Drainage Study For 132/33

16
kV Substation at Kaluthara
GSS

Contents
1.0

Introduction.....................................................................................................................2

2.0

Study Methodology.........................................................................................................2

2.1

Methodology Outline...................................................................................................2

2.2

Determination of the Sizes of Drainage Structures.....................................................3

Hydrologic Calculation...........................................................................................................3
2.3
3.0

Hydrologic Design.......................................................................................................4
Specimen Calculation......................................................................................................7

1.0 Introduction
It is required to carry out the detailed drainage study for design of drainage structures for the
proposed 132/33kV substation at Kaluthara GSS. Further this requires a hydrological study
because the drainage system has to design considering paths of proposed cable trenches and
its arrangements. Also, there is no requirement of considering outside catchment because
there is no paths to come water in to the considered catchment. It is decided to improve
existing drainage conditions using concrete drains, Catch pits and cascading drainage
arrangements etc.

2.0 Study Methodology

2.1 Methodology Outline
The study methodology consisted of the following steps.
1.

Identification of the catchment and sub catchment areas for each drains.

2.

Identification of proposed ground levels and slopes.

5.

Determination of the optimum size of sections required for drains using standard
hydrologic and hydraulic calculations (Rational formula, Manning Formula and
related software such as flow master).

2.2 Determination of the Sizes of Drainage Structures

To determine the opening sizes for the drains hydrologic and hydraulic designs had to
be carried out as set out below.

Hydrologic Calculation
The hydrologic calculation consists of several steps.
a.

Computation of Peak Flow

For small catchments upto 20sq miles (5184 ha) shall be determined by the rational
formula according to book titled Design of small Irrigation Head works for Small
Catchments Drawn by Mr. A J P Ponrajah published by Department of Irrigation. For
this stretch each sub catchment satisfies above condition. Therefore Rational formula
was used to determine culvert sizes.
Estimation of peak flow Q(cumecs): Once all the parameters have been realistically
established the peak flow Q could be estimated by the popular rational formula.

Q = CIA/360
Where C = Runoff coefficient (dimensionless)

I = Rainfall intensity corresponding to a storm duration equal to time of

concentration (mm/hr)
A = Total catchment area (Ha)
This peak flow is taken as the design discharge.
b.

Computation Runoff Coefficients

The runoff coefficient was selected from the book titled Design of Small Irrigation Head
Works for Small Catchments Drawn by Mr. A J P Ponrajah published by Department of
Irrigation. In addition to that Referred Applied Hydrology by Ven Te Chow and future
development type was considered
Considering the developed site with concrete cover (very poor infiltration) runoff coefficient
is taken as 0.8 for 5years return period.
c.

Computation of Time of Concentration Tc. for drains

Estimation of time of concentration Tc for side drains was done using the method proposed by
Mr. Ponrajah in his book titled Design of Small Irrigation Head Works for Small
Catchments as given below. This is a very well established local standard.
Tc = L/(60xV) + to
Where L = Length of the longest watercourse (m)
V = Velocity of flow (m/sec)
to = Overland flow time (up to about 15 min depending on the terrain)
Velocity of flow is estimated using the following table adapted by Design of Small Irrigation
Head Works for Small Catchments.
Table 3.2 Velocity of Flow vs Slope
Average Gradient %
0-1
1-2
2-4
4-6
>6

Average
m/s
0.45
0.60
0.90
1.2
1.5

Velocity

Establishing a suitable Recurrence Interval (Return Period)

Return periods for drains are given below in accordance with the highway standards.

Side Drains
:
02 years
But considering the proposed structure return period is considered as 5years.

d.
Design rainfall
It is very important to select appropriate Intensity duration values for hydrology design
works. For this design Method developed by D.G.L. Ranatunga is used.
The equations are given below;
T5
Where

I5 = 3256(T + 26) -0.82874

I - Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
T - storm duration (min)

Ref: Towards more efficient hydraulic and hydrological design of cross drainage structures
using new developed Intensity Duration Frequency Equations by Dr. D G L Ranatunga.

2.3 Hydrologic Design

Once the peak flows were estimated, the drain conveyance capacities were determined
through a hydraulic design. Mannings formula and continuity equation were used for various
trial sections to obtain the optimum slope and the section of the drain. The dimensions were
practically fixed to suit the site conditions.

The formulas are given as follows:

Mannings formula and Continuity equation has been used to determine the cross sections of
drains. The formulas are given as follows.
Continuity equation
Q = V.A
Where

Q Actual discharge (m3/s)

A Cross sectional area of flow (m2)
V Velocity of flow (m/s)

Mannings equation

Where

V Velocity of flow (m/s)

R Hydraulic mean depth (m)

S Canal slope (dimension less)
n Mannings roughness coefficient
A = Cross sectional area of flow (m2)

R = A/P

P = Wetted perimeter (m)

Mannings roughness coefficient

Selected Mannings roughness coefficients are shown in the under mentioned table.

Type of drainage lining

Roughness coefficient

Concrete

0.015

Earthen

0.025

3.0 Specimen Calculation

Specimen calculation by manual method combined with computer software for culvert at
chainage 2+080 km are given below.
Total catchment area
A = .9 ha
Consider two major drains facilitate for this catchment.
Hence, only 0.45 ha Area is considered for one drain.
Length of longest drain path L = 100 m
slope of catchment
S1= 0.001
Existing slope of drain
S0= 0.005
(from Topo map)
Corresponding velocity of catchment
Time of concentration

= V = 0.45 m/s

Return period
Rainfall intensity

Tc = L + 15 min
60v
= 18.7 min
= 5 years
I = 3256 (T + 26) -0.82874

By Ranathunga formula
for Colombo area)

= 189 mm/hr

Corresponding run-off coefficient =

0.8
(Referring Applied Hydrology by ven te chow)
Discharge

Q = CIA
360
= 0.19 m3/s

Drain size at the end of drain F1 - G1 is calculated as below.

Worksheet for Rectangular Channel - 1

Project Description
Friction Method

Manning Formula

Solve For

Normal Depth

Input Data
Roughness Coefficient

0.015

Channel Slope

0.00500

m/m

Bottom Width

0.40

Discharge

0.20

m/s

Normal Depth

0.41

Flow Area

0.16

Wetted Perimeter

1.21

Hydraulic Radius

0.13

Top Width

0.40

Critical Depth

0.29

Critical Slope

0.01109

Results

m/m

Velocity

1.23

m/s

Velocity Head

0.08

Specific Energy

0.48

Froude Number

0.62

Flow Type

Subcritical

GVF Input Data

Downstream Depth

0.00

Length

0.00

Number Of Steps

GVF Output Data

Upstream Depth

0.00

0.00

Profile Description
Profile Headloss
Downstream Velocity

Infinity

m/s

Upstream Velocity

Infinity

m/s

Normal Depth

0.41

Critical Depth

0.29

Channel Slope

0.00500

m/m

Critical Slope

0.01109

m/m

Drain size at the end of drain F1 - G1 shall be deeper than 410 mm