JORC COAL EXPLORATION PROCEDURE

Everything in this document is important and must be memorised by the geologist.

Things that are VERY IMPORTANT are highlighted in White the things that are
EXTREMELY IMPORTANT are highlighted in Red and bold text is used to
highlight certain points.

Safety
The geologist is the Sucofindo representative on the site and has overall authority at the
site. It is the rig geologists responsibility to ensure that the bore site location is safe and
that work practices on the site by Sucofindo personal and contractors are carried out in a
safe manner. All safety equipment should be worn or used as prescribed. Everyone on the
site should be aware of the safety rules and requirements.

Drilling
Recording all information about the bore is essential because it is not always clear when
drilling the bore what information will be useful in the future. Remember that the data
you record may not get used for several years after the hole has been drilled and long
after all the details have been forgotten. That is why absolutely everything must be
recorded about the bore when it is being drilled.
1. Always site the bore as close to the proposed drill site as possible, keeping in
mind safety issues the site MUST BE SAFE. If the site is not safe, move it if
possible or take steps to make it safe. Because this is exploration, bores can
generally be located within a 50m radius of the proposed site if it is necessary. If
the site is more than 50m from the proposed site, check with the head geologist
before drilling. Its the rig geologists responsibility to ensure he has the correct
coordinates for the bore and that the rig is located at the correct coordinates.
2. Drilling sites should always be planned well ahead so there is no delay in getting
the rig to the site. The site should be located by GPS, and made ready according
to our responsibilities in the contract i.e. prepare site, roads, tracks, etc. Keep in
mind that our drilling must remain flexible so we may want to move a proposed
bore in response to the results from previously drilled bores so dont prepare to
many bores in advance. This will usually apply more to closely spaced drilling,
not regional exploration.
3. Once the drilling rig has moved onto site, measure the GPS location of the
borehole, record it and pass to the head geologist who will verify the correct
location and also the surveyors so they can locate it accurately (if applicable).
Once the hole is completed and before the rig moves, the GPS location should
again be measured and recorded.

4. Case the top of the hole to prevent caving of soil or weathered rock. It may also
be necessary to case the hole to prevent caving at deeper depths.
5. IMPORTANT - It is ESSENTIAL that the driller and the geologist know the
EXACT DEPTH OF THE HOLE AT ALL TIMES. This is necessary to obtain
an accurate log in cases where geophysical logs cannot be run or there are
problems in the hole. Measure the length of the drilling bit, core barrel, any
connecting subs and all drilling rods so that the total length of the drill string is
known at all times. Every time the rods are pulled from the hole, the depth of the
hole should be rechecked by counting the number of drill rods and remeasuring
them if necessary. A final depth check should be made at the end of the hole. The
driller and geologist should independently keep track of the depth and any
discrepancy must be reconciled.
6. Locating and drilling coal seams. When touch coring coal seams it is essential
that the maximum amount of the seam be cored to ensure a representative sample.
To achieve this open hole drilling should STOP IMMEDIATELY if coal
cuttings are seen or the water changes colour. The accurate depth should be
recorded and the rig geologist should examine the cuttings to decide if coal is
present and coring should commence. If it is uncertain if a seam has been
intersected the open hole drilling should progress in 0.1m intervals, each time
stopping and flushing the sample before deciding whether to core or continue
open holing. This should continue until the samples indicate coal or the lithology
changes to a non coal interval. If coring commences, record the accurate depth of
the start and end of coring.
7. In areas where the geology is well understood it is possible to predict the depth of
the target seam and commence drilling 1m above the predicted top, thus obtaining
a full sample of the seam.
8. Any special events associated with the drilling (eg. water loss, caving, hard or soft
layers, stuck rods, water flowing from the hole, etc.) should be documented as this
can include useful geological information eg. caving and water loss may indicate
strong jointing or a fault, information that might only be useful when mining in
the area. The information to be recorded should include:

Description of the problem/event

Date and time
Exact depth and thickness
List of samples taken if any
What was done to fix the problem
Any other relevant information

A copy of this information should be entered into the Bore Completion Report
and included in the final bore log.

9. All information on the hole should be recorded including drilling company,

drillers name, type of rig, start and end time and date, depth cased, was casing
recovered, hole diameter, any other additional data.
10. If the hole was not surveyed during drilling, place a wooden peg with flagging
tape at the hole collar with the hole number written on it.
11. If a camera is available photograph the site and if possible include a reference
point such as a prominent tree, outcrop, creek, etc.
12. The standing water level in the hole should be recorded. If water freely flows
from the hole the flow rate should be measured and it should be sampled but after
the drilling fluids have been flushed out (several days).
13. All holes are to be drilled to the nominated depth or target seam unless otherwise
instructed.
14. NEVER STOP A HOLE IN A COAL SEAM. Where possible always drill
through the seam with enough room to allow the geophysical tools to log the full
seam. If the geophysical log shows a coal seam at the base of the bore that has no
floor, then the hole should be deepened and geophysically re-logged before the rig
moves, even if this is below the target depth of the hole.
15. When the hole has been geophysically logged the rig geologist must decide if the
hole is complete. To do this he must:

Check and make sure the full hole has been logged, the sampling rate is
correct and the quality of the geophysical log is up to standard (see below).
If not the logging equipment must be checked and the hole re-logged. The
rig must stay on site while this is done. THE GEOPHYSICAL LOG IS
OUR MOST IMPORTANT PIECE OF DATA SO IT IS VERY
IMPORTANT THAT THE LOG IS CORRECT.

Using the geophysical log, check the core recovery and determine if
redrilling is necessary.

16. At the completion of the bore, the rig geologist must give formal authority for the
rig to move. If there are any problems with core recovery or geophysical logging
then the rig has to remain on site until the problems are resolved. If it is OK to
move Then a Bore Completion Form must be signed by the driller and rig
geologist and each keeps a copy for their records. THE RIG MUST NOT
MOVE UNTIL THE ABOVE TWO STEPS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT.

Logging
1. The rig geologist MUST BE PRESENT AT THE RIG AT ALL TIMES while
drilling or logging is in progress. If the geologist is not present then the drillers
cannot drill and if they do we should ask that they redrill that section again.
2. The Rig Geologist and not a geological assistant, drilling assistant or someone
else must be at the borehole collar examining the cuttings the entire time drilling
is taking place (this includes while coring).
3. When open holing, samples should be collected at least at intervals of 0.5m (or
less if necessary). The sample intervals and sample depths must be accurate, to
within less than +/- 5 cm. The geologist should also log the depth of changed in
the colour of the drilling fluid as this will indicate changes in lithology. This
information must be reconciled with the sample log in the final bore log. Samples
should be logged in as much detail as possible.
4. IMPORTANT intervals to be logged should include:

Thickness of soil and this should be clearly shown in the log as Base of
Soil
Thickness of alluvium and this should be clearly shown in the log as Top
of Alluvium and Base of Alluvium
Depth of weathering and this should be clearly shown in the log as Base
of Weathering
All lithological units including coal seams.
Any unusual units such as a fault zone.
It is important that the degree of weathering in coal seams is accurately
recorded. Use terms such as highly weathered, moderately weathered,
slightly weathered and fresh. It is essential that these terms be applied
to seams near outcrop, even if the coal appears to be fresh, make sure you
say so in the log.

This information will be used in the geological modelling and during mining.
5. Cores should be logged in as much detail as possible, even if they do not
contain coal. Normally units down to 1cm thick should be logged individually.
Descriptions should include:

Lithology or lithologies if interbedded.

Description - colour, grainsize, bedding, interbedding, carbonaceous,
roundness, etc. If the unit is interbedded describe all lithologies.
Hardness hard, soft, puggy, clayey, etc
Weathering including degree of weathering eg. highly weathered, iron
stained joints in fresh rock, etc.
Contacts between units sharp, gradational, erosional, etc.

Sedimentary structures cross beds, ripples, slumping, laminae, etc.

Dip on beds. It is VERY IMPORTANT that this information be recorded
because it cannot be obtained from the open hole sections. Use a
protractor to measure the dip accurately (do not try and guess the dip
this cannot be done accurately, always measure it). Even if the bedding is
flat, this must be recorded in the log. It is often necessary to look for dips
very carefully and by breaking the core if necessary. Record every dip
wherever they occur as this will help indicate if dips change with depth. If
no dips can be measured, say so in the log that way we know you looked.
If possible record the dip and strike of any rocks outcropping near the bore
to supply additional information on the strike of rocks in the area.
Fossils note root, leaf and plant fossils look out for marine fossils such
as shells, bioturbation (burrowing animal trails), etc, as these are important
environment indicators.
Minerals pyrite, calcite, etc in the sediments as well as the coal. Note
mode of occurrence e.g. coating on cleat, nodule, vein, etc.
Structural features such as joints, faults, folds, etc. Measure the dips where
possible but make it clear what type of feature is being measures bedding,
joint, cross bed, fault plane, etc.
Any other features like scoria, burnt coal, slickensides, nodules, etc.

6. Coal cores must be logged in great detail as this is the only record of the coal core
and is used in deciding were samples are taken. Descriptions should include:

Lithology coal, high ash coal, shaly coal, coaly shale, carbonaceous
shale, shale, claystone, etc (See details below on this).
Degree of weathering. Use terms such as highly weathered, moderately
weathered, slightly weathered and fresh. It is essential that these
terms be applied to seams near outcrop, even if the coal appears to be
fresh, make sure you say so in the log.
Coal description bright, dull, banded, etc.
Band description bands as small as 0.5cm should be described. Use the
normal descriptive terms in Section 5 above. Because bands are often used
in correlation it is important that they are described accurately, for
example a light coloured band will often be light coloured over a large
area and this may distinguish it from other darker coloured bands and can
therefore be used for correlation.
The state of the core should be recorded eg. solid core, broken, very
broken, crushed, over coring, etc. Is the core contaminated by drilling
mud, clay, caving, etc?
Minerals pyrite, calcite, siderite, etc and how they occur eg coating on
cleats, nodules, disseminated, etc.
Structural features such as cleats, joints, faults, folds, etc. Measure the dips
where possible.
Any other features like burnt coal, slickensides, nodules, etc.

7. IMPORTANT - all the sections sampled must be in included in the geological

log as a separate unit with its own from and to depth, description and
MUST contain the sample number. eg.
22.60
24.90
25.00
25.50
25.75
25.83
26.10
26.20

24.90
25.00
25.50
25.75
25.83
26.10
26.20
27.90

2.30
0.10
0.50
0.25
0.08
0.27
0.10
1.70

Shale grey, massive

Shale grey, massive (Roof)
Coal bright, fresh, pyrite on cleats
Coal bright, fresh, pyrite on cleats
Shale grey, massive
Coal bright, fresh, resinite
Shale grey, massive (Floor)
Shale grey, massive

BJ56-4
BJ56-5
BJ56-6
BJ56-7
BJ56-8
BJ56-9

8. Describe 1m of roof and floor sediments or interseam sediments in detail where

possible.
9. When doing a geological description of a seam NEVER make a description like
that below:
2.35m Coal, contains a 0.12m shale band.
And NEVER sample the full section as one sample or take the band out as one
sample and combine the two coal plies from either side of the band into one
sample. ALWAYS sample each ply separately with its own sample number.
The log should ALWAYS be:
1.47m Coal
0.12m Shale
0.76m Coal

description,
description,
description,

Sample SA6-1
Sample SA6-2
Sample SA6-3

10. Take photos of all core where possible with extra photos of anything unusual.
Photos should include the bore number and the from and to depth of the core.
11. Core Loss and Balancing the Log the amount of core loss should be determined
by comparing the total thickness of core drilled compared to the total thickness of
core recovered. The total thickness of core recovered should be measured in the
core barrel before the core is put in the box to prevent overestimation of the
recovery. After all core runs are completed the total core recovered must be
balanced with the total core drilled to establish were the core losses are. Look for
joins between the end of one core run and the beginning of the next, true depth
indicators and over-coring to help determine where the core is lost. Core loss must
be written in the log as Core Loss but the lost lithology can be indicated if it is
known eg. Core Loss probably sandstone. Balancing and determining the
location and lithology of core loss can be assisted by the geophysical logs.

However the core loss must be determined in the field so a decision can be made
on whether the hole must be redrilled (See below).
12. For touch coring, at the completion of each bore the actual thickness of the seam
must be determined from the geophysical log and this must be balanced with the
cored section to ensure that the depths of the seam match and calculate how much
of the seam was lost during the open hole drilling.

Definitions of Coal Lithologies

When describing coal seams it is essential that the lithologies in the core are accurately
described. It is particularly important that the coal lithologies are adequately described
because these descriptions are used to decide what material is sampled and tested and
what gets put into the model and ultimately mined. A brief description of the main coal
lithologies are:
1. Coal refers to typical low ash coal (< 10% ash), black, bright, lustrous. Is
considered to be a minable product.
2. High Ash Coal Similar to coal but has a higher ash content (10 - 25% ash), has a
similar appearance but feels heavier. Is considered to be a minable product.
3. Shaly Coal Can either be very high ash coal (25-35% ash, often has a brown
streak) or a mixture of interbedded coal with up to 25% shale (mudstone or
claystone). May be a minable product, depending on its mode of occurrence.
4. Coaly Shale Shale, mudstone or claystone (often carbonaceous) interbedded
with less than 75% coaly material (coal or shaly coal). Ash > 35%. Not a minable
product.
5. Carbonaceous Shale or Carbonaceous Claystone black but usually has a brown
streak, contains finely disseminated carbonaceous material and may contain
occasional this coal bands. Ash > 50%. Not a minable product.
6. Other Sediments Shale, Claystone, Mudstone, Siltstone, Sandstone, etc.
describe as normal.
It is important that there is a clear distinction between shaly coal and coaly shale.
Use the geophysical log to help with the interpretation of lithologies.

Core Recovery and Redrilling Holes

The contract states that the drillers must get 90% core recovery or that section of the hole
must be redrilled, unless the poor recovery is due to geological conditions.
The main reason for needing a high recovery in the coal, is to obtain a reliable and
representative sample for coal quality analysis. Things like seam thickness and depth can
be checked with geophysical logging. The quality analysis of the core is used to
determine quality trends, what markets to target, what the coal products can be produced,
whether selective mining and blending will be necessary, etc so it is essential that the
accurate results are obtained and to do this we need good core recovery.
If we do not ask for seams to be redrilled when it is required, the drilling recovery will
continue to get worse but if we insist on redrilling then the drillers will try harder to
ensure that they get 100% because they dont want to redrill if they dont have to.
It is the responsibility of the rig geologist to calculate the core recovery and decide if coal
seams need to be redrilled. This is because he has all the data onsite and has to make a
quick decision so the rig can move to the next site. THIS IS SOMETHING THE RIG
GEOLOGIST SHOULD TAKE VERY SERIOUSLY.
It is important that the coal is accurately measured in the splits before it is put into the
box because disturbing it makes it look longer. Also the correct depths before and after
coring must be accurately known. Once the core thicknesses of run are balanced it should
be clear if core has been lost and where it was lost from. If the location of the lost core is
not clear then, when the hole has been geophysically logged, the location of the loss can
be located. Another method of checking core loss is to weigh the core and check this
weight against the theoretical weight of the same length of core (see attached table).
These methods will help determine if the hole needs to be re-drilled.
In practice if the recovery from a seam is less than 90% and the problem is not due to
geological conditions like jointing, faulting, etc then the seam MUST be redrilled. The
reason for the core loss should be discussed with the driller to try and establish why the
core loss occurred (equipment problems, drilling methods used, drilling rate, etc) and
what can be done to stop it happening again.
In cases where there is core loss but we are absolutely certain it is not from the coal then
it may not be necessary to redrill. This is at the discretion of the rig geologist, if he is
certain no coal has been lost then he can decide not to redrill but only after he has done
all the checks above. He will have to justify this decision later with the head geologist.
In the case where a redrill fails to improve the recovery, but have lost core from different
sections then it may be possible to combine the two cores to produce one complete core.
This requires a good geophysical log, a good understanding of where the core is lost in
both holes to combine the samples accurately. If this cannot be done then the bore will
have to be redrilled again.

If there a dispute about how much coal core was lost, then the matter must be discussed
with the head geologist and head driller. Under no circumstances should the rig move
until core loss problems are resolved.
Redrills can be to our advantage in some circumstances. Since the hole will have been
geophysically logged the accurate top and base of the seam will be known. This allows us
to start coring in the roof of the seam and get a complete core of the seam. This will cost
more because we will have to pay for any extra coring above the redrill coring but the
cost will be worth it because we will have quality data from a full seam section. This
should apply any seams that need to be drilled through to get to the redrill section.
If the driller decides to stop a hole with core loss early so he can start a redrill, the hole
should be logged so the position of seams is known so they can be fully cored in the
redrill hole.
Any coal core from the original bore that remains should be put in bags and kept. It may
be required further testing later.

Drilling Schist and Basalt

If the drilling encounters a hard layer it will probably be due to schist or basalt (or
possibly limestone).
When this happens a core run should be done to determine the type and nature of the hard
rock.
1. If the rock is schist then the hole should be stopped immediately and then logged
prior to moving the rig.
2. If the rock is basalt (or limestone) then it will be necessary to decide if we want to
drill through it or stop the hole. We should drill some holes through the basalt to:

Find out if there are seams beneath it.

Find out how thick it is.
Find out its origin ie. is it a sill or flow.
Find out if it has had any effect on the coal e.g. increased its rank.
Determine if it is a potential source of road gravels for a future mine.

In general some holes should be drilled through the basalt (fully cored to at least
10m into the sediments below) to obtain answers to the above issues. If it is found
that potentially economic coal or higher rank lies beneath it, then most holes
should be drilled through it. If no significant coal is found then an occasional hole
should be drilled through it to check for economic coal.

The rig geologist should check with the head geologist in deciding weather to
continue or stop the bore.
If sills are cored DO NOT THROW OUT ANY OF THE CORE FROM THE HOLE,
keep them for further inspection.

Geophysical Logging
1. ALL HOLES MUST BE GEOPHYSICALLY LOGGED. Without a log a
great deal of information is lost including accurate thickness of the seam, how
much of the coal sample is missing, interseam lithologies, information to assist in
correlation and coal quality estimation. The minimum suite of logs should be
Gamma and Density. SP, Resistivity, Calliper, Neutron and other logs should be
run if available.
2. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT THE LOG IS OF HIGH QUALITY.
Some of the problems to check for include:

Noise. Look for noise on the log, this usually occur as very high random
peaks that are easily identified, but can also high background noise which
makes the log difficult to interpret. If you suspect that there is a noise
problem, re-log the hole a second time, the noise can be identified because it
will occur at different places in the two logs. These types of problems often
occur because there is a loose connection or water has gotten into the probe.
Figures 1 & 2.
Drift. This is seen when the base level in the log continually increases or
decreases with depth. Figure 1.
Suppressed logs. Logs where known seams are not clearly visible on the log
because the responses are suppressed. Figure 2.
Flat Peaks. This occurs when the maximum or minimum measuring ranges
are lower or higher than the natural ranges causing the data to be truncated
(not recorded). These values are set by the logger using the software so the
values must be set well above or below the natural range found in the bore.
Figure 2. This is usually done while lowering the probe in the hole.
Stop recording when the probe comes out of water. The probe should not
be turned off when it comes out of the water even if there is a large shift in
the data range. The probes can still measure useful information when out of
the water so it should be allowed to continue recording.

If you think there is a problem with the geophysical log check with the logger on
site, but you are the one who makes the decision about if the log is acceptable. If
you are still not happy with the log consult with the head geologist before
allowing the rig to move. It is far cheaper to put the rig on standby than to have to
move the rig back onto the site to redrill later.

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Noisy Gamma (blue)

& Density (red) Logs

Normal Gamma (blue)

& Density (red) Logs

Also note drift in the Gamma

log towards the base

(located 19m from

SA115A)

Figure 1

Examples of
Geophysical Logging Problems

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Re-Log after the

probe was repaired

Original log showing

noise in Density (blue)
and drift in the Gamma
log below 94m

Noise

Noise

Seam

Noise

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Bore
SA138
Bore
SA115A

Bore
SA30

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(note this is due to

an incorrect setting
in the software, not a
fault in the electronics)

52

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Particularly between
80 and 100m, the
log is unusable
in this section

Density Log (red)

is truncated at
1000counts/s

Noisy Gamma (blue)

& Density (red) Logs

Bore
SA136

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Figure 2

Examples of
Geophysical
Logging
Problems

10

(note many of the

small peaks are
truncated, this is
due to a fault in the
electronics)

5
4

Shows a
problem with the
Gamma Log (blue)

(seams not obvious

in Gamma log and
poorly defined in Density log)

Re-Log after the

probe was repaired

Original Log
showing suppressed
Gamma (red) and
noisy Density (blue)

Seam

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
5

10
0

Seam

Bore
SA120
Bore
SA113

Bore
SA32

3. Always ensure that the sump below the last seam is deep enough to geophysical
log the full seam section including at least 1m of floor rock.
4. To be sure that the hole is fully logged, it should be run before the rig moves off
the hole and the hole cleaned out as often as needed to ensure the hole is logged
or cased if necessary. A lot of effort should go into ensuring the hole gets
logged because the log is the only is the only permanent electronic record of
the hole and is essential for accurate determination of coal thickness, depth,
correlation and quality.
5. If the hole cannot be logged then casing the hole to the problem depth should be
done. Alternatively if the diameter of the drilling rods and the probe allow it, the
hole can be logged through the rods. In this case only gamma, density and neutron
logs will give sensible results. If all this fails the hole must be redrilled.
6. Logs should be run at the highest sample rate possible (the distance between
measurements) and this should never be greater than 5 cm and 1 or 2cm over
coal seams.
7. Printouts of the logs at 1:100 scale for the full bore and 1:20 scale for ALL the
seams. Electronic copies of the logs must be obtained and backed up (this is our
most important data on the hole).
8. Printouts of the geophysical logs should be included with the written log and the
electronic log should be kept with the other electronic data on the bore.
9. The electronic geophysical logs must be converted to Excel format to allow scale
adjustment and accurate determination of the roof and floor of seams. The
convention will be that Density is represented by the RED line and Gamma by
the Blue line. There are no other options. Also the length, width and depth
(120m) of the log of the full hole cannot be altered in any way (Only the
counts/second scale can be changed). This is to keep all the logs at the same scale
for comparison, correlation and checking. Graphs of individual seams can vary.
10. If a geophysical probe becomes stuck in the hole it is VERY IMPORTANT that
the rig geologist make accurate notes on the efforts made to recover the probe.
Every time something is tried the notes should include the date, time, depth, what
was the problem, what was done and what was the result. Also notes must be kept
on what instructions were given to the driller or logger by the rig geologist and
what was their response.

Outcrop Mapping
1. Outcrops must be mapped whenever they are found, not only when specifically
looking for outcrop. This includes all rock outcrops, not only coal. For example
new outcrops can be located when clearing a path the move the rig or when

digging a pad for the rig. These outcrops should be logged and if located near a
bore site included in the bore log.
It is also useful to log some rocks, particularly coal, in creeks even if it is not insitu as this indicates that there is coal somewhere upstream. However it must be
made very clear in the log that the material is not in-situ.
2. Outcrops must be accurately located with GPS. If it is not possible to locate the
site directly because of tree cover or other problems then locate a place nearby
where it is possible to get a reading and then do a tape and compass traverse to the
outcrop. When back in camp actually calculate the actual position of the outcrop
in UTM and put it in the outcrop log so it can be plotted and checked. Include the
actual calculation on the paper log, on the back if necessary. Make sure that you
include on both the paper and electronic logs, the fact that the location was
calculated from tape and compass traverse and may not be accurate.
3. Outcrops should be logged in the same way and as much detail as bore core (see
details above).
4. It is very important that an accurate dip and strike be measured. It is worth
spending a lot of time making sure that the real dip and strike is being measured
and not a joint or cleat or other plane. If the bedding is not clear then make sure
that after you make the measurement that you dig to confirm that bedding is
present in the sediment or banding in the coal. Place a confidence level on the
measurement eg. good if you are very confident it is a true bedding plane, fair
if you are reasonably sure it is a bedding plane and poor if you are not sure if
the plane was bedding, cross bedding, a joint plane, etc. Where possible measure
several dips/strikes at the same outcrop. This will provide useful information on
the variation in the dip and strike and allow unreliable data to be discarded.
5. Data should be put onto an outcrop logging sheet. When measuring the thickness,
it must be made clear in the log which thickness was measured ie. true thickness
or apparent thickness. It is important to make a sketch of the outcrop showing the
section and indicating exactly what was measured. Also take photographs if
possible. Where possible the true thickness should be calculated and the
calculations shown on the sheet so they can be checked.
6. If the roof and/or floor of the seam is not visible then the thicknesses of the seam
must be described as greater than eg. > 2.45m not 2.45m as this implies that the
full section was measured.
7. Sampling should be carried out in the same way as bore cores (above). Where
possible the outer layer of weathered coal should be removed to expose the
fresh coal beneath prior to sampling. In the case where an outcrop contains both
weathered and fresh coal then samples should be taken in both sections. If the

whole outcrop is weathered then there is no need to sample, however a note

should be put in the log to say outcrop not sampled - very weathered.
8. Leave a marker (eg. flagging tape and/or peg) at the site so it can be easily found
again for surveying, etc.

Numbering Systems
For bore/outcrop/sample numbers to be used in computers they MUST be in the same
format every time they are entered because the computer sees two numbers that are
formatted differently as totally different numbers (eg. BJP27, BJP 27, BJP027, BJP
027, BJP-27, BJP-027, BJP 027, BJP 27 are all the same bore, BJP Bore 27, to
you and me but are eight different bores to the computer). This can cause huge
problems when trying to combine data from different databases. It takes no extra effort to
do it correctly the first time and a lot of effort to fix it later.
Also, the numbering systems currently used are far to complicated and leads to errors
when entering data. The numbers are to long so when they are plotted on a map they
overlap and are unreadable.
From now on all bore/outcrop numbers from all areas will be in the correct format, in
every document, both paper and electronic copies.
The contractors are also required to follow this numbering system in all the data
they give us eg. in geophysical logs, invoices, etc. If they give us information in the
incorrect format we simply say we have no record of that bore and not pay them until
they correct the problem.

1. General
In all cases the numbers are to be consecutive and there are to be no gaps between
numbers ie. no unused numbers.
In the case where several teams are mapping outcrops at the same time the
geologist should give temporary numbers in their field book and when returning
to camp use the next available outcrop numbers for each outcrop mapped. The
field book should be updated with the proper outcrop number.
2. Outcrop Numbers
The numbering system for outcrop is:
OJ1, OJ2, OJ3, . OJ25, OJ26, .OJ123, etc.

The O refers to outcrop and the J to the area, in this case the Batu Jelita
Perkasa Area. There are to be no other variations.

3. Proposed Bore Numbers

The numbering system for proposed bores numbers is:
P1, P2, P3, .. P25, P26, ..P123, ... etc.
There are to be no other variations.

4. Bore Numbers
The numbering system for bores is:
BJ1, BJ2, BJ3, . BJ25, BJ6, ..BJ123, ... etc.
The B refers to bore and the J to the area, in this case the Batu Jelita Perkasa
Area. There are to be no other variations.
Redrills are to be followed by the letters A, B, C, etc. eg. BS25, BS25A, BS25B,
etc.

5. Sample Numbers
For outcrops, the number will be the outcrop number followed by a dash and then
the sample number eg.:
OJ126-1, OJ126-2, OJ126-3, etc.
For bores the number will be the bore number followed by a dash and then the
sample number eg.:
BJ14-1, BJ14-2, BJ14-3, etc.
See Sampling and Analysis section for further details.

Sampling and Analysis

1. In most cases coal should be sampled as soon as possible after logging and
photographing to prevent moisture loss (this is not essential for the BJP area
because the coal rank is high and moisture content low).

2. Samples should be placed in thick plastic bags and tied securely to prevent
moisture loss and kept in a cool place, out of the sun or other hot places eg.
vehicles.
3. Where possible samples should be weighed in the field and the weight compared
to the theoretical weight for the length of core drilled using an estimated density.
This acts as a check on the coal recovery. (Normally use density of 1.32 for coal,
1.47 for shaly coal, 1.60 for coaly shale and 2.20 for shale/claystone/sandstone
see attached table).
4. As soon as possible the samples should be transported to the laboratory for
testing.
5. All coal section greater than 0.05m thick should be sampled (but not necessarily
analysed see below). All bands/partings < 0.5m thick must be sampled.
6. Where possible the same seam should always be sampled in the same way with
the same plies sampled. This allows variations between the same plies in different
bores to be compared. It also provides quality data that allows selective mining to
be carried out.
7. Initially seams should be sampled on the basis of lithology and visible quality
changes. This can be assisted by the geophysical log if it is available at the time of
sampling. This means coal plies, bands (> 1cm thick to < 0.5m thick), shaly coal,
coaly shale and other identifiable horizons should be sampled separately. Do not
combine samples on either side of a thin band, sample each ply separately.
8. If a seam contains thick sections of coal with no obvious visible lithological or
quality changes, consideration should be given to sampling separate plies based
on thickness. This should only be done if it is suspected that there are changes in
quality of properties such as ash or sulphur. In these cases plies should be
sampled at intervals of 0.5m. In exploration areas where no data exists all coal
should be sampled in 0.5m intervals or less until seams with variation in quality
are identified.
9. The first 10cm of roof and floor material should be sample, as separate samples,
on all seams where possible. DO NOT includes the roof and floor in the
composite samples sent for analysis.
10. Only write the sample number, from to depth, sample lithology and number of
bags in the sample on the bags nothing else. Write the sample number twice
once on each side of the bag in case one gets rubbed off. Do not put the bore
number or seam name. It should look like this:

SA6-3
(front and back)
16.73 18.25m
2 of 3
Lithology (eg coal, shaly coal, claystone, etc)
Thats it, nothing else.
11. Do not over fill the bags, put the sample in several bags if necessary. The bags
must be tightly tied (no staples) to prevent moisture loss. Also for large or sharp
samples place in two or more bags inside each other to prevent holes forming.
Remember, it is a long way from the field to the lab and they get bounced around
a lot on the way. If there is more than one bag of coal for a sample, write on the
bag 1 of 3, 2 of 3, 3 of 3, etc.
12. NEVER use sample numbers like SA6-2.1, SA6-2.2 or SA6-2A, SA6-2B, or
SA6-2I, SA6-2II or SAI, SAII, etc, this is confusing.
13. At the field camp the samples will be checked prior to sending them to the office.
A list of samples for each bore must accompany the samples. The list will contain
the following information:

Area
Date samples were collected
Bore number
Sample number
From and to depth of the sample
Sample thickness
Recovery
Sample Lithology
Comments

If there are gaps in the from and to depths then the from and to depth of
the gap must be included in the sheet with an explanation of the gap eg.
Sample
BJ23-4
BJ23-5

From
34.65
35.15
35.30

To
35.15
35.30
35.50

Thickness
0.50
0.15
0.20

Lithology
Coal

Comments
Core Loss

Shaly Coal

14. Deciding what tests are carried out on what samples will be done in the office and
in conjunction with Client office.
15. In general coal plies should be tested for the following properties:

total moisture
moisture (ad)
ash

volatile matter
fixed carbon
total sulphur
calorific value
relative density
forms of sulphur if the total sulphur is greater than 1%

16. Composite sample of the full seam (including all bands < 0.30m thick but
excluding roof and floor) should be produced from the ply samples and tested for
the following properties:

moisture (ad)
ash
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
analysis of ash
ash fusion (oxidising and reducing)
HGI
relative density
CO2 in certain circumstances
chlorine in certain circumstances
forms of sulphur if the total sulphur is greater than 1%
CSN and GKCT in certain circumstances
trace elements (only tested on selected samples)

17. Composite samples should be recombined using thickness x relative density to

weight the samples, NOT the sample weight because some core may have been
lost.
18. Bands, roof and floor should be tested for:

total moisture
moisture (ad)
ash
total sulphur
relative density
analysis of ash in certain circumstances
if the samples are carbonaceous or contain coaly material then volatile
matter, fixed carbon and calorific value should also be done.

19. All coal plies >0.05m thick should sampled. However, coal plies should only be
tested if the ply is >0.3m thick or it is separated from another coal ply that is
>0.3m thick and the thickness of the band separating them is <0.3m thick.

Samples that do not meet these criteria should be kept for further analysis if
required.
20. A sample requisition sheet needs to be filled out to tell the laboratory what tests
need to be carried out on the samples and this needs to accompany the samples to
the laboratory.

Data Format
Because there will be several different databases and each contains some data in common
eg. bore name, location, etc. it is essential that this data be in exactly the same format
every time it is recorded in a database and this includes all paper and electronic copies of
the data. Computers require the data to be in very specific formats so it can recognise the
information. Also the data in the databases will be used in a number of different programs
which will merge data from several databases. If the data within and between databases is
in different formats the computer will not recognise the information as being the same. If
this occurs, all the data in the wrong format has to be fixed manually and this can be a
huge, time consuming job. It is much easier to get it right the first time. Below are some
of the formats required:
1. Numbers NEVER use , as a decimal point and . as a comma. The correct
format is 1,326.89 NOT 1.326,89 because computers do not recognise this as a
number.
2. Do not store numbers as text in spreadsheets or use a in front of the number.
The computer will not recognise them as a number.
3. The correct date format is DD/MM/YYYY or DD/MM/YY. NEVER use the
American system of MM/DD/YY.
4. When using a GPS always record data in UTM coordinates and not in Longitude
and Latitude. Lat & Long data cannot be easily plotted on plans and has to be
converted to UTM which leads to mistakes that cannot easily be checked. Always
download data from the GPS using the download cable. This guarantees the
additional errors are not introduced into the data.
5. Bore, outcrop and sample numbers must always use the system outlined in the
Numbering System section above THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO
THIS NUMBERING SYSTEM.
6. Do not use merged cells in databases. This applies to all data tables where the
information is going to be used for other purposes. It is, for example, OK to use
them in tables for a report, etc.
7. A negative number should be in the following format -1.453 not (1.453).

8. Do not use a dash (-) if there is no data leave the cell blank.
9. Do not use the term NA in a database, leave the cell blank. If you use the
term NA in a table its meaning must be specified. It can mean Not Available,
Not Analysed or Not Applicable each has a very different meaning.
10. Do not use % or $ or / or other signs or characters in the same cell as a number
(put them in the header), the only exceptions are < and > signs.
11. Do not put numbers and text together in a number cell eg. if you want to flag a
number do not put 9.46* because the computer sees this as a character not a
number. Instead use coloured text or coloured cell.
12. It is OK to use coloured, italic or bold text and numbers or coloured cells to flag
or highlight information but always explain what the colour means at the bottom
of the table.
13. Do not put dip and strike data in the same column ie. do not put 153/32 into one
column. Put the dip and strike each into separate columns. The same applies to
any similar combination of numbers.
14. Decimal places do not quote data to more decimal places than is applicable. For
example if TS of 0.46 (ad) is calculated to dry basis and the calculated result is
0.838172 then the result should be quoted as 0.84 (the same number of decimals
as the original data) and not 0.838 or other number of decimal places.
15. Do not link spreadsheets to spreadsheets in other files. This causes problems when
only one file is given to someone, because it cannot find the file to link to.
16. When creating an Excel geophysical log the convention will be that Density is
represented by the RED line and Gamma by the Blue line. There are no other
options.

Data Checking
It is VITAL THAT ALL DATA IS CHECKED TO ENSURE THAT IT IS
CORRECT. There is no point in collecting data if it is incorrect or errors are introduced
when transposing or processing the information. That is why it must be thoroughly
checked.
The geologist who collects the data is responsible for entering the information into the
computer and making any paper copies that are required. IT IS HIS/HER
RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT THE INFORMATION IS CORRECT.
They should thoroughly check all the transposed data and all calculations to see that they

are correct. Make sure that bore/outcrop locations are correct and plot in the correct
place, etc. Because it is their data, they are in the best position to find errors. Data for the
databases should be entered onto a spreadsheet that is exactly the same format as the
database but is not the real database, it should never been entered directly into the real
database. Their data is then passed to the person in charge of the database or the chief
geologist in the field.
There will be three main databases, drilling progress database, correlation database and
coal quality database. One person will be responsible for each database and it will be
their responsibility to collect the data from the geologists, check it again and add it to the
database (this will be a simple process if the data from the geologist is kept in the same
format as the database). IT IS ALSO THIS PERSONS RESPONSIBILITY TO
MAKE SURE THAT THE DATABASE IS COMPLETE AND UP TO DATE. If
data is missing then he needs to make sure found and entered. If there are errors, they
must be fixed by the original geologist and he should fix the error in all the places it
occurs, paper and electronic. Under no circumstances should errors be corrected by
the person responsible for the database, no matter how trivial.
All data coming from the geologist or the person responsible for the databases is given to
the chief geologist in the camp. He again thoroughly checks the data. If errors are found
then the original geologist responsible for collecting the data must fix the problem
and again he must fix the error in all the places it occurs, paper and electronic. Once
the chief geologist is satisfied he passes on the information to the office. Under no
circumstances should errors be corrected by the chief geologist, no matter how
trivial.
At the office the information is again checked. Again if errors are found the original
geologist responsible for collecting the data must fix the problem and again he must
fix the error in all the places it occurs, paper and electronic. Once the office is
satisfied he passes on the information to the office. Under no circumstances should
errors be corrected by the office, no matter how trivial. By this stage the data should
be error free. Once checking is complete the data should be forwarded to Jakarta and
Client.
In cases was Jakarta or Client request data that has not been through the checking
process, then the data must have a disclaimer stating that the information has not been
through the checking process. In these cases the data must be checked and forwarded as
soon as possible.
Checking data should not delay the information unnecessarily. For example the full
information on a bore should be available to Jakarta or Client within 7 days of its
completion. Samples should be sent to the office within 3 days of finishing the bore,
complete with all the paperwork.

Analysis data from the laboratories, together with all the appropriate sample data should
be sent to Head Geologist so the information can be entered into the quality database.
Any errors or problems she finds she will refer back to the office, which will refer it to
the laboratory or original geologist.

Final Report
1. The final drilling report should be in two forms, a paper hard copy and an
electronic copy. All the information should be thoroughly checked in the field by
the rig geologist and head geologist prior to its distribution The report (with the
exception of the quality data) should be finished within 5 days of the bore
completion and immediately all data should be sent to the office. Once in the
office it should be checked again prior to distributing to Jakarta and Client.
2. The report should contain the following in hard (paper) and electronic format:

The Bore Completion Report.

The bore location and collar RL (both GPS and Survey (if done)
locations).
The written geological log with seams identified where possible.
The geophysical logs at 1:100 scale for the bore and 1:20 scale for the
seams (paper), the original electronic logging data and the geophysical log
in Excel format.
The Seam Reconciliation Report.
A list of samples taken.
Copy of the Analysis Request form sent to the laboratory.
Copy of the Analysis Certificates sent from the laboratory.
Calculated and checked coal quality data with bore locations, sample
depths and seams identified.
An updated Correlation Database and Quality Database.

All bore reports should be kept to together for ease of use and ALL ELECTRONIC
COPIES MUST BE SUITABLY BACKED UP AND A COPY KEPT OFF SITE.

Theoretical Core Weights for Different Types of Sediments

Core diameter mm

50

Core
Thickness
cm

Coal
Density
1.32
Weight
g

High Ash Coal

Density
1.40
Weight
g

Shaly Coal
Density
1.47
Weight
g

5
130
137
144
10
259
275
289
15
389
412
433
20
518
550
577
25
648
687
722
30
778
825
866
35
907
962
1010
40
1037
1100
1155
45
1166
1237
1299
50
1296
1374
1443
55
1425
1512
1587
60
1555
1649
1732
65
1685
1787
1876
70
1814
1924
2020
75
1944
2062
2165
80
2073
2199
2309
85
2203
2337
2453
90
2333
2474
2598
95
2462
2611
2742
100
2592
2749
2886
105
2721
2886
3031
110
2851
3024
3175
115
2981
3161
3319
120
3110
3299
3464
125
3240
3436
3608
130
3369
3574
3752
135
3499
3711
3897
140
3629
3848
4041
145
3758
3986
4185
150
3888
4123
4330
Densities are based on BJP data
* Shale, claystone, mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, etc.

Coaly Shale
Density
1.60
Weight
g

Carbonaceous
Sediment*
Density
1.82
Weight
g

Sediment*
Density
2.20
Weight
g

157
314
471
628
785
942
1100
1257
1414
1571
1728
1885
2042
2199
2356
2513
2670
2827
2985
3142
3299
3456
3613
3770
3927
4084
4241
4398
4555
4712

179
357
536
715
893
1072
1251
1429
1608
1787
1965
2144
2323
2501
2680
2859
3038
3216
3395
3574
3752
3931
4110
4288
4467
4646
4824
5003
5182
5360

216
432
648
864
1080
1296
1512
1728
1944
2160
2376
2592
2808
3024
3240
3456
3672
3888
4104
4320
4536
4752
4968
5184
5400
5616
5832
6048
6264
6480