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MCB 2013
1.1
Course Organization
Textbook: Fluid Mechanics BY WILEY
Introduction (Chapter 1) / Dimensions, Units
Fluid statics: Fluid is at rest
Fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics: Fluid is moving
Fluid statics (Chapter 2): Pressure, measurement of pressure, hydrostatic
forces, buoyancy
Fluid dynamics (Chapters 3-5, ): Mass, energy and momentum balances
Applications in Engineering (Chapters 8): Flow in pipes, flow through
porous media
Dimensional analysis and modeling (Chapter 7)
Intoduction
MCB 2013
1.2
Intoduction
MCB 2013
1.3
Gas
Air, He, Ar, N2,
etc.
Liquid
s
Water, Oils,
Alcohols, etc.
Static
s Fi 0
Stability
Pressure
Dynami
cs Fi 0 , Flows
Buoyancy
Compressible/
Incompressible
Compressibility
Density
Viscosity
Surface
Laminar/
Tension
Turbulent
Steady/Unsteady
Vapor
Viscous/Inviscid
Pressure
Chapter 1:
Introduction
Intoduction
Chapter 2: Fluid
Statics
Chee 223
Fluid Dynamics:
Rest of Course
1.4
Basic dimensions:
(or primary quantities)
Length, L
Time, T
Mass, M
Temperature, Q
We can derive any secondary quantity from the primary quantities i.e.
Force = (mass) x (acceleration) : F = M L T-2
MCB 2013
1.5
British
Gravitational
(BG) Unit
SI Unit
English
Engineering
(EE) Unit
Mass [M]
Kilogram (kg)
Slug
Pound-mass
(lbm)
Length [L]
Meter (m)
Foot (ft)
Foot (ft)
Time [T]
Second (s)
Second (s)
Second (s)
Temperature [Q]
Kelvin (K)
Rankine (R)
Rankine (R)
Force [F]
Newton
(1N=1 kg.m/s2)
Pound (lb)
Pound-force (lbf)
MCB 2013
1.6
Intoduction
MCB 2013
1.7
Characteristics of Fluids
Intoduction
Chee 223
1.8
Properties of Fluids
Pressure
Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions
Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with depth
p= g h
pressure
increase
increase in
depth (m)
p2
p3
p1 = p2 = p3
MCB 2013
1.9
Density
The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit
volume. It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .
=
kgm-3
m
V
kg
m3
Intoduction
MCB 2013
1.10
Chee 223
1.11
( P, T)
For liquids, weak function of temperature and pressure
For gases: strong function of T and P
from ideal gas law: = P M/R T
where R = universal gas constant, M=mol. weight
(1.1)
MCB 2013
1.12
Intoduction
Chee 223
1.13
SG
H O
2
Intoduction
Chee 223
1.14
Specific volume:
=1/
=w/V=g
SG
Intoduction
H 2O @ 4 C
MCB 2013
1.15
Viscosity: Introduction
The viscosity is measure of the fluidity of the fluid which is not
captured simply by density or specific weight. A fluid can not resist a
shear and under shear begins to flow. The shearing stress and shearing
strain can be related with a relationship of the following form for
common fluids such as water, air, oil, and gasoline:
du
dy
No Slip
Condition
Intoduction
Chee 223
1.16
Pressure
Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is
perpendicular to the area.
Nm-2
(Pa)
p=
F
A
N
m2
MCB 2013
1.17
Pressure
Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions
Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with depth
p= g h
pressure
increase
increase in
depth (m)
p2
p3
p1 = p2 = p3
MCB 2013
1.18
p1
p2=pa
p1 = px
(negligible pressure
change in a gas)
px = py
pz= p2 = pa
py - pz = gh
p1 - pa = gh
liquid
density
Intoduction
MCB 2013
1.19
vacuum
p1 = 0
p2 - p1 = gh
p2 = pa
pa = gh
examples
water: h = pa/g =105/(103*9.8) ~10m
mercury: h = pa/g =105/(13.4*103*9.8)
~800mm
Intoduction
MCB 2013
1.20
Intoduction
MCB 2013
1.21
Intoduction
MCB 2013
1.22