C-01:- SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

(Home Assignments)
1. CHEMISTRY
It is the branch of science which deals with the
substances, their composition and properties, the
changes which they undergo and the manners by
which they reacts with each other.
2. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (S.F.)
The total number of digits in a number including
the last digit, whose value is uncertain, is called
number of significant figures. For example: 10.421
has five S.F.
3. RULES FOR THE CALCULATION OF S.F.
A. All non-zero digits as well as zeroes between nonzero digits are significant. For example: 15004 has
five S.F.
B. Zeroes to the let of first non-zero digit are not S.F.
For example: 0.0028 has two S.F.
C. If a number ends in zeroes but these zeroes are to
the right of decimal point, then these are
significant. For example: 2.500 has four S.F.
D. If a number ends in zeroes but these zeroes are not
right of decimal point, than these zeroes may or not
be significant. For example: If 10500 is written as
4

1.05 10

it is written as

, then it has three S.F. However, If

1.050 104 has four S.F.

E. The result of an addition or subtraction should be

reported upto same number of decimal places as
that of the term with least number of decimal
places.
For example: Sum of

4.525+2.3+ 6.24=13.063 will be reported

as 13.1.
F. The result of multiplication or division should be
reported upto the same number of S.F. as are
present in least precise number.
For example :

4.327 2.8=12.1156 will

be reported as 12.
4. RULES FOR ROUNDING OFF
It implies as follows
A. If the digit just next to the last digit to be retained
is less than 5, the last digit is taken as such and all
other digits to its right are dropped. For example:

1.234=1.23.

B. If the last digit is greater than 5, the digit to be

retained is increased by 1 and other digits on its
right are dropped. For example:

1.236=1.24 .
C. If the digit just next to the last digit to be retained
is equal to 5, the last significant figure is left
unchanged if it is even and is increased by 1 if it is
odd. For example:

1.235=1.24, 1.225=1.22 .
5. S.I UNIT
There are seven basic physical quantities. These are
given in the following table along with their S:I.
unit.
Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Physical quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
Electric current
Luminous
intensity
Amount of
substance

7.

Unit
Meter
Kilogram
Second
Kelvin
Ampere
Candela

Symbol
m
Kg
s
K
A
Cd

Mole

mol

6. SYMBOLS OF COMMONLY USED PREFIXES IN

THE POWER OF TEN

Table-1
Sr. No.
1.

Prefix
deci

Symbol
d

Submultiple

2.

centi

102

3.

milli

103

4.

micro

10

5.

nano

109

6.

pico

10

7.

femto

1015

10

12

8.

atto

18

10

A. Physical classification
This is based upon the physical state of matter:
There are three states of matter.
i. Solid state

Table--2
Symbol
da

Sr.No.
1.

Prefix
deca

2.

hecto

3.

kilo

4.

mega

5.

giga

6.

tera

7.

peta

8.

exa

iii. Gaseous state.

Multiple

Check your ability

1. In the final answer of the expression

( 29 . 220 . 2 ) (1 .79 105 )

The number of
1 . 37

23

N 0=6 . 022 10 i, e . , Avogadros number

3. The prefix

B. four
D. can be any of these.

1018 is

A. giga
C. kilo
4. One Fermi is

B. exa
D. nano

A.

1013 cm

B.

1015 cm

C.

1010 cm

D.

1012 cm

7. MATTER
Anything that occupies space, possesses mass and the
presence of which can be felt by any one or more of our
five senses is called matter.
8. CLASSIFICATION
Matter has been classified into two types:
A. Physical classification of matter
B. Chemical classification of matter.

i. Solid State: A solid has definite shape and definite

volume. The magnitude of attractive force is very
strong. For example: Table, chair, sugar etc.
ii. Liquid state: A liquid has definite volume but not
definite shape. The liquid has tendency to flow. This is
so because magnitude of attractive forces is weak. For
example: Water, milk, ethyl alcohol etc.
iii. Gaseous state: A gas has neither definite shape nor
definite volume. This is because magnitude of attractive
forces is very weak. For example: Hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen etc.
B. Chemical classification of matter
This classification is based on chemical composition of
matter. These are of three types.
i. Element

ii. Compound

iii. Mixture

significant figures is
A. 1
B. 2
C.3
D. 4
2. The number of significant figures in

are
A. Three
C. five

ii. Liquid state

i. Element: It is a purre substance that contains only

one kind of atoms. There are about 112 elements. These
are of three types.
1. Metals: Metals are generally hard, rigid, good
conductor of heat and electricity, ductile and malleable.
However, mercury, is liquid at room temperature. For
example: Sodium, potassium, calcium etc.
2. Non-metals: These are bad conductor of heat and
electricity, and are not ductile and non malleable. For
example: Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur etc.
Graphite is an exception , it is good conductor of
electricity.
3. Metalloid: These are the elements which behave as
both metals as well as non-metals. For example:
Arsenic, antimony, bismuth etc.
ii. Compound: It is a pure substance containing two or
more elements in a fixed ratio by weight. It is always
homogeneous. These are of two types:

1. Inorganic compound: These are obtained from nonliving sources such as rocks and minerals. For example:
common salt, marble, washing soda etc.
2. Organic compounds: These are present in plants
and animals. These are obtained from living-thing. For
example: Oil, fats, carbohydrates etc.
iii. Mixture: it is a material obtained by the
combination of two or more substances in any ratio. It
is of two types.
1. Homogeneous mixture: Here, composition is
uniform throughout the material. For example: Air is a
homogeneous mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide etc.
2. Heterogeneous mixture: Here, composition is not
uniform. For example: A mixture of iron pieces and
sulphur powder is heterogeneous.
9. LAW OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
A. Law of conservation of mass
It was proposed by A. Lavoisier in 1789. It states that in
all physical and chemical changes, the total mass of
reactants is equal to that of products. It can also be
stated as, Matter can neither be created nor be
destroyed. A balanced chemical equation is in
accordance with this law. E.g.

total sum of mass and energy during any physical or

chemical change remains constant.
B. Law of constant composition
It was proposed by Joseph Proust in 1799. It states that
a pure chemical compound always consists of the same
elements combined together in definite ratio by weight.
e.g.,

O contains H and O in the ratio of 1:8 by

mass irrespective of its source.

Limitation
i. This law is not applicable if an element exists in
different isotopes which may be involved in the
formation of the compound. e.g.

12

C O 2 has C:O in

the ratio of 12:32 by mass but C14 O2 has C:O in the

ratio of 14:32 by mas..
ii. The elements may combine in the same ratio but the
compounds formed may be different.
e.g. in C2H5OH and CH3 (both C2H6O) ratio of
C:H:O =24:6:16 = 12:3:8 by mass.

CO
+ O 2 44 g
12 g 32 g

C. Law of Multiple Proportion

Limitation
This law does not hold good in nuclear reaction as some
of the mass of reactants is converted into energy

E=mc
( 2) . This law, therefore, has been modified to

It was proposed by Dalton in 1803. It states that if two

elements combine to form two or more compounds, the
weights of one of the elements which combine with a
fixed weight of other, bear a simple number ratio. e.g.
N and O forms number of oxide as shown in table given
below.

law of conservation of mass and energy saying that

NITROGEN AND OXYGEN COMBINE TO FORM MORE THAN ONE OXIDE

Compound

N2O
NO
N2O3
N2O4
N2O5

Nitrogen
(parts by mass)
28
14
28
28
28

Oxygen
(parts by mass)
16
32
48
64
80

Nitrogen
(Fixed mass)
14
14
14
14
14

Oxygen (mass of
Oxygen which combine with fixed mass o
nitrogen)
8
16
24
32
40

Thus, Fixing the mass of nitrogen as 14 parts, ratio of masses of oxygen is 8:16:24:32:40 or 1:2:3:4:5, which is a simple
ratio.
D. Law of reciprocal proportion

It was proposed by Richter. The ratio of weights of two

elements X and Y which combine with a fixed weight
of third element Z, is same or simple multiple of the
ratio which combine directly with each other.
e.g. elements H and O combine separately with the
third element S to form H2S and SO2 and they combine
directly with each other to form H2O as

This is not true as half an atom cannot participate in a

reaction (atom is the smallest particle taking part in a
chemical reaction).
Check your Grasp
5. Which one of the following is not an element?
A. Diamond
B. Graphite
C. Silica
D. Ozone
6. Law of multiple proportions is illustrated by one of
the following pairs
A.

H 2 S and SO 2

B.

NH 3 and

D.

N 2 O and

NO2
i. The masses of H and O which combine with fixed
mass of S (32 parts) are 2 and 32 or they are in the ratio
2:32=1:16.
ii. When H and O combine directly to form

H2O

the ratio of their combining masses =2:16 Or 1:8.

1 1
: =1:2
16 8

The two ratios are related as

i.e. simple multiple of each other.

E. Law of combining volumes
It was proposed by Gay Lussac in 1808. It states that
under similar conditions of T and P, whenever gases
combine, they do so in volumes which bear a simple
whole number ratio. With each other and also with
gaseous products.
H2

Cl2

e . gIL ( g ) +IL ( g)

2 Hcl
2L

( g)

The ratio of their volumes is 1:1:2

e . g 1 mL of

H2,

O2 Or a mixture of

gases contain the same number of molecules under

similar conditions of temperature and pressure.
10. BERZELIUS HYPOTHESIS
Under similar conditions of T and P all gases contain
equal number of atoms. This hypothesis could not
become a law as it was in contradiction with Daltons
atomic theory.

H 2 ( g ) +Cl 2 ( g) 2 HCl( g)
According to Berzelius

n atoms n atoms
1 atom 1 atom
1
2

1
atom 2

C.

Na2 S and Na 2 O
NO

7. The law of multiple proportion was proposed by

A. Lavosier
B. Dalton
C. Proust
D. Gay-Lussac
11. AVOGADROS HYPOTHESIS
Under similar conditions of T and P, equal volumes of
all gases contain equal number of molecules.
Applications of Avogadros hypothesis
Using Avogadrros hypothesis, it can be concluded that

2 Vapour density

i.

Molecular mass

ii.

22.4 L of any gas at S.T.P. weigh equal to

molecular mass in gram. This mass is called
Gram molecular mass and the volume is
known as Gram molecular volume.

S.T.P. stands for standard temperature and pressure.

S.T.P condition means 273 K temperature and one
atmospheric pressure.
12. ATOMIC MASS UNIT

It is equal to

1
12 th of the mass of an atom of C-12.

It is equal to

1.6 1024 g.

13. ATOMIC MASS

2 n compound atoms
2 compound atoms

It is the average relative mass of its atoms as compared

with an atom of C-12. It is expressed in a.m.u.
Atomic mass of an element

atom 1 compound atom

Average mass of one atom of the element

1
th part of the mass of one atom of carbon
12

If an element exist in two isotopic forms having atomic

massesaand b in the ratio m:n then

( m a )+(n b)
m+n

C12

B.

1
14

D.

1.66 10

Of

O16

H2

23

9. Atomic mass of an element is

(A) the actual mass of one atom of the element
(B) the relative mass of an atom of the element
(C) the average relative mass of different atoms of the
element

For example: There are two isotopes of chlorine namely

Cl35 and Cl37 in the ratio 3:1.

(D) much different from the mass number of the

element.
16. MOLECULAR MASS
Molecular mass of substance is average relative mass of

( 3 35 )+(1 37)
Average atomic mass
3+1

Or

kg

14. CALCULATION OF AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

1
12

C. 1 g of

mass of one atom of t h e element

mass of one atom of C12

Average atomic mass

A.

its molecule as compared with an atom of

C12 .

It is expressed in a.m.u. For example : Molecular mass

of nitrogen is 28 a.m.u

105+37 144
=
=35.5 a.m.u
4
4

Molecular mass =

15. GRAM ATOMIC MASS (G.A.M)

The atomic mass of an element expressed in gram is
called gram atomic mass. The amount is also known as
one gram atom. G.A.M.=One gram atom
It is the absolute mass in grams of
atoms of any element.
Number of gram atoms

Mass of element grams

Atomic mass of the element grams

8. 1 a.m.u is equal to

23

6.02 10

Mass of one molecule of a substance

1
t h part of mass of one atom of carbon
12
17. GRAM MOLECULAR MASS (G.N.M)
The molecular mass of a molecule expressed in gram
known as gram molecular mass.
For example: Gram molecular mass of nitrogen is 28 g.
Gram molecular mass is also known as one gram
molecule. G.M.M.=One gram molecule.
No. of gram molecules=

Mass of substancegrams
Molecular mass of the substance grams
5

Vapour density
V.D =

Density of a gas at certain temp . pressure

Density of hydrogenat same temp . pressure

Gram molecular mass of a substance

23
6.02 10

iii. SI definition of mole

V.D =

Massof a certain volume of a gas

Mass of same volume of hydrogen under
same temp .pressure

V.D =

one mole is that amount of the substance which

contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in

0.012 kg ( i, e .12 g ) C12isotope .

23

1 g mol=6.022 10 particles .

Molecular mass
2

1 kg mol=6.022 1026 particles .

18. MOLE CONCEPT
One mole is defined as the number of particles in 12 g
of carbon 12. The number of particles is equal to
Avogadros no. i,e.,

6.022 10

23

molecules or ions). It is denoted by

particles (atoms,

N0 .

A. In case of atomic substances,

1 mol =
G.A.M.
=
One gram atom

i. Number of moles

B. In case of molecular substances,

1 mol =
G.M.M
=
One gram molecule

Mass of substance grams W

=
Molecular mass
M

No . of particles
6.02 10 23

N
N0

Gram atomicmass of an element

6.02 1023

ii. Mass of one molecule of a substance

6.023 1023 molecules

=
22.4 L at S.T.P. if substance is gas
C. In case of ionic compounds
1 mol =
Gram formula mass of compound
=

Volume of gas litres at STP

22.4

Mass of one atom of an element

6.023 1023 atoms

6.023 1023 formula unit of

Compound

23

6.023 10

time number of ions

present in one formula unit.

Check your Grasp
10. The weight of a molecule of the compounds

C6 H 12 is
A.

14 1023 g

C.

5.025 1023 g D. 16.023 1023 g

B.

1.09 1021 g

11.The volume occupied by 4.4 g of

CO2 at STP is

A. 22.4 L
B. 2.24 L
C. 0.224 L
D. 0.1 L
12. Avogadro number is
A. number of atoms in gram of element
B. number of millitres which one mole of a gaseous
substance occupies at N.T.P.
C. number of molecules present in one gram molecular
mass of a substance
D. all are correct
19. EQUIVALENT WEIGHT
The equivalent weight of a substance is the number of
parts by weight of the substance that combine with or
displace directly or indirectly 1.008 parts by weight of
hydrogen or 8 parts by weight of oxygen or 35.5 parts
by weight of chlorine.
Equi. Wt. of acid
=

Mol . wt of base
Acidity
Equi. Wt. of salt

Mol . wt . of salt
TOtal positive valency of metal
Equi. wt. of oxidising agent =

Mol . wt .
No . of electrons gained
Mol . wt .
No . of electrons lost
Equivalent weight is the weight of a substance which is
deposited by 96500 coulumbs or 1 Faraday.
Note:- Equivalent weight 96500
Electrochemical equivalent
Basicity

+
It is the number of displaceable H
ions from one
molecule of the acid. For example: Basicity is one for

H 2 SO 4 and three for H 3 PO 4 .

HCl, two for

one molecule of base.

13. 1 mol of
A.

CH 4 contains

6.02 1023 atom of H

B. 4 g atoms of hydrogen
C.

1.81 1023 atom

D.

3.0 g of carbon.

22. EMPIRICAL FORMULA

It gives the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of
various elements present in one molecule of the
compound. For example: Empirical formula of glucose

CH

is

Equi. wt. of reducing agent =

It is the number of displaceable

20. GRAM EQUIVALENT WEIGHT

The equivalent weight of a substance expressed in gram
is known as gram equivalent weight.
Check your Grasp

No . of parts by weig h t of element

100
Molecular mass

Acidity

Ca(OH )2 is two.

14. Equivalent weight of crystalline oxalic acid is

A. 90
B. 63
C. 53
D. 45
21. CALCULATION OF PERCENTATE
COMPOSITION FROM FORMULA
% of element =

Mol . wt . of acid
Basicity
Equi. Wt. of base

For example: Acidity of NaOH is one, that

OH ions from

where

n=6

23. MOLECULAR FORMULA

It gives the actual number of atoms of various elements
present in one molecule of the compound.
For example: Molecular formula of glucose is

C6 H 12 O6 .
Relation between molecular formula and empirical
formula
Molecular formula
Where

n Empirical formula

n= any integer

24. CALCULATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULA

OF A COMPOUND
A. Write the % age of different elements involved in the
formula.
B. Calculate atomic ratio. This is obtained by dividing
% age of each element by its atomic mass.
C. Divide the atomic ratio of different elements by the
smallest among them to find simplest ratio.

D. Convert the simplest ratio into nearest whole

number. This whole number is known as simplest
whole number ratio.
E. Write the symbols of elements side by side and put
the simplest whole number ratio of each element at the
lower right end of the symbol.
25. CALCULATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULA
OF A COMPOUND
Following steps are involved
A. Calculate the molecular mass of substance by
suitable method.
B. Calculate empirical formula mass by adding the
atomic masses of atom involved in empirical formula.
C. Divide the molecular mass of substance by empirical
formula mass. As a result n is obtained.
D. Molecular formula

2 H 2 +O2 2 H 2 O

Here 2 mol of

FeSO 4 .7 H 2 O
i. The valencies of the two elements forming
isomorphous salts are essentially same. Therefore, if the
valency of one of the elements is known, that of other
can be obtained.
ii. Weights of two elements A and B that combine with
the same weight of other elements in their respective
isomorphs, are in the ratio of their atomic masses, i,e,

wt . of A that combines withcertain wt . of other element

wt . of Bthat combines with same wt . of other element

n Empirical formula

26. LIMITING REAGENT

The reactant which is present in smaller amount, reacts
completely and decide the amount of products formed
is called limiting reagent.
Excess reagent
The reactant which is not consumed completely in the
reaction is called excess reactant or excess reagent.
e.g.

FeSO 4 .7 H 2 O

H 2 react exactly with 1 mol of

O2 to form 2 mol of H 2 O . If given moles of

At mass of A
At mass of B

28. IMPORTANT FORMULAE AND POINTS

1. Atomic mass

specific heat 6.4

(Duleng and Petit law)

2. Atomic mass = Equivalent wt.

3. Atomic mass of a gaseous element =

Molecular mass
Valency
4. Vapour density of a volatile metal choride

H 2 are 4 and that of O2 are 0.5. Then

2 H 2 +O2 2 H 2 O

41

0.50.52 0.5

3 mol
Therefore

= 1 mol formed

O2 acts as limiting reagent as it is in

minimum amount and the product formation is given

with respect to

i, e .,1 mol of H 2 O
is formed)
O2

27. ISOMORPHOUS COMPOUNDS

The compounds having identical crystal structure,
similar constitution and chemical formulae.

ZnSO 4 . 7 H 2 O
e.g.

MgSO4. 7 H 2 O
8

E = Eq. wt. of metal

X = valency of metal

4 mol 0.5 moles

Valency

5. Wt. of one atom =

Gram atomic wt .
N0

6. Wt. of one molecule =

7. Wt. of formula unit =

8. Wt. of one ion =

( E+ 35.5 ) x
2

Gram molecular wt .
N0
Gram formula wt .
N0

Gram ionic wt .
N0

9. 1 g atom wt. of an element is equal to its gram

atomic wt.
10. 1 g molecule wt. of a substance is equal to its gram
molecular wt.
11. 1 g formula wt. of an ionic compound is equal to its
gram formula wt.

12. 1 g ion wt. of an ion is equal to its gram ionic wt.

13. No. of atoms =

Wt . of an elementgrams
Gram atomic wt .

14. No. of g molecules =

Wt . of a substance grams
grammolecular wt .

15. No. of gram formulae :

Wt . of ionic compound grams

gram formula weight

16. No. of g ions =

Wt . of an iongrams
grams ionic wt .

17. Loschmidt number : The no. of molecules in 1

cm3 of a gas at STP. It is equal to

2.687 1019 .
1 mol of

H 2 O is equal to 22400 mL of

but the concepts is that 1 mol of

concepts is that 1 mol of
22400 mL of
mol of

H2O

H 2 O but the

H 2 O is not equal to

H 2 O because it is a liquid. Instead, 1

H 2 O=18 mL of H 2 O .