2.

1 Alternative Process
The process of making bioplastics from cellulose acetate takes three
processes which are, pre-treatment, acetylation process and manufacturing
bioplastics.
2.1.1 Pre-Treatment
In the pre-treatment section we choose two alternative processes, the first
by using the method of alternative 1 ("Development of nanofiber Cellulose
Acetate from TKKS for manufacturing bioplastics" by Nur Alim Bahmid) and
alternative 2 ("Evaluation of Techno Economic Plant Design Acid Levulinat
Integrated Based Empty Fruit Bunch palm Oil (EFB) "by Denia Apriliani
Rahman).
(1
)

(2
)
Figure xx. Comparation of BFD Pre-Treatment Source 1 (1) and Source 2 (2)
(Source : ....... )

In alternative 1 the pre-treatment process is carried out five stages

(Harahap et al.2012), which are the preparation of empty fruit bunches of oil palm
empty fruit bunches in the process of oil cleaned from their shells and oil. Then
dried and cutting with 5-10 cm. Fiber cuts dried again to obtain a water content of
4-5%. The next piece of palm empty fruit bunches hydrolyzed by adding a
solution of 1 L HNO3 3.5% with the condition of a temperature of 90 C for 2
hours. After hydrolyzed process has been done, and then, the next step is
delignification with 2% NaOH and Na 2SO3 2% at 50 C in 1 hour. The results of
delignification added 17.5% NaOH at 80 C for 0.5 hours. Then filtered and the
residue washed until pH neutral filter. bleached pulp further by adding H2 O2 10%
is heated at 60 C for 15 minutes. Then dried in an oven at 110 C for 6 hours.
While the two processes in the alternative to do is size reduction, washing,
delignification, neutralization, and then from the filtration pre-treatment process

are compounds such as lignin and extractive compounds contained in the EFB
will be lost.

2.1.2 Acetylation Process

The process of making cellulose acetate there is only one kind of process,
namely the esterification reaction (Faith, 1961). Cellulose acetate is an organic
ester compound cellulose derivative. Cellulose used should have a high purity
level to obtain a polymer solubility which is great for fiber manufacture because
impurities hemicellulose from into unwanted gel.
Cellulose acetate is the result of an esterification reaction of cellulose and
acetic anhydride. There are three main processes used to convert cellulose into
cellulose acetate, which are :
1.

Solution process

This process is the most common and commonly used. In the process of
acetylation of acetic anhydride is used as a solvent and takes place with glacial
acetic acid as diluent and sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
2.

Solvent process

Methylene chloride is used instead of acetic acid anhydride and serves as a

solvent for cellulose acetate are formed. Solution processes or processes using
methylene chloride as a solvent and a catalyst perchloric acid which is easily
encountered in nature and very low prices and cellulose acetate can be dissolved
in a solvent methylene chloride-alcohol, if the solvent is evaporated to be obtained
fine fiber called acetate rayon. Acetate rayon are used as textile materials
(Sastrohamidjojo, 2009). Besides having a commercial value is high enough,
cellulose acetate also has several advantages including the physical characteristics
and good optical so widely used as fiber for textiles, cigarette filters, plastic and
photographic film, paper coatings and membranes, as well as ease of processing
more ( Savitri, 2004). In addition, the cellulose acetate also has considerable
appeal because of its high so that environmentally friendly biodegradable.
3.

Heterogenous process

Inert organic liquids, such as benzene or ligroin used as non-solvent for an

acetylated cellulose that has formed in the solution.