Depressants(Downners)

Paregoric- a tincture of opium in combination with camphor. Commonly used as a

household remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain.

Stimulants(uppers)

Amphetamines- used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relieve of mild

depression and treatment.

Hallucinogens(Psychedelic)

Peyote- is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus. Peyote emits a
nauseating odors and its user suffers from nausea. This drug causes no physical
dependence and, therefore, no withdrawal syndromes, although in some cases
psychological dependence has been noted.

Geography of Poland
Poland is a country in East-Central Europe with an area of 312,679 square kilometres (120,726
sq. mi.), and mostly temperate climate.[1] Generally speaking, Poland is an almost unbroken plain
reaching from the Baltic Sea in the north, to the Carpathian Mountains in the south. Within that
plain, terrain variations run in bands east to west. The Baltic coast has two natural harbors, the
larger one in the Gdask-Gdynia region, and a smaller one near Szczecin in the far northwest.
The northeastern region also known as Masurian Lake District with more than 2,000 lakes,[2] is
densely wooded, sparsely populated. To the south of the lake district, and across central Poland a
vast region of plains extends all the way to the Sudetes on the Czech and Slovak borders
southwest, and to the Carpathians on the Czech, Slovak and Ukrainian borders southeast. The
central lowlands had been formed by glacial erosion in the Pleistocene ice age. The neighboring
countries are Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and
Belarus to the east, and Lithuania and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the northeast

is the 24th largest export economy in the world and the 24th most complex economy according
to the Economic Complexity Index (ECI). In 2014, Poland exported $205B and imported $218B,
resulting in a negative trade balance of $12.8B. In 2014 the GDP of Poland was $544B and its
GDP per capita was $25.3k.
The top exports of Poland are Vehicle Parts ($11.5B), Cars ($5.64B), Seats ($5.11B), Other
Furniture ($4.29B) and Video Displays ($4B), using the 1992 revision of the HS (Harmonized
System) classification. Its top imports are Crude Petroleum ($14.8B), Vehicle Parts ($6.57B),
Cars ($6.1B), Packaged Medicaments ($4.59B) and Computers ($4.17B).
The top export destinations of Poland are Germany ($50.9B), the United Kingdom ($13B), the
Czech Republic ($12.2B), France ($11.4B) and Italy ($9.5B). The top import origins are
Germany ($51.3B), China ($22.5B), Russia ($17.7B), Italy ($12.3B) and the Netherlands
($8.57B).
Poland borders Belarus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine
by land and Denmark and Sweden by sea.

Exports
In 2014 Poland exported $205B, making it the 24th largest exporter in the world. During the last
five years the exports of Poland have increased at an annualized rate of 10.5%, from $124B in
2009 to $205B in 2014. The most recent exports are led by Vehicle Parts which represent 5.6%
of the total exports of Poland, followed by Cars, which account for 2.74%.

n May 1, 2004, Poland, along with nine other mostly eastern European nations,
was admitted into the European Union, bringing that group's membership to 25
nations.1 It was a momentous occasion for Poland, which has a population of
more than 38 million and is the seventh-largest country in the European Union.2
Poland now faces a mixture of euphoria and difficulties. Poland is pleased to
have left communism behind and to have been accepted into the European Union
after petitioning for membership in 1994. But it faces numerous difficulties
trying to catch up with the modernity and economic stability of the other
members of the European Union, while many Poles retain a communistic
mentality. History has shown that the Polish people have been resilient
throughout the centuries, so there is little doubt it will rise to this challenge.
The Polish police system is rapidly adapting to the 21st century. Like police in
many countries, the Polish police are grappling with organized crime, gangs, drug trafficking,
and terrorism. Added to these problems are the transnational crimes, human trafficking, and
illegal immigration that plague Poland, which sits precariously between the East and the West. In
addition to dealing with these and other common crimes, Poland's police are also addressing the
organizational issues for integrating into the European Union. Finally, it must be noted that the
Polish police force, officially formed on August 10, 1990, is one of Europe's youngest.
In spite of these challenges, Polish police have made great strides and are quickly adapting to
modern police practices and technology. To better understand how Poland has modernized its
police, a quick review of the Polish police system history will help.
Polish Citizen's Militia
Under both communist and post communist governments, the Polish police system has
traditionally operated under the auspices of national authority. Starting at the end of World War
II, Poland, although never fully occupied by the Soviet Union, fell under the spell of its eastern
neighbor, especially in 1948 when the country's turn toward Stalinism brought the beginning of
totalitarian rule.
Poland formed the Polish Citizen's Militia, a kind of police force, at the end of 1944, while
Poland was still in a theater of war, but just before Europe became divided. The citizen's militia
would remain the predominant means of policing in Poland until 1990. The highly centralized
nature of the militia and its lack of any great power placed it largely under the control of the
Security Bureau, which used it to instill fear in the local populace.
The Police Act of 1990
In 1989, as the Berlin Wall began to fall, communism's grip on Poland relaxed as well, especially
under the influence of the Solidarity leader Lech Walesa3 and Pope John Paul II4 . As Poland
entered into a new era of independence, the Polish Parliament abolished the Polish militia and

passed the Police Act in April of 1990. The Police Act established a bona fide police department,
separated from politics by citizen oversight, and charged with the mission of controlling crime
under the auspices of a democratic state by relying upon the rule of law and protecting the rights
of its citizens. The act called for a uniformed police service that was charged with protecting
citizens from unlawful acts, providing security and public order, detecting crimes and their
perpetrators, preventing crime, and supervising the city guard (a form of public-private security).
Specifically, the act created a national police force that would consist of criminal police, traffic
police, local police, and several specialized police units including the railway police, water
police, air police, and the antiterrorist unit.
The movement from the Security Bureau under communism to the Polish police force under the
control of the Ministry of the Interior created a number of immediate problems. Many Polish
citizens and leaders embraced the movement toward democracy, but many clung to the past. As
the Polish police force moved toward implementing more democratic measures, many of the
members of the previous Security Bureau and citizen's militia could not make the necessary
adjustment and were dismissed. The departing employees represented more than half of the
administrative, or commissioned, police officers and approximately one-third of the line officers.
The dismissals led officials to promote younger officers into administrative positions and hire a
high number of new recruits. In fact, in 1995, the number of new police officers to be trained
stood at 50,000.
Community Policing, Polish Style
On March 27, 1995, the minister of internal affairs, Andrzej Milczanowski, announced a new
plan for the Polish police called Safe City. The concept, based on the international movement
toward community oriented policing principles, was essentially to have Polish police work closer
with citizens and develop partnerships with the communities. The term "community policing"
did not translate well into Polish, and Polish police came to know it as "operation zero" as the
initial concepts of community policing, such as foot patrols, were implemented. In addition,
various crime prevention programs such as were implemented. Soon, however, "community
policing" in Poland came to refer to simply any new initiative in policing.
Polish Police Today
The Polish police today are part of the Ministry of the Interior and are administered by a general
inspector out of the national headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. The national headquarters
supervises 16 province headquarters known as Voivodships that are essentially regional police
similar to the various provincial police forces in Canada. It also is directly responsible for the
Warsaw police headquarters.
The 16 Voivodships then supervise the nation's 392 county police agencies (Poviat), and these
county police have under their control the local police stations (komisariaty), of which there are
approximately 1,800. Although Poland still maintains a chain of command from local police to
the national headquarters, the provincial, county, and the government administrations at their
specific levels. Therefore, there is an element of local control over the local police.
Organization of Policing Services
The organization is divided into different police services and these consist of the prevention

service, the criminal service, and support service. The prevention service, which accounts for 58
percent of the police assignments, comprises the uniformed police, and it has primary
responsibility for police patrol. Prevention service units include the court police and the
prevention squads. The prevention squads consist of the special units such as the water police, air
police, and railway police, while the antiterrorist unit is a special reaction team deployed out of
the Warsaw area to respond to terrorist incidents such as hostage takings or hijackings.
The criminal service is similar to the detective bureau in a major metropolitan police department
in the United States. The criminal service accounts for 34 percent of the organization's personnel.
In the 1990s, the Central Investigation Bureau, which is akin to the Federal Bureau of
Investigation in the United States, was created in the national police headquarters.
The support service provides personnel and logistical support for the entire Polish police force
and consists 8 percent of service force.
The Budget
Because the police in Poland are a national police force, the budget for the police is also
centralized. Poland's police service underwent a major reform beginning in January 1999, when
new legislation mandated that 80 percent of the budget is to be passed along to the Voivodships
in order for them to run their respective agencies and the local police departments under their
control. The other 20 percent of the national budget for police is used to fund the national police
headquarters in Warsaw and all of the special units such as the police training schools and the
antiterrorism unit. In addition, equipment, such as vehicles and firearms, is purchased with this
allocation of funds.
As in the United States, the largest police expenditure in the budget is for personnel. Polish
police salaries have risen slightly in the past 15 years but still are not high. Police recruits earn
on average U.S. $3,500 a year, and patrol officers make approximately U.S. $5,000 a year.
The Officers
There are approximately 100,000 police officers and 18,000 civilians serving the Polish police.
Approximately 17 percent are commissioned officers who serve in administrative positions.
Roughly 35 percent are noncommissioned officers who serve as field supervisors. The rest are
line officers. Over 70 percent of the police force is under the age of 40, and about 10 percent of
the force is female.
The Polish police force, like its counterpart agencies in many other countries, faces high
employee turnover. Police officers often find it more financially rewarding to enter private
security or to secure other positions in law enforcement that pay higher salaries, such as a job
with the peacekeeping missions sponsored by the United Nations.
Equipment
Police officers traditionally carry a short rubber nightstick, a pair of handcuffs, a walkie-talkie, a
whistle, and a canister of CS gas. The firearms they train with and carry include old Russian
weapons such as the P64 (9mm), the Walther P-99 (9mm), and both the Glock 17 and the Glock
26.

The vehicles they drive are the Polonez (a Polish-made version of the Fiat), the Nysa (a Polishmade van used by tactical units), the UAZ (a Russian-made van), and the more European Fiat
five-door.
The Polish police have very modern equipment for riot control and they appeared to have the
latest equipment for many of their special units. But much of the equipment carried by the
average patrol officer appeared dated, and protective vests did not appear to be standard issue for
the officers.
Training
Like the equipment, the training facilities and the training itself appeared to be an amalgam of
old and new. As the number of police recruits to be trained during the 1990s increased
dramatically, with the number of recruits to train each year reaching nearly 17,000, the demand
overwhelmed the main police training facility in Szcztno and led to the creation of new training
academies. These additional training academies were established in Legionowo, just north of
Warsaw, and in Slupsk, Pila, and Katowice.
The training offered at Legionowo was conducted in a barracks-style setting in buildings from
the communist era. The training is conducted in the military style but without the U.S. practice of
physical fitness in the morning, as Polish police officers are expected to maintain their physical
fitness on their own. Some of the classes were on the cutting edge, such as their indoor firearms
training. Most of the classes appeared to be equivalent to the type of training available at police
academies in the United States, with recruits learning how to defend themselves, how to conduct
felony vehicle stops, and how to collect fingerprints and shoe and tire impressions.
Reforms and the Future
The Polish police have been aggressively implementing reforms to update the entire force. One
of the current reforms under way involves working with both U.S. and EU officials to develop
protocols based on Poland's entry into the European Union. The negotiations regarding these
reforms, protocols, and various treaties are currently under way and appear to be promising for
not only U.S. and EU interests but also for the Polish police force's modernization efforts.
The Polish police have also implemented a number of reforms aimed at modernizing its police.
One reform has been the strengthening of its relationships with Interpol, which it joined in 1990.
Another reform involves working closely with the European Police Office (Europol) and signing
a border crossing agreement, which has become all the more important with Poland's admittance
to the European Union, for Poland now serves as the eastern border guard for all Europe. The
Polish police have also established a relationship when it comes to training with French and
German police, the FBI, and the International Law Enforcement Academy in Budapest.
On an operational level, the Polish police have established a modern command-and-control
center that uses the latest computer technology and widescreen monitors for tracking crimes,
disorder, and police response. The police have also established the use of the Automatic
Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) for fingerprint identification throughout Poland. In
January 2003, the National Center for Criminal Information was opened to serve as an

intelligence gathering and analyzing system at combating organized crime in Poland by sharing
information with not only Polish police, but with other European Union members as well.
At the time of this writing, Polish police are also working to establish the National Police
Information System (KSIP) for sharing information through a central database that can process
data on 12.5 million crimes, can store information on more than 8 million individuals, and can
serve all 100,000 police officers through 20,000 access stations, mostly at local police stations.
The implementation of this particular system will bring Poland's police in line with the computer
systems used by police in other EU member nations, thus allowing them to fully integrate by the
year 2007, which is in keeping with the EU plan.
Combating Terrorism
With the impact of the attacks of September 11, 2001, having been felt not only in the United
States but also worldwide, Poland is finding specific ways to address the potential threat of
terrorist violence. One of Poland's answers to such threats are units designed specifically to
respond to terrorist situations. Antiterrorist units (ATUs) in the Polish national police are the
equivalent of the American tactical response team. There are approximately 15 of these welltrained units on call 24 hours a day throughout the country.
Similar to their American counterparts, a position within these units is highly sought after and
extremely competitive. The requirements and training for the officers in these elite units are
mentally and physically exhausting, and once an officer earns a position on a team, training
becomes an ongoing process.
One of the many training tools the ATU has at its disposal is a live-fire hostage simulation arena.
This complex is designed with interweaving hallways and closed off rooms that are scattered
throughout the arena to represent and recreate the various obstacles that a team might encounter
while attempting to rescue a hostage or regain control of a building. Above the entire complex is
a catwalk that enables other officers and supervisors to observe the team throughout the entire
training exercise. This setup allows supervisors to better train officers in a practical environment.
To demonstrate the complete trust of the unit, a supervisor often stands in the middle of the room
with enemy silhouettes on either side of him while the team initiates an assault with live fire.
Osmology a New Forensic Technique
An interesting advancement in Polish policing is osmology, or scent identification, which is
considered to be one of the newest yet most effective areas of forensic science investigation.5
Osmology uses specially trained dogs controlled by specially selected and trained police officers
for the trace scent identification of suspected criminals. Human beings leave trace scents on
every surface they touch, which means that criminals leave trace scents at crime scenes. The
most popular breeds of dogs used for forensic investigations in Poland and other European
countries are German shepherds, Belgian shepherds, Polish shepherds, Labrador retrievers, and
German schnauzers.
Both the dog and the handler, usually a police officer, must undergo continuous annual training
and evaluation. Initially, both the dog and his trainer attend a seven-month training class at the
Polish Canine Training Center. Dogs that are initially selected must possess, among other things,

a keen and decisive sense of smell. After this initial training, a dog can only obtain certification
after successful completion of a short-term probationary period in a police unit. These
certificates are renewed each year, and the dogs are either permitted to continue working or are
simply disqualified due to unsatisfactory results.
Either a crime scene investigator or the actual canine officer can carry out collection of trace
scents. The scent collection process involves several steps and calls for an acute attention to
detail. First, pieces of cotton swabs, known as absorbers, are placed on a particular area or
object. Aluminum foil is then used to cover these swabs for roughly 30 minutes. Afterward, the
investigator uses tweezers to remove the foil and collect the swabs and subsequently places each
swab in a glass jar with a screw on lid. The jars are logged into evidence and photographed then
taken to a lab where they are labeled, Next, an evaporation vacuum method is used to further
extract scents from surface absorbers and place them on new neutral absorbers. Each of these
cotton absorbers is then placed back into its labeled container and sealed until the appropriate
scent comparison can be extracted from the suspect. Once a comparison is taken from a suspect,
the officer and the canine can conduct an official laboratory examination.
The canine officer then conducts an assessment in a controlled laboratory environment to see if a
suspect can be linked to scents taken from a crime scene. First, the officer places numerous glass
jars filled with different human scents in a row on the floor of the examination room. Usually the
officer will have three or four comparison jars along with the actual scent taken from the crime
scene. Next, outside the examination room, the canine is permitted to smell the scent taken from
a suspect who is implicated for that particular crime. Then, the officer takes the dog into the
exam room and verbally instructs the dog to locate the identical scent of the suspect. The dog
will then systematically inspect each scent until the dog indicates to the officer that a match has
been made (usually by sitting in front of the container). If the dog does not sit down, then it is
considered that the scent of the suspect in question is most likely not the same as the criminal's
scent that was collected from the crime scene.
Although Polish criminal justice officials acknowledge that osmology is in its infancy as a viable
forensic tool, it should be noted that other European countries have also started to employ these
same techniques for crime scene investigations. In a report presented during the 1999
International Academy of Forensic Sciences meeting in Los Angeles, California, Dr. Jozef
Wojcikiewicz, a professor of forensic science in the Department of Criminalistics at the
Jagiellonian University and Institute of Forensic Research, in Krakow, Poland, noted that the
Polish code of criminal procedure includes the principle of free appraisal of evidence, that is,
"the procedural organs determine their position based on all of the evidence, appraised and
independently according to the rules of correct reasoning as well as on the basis of knowledge
and life experience." 6
Wojcikiewicz reports that the Polish courts have rendered decisions on osmology based on the
principle of free appraisal of evidence. The Polish Supreme Court has stated that osmological
opinions, together with facial sketches and a polygraph examination, are sufficient evidence for
detention of a suspect if their results are conclusively similar.7 The lower Polish courts, which
deal with many cases that submit forensic findings, consider this trace evidence as circumstantial
and by itself not enough to convict a criminal suspect.8 Essentially, it appears as though the

courts are considering osmology as an investigative aid and not as scientific evidence at this
time.
The evaluation of scientific evidence usually requires any procedure or process to be empirically
verified; to be tested, peer-reviewed, and published; to have a known error rate for validity and
reliability; and to be a standardized and generally accepted. Although it remains to be seen
whether the investigative techniques rooted in osmology as offered by Poland will withstand the
judicial and legal scrutiny of other countries' criminal justice systems, the fact that the Polish
police are undertaking innovative scientific research illustrates the emerging importance of the
young democratic state in modern-day policing.