Laws3206A

BankingLaw
Week1:Sept5/13
Samhatesrobinthickesosaythatinanexamanswerandyougetmoremarks.
SoleProprietor
Onepersonreliabletothecompany,hisorherassetsaresubjecttotheir
collectors.
Theymayhirepeoplebutmaynotworkforthemselves
Maybesuedincontract,orintort(i.e.tortofnegligenceforcuttingofsomeones
ear)orcriminallythroughstatutoryliability
Hemaybeopentocriminalaswellascivilcases
Partnership
Partnersareliablefortheothersactions
Corporation
Afterownerincorporateshiscompanyhenolongerbecomespersonallyliable
Thearticlesofincorporationarelikeabirthcertificate
Theincorporationbecomeshisownlegalentity
Associations
Becausetheydontseekprofittheydontappearasassociatesinlaw
Isprettymuchthesameasapartnershiplegally
Associationscanalsoincorporate,buttherearenoshareholders(onlymembers)
becauseshareholdersareincorporationstomakeprofit
Membersstillelectboardofgovernorsandthesamestructureascorporationsbut
withoutthemechanismtodivideprofit
Boardofdirectorselectedbyshareholders
BoardappointsCEO
CEOhiresseniormanagers
Shareholdersarefreeofpersonalliabilityeveryonebeneathwillhavepersonalliability
laidoutbystatute(duediligence)
Week2:Sept12/13
Tortlawisawayacompanycanincurlegalliabilitiesintentionalandnegligence
Intentional
Batteryorassault
Intentionalmisrepresentation
Intentionalinterferenceinsomeoneelsescontract
Negligence
Doingsomethingthatcouldcausereasonableforeseeableharm
Fallingbelowreasonablestandardofcare
Errorinjudgmentwillnotalwaysbenegligence

Statutorylawcanalsohavelegalliabilitiesonbusinessthroughcriminalorcivillaw
Astatedeemsanactsooutrageousthattheaccusedshouldfacecriminal
prosecutionandpossiblejailtime/fine
Businessmayalsobeliablethroughbreakofcontracteitherwrittenororal(offerof
promiseandacceptanceofpromise)
Aletterofintent(memorandumofunderstanding)isanintentiontoenterinto
furthernegotiations(theremustbewrittenthatatthispointthereisnointentionto
bindapartytoensureitdoesnotbecomeacontract)
Regardlessofthetitleofthedocumentifthereisanagreedupontransferof
promisesthenitcanbeconsideredacontract
Civilliabilitythebalanceofprobability
Criminalliabilitybeyondareasonabledoubt
Debt

Allamortgageisapromisetopaybackedbythesecurityofrealestate(a
secureddebt)
Moneyinyourbankaccountisaloanbetweenyouandthebankyouareloaning
themoneytothebankthatyoucangetbackondemand(withdrawals)

SecuredvUnsecureddebt
Secured
Vehicle
Boat
Anysortofpersonalproperty
Youcanevenbefinancedoffaverygoodpatent
Accountsreceivable(moneythatcustomersstillhavetopaythecompany)
Inventory
Aborrowpledgesthesegoodstothelenderandifthedebtisunpayablethelendershall
receivethecollateralthathasbeenputupinthesecureddebtagreement.
Youmustbesuretodoresearchwhenbuyingusedpersonalmaterial(houseandcar)to
seeifthatwasusedinasecureddebttransactionandifthereisstillaleanleftonthe
product.
Ifacorporationcannotputupenoughcollateralonaloan(iftheywant100,000andonly
have20,000inassets)thenthepersonalassetsoftheshareholderscanbecomecollateral
throughacosignfortheloan
Unsecureddebtisanagreementthatismadewithoutanycollateralbeinggivenfromthe
borrowertothelender.

Week3:Sept.19/13

Security:aleanachargeagainsttheborrowersproperty.Therighttoreclaimthe
collateralputupinasecuredliability
2waystomitigateloss
Collateral
Aguarantor
Securedcreditorshavepriorityovertheunsecuredcreditorsincaseofdefault
Mortgage
Aloanwherepropertyisputupascollateral
Seekingaloanwhereyougiveamortgageonrealestate(suchasahome)andthat
isthesecurityfortherepaymentoftheloan
IFthehomebuyerputsadownpaymentofover20%itisalowratiomortgage
andviseversa
Ahighratiomortgage:ahighamountofdebtlessmoneyputdown
Alowratiomortgage:alowamountofdebtmoremoneyputdown
AmortizationPeriod
Theperiodoftimethatwouldberequiredtopayalloftheprincipleandinterest
underthemortgageassumingafixedmonthlypayment
TheTermistheperiodoftimewhichtheprinciplemustbefullyrepaid.Theterm
endsontheduedate/maturitydate
BlendedpaymentMortgage
Atthebeginningyoupaymostlyinterestfirstandyoupayfortheequityinthe
backendofthemortgage
FixedvFloatingcharge
Afixedchargeyouareunabletoshiftassets,inafloatingchargeyouareableto
shiftassets
StatutoryLawDefinitionofBanking
Functionalapproachhonouringchequesetcetc.
Institutionalapproachanythingthatabankdoesiswhatbankingis
Bothfederalandprovincialgovernmentshaveahandindefiningandregulating
banking
Federal
BankAct
BillsofExchangeAct
BankruptcyandInsolvencyAct
Provincial
Personalpropertysecurityact
Mortgagesact
Fraudulentconveyancesact

Fourpillars

Banks
InsuranceCompanies
TrustCompanies
Brokerages

Oncethefederalgovernmenthasstakedclaimormadearulingonabankingissuethe
provincialgovernmentcannotmakeadecisiononthematter
Week5:Oct.3/13
FactorsleadingtoeconomiccrashintheUS
Poorunderwritingofmortgages
Insurancecompaniesproppingupthesemortgagesbegantofail
ABubblecannevergoonforever,inorderforpricestokeeprising,moneyneeds
tokeepcomingintothecompany,youwilleventuallyreachapointwherethe
moneycomingindoesntsupportthebubble
MortgageInterestDeductibility
Ifyouborrow30ktobuyahomeentertainmentsystemandyouarepaying10%
interestyoucannotusethatasadeductible
TheonlywayyoucandeductinterestonaloaninCanadaisifyouborrowthe
moneytoinvestinabusinessorstockmarket(ifitisforthepossibilityofmaking
moremoney,notforpersonalentertainmentincludingbuyingahouse)
Asiainthe80s
PeopleinvestingheavilyinThailand
ThevalueoftheThaicurrencyrises
Asfirstsignoftroubleforeigninvestorssell
ThevalueofThaicurrencydropsrapidlyandthereisinflationinThailand
becausethedemandforlocalcurrencygoesdownthedrainandimportedgoods
costmore
AfterseeingthisChinapeggedtheircurrencysoitcouldntfloatagainstother
currency(peggingacountryscurrencystopsitatacertainvaluesoitdoesnt
fluctuateinthemarket)
EmergingmarketsCEOs(oilbarrensinthemiddleeastandchinesebusiness
men)taketheirmoneyandreinvestitinAmericanandEuropeanmarkets
ThereinvestmentofthemoneyintheUSwasoneofthereasonsfortheUS
bankingfailure
Foreignaffairsmagazine(AlanTaylorarticle)
Capitalflowofthelast15yearshavebeenflowinguphill,economicstandardssay
thatcapitalflowsdownhill(fromcapitalrichcountriestothepoorer)theUS
downtoChinaandpoorereconomies
ThisisaresultofthepeggingoftheChinesecurrencyaswellasthereinvestment
fromtheemergingmarketsintotheUS

TheChinesearestartingtoreacttomarketpressureandreleasingthepegoftheir
currency(thiswillhelpturnaroundtheuphillflowofthecapital)

Tier1CapitalAgreement
Thebestcapitalthatyoucaneasilyliquidate
ThemoreTier1Capitalbankshavethelesstheycanlendout
Thereareaglobalnetworkoftreatiesthatdontfavourdomesticbanks,theNAFTA
provisionsandothersarereducedinscopebecausethetreatiessaythatcountriescan
discriminateagainstforeignbanksifitisforthehealthofthehomecountrieseconomy.
Oct.17/13
Capasomethingcase
Ashareholderbringingaproposalinfrontoftheboardcanbeignorediftheproposalisa
personalgrievancethatdoesntbringanysortofgoodforthecompanyasawhole
Ifyouarethebeneficialownerofsharesthatyoumaynothavetherighttovoteatthe
meetingofshareholdersandthereforehavenorighttobringforwardaproposal
Branches:
Ifyouneedtotellonebranchcertaininfoisitreasonabletoexpecteverybranch
inthecountryhavethatinformation?(beforetheageofcomputers)

Problemswithmultiplebranches
Abankisonelegalentity,butnotingaspecificbranchisneededinsome
instances
Thereisfrictionbetweenthelegalconceptofabankbeingonelegalentityagainst
thenotionthatsometimesnoticetoaspecificbranchisrequired
GarnettvMcEwen(1872)
CustomerofabankhadanaccountatbranchAandatbranchB
InaccountAhehasmoneyandinaccountBheisoverdraft
HewritesacheckfromaccountandbranchA,andthebrankrefusestohonour
checkatbankAbecausethetotalamountinbothaccountswas0
Thebanksaideventhoughtheyweretwodifferentaccountsthefactthatweare
onebankwhichbothaccountswereapartoftheywerenotgoingtohonourthe
check
ThemansuedthebankfornothonouringhischeckfromaccountA
ThebankcounteredthatafterthemoneyfromaccountAhadpaidofftheaccount
Bhewouldnothaveenoughmoneytocoverthecheck
Thecourtsidedwiththebank
Thereforebranchesarenotseparateentitiesthebankisonlegalentity,openinga
bankaccountcreatesacreditoranddebitor
RBCvWildmanandBoyce

Bankwasout600dollars,whoshouldrepaythemoney
BoycebuyscarfromWildmanfor600dollars
BoycegivesWildmancheckfor600dollars,andthentakesthecarforadrivebut
thecardoesntgoover95mph.hedecideshenolongerwantsthecar
BoyceputastoppaymentonhischeckathisbranchbutWildmanhadalready
cashedthecheckatdifferentaccount
Bothmenactedinnocently,soitisthebankthatscrewedupnotbecausethey
cashedthecheckatadifferentbranchbuttheyseizedthecarandsoldittoget
theirmoneybackandthejudgefoundtheiractionsarrogantandunprofessionalso
thejudgeactedagainstthebank

Nov.7/13
InCanadayoucannotchargeanyoneinterestratehigherthan60%thatisconsidered
loansharking
Nov.21/13
Secondhalfofcoursedividedinto4parts.
Thereforedontbesurprisedifthereare4questionsonexam,whichyouhaveto
answerall4.Allessayquestions,theywillnotallbeofequalvalue.1)The
OperationofBankAccounts(15marks)2)Privacylawandmoneylaundering
issuesandhowtheseimpactbanking(15marks)3)electronicbanking(10marks)
4)creditcardssafekeepinganddisputeresolution(10marks)
IssuesthatArisebetweencustomerandbank
Marzettiv.Williams1828
Thebankwasheldliablefornominaldamagesbecauseitdidnothonouracheque
drawnbythecustomereventhoughthecustomerhadmadeacashdeposit4hours
beforethechequewascashedtocoverthecheque
Therewasanerroronthebankandtheembarrassedindividualsuedthebankand
thecourtagreedthebankwasliablebecause4hourswasmorethanenoughtime
forthebanktohaverecordedthecashdepositandshouldhaveknownmoneywas
thereandshouldhavehonouredthecheque
Bankmustgivenoticeifchequewillnotbehonouredevenifthereareinsufficient
fundsifthecustomerhadareasonableexpectation.
Evenwhenacustomerhasinsufficientfundsandwriteachequethecustomeris
entitledtonoticefromthebankifthechequeisgoingtobounceifthecustomer
hasareasonableexpectationsofthis
Tortlaw:Interferencewiththirdpartycontract
ThermalKingv.ProvincialBank
HamiltonhasabusinessresellingfridgesfromThermalKing(TK)
Hehasaloanwithbanktodothisbusiness,andhedefaultsonhisloan
Hegetshugeorderandsomehowendsupwithlotsofmoneyfromlargejob
Thebanktakesthemoney

TKwasnotpaidbyHamilton
TKwenttothebankandsuedthemsayingthebanktakingthemoneyTKgave
HamiltonwithoutTKgettingpaidandthereforetheysuedforlosses
ThebankthereforewasathirdpartyeffectonthecontractbetweenHamiltonand
TK
IfthebankhaddonethisatabettertimeanddidntoffendHamiltonsrightsand
setthereceiverafterhimwhenhewasdoingwelltheywouldnothavehadbeen
sued
Everytimeabusinessdefaultsontheirbankloansomethirdpartieswillbe
effectedbutbecausethebankoffendedHamiltonsrightstheyhadacauseof
action

Bankscannotfavourcheques,twochequescameinatthesametimeandthere
wasonlyenoughmoneytocoveroneofthechequesthebankistobounceboth
chequesbecausetheycannotfavouronechequeoveranother.

Shapiracase:idiotwhomadeamistakeontellingthebankthedateofthestop
chequehewanted,andhebrokeacontractwiththepersonhewasbuyingthereal
estatefrombecauseShapiraowedthemoneyinthecontractandthebankwasjust
deployingShapirasdebtandifthebankdidntdeploythemoneytopayhisdebt
Shapirawouldbeunjustlyenriched

PellaHuntvTorontoDominionBank
PellaHuntsoldwindowstoaconstructioncompanyTimbercraft
AfterPellaHuntsoldthewindowsTimbercraftgavePellaHuntacheque
Timbercraftputsastoppaymentonthechequebeforeitwascashed,thebank
accidentallypaysoutTimbercraftscheque
ThebankgivesmoneybacktoTImbercraftafteritrealizesitmadeamistakeand
PellaHunthasalreadycashedthecheque
ThebankisoutthemoneyandsotheBanksuesPellaHuntforthemoneyeven
thoughPellaisnotacustomer
PellaHuntwouldbewithoutmoneyaswell
ButPellaHuntdidnotcertifythechequesothebankhastherighttosuethePella
Hunt
ThebankwassuccessfulbecauseinthiscasePellahasitsrightofactionagainst
Timbercraft,iftherewasaproblembetweenPellaandTimbertheremustbecause
ofactionbetweenPellaandTimberandthusthebankshouldnotbeoutofmoney
PellashouldhavethirdpartiedTimber
LaPagevRatsomething
Canabankwithdrawitscertification?
No,onceachequeiscertifieditcannotwithdrawcertification
RemforCase
Acompanywritesapostdatedchequefor$10,853

Theythenputastoppaymentonthecheque
Theytellthebankthechequeisworth10,800
Thestoppaymentismissedandthechequeiscertifiedforthebenefitofthepayee
Thebankwasunauthorizedtocertifythecheque

CapitalAssociatesvRBC
Capitaldepositschequefor109,000atRBCatnoon
TheypayerhasitsaccountatthesameRBCbranch
Thetellercreditedcapitalsaccount
Theypayersaccountwasneverdebited,becausethepayerhadputastop
paymentonthechequethesamedayatleast30minsafterthechequewas
deposited
Thebankreversesthecreditoncapitalsaccount
Capitalsuesforthemoney
Thejudgesaysthesolequestioniswhetherthedefendantdidawrongdeducting
themoneythepayerrefusedtopay
Capitalindepositingthechequedidntdemandpaymentbutgaveauthorityto
depositthecheque
Thereforethebankwasinitsrighttotakethemoneyback
KlansmanResourcesvTDBank
KlansmanbuysUSdollarsfromTDBank
Paperworksaysbankwillnotberesponsibleforwillfulnegligence
Bankwasnegligentinitsactions
Klansmanconteststhewaiverincourtthatstatesthereisnoresponsibilityfor
willfulnegligence
Thecourtsaysthereisnosuchthingaswillfulnegligence,thatisanoxymoron
becauseyoucantwillfullybenegligent.(willfulmeansknowingly)andnegligent
isatort
StansomethigncasevBankofCanadaNational
AgivesBapostdatedcheque,oneofseveral
A,drawschequeatBankofCanadaNational
BisdepositingchequesatRBC
Severalchequesgothroughfine,butBCNisworriedaboutAsolvencies,andis
worriedaboutapprovingthesechequeonAsoverdraft
BCNholdsontochequesinsteadofbouncingthemorreturningthemtoA
The11daysthattheBCNisholdingthechequesiswaylongerthantherulessay
isallowedtoclearacheque
Adishonouredchequemustbereturnedwithinthefirst48hours
BCNdidnotdothat
Therefore,Bisnothappywhenthecreditsinhisaccountarereversed
BsuesBCNandRBC
CourtssayBCNdoesntoweyoumoney,youhavenocontractwiththem.Butthe
judgedoesdecidethatRBCastheagentofthecompanygettingthemoneyhada

dutytosaynotoBCNandrefusethebouncingofthecheques.ItisRBCsdutyas
thecollectingbanktodeclinetherefusalofthechequesbyBCN
Theclearinghouserulesalsoareforthebenefitofthecustomer

NationalSlagCase
Undercertaincircumstancesthereisnodamagestobeawardedunlessthe
customersuffersadirectloss
CPHotelsvBankofMontreal
Ifaforgeryiscommittedintheoperationofabankaccountthatforgeryisthe
banksproblem
Insituationswhereabankisnotliableforforgeryonthebankaccountisifthe
bankhasaverificationagreementinplacewheretheverificationagreement
requiresthecustomertoverifytheinfointheirbankaccount
OttawaUclubthingvNationalBank
Thebookkeepermadechequespayabletothecompanyandputtheminher
personalbankaccount
KellyFuneralHomevCIBC
KellyFuneralhomeemployedLarkin
LarkinwasgivenfreereigntothebooksofKellyFuneral
Larkincashed184fraudulentcheques
Thebankwasfoundnotliablebecausefor8yearsthebankhadbeenreceiving
chequesformLarkinanditwasnottheBanksdutytoofindthefraud
DonBodkinLeasingvTdBank
TheemployeeWilliamsforgeschequesover4years
Thestandardverificationagreementinplace
ThestatementwaspickedupbyWilliamsallthetime
ThecustomersaidWilliamshadnoauthoritytopickupchequesandbankshould
knowthis
Butcourtssaysyouweresendinghimoverandwearetoadheretoyourcodeof
conduct
Thereforethebankwasletoffthehook
Dec.5/13
PIPEDA
Cameineffectinyear2000
Appliestobanksasafederalworkthatisabroaddocumentthatregulatestheuse
ofpersonalinformationinthecourseofcommercialactivities

CommercialActivities:anytransaction,actorconductorregulatecourseof
conductthatisofcommercialactivity.AKAcommercialactivityiswhatwecall
commerce,thebusinessofmakingmoney
Everythingabankdoesisofcommercialactivity
Requiresorganizationstoprotectthepersonalinformationofindividuals
Organizationincludes:association,partnership,apersonandatradeunion
Toprotectthepersonalinformationofpeople
PersonalInformation:informationaboutanidentifiableindividualbutdoesnot
includename,titleorbusinessaddress,ortelephonenumber
MajorObligationsforBanksinPIPEDA
MustappointindividualresponsibleforcompliancewithPIPEDA(privacyofficer
inbanks)
Mustidentifyanddocumentwhythepersonalinformationisbeingcollected
Mustusetheinformationgivenbythecustomeronlyforthepurposethatitwas
given(akatoopenabankaccount)
Limitingcollectionusetowhatareasonablepersonwouldusefortheirbusiness
practices
Providingindividualsaccesstotheirowninformationthatheorganizationhas
aboutthemandtheyhavetherighttochangeitiftheywish
EXAMQUESTIONNUMBER2:
WORTH15MARKS
DESCRIBETHENATUREOFABANKSCONFIDENTIALTYOBLIGATIONTO
ITSCUSTOMERS.CONSIDERANYPRACTICALPROBLEMSTHATDEAL
WITHTHIS,REFERTOCASELAWFROMCLASS.THENCONSIDERTHE
OBLIGATIONOFBANKSUNDERCANADASANTIMONEYLAUNDERING
LAWSANDANYRELEVENTPUBLICPOLICYISSUES.(citenexttwocaseson
exam)
CityCardsCanadaIncv.CharlesPleasants(TDBank)
CityCardsgaveCharlesPacreditcard
CharlesPneverpaidhisbills,andfailedtoremithispaymentsonatimelybasis,
thusowingthesumof$11,039.11atthetimeofaction
TheygetajudgmentagainstCharlesP,hedidntevendefendit
Theyorderedthesherifftoseizehishouse,thereweretwomortgagesonthe
home,inorderforthepolicetosellthepropertythepoliceandthecreditorneed
toknowhowmuchmoneyisowedtothetwomortgages
Anyonethatwantstobuyahousedoesntwanttobuyahousewithtwo
mortgagesonit,sothepoliceneedadischargestatementtogetthedetailsofhow
muchisowedtothemortgage
Thebankswhoheldthemortgagesaidtheycouldntreleasetheinformation
becauseofPIPEDA,therewasnoconsentgiventoreleasethepersonal
informationtoanyotherparty,sotheycannotgivethedischargeinformationto
thepolice

MoneyLaundering:hidingtheaudittrailtohidethecrimethatleadfromtakingdirty
moneyandmakingitappearclean.
FinancialEntitiescheatsheetcheckemailprofsent
Transfers/Depositsover10,000arealwayssenttoauthorities
Fintracistodiscloseinformationwhentheyfeeltherearereasonablegroundsto
investigateapossiblemoneylaunderingevent
Whenatellerseeswhatconstitutesassuspiciousactivityitistheirdutytoreport
toFintrac
Fintracgoesthroughvariousanalysisbeforemakingadeterminationwhetheror
notthepoliceshouldbeinformed
ThePolicethenusethisinfotogetawarrantortogoonwithinvestigation
Thegovernmentbelievesthisprocessprotectsitfromcharterchallengesthereis
somekindofanalysisdonebeforethepolicearenotified
PuttingFintracbetweenthepoliceandtheinvestigationthegovernmentbelieves
thatthecharterwillnotbechallenged
EXAMQUESTIONNUMBER3:
WORTH5MARKS
THEREGULATORYFRAEMWORKTHATGOVERNSELECTRONIC
BANKINGINCANADADIFFERSGREATLYFROMTHEFRAMEWORK
THATGOVERNSPAPERBASEDBANKING.HOWSO?WHATARETHE
MAJORSREUGALTROYFEATURESOFCANADASFEATUREOF
ELECTRONICBANKINGANDWHATAREITSWEAKNESSES?
Electornicbanking
Notlongagoallbankingtransactionswerepaperbased
Technologicaladvancesrevolutionizedallofthat
Thereisnowinstantaneouselectronicfundtransfers
BillsofExchangeActdoesnotdealwithelectronicbanking,onlywritteninstruments
Twoprimaryproblemswithelectronicbanking
1) Needtobeabletocheckauthorization
2) Needtoauthenticatethetransaction
Howdoesonedetectforgeryinelectronicbanking??
Thegovernmentisnolongertheregulatorofelectronicbanking
Thepaperbankingfollowsstillthe16 thcenturybankingpracticesandtheelectronic
bankingpracticesareinthe21stcentury
InCanadanoonehassuedanyonewithamessuponelectronicbanking
Canadasbankingsystemisanoligopoly,6majorplayerswithlittletonocompetition
RuleE2governsonlinepayments,itrequireseverybanktoconductauthenticationand
authorizationusingataminimumsomeweirdoelectroniccrypt

In2010thegovernmenthasrequirednewregulations,thattheremustbeaminimum21
dayinterestfreegraceperiodwhenyoupayyourcreditcardinfull
EXAMQUESTION1:
WORTH15MARKS
DISPUTESOFTENARISEBETWEENBANKSANDTHEIRCUSTOMERS
THROUGHTHEOPERATIONOFBANKACCOUNTS.USINGCOURSE
MATERIALANDCASELAWDESCRIBETHETYPEOFDISPUTESTHAT
ARISE.TOUCHONTHERELEVENCEOFSTANDARDBANKACCOUNT
CONTRACTANDCOMMONLAWTOSUCHDISPUTES
EXAMQUESTIONNUMBER2:
WORTH15MARKS
DESCRIBETHENATUREOFABANKSCONFIDENTIALTYOBLIGATIONTO
ITSCUSTOMERS.CONSIDERANYPRACTICALPROBLEMSTHATDEAL
WITHTHIS,REFERTOCASELAWFROMCLASS.THENCONSIDERTHE
OBLIGATIONOFBANKSUNDERCANADASANTIMONEYLAUNDERING
LAWSANDANYRELEVENTPUBLICPOLICYISSUES.(CITECITYCARDS
CASE)
EXAMQUESTIONNUMBER3:
WORTH5MARKS
THEREGULATORYFRAEMWORKTHATGOVERNSELECTRONIC
BANKINGINCANADADIFFERSGREATLYFROMTHEFRAMEWORK
THATGOVERNSPAPERBASEDBANKING.HOWSO?WHATARETHE
MAJORSREUGALTROYFEATURESOFCANADASFEATUREOF
ELECTRONICBANKINGANDWHATAREITSWEAKNESSES?
EXAMQUESTION4:
WORTH10MARKS
REVIEWTHELAWSANDREGULATIONSOFCREDITCARDS,SAFE
KEEPINGANDDISPUTERESOLUTIONPRACTICES(SUMMARIZE
CHAPTERS1113)