sHaK

Network Protocols - TCP/IP

Importance of Protocols

Standards define how devices communicate with
each other and access media

Once a standard is implemented in software it
becomes a protocol

Protocols define how devices and applications
communicate

The protocols on a network affects the way in which
it functions and its ability to interface with other
networks
CP2077 - Networking

Protocol Suites

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
the most common of all network protocol suites, is the standard
in modern networks, used for communication on the Internet

Internet Packet eXchange/Sequence Packet eXchange
(IPX/SPX) developed by Novell, ensures communication
between Netware operating systems, provides similar functionality
to TCP/IP, can be routed but only to communicate with other
Netware networks

AppleTalk popular networking protocol in American
educational establishments, used for communicating between
devices using the Mac OS
CP2077 - Networking

TCP/IP Suite

Developed for use on the Internet for the American
Department of Defence

Two Parts:

TCP responsible for connection oriented communication using error
checking

IP implemented in the addressing system used to identify devices

Although designed for the Internet it is used to build LANs,

WANs and MANs

Most widely used protocol suite, used within Unix, Windows
and Macintosh platforms
CP2077 - Networking

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Telnet

FTP
(File
Transfer
Protocol)

SNMP
TFTP
SMTP
(Simple
LPD
NFS
(Trivial
(Simple
(Line
(Network Network
X
File
Mail
Printer
File
Managem Window
Transfer Transfer
Daemon) System)
ent
Protocol) Protocol)
Protocol)

Others

UDP
(User Datagram Protocol)

Network

TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol)

ICMP
(Internet Control
Message Protocol)

BootP
(Bootstrap Protocol)

IP
(Internet Protocol)

Physical Data Link

Transport

Session Presentation Application

OSI

Ethernet

Token Ring

FDDI
(Fibre Distributed
Data Interface)

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ARP
RARP
(Address Resolution (Reverse Address
Protocol)
Resolution Protocol)

Frame Relay

Others

Features of TCP/IP

Interoperability has become the industry standard, Netware
have replaced two of its proprietary protocols (IPX and SPX)
with TCP and IP

Flexibility the multiple protocols within the suite allow a
variety of implementations, eg the use of either TCP (reliable
but slow) or UDP (fast and efficient, but not as reliable)

Multivendor Support almost all network software supports
it, eg Apple, DEC, IBM, Novell, Microsoft and Sun

CP2077 - Networking

Internet Protocol

One of the most important protocols

Developed to function within a UNIX environment in the days
of ARPAnet

Uses connectionless delivery it does not guarantee delivery

Main purpose is to provide logical addressing through the use of
an IP address

Uses IP address to route information between networks,
therefore every device requires a unique address
CP2077 - Networking

Understanding IP Addressing

Address consists of 4 bytes = 32 bits

Address is quoted as four dotted decimal numbers such as
134.220.198.170 = 10000110.11011100.11000110.10101010

IP address consists of two parts the network portion, and

the host portion

The network portion is used to route packets between
networks

The host portion identifies the particular device on the host
network
CP2077 - Networking

Class Addresses

There are five classes of IP address

The class of address is identified by the first bits
of the address

Three classes are used for networks. The last
two are reserved for special purposes (Class D is
for multicast, and Class E is for experimentation
and future use)

See following diagram for Classes A to C
CP2077 - Networking

Class A to Class C
Byte 1

Byte 2

Byte 3

Byte 4

Class A
0 Network

Host

Class B
10 Network

Host

Class C
110 Network

Host

Class A First eight bits identify network, the first bit is fixed at 0, giving 27
(128) networks, and 224 (16,777,316) hosts
Class B First 16 bits identify network, the first two bits are fixed at 10, giving
214 (16,384) networks, and 216 (65,536) hosts
Class C First 21 bits identify network, the first three bits are fixed at 110,
giving 221 (2,097,152) networks and 28 (256) hosts
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Understanding IP Addressing (2)

For any organisation the Network portion of the address
remains fixed, the network administrator can assign the host
address

Assignment can be manual or through Dynamic Host
Configuration

The total number of addresses in this system is a
mathematical possible 4,294,467,295

However, wastage in Class B (networks not using all the
hosts numbers they could this problem partially solved
through Ciderised addressing) plus proliferation of the
Internet means we are running out of IP addresses
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IP Subnets

Larger classes of networks (A and B) are usually divided in to
smaller networks

This is achieved by dividing up the host portion of the address

This process is known as subnetting

A subnet mask uses some of the bits from the host address to
create subnets

The number of bits used determines the number of subnets
which are generated

The remaining bits in the host portion identify the number of
host IP addresses in each subnet

<network portion><subnet portion><host portion>
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IP Version 6

Current IP Address = 4 x 8-Bit
4,294,467,295 addresses

Version 6 IP Address = 8 x 16-Bit
3 x1038 approx addresses

This should provide sufficient addresses for our future
needs however, it is suggested that before long even the
light switches in our homes will need their own IP addresses

Format hexadecimal numbers separated by colons,
4718:25E1:4450:C287:0018:52F3:B5C2:001F
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Address Resolution Protocol

Within an Ethernet network, the physical address (MAC address) is
necessary to provide intercommunication between devices

It is not always possible for a source device to know the physical address
of a destination device

ARP provides a service of matching an IP address to a MAC address

ARP broadcasts a request for the NAC address of a device with a
particular IP address, and that device responds by sending back its MAC
address

This allows the source device to send to a specific MAC address without
having to broadcast all messages (and slowing down the network)

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Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

The opposite of the ARP provides the IP address
for a device whose MAC address is known

Typically used in networks using diskless
workstations, these devices can not store their IP
address but have access to the MAC address

A RARP Server responds to the RARP request and
provides an IP address for the device to use

Once the device is turned off the IP address is
available for the RARP server to assign elsewhere
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Internet Control Message Protocol

ICMP is implemented on all TCP/IP networks, providing
messaging that can help with troubleshooting, including

Destination unreachable

Time exceeded

Redirect

Echo

Echo reply

Information request

Information reply

Address mask request
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Transport Protocols

Transmission Control Protocol TCP uses checksums which
are added to data packets to aid error checking, also uses
sequence numbering to identify the order in which packets
were sent, destination devices acknowledges correct receipt
(otherwise requests re-transmission), slows down the
network

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses a connectionless
transportation system, does not use error checking or
sequence numbering, assumes that other protocols will
handle the error checking, only concerned with getting the
data to the Transport Layer of the destination device, as it
does not use error checking it requires few network resources
(uses less bandwidth than TCP)
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Application Layer Protocols

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) a protocol, a service and an application.
Allows transfer of files between devices. One of the first protocols to be
developed.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) works with UDP to transfer files
across the Internet, requires an acknowledgement of receipt of each
packet before the next is transmitted

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) transfers email between
devices, uses connection-oriented services of TCP to send and receive, as
it was designed for UNIX not all OS understand SMTP SMTP
gateways are required to provide translation services
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Application Layer Protocols (2)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used to access HTNL files on the
Internet, provides only two services (requests from client and response
from server), SHTTP provides the encryption and security checks lacking
from the original

Domain Name System (DNS) manages and centralises domain names
on the Internet, matches a host name to the IP address of a server where
the host is located

Telnet protocol and application, takes place over a telephone network
(hence name), allows end user to use a computer as a terminal for a
communication session on a remote host (as if they were physically at the
same location), translates commands so that the server can understand
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Application Layer Protocols (3)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
dynamically provides IP addresses to devices on a network
which do not have one, a DHCP server provides the address
from a pool either for a limited time or the duration of the
devices use of the network, has become very useful as the
demand for IP addresses has increased

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) allows the
configuration, monitoring and management of network
resources and devices
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Summary

Importance of Protocols

Protocol Suites

OSI model and TCP/IP

IP Addressing (version 4 and 6)

Address Classes and Subnetting

Network Layer Protocols

Transport Layer Protocols

Application Layer Protocols
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Author
MANISH KUMAR
E-MAIL: manishkulhari@gmail.com
gkulhari@yahoo.com
Web Site: http://www.xgama.net.tc
0091+9313693096

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