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CHAPTER
INTRODUCTIONTOCOMPUTERGRAPH
ICS
Introduction :
Computer graphics is concerned with producing images and animations
or a sequences of images using a computer. This includes the hardware
and software systems used to make these objects.
The task of producing photo-realistic images is extremely complex. This
field is in great demand because of variety of applications.
The field of computer graphics has grown enormously over the past 1020 years, and many software systems have been developed for generating
computer graphics in various fields.
In very short we would say
Computer Graphics = Mathematics + Computer Science + Art
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
1.2
Early History :
The SAGE workstation had a vector display and light pens that
operators would use pinpoint planes flying over regions of the United
States. SAGE workstation is still there at Boston Computer Museum.
In first half of 60s IBM, Sperry-Rand, Burroughs and a few other
computer companies were competing in the computing industry. Those
computers had a few kilobytes of memory, no operating systems to
represent the computer and no graphical display.
Punch cards, line printers, and roll-paper plotters were being used.
Assembler, FORTRAN, and Algol were the available programming
languages. In 1963 Ivan Sutherland presented a paper Sketchpad in a
Computer Conference.
1.3
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
1.4
MPEG standards for compressed video began during this phase.. In 1992
OpenGL became the standard for graphics APIs
In 1993, World Wide Web began such that it does not even stop
today.
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1970s
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1980s
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1990s
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2002
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
1.6
1.
DirectX
PHIGS.
Postscript
Direct3D
MPEG
VRML
2.
Open GL :
Open GL is a software interface provided to graphics hardware. It has
about 120 commands to specify objects, required to create interface 3D
application.
Open GL is a stream lined, hardware independent interface used to
implement any where. It provide basic geometric primitive to create a 3D
model such as an automobile section or a plane.
Open GL utility library contains an inbuilt routine that use lower level
command to set a matrices or view a projection or venders surface .
3.
PHIGS :
Programming hierarchical interactive graphics system is a programming
library for 3D graphics It is created and managed by the ISO
(international standardized organization).It is being used on X-windows
in Unix and also available for several workstation vendor.
1.7
PHIGS graphics library has about 400 function from creating a simple
line to ray casting a surface. It provides a standard interface to a display
device irrespective of vendor. Any vendor.
PHIGS stores graphics is its own database before displaying It is also
known as a display list system.
Entertainment
Computer Art
Virtual Reality
Image Processing
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Multimedia
1.
Presentation Graphics :
In presentation graphics, reports are generated
o n s l i d e s o r transparencies that can be used on projectors. It is
normally used to summarize financial, statical, mathematical,
scientific and economic data for research and managerial decisions.
Presentation graphics is in form of Bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and
other displays that show relations among multiple parameters.
Graphs and charts can be in 3D formats to make the presentation an
efective tools
2.
Entertainment :
Computer graphics is used in making motion pictures, music videos and
television shows. The graphics are shown alone or are combined with
others to give an attractive look.
3.
Education :
A wide range of individual educational software with multimedia is
available on CD-ROM. Models can be created to efectively explains
certain concepts.
One of the chief advantages of such Computer Graphics applications is,
the sequence of material .
Graphics is also used in classroom to enhance the educational experience
and simplify teachers work.
Distance learning is a variation on education where all students may not
be at same place during a class.
Education takes place through a combination of stored multimedia
presentations, live teaching, and participation of students.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
1.8
5.
Computer Art :
6.
Virtual reality :
Virtual reality provides a very realistic efect using sight and sound,
while allowing the user to interact with the virtual world.
7.
Telemedicine :
Computer Graphics with multimedia and telemedicine can improve the
delivery of health care in a number of ways. Digital information can be
centrally stored and can made available at many locations.
Physicians can consult with one another using video conferencing
capabilities, where all can see the data and images, it brings together
experts from a number of places in order to provide better care.
8.
Image Processing :