.24x1018 electrons /sec

Electric Circuit 1

27

FKE
UTeM

1.3 Current
Convention - The direction of current flow

Positive ions

Negative ions
Electric Circuit 1

28

FKE
UTeM

Type of current

Electric Circuit 1

29

FKE
UTeM

Examples
Example 1

Example 2

Electric Circuit 1

30

FKE
UTeM

Examples
Example 3

Example 4:

Electric Circuit 1

31

FKE
UTeM

Examples
Example 3

Example 4:

Electric Circuit 1

32

FKE
UTeM

Examples
Example 5
A conductor has a constant current of 5 A. How many electrons
pass a fixed point on the conductor in one minute?

Solution
5 A = (5 C/s), thus in 1 min, the number of charge flow is
5C x 60 sec = 300 C
We know that, in 1 C = 6.24x1018 electrons
Thus, the total amount of electron pass in 1 min is:

6.24 10 18 electron x 300C 1.87 10 21 electrons

Electric Circuit 1

33

FKE
UTeM

Voltage

9/6/2012

Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts

34

FKE
UTeM

1.4 Voltage
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element (point a to b), measured in volts (V).

Electric Circuit 1

35

FKE
UTeM

1.4 Voltage
Mathematically,

Vab = dw/dq (volt)

w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb

(C)
voltage is the work per charge done from a to b
1 volt is the potential difference (voltage) between 2
points when 1 joule of energy is used to move 1
coulomb of charge from 1 point to the other

Electric Circuit 1

36

FKE
UTeM

1.4 Voltage
Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or
between two points in a circuit.
vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential of b
vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential of b

We can say there is a 9V voltage drop from a to b or a 9V

voltage rise from b to a. or

Electric Circuit 1

37

FKE
UTeM

1.4 Voltage sources

Lab Power Supply
A Battery

9V
Solar Cell

1.5 V

Electric Power Plant

13,500 V

Nerve Cell

A few
Volts
A few millivolts
when activated by
a synapse

38

FKE
UTeM

1.4 Voltage
Voltage is responsible for establishing current.
Sources of voltage
include batteries, solar
cells, and generators. A
Cu-Zn battery, such as
you might construct in a
chemistry class, is
shown.

e-

Zn2+

Zinc
(anode)
Zn + 2e

e-

Copper
(cathode)
Cu 2+ + 2e

Cu

ZnSO4
solution
Porous
barrier

Electric Circuit 1

CuSO4
solution

39

FKE
UTeM

Power & Energy

9/6/2012

Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts

40

FKE
UTeM

1.5 Power and Energy

Power is the time rate of expanding or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W).
Mathematical expression:

dw dw dq
p

vi
dt dq dt

Passive sign convention:

If the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element,
p = +vi .absorbing power
If the current enters through the
negative terminal,

absorbing power

p = vi .supplying power

Electric Circuit 1

supplying power
41

FKE
UTeM

1.5 Power and Energy

Example :

(a)

(b)

(c)

Two cases of an
element with an absorbing
power of 12 W:
(a) p = 4 3 = 12 W,
(b) p = 4 3 = 12 W.
Electric Circuit 1

(d)

Two cases of
an element with a supplying
power of 12 W:
(c) p = 4 (3) = 12 W,
(d) p = 4 (3) = 12 W.
42

FKE
UTeM

1.5 Power and Energy

The law of conservation of energy ; the algebraic
sum of power in a circuit at any instant of time,
must be zero:

p0

- power supplied to the circuit must balance the total power absorbed

The the energy absorbed or supplied by an element

from time t0 to time t is:

t0

pdt

vidt
t0

- the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J)

Electric Circuit 1

43

FKE
UTeM

Circuit Element

9/6/2012

Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts

44

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Circuit Elements

Active Elements

Independent
sources

Passive Elements

Dependant
sources

A dependent source is an active

element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another
voltage or current.
Four different types: VCVS, CCVS,
VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
signs of dependent sources

Electric Circuit 1

45

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Circuit Elements

Ideal independent source(voltage or current)

Is an active element that provides specific voltage and

current that is completely independent of other circuit
elements connected to it
Ideal dependent source(controlled source)

Is an active element in which the source quantity is

controlled by another voltage or current

Electric Circuit 1

46

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Circuit Elements

Voltage source

Is an active element that provides specific voltage and will

provide any current required (to the load) while maintaining
same value of voltage at its terminal
Current source

Is an active element that provides specific current and will

provide any voltage required while maintaining same value
of current at its terminal

Electric Circuit 1

47

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Circuit Elements

Example of dependent source
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure below if i2 = 1A.

Electric Circuit 1

48

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Circuit Elements

Solution

Voltage v is the sum of the independent voltage source

and the current-dependent voltage source vx.
Therefore, v = 10v + vx = 10v + 15(1)v = 25 v

Electric Circuit 1

49

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Circuit Elements

Passive Components
Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads

Resistors

Capacitors

Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica
Foil

Mica capacitor_

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

Electric Circuit 1

50

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Circuit Elements

Passive Components
Inductors

Transformers

Electric Circuit 1

51

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Circuit Elements

Active Components

Transistors

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Electric Circuit 1

52

FKE
UTeM

1.6 Symbols of some Circuit Elements

In circuit diagrams components are represented by
the following symbols;

cell

ammeter

battery

voltmeter

switch

motor
Electric Circuit 1

lamp

buzzer

resistor

variable
resistor

53

FKE
UTeM

IMPORTANT!!!
Formulas/Fundamentals to
remember
1 electron = -1.602 10-19 C
1 proton = +1.602 10-19 C

dq
i
1A 1C / s
dt

vab dw / dq
dw dw dq
p

vi
dt
dq dt
9/6/2012

Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts

54

FKE
UTeM

End of Lecture 1

Electric Circuit 1

55

FKE
UTeM