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Parametric
form
Non-Parametric
form
Explicit
form
Implicit
form
General
form
Intrinsic
form
Natural
form
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y f x
3D:
z f x, y
y f1 x
z f 2 x
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y mx c
tan m
1
c
x
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y mx c
ax by c 0
tan m
1
Which is better?
c
x
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y mx c
ax by c 0
tan m
1
Which is better?
c
x
vertical lines!!
S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH
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Example 2: Circle
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Example 2: Circle
y r x
y r x
x
2
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2D:
f x, y 0
3D:
f x, y , z 0
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ax by c 0
3D:
ax by cz d 0
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Example 2: Circle
x y r 0
x a y b
2
r 0
2
a, b
Note: If the centre is not origin, the equation becomes more complex;
Complexity is sensitive to the choice of the reference frame.
S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH
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Parametric form
Instead of directly expressing axis coordinates as functions of each other,
they are written in terms of some intermediate parameters.
While a single equation fully describes an entity in non-parametric form,
we require one equation for each axis coordinate. Therefore, the
expressions become a lot more simpler.
The parameters have a range. The entity is undefined beyond this range.
In other words, bound geometries can be defined using parametric form.
Preferred parametric interval is [0, 1]. Such a parameter is said to be
normalized. In other words, it is a normalized parameter.
For the same entity, there could be several parameterizations possible.
These may differ among each other linearly or in any arbitrary fashion.
The relation between Parametric space and Euclidean space may be nonlinear.
S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH
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Parametric form
These parameters are also called topological parameters (See table).
The requirement of the number of topological parameters is independent
of the dimension. All entities in a hierarchy require the same number of
topological parameters
Entity
Number of
Parameters
Point
p = [x, y, z]
Curve
Surface
Solid
Swept
volume
4-1
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P = [x y z]T
= [x f(x) g(x)]T
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Example-1
Convert an implicit equation: The non-parametric
implicit equation of a circle with a center at the
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Circle
Parametric Representation:
= + cos
= + sin 0 2
=
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Circle
Parametric Representation:
= + cos
= + sin 0 2
=
Can this be made simpler computationally??
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Ellipse
Sum of distances from the foci is constant.
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Ellipse
Sum of distances from the foci is constant.
Unlike circle, requires 4 conditions
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Ellipse
Sum of distances from the foci is constant.
Unlike circle, requires 4 conditions
Parametric Representation:
= + cos
= + sin 0 2
=
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Ellipse
Sum of distances from the foci is constant.
Unlike circle, requires 4 conditions
Parametric Representation:
= + cos
= + sin 0 2
=
Workout the simplified for of the above equation
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Parabola
Parametric Representation:
= + 2
= + 2 0
=
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Hyperbola
Parametric Representation:
= + cosh
= +
=
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Conics
Point
Line
Double Line
Ellipse
Parabola
Hyperbola
Circle
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Conics
For a generic case, how many points are required to
get the curve/conics definition/equation?
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