STU02 Boundry Layer Theory

FLUID MECHANICS II
INGM 321 '14

Study Unit 02
Boundary Layer theory
Werner H Kaiser
2014/09/09
1/32
1. Introduction
MOVIE CLIP OF TURBULENT FLOW
2/32
1. Introduction
2. Conservation equations
for boundary layer flow
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
3. Boundary layer thickness
Various boundary layer
and displacement thickness
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
6. Laminar boundary layer
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear
7.Walll friction for Laminar

flow
Smooth flat plates
8. Transition from laminar to

turbulent
9. Wall friction for

Turbulent flow
Hydraulically smooth zone
- Smooth plate
B. Boundary layer drag
10. Rough plate
Hydraulically transition
zoneHydraulically rough zone

11. Flow over curved
Flow over bodies
surfaces and separation

12. Drag force on bodies
3/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary
5. Von Karman integral

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation
1. Introduction
INTRODUCTION
External flow immersed fluid
Airplanes, automobiles
Complete surrounded fluid
Reduce drag proper design
From experimental flow
Simplify flow past flat plate
Munson 9.2.1 Boundary layer Structure
OUTCOMES -STUDY GUIDES

Understand & explain the relation between laminar & turbulent boundarylayer flow.
4/32
1. Introduction
Non-viscous
u(x)
u(x)
Laminar boundary
layer
Actual -Viscous
Transition
u(x)
Laminar sub layer
Laminer : du dy
Turbulent : du dy
5/32
>>
Turbulent boundary
layer
1. Introduction
OUTCOMES -STUDY GUIDES
Understand & explain the relation between laminar & turbulent
boundary-layer flow.
SUMMARY
6/32
2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

7/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107

OUTCOMES -STUDY GUIDE
Know & reproduce the assumptions under which the boundary layer equations are
derived.
Conduct an order of magnitude analysis on the mass conservation & Navier Stokes
equations &
explain how to derive the simplified mass & momentum conservation equations for
boundary-layer flow.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 6.8.2 Navier-Stokes equation
CONTENT
1. ASSUMPTIONS
Neglect gravity no buoyancy
Two dimensional
Steady state
2. ANALYZE THE ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
Conservation of momentum (X and Y direction)

8/32

1. ASSUMPTIONS
Two dimensional
Steady state
Newtonian
Uncompressible
Gravitation negligible
Does not apply for fluid refraction
uy
V
ux
Conservation of mass (continuity):
V 0
t
u x u y
0
x
y
-- 2-1
Infinitesimal CV
Conservation of momentum Navier Stokes No body forces :

2u x 2u x
u x
u x u x
u
1 P
v
g x 2 2
x: u x u x
t
x
y
z
x
x y
2u y 2u y
1 P
ux
uy
g y 2 2
y:
t
x
y
z
y
x y
Nu; Kinematic viscosity
u y
u y
u y
u y
9/32
-- 2-2
-- 2-3

(SIMPLIFY BOUNDARY EQUATIONS FOR LAMINAR FLOW)
V
uy
ux
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
Make approximate comparison
Two numbers have the same order of magnitude,
they are about the same size.
Powers of ten
Order of magnitude
0.01
0.1
10
1
10/32

y
V
uy
ux
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
Observe fluid
NB SIMPLIFY THE EQUATIONS
u x 1, x 1 & y
u x u y
0
x
y
Conservation of mass (Continuity)
-- 2-1
Conservation of momentum (Navier Stokes)

2u x 2u x
u x
u x
1 P
ux
uy
2 2
(X-direction)
x
y
x
x y
-- 2-2
2u y 2u y
1 P
ux
uy
2 2
x
y
y
x y
-- 2-3
(Y-direction)
u y
u y
11/32

y
V
uy
ux
Boundary layer thickness ()

Because the boundary layer is very thin
Observe a fluid where u x 1, x 1 & y
<<1
From the conservation of mass (continuity eq.) it follows :

u x u y
0
-- 2-1
x
y
(1) u y
0
uy
-- 2-4
(1) ( )
u y order of magnitude is u y O( ) y O ( )
u x order of magnitude is 1 u x O(1)
x O(1)
12/32
V
uy
ux
Conservation of momentum (X-direction)

2u x 2u x
u x
u x
1 P
ux
uy
2 2
x
y
x
x y
-- 2-2
u x 1, x 1 & y
On the edge of the boundary layer Bernoulli equation applies
One-dimensional, non viscous flow
2u x
u x
u x
2u x
1 P
ux
uy
2 2
u 1, x 1, y & v
x
y
x
y
x
O
thus O
1
?
Right hand side has to be O 1 .
1
1 P
1 P
1
1& P 1
x
1
13/32

V
uy
ux
1, x 1, y , u y , 1& P 1
Conservation of momentum (X-direction)
2u x 2u x
2 2
x y
u
u
1 P
ux x u y x
x
y
x
O
1
1
1
1 1

1 1
O 1/ 2 1.
Thus O
14/32
1
1
2 2

1
1
+ 1 2

-- 2-2

V
uy
ux
1, x 1, y , u y , 1& P 1
+ 1
2
2u x
1
1
1 2 O 1 O 2 ignore 2 x
1
O
2 1

To ensure that all the terms do not cancel out let O( 2 )
O
The important terms which are left are thus :

2u x
u x
u x
1 P
ux
uy
2
x
y
x
y
15/32
-- 2-6

Conservation of momentum (Y-direction)
2u y 2u y
u y
u y
1 P
u
v
2 2
x
y
y
x y
u 1, x 1, y , v , 1, P 1 &
2
? 2 2 2
1

1
1 P
O( ) O(1)
y
Thus, assume that :
P
0
y
P f ( x)
-- 2-7
Solve with the aid of Bernoulli in non-viscous flow

16/32

U
P2
P2
uy
P1
P2
ux
P2
P1
P1
x2
P1
x1
P1
P2
17/32

Know & reproduce the assumptions under which the
boundary-layer equations are derived.
Conduct an order of magnitude analysis on the mass
conservation and Navier Stokes equations and explain
how to derive the simplified mass and momentum
conservation equations for boundary layer flow.
18/32

SUMMARY
The boundary equation is:
Conservation of mass:
u v
0
x y
-- 2-5
Conservation of momentum inside the boundary layer:

0
2
u y
2u y
u x
ux
1 P
X-direction u x
uy
2
2
x
y
x
x
y
P
Y-direction
0
-- 2-7
y
Bernoulli on the edge of non viscous flow:

ux
u x
1 P
x
x
19/32
-- 2-8
-- 2-6

INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

20/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Know & reproduce the definition of boundary-layer thickness & displacement
thickness.
Understand & explain the practical meaning of boundary-layer thickness &
displacement thickness.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.1 Boundary Layer thickness flat plate
CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Boundary layer thickness () (Grenslaag dikte)

Boundary layer displacement thickness (*) (Verplasingsdikte)
Boundary layer momentum thickness (Momentumdikte)
Difference between stream line & boundary layer thickness
Order of magnitude of boundary layer thickness and displacement thickness * ?
21/32

1. Boundary layer thickness () (Grenslaag dikte)
u=0.99U
y
x
Definition: Boundary layer thickness () (Grenslaag dikte)
Distance from the wall out to where the fluid velocity is:
u 0,99U
u / U 0,99
22/32
--(3-1)

2. Boundary layer displacement thickness (*) (Verplasingsdikte)
U
=0
Same
area
u
Distance which boundary would have to be displaced

if the entire flow were imagined frictionless and
the same mass flow maintained at any section
qVOL u dy * U dy
0
u dy = U dy U dy
*
U
u
dy
dy
0 U
dy
23/32
--(3-2)

3. Boundary layer momentum thickness (Momentumdikte)
a
b
0
=0
U u
Distance from actual boundary

Linear momentum flow rate for uniform velocity U through section of height
= momentum flow rate over entire section
u U u dA U u u dy
0
U 2 U u u dy
u
u
1
U U
u
u
dy
0 U U
dy
24/32
--(3-3)

4. Difference between stream line & boundary layer thickness
Stream line
NB
-line is not a stream line (stroom lyne).
Stream line lines tangent to velocity vectors of particles in flow

It is thus possible for fluid flow across the line .
25/32

5. Order of magnitude of boundary layer thickness & displacement
thickness * ?
Ux Ux
Re x
Local Reynolds number of any section x is:
Order of magnitude of Reynolds number thus:
Re x (Ux / )
O
u ~ O(1),U ~ O(1), x ~ O(1), ~ O( )

2
(1.1 / 2 )
Re x O(1 / 2 )
and ( / x)
( / x)
O( )
O(Re x ) 1/2
O( 2 )1/2
O(1 / 2 ) 1/2
O(1 / Re x )1/2
( x 2 )1/2 O(1 / Re x )1/2 O( x 2 / Re x )1/2 O( x 2 / [Ux / ])1/2
x /U
O x /U
O
similar *
and
*
x
--(3-4)
--(3-5)
O(Re x ) 1/2
--(3-6)
26/32

OUTCOMES STUDY GUIDE
Know & reproduce the definition of boundary-layer thickness &
Understand & explain the practical meaning of boundary-layer thickness &
SUMMARY
Boundary layer thickness ( ) (Grenslaagdikte)
u / U 0,99
--(1)
Boundary layer displacement thickness (*) (Verplasingsdikte)
u
u
dy
dy
0
U
U
--(3-2)
Boundary layer momentum thickness () (Momentumdikte)
u
u
1
U U
u
u
dy
0 U U
dy
27/32
--(3-3)
4. Prandtl / Blasius equation

INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

28/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Know & reproduce the conditions for which the Blasius equation is
valid.
Apply the Blasius solutions for boundary-layer thickness &
displacement thickness in practical problems.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.2 Prandtl / Blasius Boundary Layer
CONTENT
1. Generic solution for velocity in boundary layer
2. Exact solution for boundary layer thickness & displacement
thickness
29/32

1. Generic solution for velocity in boundary layer
U
dP
0
-- 4-1
dx
NB: Always see the same flow pattern no matter how much we zoom in
Observe laminar flow over a plate where
u x u y
0
x
y
The boundary layer then becomes

Conservation of Mass (continuity eq):
Conservation of Momentum:
-- 4-2
2u x
u x
u x
ux
uy
2
x
y
y
u x
P
0 and
0
y
x
30/32
-- 4-3
-- 4-4&5

U
x
U=constant in die free stream.
Blasius transformed in 1908 above equations i.t.o. normalized parameters
(u / U ) in stead of u
-- 4-6
Zeta
( y / ) in stead of y
-- 4-7
Eta
The advantage of this is as follows:

For the u,y coordinate system:
= f(x) and u = f(x,y)
In the , coordinate system is
= f'()
is it the same at any section x.

' (Prime) denotes differentiation respect to
31/32

U
(u / U )
-- 4-6
Zeta
(y / )
-- 4-7
Eta
f '( )
u
y
f '
U

y
u U f '

O x /U
U f '
-- 4-8
x /U
U constant (free current velocity).
32/32
--(3-4)

U
y
u U f ' U f '

x /U
If one thus knows what
-- 4-8
f '( x) and f '( ) one can determine the velocity at any point x,y.
Substitute (4-8) back into the boundary layer equation.
After much algebra
f ''' 1 2 ff '' 0
The boundary conditions become:

@ y = 0:
As y
f 0 f ' 0 0
f ' 1.0
Blasius equation. Solved numerically

33/32

2.
Exact solution for Boundary layer thickness & displacement
thickness
Blasuis also obtained a exact solution for f ( ) and f ( x) as follows:

Boundary layer thickness ()
(Grenslaag dikte)
=y/
1,0
0,8
4,96Rex1/2 -- 4-8
Displacement thickness
(*) (Verplasingsdikte)
0,6
0,4
*
x
0,2
1,73Rex1/2 -- 4-9
(u / U )
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
34/32
1,0

Know & reproduce the conditions for which the Blasius equation is
valid.
Apply the Blasius solutions for boundary-layer thickness &
displacement thickness in practical problems.
Summary
Boundary layer thickness () (Grenslaag dikte)
4,96
x
U
4,96 x Re x 1/2
-- 4-8
Displacement thickness (*) (Verplasingsdikte)
* 1,73
x
U
1,73 x Re x 1/2
-- 4-9
See how the boundary layer get wider, as the flow moves further over
the body
35/32
5. Von Karman momentum integral equation

INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

36/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Derive the general form of the von Karman momentum integral
equation.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.3 Momentum integral
Boundary Layer eq.
CONTENT
1. Deriving von Karman momentum integral equation
Conservation of momentum
Momentum flow
Mass flow
2. Estimating boundary layer thickness () (grenslaag dikte)

37/32

1.
Deriving the von Karman momentum integral equation
Observe the forces on the control volume in the boundary layer:

y
1 P
dx d
d
0
dt
dx d
Steady state
dx
wdx
Conservation of momentum:
F V V d A t
CS
CV
V dv
Simplify
Sum of forces On CV
Linear momentum efflux (vloed) through the control volume in x direction
Mass flow in at the top surface (oblique side / skuins sy)
Conservation of Mass (continuity eq) back simplified momentum von Karman

38/32

1.
Deriving the von Karman momentum integral equation
Observe the forces on the control volume in the boundary layer:

y
1 P
dx d
d
0
dt
dx d
Steady state
dx
x
wdx
F V V d A t
CS
Sum of forces
On CV
CV
V dv
P
1 P
Fx P P
dx d P
dx d wdx
x
2 x
Fx
w dx
--(5-1)
x
39/32

y
1 P
dx d
P
2
d
0
dt
dx d
P
x
dx
Steady state
wdx
F V V d A t
CS
CV
V dv
Linear momentum efflux (vloed) through the control volume in x direction:
Momentum flow (Efflux / flux (vloed) transfer of momentum across a unit area) on
the left-hand side (at x):
u 2 dy
--(5-2)
Momentum flow out on the right-hand side @ (x + dx) as a Taylar series:
Thus
Total Momentum flow
2
u dy
u dy dx
x 0
2
2
u dy dx
x 0
40/32
--(5-3)
--(5-4)

y
1 P
dx d
P
2
d
0
dt
dx d
P
Steady state
dx
wdx
F V ( V dA) t
CS
CV
V dv
Mass flow in at the top surface (oblique side / skuins sy):

u x u xm and u y u y m
m main stream velocity components
V dA (u xm i u y m j ) (d i+dxj )
u xm d u y m dx
V V dA x u xm u y m dx uxm d
41/32
--(5-5)

F V ( V dA) t
Sum of forces
CS
Fx
w dx
x
2
u dy dx
x 0
Linear momentum efflux

Mass flow
V V dA x u xm u ym dx u xm d
CV
V dv
--(5-1)
--(5-4)
--(5-5)
Linear momentum equation thus:

w dx u 2 dy dx u xm u ym dx u xm d
x 0
x
42/32
--(5-6)

y
1 P
dx d
P
2
dx d
P
Steady state
dx
wdx
d
0
dt
0
d
CS V .dA dt CV dV 0

udy udy udy dx (u y m dx u xm d ) 0
0
0
x 0

(u y m dx u xm d ) udy dx
--(5-7)
x 0
Substitute back into linear momentum eq (5-6):
w dx u 2 dy dx u xm u ym dx u xm d
x 0
x

w dx u 2 dy dx u xm udy dx
x 0
x 0
x
43/32
--(5-6)
--(5-8)

We are only considering the changes in x direction and
because P/y =0 for a boundary layer we can write
2

P
w dx
u dy dx u xm
udy dx
x 0
x 0
x
P
2

u dy
u xm
udy
x
x 0
x 0
--(5-8)
--(5-9)
This is a general form of the von Karman momentum integral equation.
One can combine the integrations on right hand side of eq (5-9)

This gives a more restricted form
of the von Karman momentum integral equation
d
dx
u 2 Uu dy
44/32
--(5-10)

2. ESTIMATING BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS () (GRENSLAAG DIKTE)
In general one can estimate the boundary layer thickness from (9) for
Incompressible
Steady state flow over a plate by:
1. Use potential flow equation to solve velocity field away from body
2. Determine p / x with the aid of Bernoulli equation for the lowest se
streamline of a hypothetical non-viscous streamline, and determine U=f(x).
3. Assume a reasonable shape for the flow-profile inside the boundary layer,
thus:
u
y
f
: Zeta; Eta
U

4. Substitute w in the momentum integral equation with the relationship of u &
solve
f ( ) of
45/32

Derive the general form of the von Karman momentum integral
equation.
SUMMARY
w
x
x
d
dx
u dy u xm
x
2
u 2 Uu dy
46/32
udy
--(5-10)
--(5-9)
6. Laminar boundary-layer with von

Karman
INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

47/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Karman
Use the von Krmn momentum integral equation to derive
solutions for the boundary-layer thickness, displacement thickness
in simple laminar & turbulent flow over a smooth plate.
Calculate the various boundary layer thicknesses on simple bodies
with the aid of the smooth plate approach.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.3 Momentum integral
Boundary Layer eq.
48/32

Karman
CONTENT
1. Boundary layer thickness () (Grenslaagdikte)
Parabolic u = x + y2
Boundary conditions
Laminar flow
Momentum integral equation

3. Other velocity profiles
y=0
u y y2
*
x
49/32
Parabolic

Karman
1. Boundary layer thickness () (Grenslaagdikte)
Observe a special case of laminar flow over a plate where (dp/dx)=0.
y
u y y2
*
Parabolic
y=0
Assume that:
u y y2
Boundary conditions:
y0
y
u0
u U
--(6-2a)
--(6-2b)
u y 0
--(6-2c)
--(6-1)
U 2
Parabolic velocity profile
free current
--(6-3)
y 2 y
0 2
50/32
--(6-4)

Karman
Observe a special case of laminar flow over a plate where (dp/dx)=0.
U
y
y=0
x
U 2
0 2
--(6-3)
--(6-4)
From --(6-3) and --(6-4)

=2(U/ )
= U / 2
u 2U ( y / ) U ( y / ) 2
51/32
--(6-5)

Karman
y
y=0
x
Further, for laminar flow Shearing stress (Skuif spanning)
-- 6-6
w (u y )
Substitute above in momentum integral equation (5-9)
Take:
w
x
x
u 2 dy um
udy
--(5-9)
um=U, = const. and (dP/dx)=0
dP dx
U
w d dx u 2 dy um d dx udy
0
u y d dx u 2 Uu dy
0
52/32

Karman
y
y=0
u y d dx u 2 Uu dy
0
u 2U y U y
but
--(6-5)
2
y 2U y U y
&
y 0
2U y U y 2 2
d dx
dy
0
2
2
U 2U y U y

53/32
--(6-7)

Karman
y
y=0
2U y U y 2 2
y 2U y U y
d dx
dy --(6-7)
0
y 0
2
2
U 2U y U y

Differentiate left, set y = 0 & expand then integrate Right
2
3
4
2
2U d dx U 2 4 y 4 y y 2 y y dy
0
integrate
2
2 U U d dx (4 3) 5 3
2 U 2 15 d
dx differentiate
d 15 U dx
--(6-8)
Integrating & putting limits
2 2 15 U x C
--(6-9)
54/32

Karman
y
y=0
=0 when x=0
2 15 U x C
2
--(6-9)
Origin of our reference is at the leading edge, then =0 when x=0

C 0
( 2 2) 15 U x
30 x U
or
x 5, 48Rex1 2
x 4,96 Rex1/2
x 4,64 Rex1 2
--(6-10)
-- 4-8
Blasius
3rd order
55/32

Karman
* 1 u U dy 1 u U dy
--(3-2)
* 1 1 u U dy 1 u U dy
-- 4-7
y0
d dy
&
1 u U dy 1 u U d
*
2
1 2 y y d
0
1 2 2 d
0
* 1 3
* x 1,835Re x 1/2
6 % error compared Blasius
* x 1,730 Re x 1/2
Blasius
* x 1,740 Re x 1/2
3rd order
56/32

Karman
3. Other velocity profiles
One can similarly do a analyses for other assumed velocity profiles.
1,0
0,8
Liner
Cubic
0,6
Blasius
0,4
Parabolic
0,2
u U
0,2
0,4
0,6
57/32
0,8
1,0

Karman
Laminar Re < Recrit
Blasius
Cubic
u / U 1,5( y / )
Parabolic
u / U 2( y / )
0,5( y / )3
x
* x
4,96
Re x
1,73
Re x
x
* x
4,64
Re x
1,74
Re x
58/32
( y / )2
x
* x
5, 48
Re x
1,83
Re x

Karman
solutions for the boundary-layer thickness, displacement thickness
in simple laminar & turbulent flow over a smooth plate.
Calculate the various boundary layer thicknesses on simple bodies
with the aid of the smooth plate approach.
59/32

Karman
SUMMARY
1,0
0,8
Linear
0,6
Cubic
0,4
Blasius
Parabolic
0,2
0,2
0,4
Blasius
Laminar
Re < Recrit
Cubic
Parabolic
u / U 1,5( y / )
0,5( y / )3
u / U 2( y / )
( y / )2
60/32
0,6
0,8
1,0
4,96
1,73
; * x
Re x
Re x
4,64
Re x
* x
1,74
Re x
5,48
Re x
* x
1,83
Re x
7. Laminar boundary-layer & surface friction

Smooth flat plate
INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

61/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Smooth flat plate
Calculate the surface friction drag (Oppervlak wrywing sleepkrag) on
simple bodies with the aid of the smooth and rough plate approach.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar
to Turbulent flow
CONTENT
1. Local surface friction coefficient Cf,x
(Lokale wandwrywingskoffisint )
2. Surface friction drag DS (Oppervlak sleepkrag) on 1 side of a
rectangular whole plate
3. Example
62/32

Smooth flat plate
1. Local surface friction coefficient Cf,x (Lokale wandwrywingskoffisint )
y=0
w dx
x
Local surface
friction
coefficient
b
dx
C f , x w, x U 2
w, x C f , x U 2
-- 7-1
-- 7-2
Shearing stress
(Skuif spanning)
u
2
w, x (u y) y 0 -- 6-6
C f ,x
U
y y 0

2
U 2
2U y U y
Parabolic
y 0
C f , x 2U U 2
63/32
-- 7-3

Smooth flat plate
1. Local surface friction coefficient Cf,x (Lokale wandwrywingskoffisint )
y=0
w dx
x
Local surface
friction
coefficient
b
dx
C f , x 2U U 2
-- 7-3
but 30 x / U
--(6-10)
C f , x 0,730 x / U
0,730 Re x 1/2
--(7-4)
C f , x 0,644Rex 1/2
Blasius
C f , x 0,647 Rex 1/2
3rd order
64/32

Smooth flat plate
2. Surface friction drag DS (Oppervlak wrywings sleep krag) on 1 side of a rectangular whole plate
y=0
Global surface
friction
coefficient
w dx
x
Local surface
friction
coefficient
b
dx
DS w, x dA
--(7-3)
w, x C f , x U 2
DS C f , x U 2 dA
A
-- 7-2
--(7-5)
DS C f , x U 2 b dx
0
0,730 x / U U 2 b dx
0
0,730 b LU 3
65/32
--(7-6)
Shearing stress
(Skuif spanning)

Smooth flat plate
y=0
Global surface
friction
coefficient
w dx
x
Local surface
friction
coefficient
b
dx
Cf = Global or Plate surface friction coefficient (Globale

wandwrywingskoffisint)
Per definition:
C f DS
U A
2
--(7-7)
0,731 b LU 3
Cf
U 2bL
C f 1, 462Re L1/2
with Re L UL
66/32
--(7-8) Parabolic

Smooth flat plate
y=0
Global surface
friction
coefficient
w dx
x
Local surface
friction
coefficient
b
dx
Cf
Per definition:
l
Cf
Cf
b W dx
1 2 U A
2
b C fx 1 2 U 2 dx
0
1 2 U 2 A
1 2 U b C fx dx
2
D
1 2 U 2 A
1 2 U 2 b L
1 L
C f , x dx
0
L
-- 7-9
67/32
--(7-7)

Smooth flat plate
y=0
Global surface
friction
coefficient
w dx
x
Local surface
friction
coefficient
b
dx
1 L
C f , x dx
L 0
1 L 0.664
Cf
dx
L 0 Re1x 2
Cf
--(7-9)
Blasius
0.664 L Ux
Cf

L 0 v
UL
2 0.664
v
C f 1,328Re L1/2
1 2
0.664 U
dx

L v
1/2
x1 2
12
1 2
--(7-10)
68/32
Blasius

Smooth flat plate
Laminar Re < Recrit
SUMMARY
Blasius
Cubic
u / U 1,5( y / )
Parabolic
u / U 2( y / )
0,5( y / )3
4,96
Re x
x
* x
1,73
Re x
4,64
Re x
x
* x
1,74
Re x
( y / )2
5, 48
Re x
x
* x
1,83
Re x
C fx
0,664
Re x
C fx
0,646
Re x
C fx
0,731
Re x
Cf
1,328
Re L
Cf
1, 292
Re L
Cf
1, 462
Re L
69/32

Smooth flat plate
Example 7-1
The fixed keel of a sailboat is 0.950 [m] long. The boat is moving at a speed
of 15 m/s. The temperature of the water is 15 [C]. Assume laminar flow.
(Assume = 1.14e-6 [m2/s]; = 1000 [kg/m3])
Determine the surface friction drag (oppervlak wrywings sleepkrag) of the keel:
DS ?
DS w, x dA
--(7-3)
A
dA L z dz
2
C fx U dA
A
C f 1,328 Rel (Blasius )
0,850 [m]
z
15 [m/s]
lA
0,950 [m]
with B gradient
0,850 0,375
z
0,950
0, 475
0,375
z
0,950
0,375 0,5 z [m]
0,375
dz
1.14 106 [m 2 s]
[kg m3 ]
B z
Recr 1.5 x 107

0,375 [m]
70/32

Smooth flat plate
0,850 [m]
Outline:
DS w, x dA
0,950 [m]
--(7-3)
C fx U dA
dz
z
0.950
C f U 2ldx
Solution:
L(z) = 0,375+0,50z [m]
15 [m/s]
0,375 [m]
Assume laminar flow (given)
C f 1,328
1,328
Rel 1,328
Ul
(15) L z 1.14 10 6
3,661 104
L z
dDS 2 C f U 2 dA C f U 2 dA
dDS 3,661104
(2 sides of the keel)
L z 103 15 L z dz
71/32

Smooth flat plate
Integration
15 [m/s]
0,950 [m]
1.14 10 [ m s ]
6
0,850 [m]
dz
l = 0,375+0,50z [m]
[ kg m ]
3
Recr 1.5 x 107
0,375 [m]
L z 103 15 L z dz
dDS 3,661 104

DS 82,373
0,950
DS 82,373
0,950
L z dz
0,375 0,5 z dz
0.950
2
1.5
82,373 0,375 0,5 z 0,5
0
3
2
1.5
1.5
82,373
0,375 0,5 0.950 0,375
3 2
60.85 N
NB: This is only friction drag force, not shape drag force.
72/32

Smooth flat plate
Transformation
15 [m/s]
0,850 [m]
0,950 [m]
dz
1.14 10 [ m s ]
6
l = 0,375+0,50z [m]
[ kg m ]
3
Recr 1.5 x 107
0,375 [m]
dDS 3,661 104 / 0,375 0,5 z (103 )(15) 2 (0,375 0,5 z ) dz

DS 82,373
0,950
0,375 0,5 z dz
let
0,375 0,5 z
z 2 0,75
0,375 0,5 0 0,375

DS 164,745
0,850
0,375
dz 2 d
0,375 0,5 0,950 0,850
(164,745) 2 3 (0,850) (3/2) (0,375)(3/2)

60,85 N
73/32

Smooth flat plate
Numerical integration (average values)
DS C fx U 2 dA C f U 2 A
0,950 [m]
DS ; Avg 2 C f , Avg U AAvg

1
2
0,850 [m]
dz
l = 0,375+0,50z [m]
15 [m/s]
z
0,375 [m]
0,85 0,375
0.375 0,6125
2
U Lavg 1000 15 0,6125
0,6125 [m]
Lavg
Re L ,avg
8,059 106
C f , avg
1,328
1,328
4,678 104
Re L ,avg
8,059 106
DS ; Avg 2 C f , avg 12 U 2 Aavg

2 4,678 104 12 1000 152 0,6125 0,950
61, 244 [N]
% err = 0.65 %; Max error 4,4%

74/32

Smooth flat plate
solutions for the boundary-layer thickness, displacement thickness,
local wall friction coefficient & global wall friction coefficient in simple
laminar & turbulent flow over a smooth plate.
Calculate the surface friction drag on simple bodies with the aid of
the smooth plate approach.
75/32

Smooth flat plate
Laminar Re < Recrit
SUMMARY
Blasius
Cubic
u / U 1,5( y / )
Parabolic
u / U 2( y / )
0,5( y / )3
4,96
Re x
x
* x
1,73
Re x
4,64
Re x
x
* x
1,74
Re x
( y / )2
5, 48
Re x
x
* x
1,83
Re x
C fx
0,664
Re x
C fx
0,646
Re x
C fx
0,731
Re x
Cf
1,328
Re L
Cf
1, 292
Re L
Cf
1, 462
Re L
76/32
8. Transition for smooth flat-plate flow

INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

77/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Calculate the wall friction drag on simple bodies with the aid of the
smooth and rough plate approach.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.4 Transition from
Laminar to Turbulent flow
CONTENT
1. Laminar to turbulent transition
2. Turbulent intensity
78/32

1. Laminar to turbulent transition
Rex
Free stream
turbulence
Transition
Roughness of the
plate
Heat transfer to or from
the plate
Remember Blasius solution states
4,96
x
U
4,96Re x1/2
4,96
x U
-- 4-8
-- 8-1
79/32

Experimental data of Hansen 1930:
16
14
12
Turbulent
Laminar
Transition
18
/ x / U 10
Blasius
4,96
x U
8
6
4
2
5,4
0
6
8
Re x 105
Rekrit 3,2 105

80/32
10
12

2. Turbulent intensity
The turbulent intensity in die free-stream is given as
with
% turbulance= u u 100
u - time average value of the fluctuating velocity component
- time average velocity.
u
Experiments have shown that
% turbulence
Recrit 3,2 105 till 106

Recrit
Surface roughness Re
crit
Heat transfer to the plate Re
crit
In general we assume that for Recrit 5 x 105 a plate
The boundary plate oscillates typically between laminar and turbulent flow in
the transition area around Rekrit
Negative pressure gradient (p decreases in the flow direction) helps that the
transition is later
81/32

smooth and rough plate approach.
SUMMARY
14
turbulence
12
Transition
Roughness of the
Transition
Free stream
Laminar
16
Turbulent
18
Rex
/ x / U 10
8
plate
Heat transfer to or
from the plate
Blasius
vx / U
5,4
4,96
-- 8-1
6
8
Re x 105
Recrit 3, 2 105
82/32
10
12
9. Turbulent boundary-layer & surface friction

Smooth plate
INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

83/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Smooth plate
Calculate the wall friction drag on simple bodies with the
aid of the smooth approach.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to
Turbulent Flow
CONTENT
1. Smooth plates Re < 107
2. Smooth plates Re > 107
3. Example
84/32

Smooth plate
2. Smooth plates 5 x 107 <Re < 107
U
1/7th rule
w dx
y=0
x
b
l
w, x (u y) y 0
For laminar flow:
-- 6-6
From experimental data it was found that smooth plates with turbulent
flow the with laminar Re the shearing stress (Skuif spanning) is:
5 10 < Re 10 :
5

w 0,0225 U
(1/4)
Assume now the following velocity profile (1/7th rule):

u U ( y / )(1/7)
85/32
-- 9-2
-- 9-1

Smooth plate
U
y
w dx
y=0
but
For the special case of (dp/dx)=0 follows from the von Karman
momentum integral equation:
( dP dx ) w d dx u 2 dy um d dx udy
0
u u & um U
-- 5-9
w d dx u 2 Uu dy
0
w / d dx u 2 Uu dy
0
u U ( y / ) (1/7)
but
0,0225U ( / U )
2
(1/4)
-- 9-2
d dx U 2 ( y / ) (2/7) ( y / ) (1/7) dy
0
86/32
-- 9-3

Smooth plate
U
x = 0 =0
w dx
x
0,0225U ( / U )
2
(1/4)
(d / dx) U 2 ( y / )(2/7) ( y / )(1/7) dy

0
Integrate the term on the right hand side:
0,0225( / U )(1/ 4) (d / dx) (7 / 9) (7 / 8)

(7 / 72)( d / dx)
( / U )(1/ 4) dx 4,32 (1/ 4) d
Integrate again (both sides):
1 4
x 4,32 5 4 5 4 C
1 4
x 3, 46
5 4
-- 9-5
87/32

Smooth plate
x = 0 =0
w dx
x
1 4
x 3,46
5 4
-- 9-5
Apply now boundary conditions determine the value of C.

Remember
that x refers to the point on the plate in the turbulent boundary layer.
Have to know what

and x is at the start of the turbulent boundary layer.
Prandtl assumed,
hypothetical turbulent boundary layer
start at the edge of the plate
0 @ x 0 C 0.
1 4
x 3, 46
5 4
88/32
-- 9-6

Smooth plate
U
Turbulent
w dx
x
x = 0 =0
This is not the best assumption, but we keep to it because it is simpler.
1 4
x 3, 46
5 4
-- 9-6
U x
1 5
x 0,37 U x
-- 9-7
or
5 4
0, 289 x
5 4
x 0,37 Re x 1 5 and
* x 0,0463Re x 1 5
89/32
14
9. Turbulent boundary-layer & surface

friction Smooth plate
U
y
Global surface
friction
coefficient
Local surface
friction
coefficient
w dx
y=0
x
b
l
Local surface friction coefficient (Lokale wandwrywingskoffisint) .
C fx
w
U 2
C fx 0,0225 U 2 U
0,045 U
w 0,0225 U 2 U
but
1 4
1 4
-- 9-1
(1/4)
U
2
and
(1/4)
0,37 x U x
0,045
1 5
U 0,37 x U x
C fx 0,0577 Re x (1/5)
for 5 105 Re x 107
90/32
1 5
-- 9-7

Smooth plate
Surface friction drag (oppervlak sleepkrag) DS for a rectangular plate b x L:
DS w dA
A
c f x U 2bdx
0
(0,0577)U 2b ( / Ux) (1/5) dx

0
(0,0577)U 2b( / U ) (1/5) x (1/5) dx

0
0,029 U 2b( / U ) (1/5) (5 / 4) L(4/5)

DS (0,0361 / Re (1/5)
) U 2 A
L
Global surface friction coefficient (Globale wandwrywingskoffisint) for
DS
the plate
Cf
--(7-7)
1 2 U 2 A
Cf
0,0361 Re U
C f
15
L
U 2 A
0,072
15
ReL
91/32

Smooth plate
From experimental data a better solution is:
C f 0,074 / Re L1/ 5
Applies only if there turbulent flow over the entire flow.

In practice there is always a small region which has laminar
boundary flow near the leading edge with less surface drag.
Needs thus to reduced depending on the percentage of the flow that

is laminar.
From experiments it follows that: (Prandtl Schlichting)

C f 0,074 Re L1/5 ACR Re L
with
ReCR
3E5
5E5
1E6
3E6
ACR
1050
1700
3300
8700
92/32

Smooth plate
3. Smooth plates Turbulent Re > 107
Only turbulent part
C f 0, 455 log Re L
3,91 ln Re L
2,58
Schlichting
2,58
Laminar and turbulent part
C f 0,455 log Re L
3,91 ln Re L
2,58
2,58
ACR Re L
ACR Re L
ReCR
3E5
5E5
1E6
3E6
ACR
1050
1700
3300
8700
93/32

Smooth plate
Summary of smooth plates:
Smooth plate
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
8
C f 0, 455 log Re L
C f 1,328/ Re L (1/ 2)
3,91 ln Re L
6
2,58
2,58
1000C f
4
105
106
107
Laminar-turbulent transition zone

94/32
108
109
Re L

Smooth plate
Blasius
SUMMARY
Laminar
A. Smooth
Re < Recrit
Linier;
plates
Parabolic;
x 4,96
Re x
* x 1,73
Re x
C f , x 0,664
Re x
C f L 1,328
Re L
Cubic
Boundary
layer
C f , x 0,0577 Re1/5
x
1/5
C f 0,074 Re L ACR Re L
Smooth Plates
Recrit <Re < 107
Smooth plate
Re >
C f 0, 455 / log Re L
107
B.
Rough
plates
95/32
2,58
ACR Re L

Smooth plate
Example 9-1
n Autogyro has 3 blades of 4,5m x 0,3 m. The temperature of the air is 10C.
Transition in the boundary layer takes places at Recr = 5 x 105 . Take
v = 1.5 m2/s
1. Using flat plate theory, what is the aerodynamic torque needed to overcome
surface friction drag (oppervlak wrywings sleepkrag/ sleurkrag) for an angular
speed of =80 rpm
4,5m
96/32

Smooth plate
turbulent
laminar
u(r)
4,5m
C 0,074 Re
C 1,328 ( Lr / )
1/2
1/5
L
A Re
CR
dD 6C U (r ) dA
2
dD 6C (r ) Ldr 3C (r ) Ldr
2
3C (r ) Ldr
2
dT rdD
dT rdD
T rdD
r
97/32
4.5
r
rdD
4.5

Smooth plate
Maximum Reynolds number:
1,55 105 m 2 / s 1, 2 kg/m 2
Rekrit 5 105
(80 2 ) / 60 8,378 rad/s

(Re L ) maks U maks L / (4,5)(8,378)(0,3) /1,55 105 7,3 105
Both laminar and turbulent for low Reynolds number
Close to the centre U is smaller and thus there could be a area where there is only
laminar flow till the point r.
Re L r r(8,378)(0,3) / 1,55 105

5
(1,55 10 )(5 10 )
(8,378)(0,3)
3,083 m
laminar
turbulent
u(r)
3,083m
4,5m
98/32

Smooth plate
Start with laminar boundary region till r (0 x3.083):
C 1,328 / Re
1/2
Re LU ( r ) /
dr
L r /
C 1,328 / ( L r / )
1/2
dD 6 C U (r ) dA
2
C ( r ) Ldr
dD (3)(1,328) / ( L r / )
( r ) Ldr
(3)(1,328) L / ( L / ) r r dr
dD (3)(1,328)(1, 2)(8,378) 0,3 / (0,3)(8,378) / 1,55 10 )
(1/2 )
(1/2 )
1/2
dD 0, 250 r dr
3/2
dT rdD
0, 25r dr
5/2
T 0, 25
r
3,083
5/2
r dr
0, 25 / (7 / 2) (3,083)
7/2
3, 675 Nm
99/32
1/2
r dr
3/2

Smooth plate
tillr the end (3.083 x4.5):
Next one compute the surface friction for the potion of
Re 10 :
C 0,074 / Re A / Re
For
1/5
Re 5 10
krit
A 1700
C 0,074 / ( L r / ) 1700 / ( L r / )
1/5
dD 6C ( r ) Ldr 3C ( r ) Ldr
2
0,074 / [(0,3)(8,378) r / 1,55 10 ]

3
1700 / [(0,3)(8,378) r / 1,55 10 ]
75,806 0,0067 / r 0,0105 / r r dr
5 1/5
1/5
0,5079r
1/5
0,7960r
r dr
2
dD 0,579 r 0,796 r dr
9/5
100/32
(1, 2)(8,378) (0,3) r dr

Smooth plate
dT rdD
0,579 r
T
4 ,5
r
14/5
0,796 r dr
2
0,579 r dr 0,796 r dr
4 ,5
4 ,5
14/5
3,083
3,083
[0,579 / (19 / 5)][(4,5)

35, 259 16, 403
18,856 Nm
19/5
(3,083) ] (0,796 / 3)[(4,5) (3,083) ]

19/5
T 3,675 18,856
total
22,53 Nm
101/32

Smooth plate
Calculate the surface friction drag on simple bodies with the aid of
the smooth approach.
SUMMARY
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
C f 0, 455 / log Re L
C f 1,328 / Re L (1/ 2)
2,58
6
1000C f
2
105
106
107
Laminar-turbulent
transition zone
Re L
109
108

ReCR
3 x 105
5 x 105
106
3 x 106
ACR
1050
1700
3300
8700
102/32

Smooth plate
x 4,96
SUMMARY
A.
Boundary layer
Smooth
thickness
plates
Laminar
Re < ReCR
Boundary
layer
Blasius
Smooth Plates
Re x
* x 1,73
Re x
C f , x 0,664
Re x
C f L 1,328
Re L
C f , x 0,0577 Re1/5
x
C f 0,074 Re1/5
L ACR Re L
ReCR <Re < 107
C f 0,455 / log Re L
Smooth plate
Re > 107
B.
Rough
plates
103/32
2,58
ACR Re L
10. Turbulent boundary-layer and wall friction

Rough plates
INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

104/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Rough plates
Calculate the wall friction drag on simple bodies with the aid of the rough
plate approach.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to
Turbulent Flow
CONTENT
1. Rough plates
2. Example
105/32

Rough plates
1. Rough plates
Test to determine if rough plate
e 100L Re
adm
Smooth plate
L
Thus eadm is the maximum e for smooth plate

Or if e > eadm then rough plate
106/32

Rough plates
C f , x 2.87 1,58log x e
1. Rough plates
2,5
200
0,014
L / e 300
0,012
Rough zone
0,010
Transition
zone
500
C f 1,89 1,62log L e
2,5
1000
0,008
2000
0,006
5000
Turbulent
smooth
Laminar
2 104
104
0,004
5 104
106
0,002
Laminar-turbulent
transition zone
0 10
10
10
107/32
Re
10
10

Rough plates
Example 10-1:
Air flows over a plate of 3 m wide and 4 m long the air velocity is 25 m/s. The
surface roughness for the plate is e = 0.04 [mm], Assume = 1.18 [kg/m3] & =
1.595 x 105, ReCR = 5 x 105
3m
Determine for the entire plate:
1)
Boundary layer thickness
2)
Displacement thickness
3)
Surface friction drag
4m
OUTLINE
1) & 2) Boundary layer - & displacement thickness
Assume laminar flow
3)
Drag force
Determine rough plate or smooth plate
Determine in which flow regime
Determine drag force
108/32

Rough plates
Assume the plate is smooth.
3m
4m
Determine for the entire plate:

1)
Boundary layer thickness (Assume laminar flow)

1. / x 0,37 / Re1/5
x
4 0,37 / 6, 27 10
1/5
Re L
UL UL 1,18 25 4
6
6,
27
10
1,595 105
0,0647 m
2)
Displacement thickness (Assume laminar flow)
2. * / x 0,0463/ Re1/x 5
* 4(0,0463) /(6, 27 106 )1/ 5

8,094 103 m
109/32

Rough plates
3m
4m
3) Determine the surface friction drag (oppervlak wrywings sleepkrag)
a) Determine rough plate or smooth plate
e 100L Re
adm
100(4) 6, 27 10 6,38 10
6
but e 0,04 / 1000 4 10
e 6,38 10
Thus smooth plate

a) Determine if the flow is laminar or laminar & turbulent
Re
CR
5 105 Re L 6, 27 106 107
The flow is thus laminar & turbulent for low Re

110/32
C f 0,073 / Re1/5
L ACR / Re L

Rough plates
3m
4m
C f 0,073 / Re1/5
L ACR / Re L
ReCR
3 x 105
5 x 105
106
3 x 106
ACR
1050
1700
3300
8700
C f 0,073 / Re1/5
0,073 / 6, 27 106 1700 / 6, 27 10 6
L ACR / Re L
1/5
2,92 103
F C f U 2 A
2,92 103 1,16 25 3 4
2
12,7 N
111/32

Rough plates
rough plate approach.
SUMMARY
2,5
C f , x 2.87 1,58log x e
0,014
C f 1,89 1,62log L e
0,012
200
2,5
L / e 300
Rough zone
500
0,010
C
Transition
zone
Turbulent
1000
0,008
2000
0,006
5000
10
2 10 4
4
0,004
smooth
Laminar
0,002
Laminar-turbulent
0 10
transition zone
5 10 4
106
10
10
112/32
Re
10
10

Rough plates
Boundary layer
thickness
Smooth
plates
Re < ReCR
Blasius
Smooth plate
Hydraulically smooth zone -
plates
Re x
Re L
C f 0,074 Re1/5
L ACR Re L
Re > 107
Rough
C f , x 0,664
C f , x 0,0577 Re1/5
x
Boundary
B.
Re x
C f 1,328
Smooth Plates
ReCR <Re < 107
layer
Re x
* x 1,73
Laminar
A.
x 4,96
C f 0, 455 / log Re L
2,58
ACR Re L
Smooth plate
zone- Figure
C f , x 2.87 1,58log x e
Hydraulically rough zone
C f 1,89 1,62log L e
113/32
2,5
2,5
11. Flow over curved and separation

INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

114/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

INTRODUCTION
Flow over flat plate
Flow over body
Flow separation
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.2.6 Effects of pressure gradient
Understand & explain the cause of flow separation on a body as well
as the mathematical criteria indicating the flow separation point.
CONTENT
1. Flow separation
115/32

y
x
According to Bernoulli dy thus p . Thus (dp/dx) > 0
point of separation
At the point of separation:(u / y)
y 0
Separation only accurse if (dp/dx)>0

Potential flow & boundary layer theory do not apply if the flow separates.
Solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equation needs thus to be solved.
116/32

INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

117/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

Calculate drag force on bodies by means of empirical values for the
drag force coefficient.
TEXTBOOK REFERENCE
Munson 9.3.3 Drag Coefficients Data and Examples
CONTENT
1. Definition of friction drag force and total drag force
2. Drag and lift
3. Drag and lift for a flat plate
4. Coefficient of drag (sleepkrag koeffisint) for various shapes
118/32

1. Definition of friction drag force and total drag force
F C U A
2
[N]
-- 12-1
with
F Surface friction drag (Oppervlak wrywings sleepkrag).
F
C Global surface friction coefficient (Globale wandwrywings koffisint)

F
A Frontal area (Front oppervlak)

F C U A
2
[N]
-- 12-2
with
F =Total drag force (Totale sleepkrag)
D
C = Coefficient of drag (Sleepkrag koffisint)

D
= Global surface friction coefficient + Pressure drag force coefficient

= (Globale wandwrywings koffisint + Druk sleepkrag koffisint)
119/32

2. Drag and lift
dFw, y
dFp
dFw
dFp , x
dFw, x
F dF dF C U A
2
w,x
p ,x
F dF dF C U A
2
w,y
w,y
120/32
dFp , y

3. Drag and lift for a flat plate
121/32

4. Coefficient of drag (sleepkrag koeffisint) for various shapes
Shape
Direction
Cd
Disc
1.17
60 cone
0.49
1.05
Cube
0.08
0.38
Hallow cup
1.42
0.38
Solid hemisphere
1.17
122/32

Calculate drag force on bodies by means of empirical values for the
drag force coefficient.
SUMMARY
F C U A
2
123/32
13. Boundary layer summary

INTRODUCTION
A. Boundary layer
thickness
Assumptions
Order of Magnitude
thickness deff
4.Prandtl/ Blasius
Parabolic, Cubic,
with von -Karman
Linear

flow
Smooth flat plates

turbulent

Turbulent flow
- Smooth plate
10. Rough plate

Flow over bodies

124/32
Re < ReCr
ReCr > Re < 107

Re > 107
13. Summary

1. Introduction
Boundary layer
equation

1) Boundary layer thickness background
Boundary layer is
seen separate from
the rest of the flow.
Non-viscous
Viscous forces
One work with friction and inertia effects

Thus laminar and turbulent flow.
In the boundary layer the thickness and profile changes in the direction
of the flow.
Focus on steady, incompressible flow over plate with zero angle of
attack.
125/32

2) Boundary layer thickness formulas
u(x)
u(x)
Laminar boundary
layer
Transition
transition
u(x)
Laminar sub layer
Rekrit 5 105
A. Boundary layer thickness () (Grenslaagdikte)

Distance from fixed wall until u=0,99U.
126/32
Turbulent layer

B. Boundary layer displacement thickness *
(Verplasingsdikte)
Distance by which the boundary would have to be displaced

if the entire flow were imagined to be frictionless and
the same mass flow maintained at any section
U
U
* 1
0
u
U
C. Momentum thickness
u
u
1
U U
dy
0 U
dy
(Momentumdikte)
u
u
dy
0 U U
127/32
dy

D. Laminar boundary layer: Re < ReCR
Blasius:
Boundary layer thickness (Grenslaagdikte)
/ x 4,96 / Re x
Boundary layer Displacement thickness (Verplasingsdikte)
* / x 1,73 / Re x
Reynolds number:
Linier:
Parabolic:
Cubic:
Re x Ux /
u /U y /
u / U 2( y / ) ( y / ) 2
u / U 1,5( y / ) 0,5( y / )3
128/32

E.
Smooth plate: Re > ReCR

Shear stress

w 0.0225 U 2
Boundary layer thickness (Grenslaagdikte)
x 0,37 Re1/5
x
Boundary layer Displacement thickness (Verplasingsdikte)
* x 0,0463 Re1/5
x
129/32

2. Effect of wall friction (laminar):
Total drag force / Totale sleepkrag
D C f U 2 A
Blasius
Local (surface) friction coefficient / Lokale wrywings koffisint
c f x 0,664 / Re x
(Plate) surface friction coefficient / Globale wrywings koffisint
C f 1,328 / Re L
130/32

A.
Smooth plate:
i)
Turbulent boundary layer

a)
Recrit < Re < 107
Local surface friction coefficient / Lokale wrywings koffisint
C fx 0,0577 Re1/5
x
b) Plate surface friction coefficient / Globale wrywings
koffisint
C f 0,074 Re1/5
L ACR Re L
ReCR
3 x 105
5 x 105
106
3 x 106
ACR
1050
1700
3300
8700
II) High Reynolds number
Re > 107
C f 0,455 log Re L
131/32
2,58
ABL Re L

B. Rough plates:
1. Hydraulically smooth zone; use smooth plate results
2. Smooth-rough Transition zone; Use Figure: Three zone of flow for a
rough plate
132/32

B. Rough plates:
3. Rough zone:
(Local) surface friction coefficient / Lokale wrywings koffisint
C fx 2.87 1,58log x e
2,5
C f 1,89 1,62log L e
133/32
2,5

Linier; Parabolic;
Cubic
Laminar
A.
Re < ReCR
Blasius
Smooth
x 4,96
* x 1,73
Re x
C f , x 0,664
C f 1,328
plates
Re x
Re x
Re L
Smooth Plates
ReCR <Re < 107
C f , x 0,0577 Re1/5
x
Boundary
Smooth plate
layer
C f 0,074 Re1/5
L ACR Re L
Re > 107
Hydraulically smooth zone -
C f 0,455 / log Re L
2,58
ACR Re L
Smooth plate
B.
Rough
plates
Hydraulically transition zoneFigure
C f , x 2.87 1,58log x e
Hydraulically rough zone
C f 1,89 1,62log L e
134/32
2,5
2,5
THANK YOU
135/32

STU02 Boundry Layer Theory

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FLUID MECHANICS II

INGM 321 '14

3. Boundary layer thickness

Various boundary layer

and displacement thickness

with von -Karman

7.Walll friction for Laminar

8. Transition from laminar to

9. Wall friction for

10. Rough plate

zoneHydraulically rough zone

Flow over bodies

surfaces and separation

ReCr > Re < 107

5. Von Karman integral

OUTCOMES -STUDY GUIDES

Laminar sub layer

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

3. Boundary layer thickness

Various boundary layer

and displacement thickness

5. Von Karman integral

with von -Karman

7.Walll friction for Laminar

8. Transition from laminar to

9. Wall friction for

10. Rough plate

zoneHydraulically rough zone

Flow over bodies

surfaces and separation

ReCr > Re < 107

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

Neglect gravity no buoyancy

Conservation of momentum (X and Y direction)

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

Conservation of mass (continuity):

Conservation of momentum Navier Stokes No body forces :

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

NB SIMPLIFY THE EQUATIONS

Conservation of mass (Continuity)

Conservation of momentum (Navier Stokes)

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

Boundary layer thickness ()

From the conservation of mass (continuity eq.) it follows :

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

Conservation of momentum (X-direction)

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

Conservation of momentum (X-direction)

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

The important terms which are left are thus :

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

Solve with the aid of Bernoulli in non-viscous flow

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

2. Conservation equations for boundary layer flow

Conservation of momentum inside the boundary layer:

Bernoulli on the edge of non viscous flow:

3. Boundary layer thickness

3. Boundary layer thickness

Various boundary layer

and displacement thickness

with von -Karman

7.Walll friction for Laminar