International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 14 Issue 2 APRIL 2015.

INTEGRATION OF BATTERY ENERGY

STORAGE SYSTEM BASED PV POWER
PLANT INTO GRID
MAHESHA G
PG Student
Power Electronics
siddaganga institute of technology
Tumakuru,India
mahesha021@gmail.com

DR.RASHMI
Associate Professor
EEE Dept
siddaganga institute of technology
Tumakuru, India
rash_mysore@yahoo.com

AbstractWith increase in the power demand, the

energy generated by various renewable resources such

as solar, wind, tidal energy sources is clean, cheap and
has less environmental impact and requires meticulous
attention. The renewable energy sources are the one of
the most promising solution for today's energy crisis.
Among the all renewable energy sources the photo
voltaic(PV) system attracts more because it generate
power with much lower level of carbon dioxide(CO2)
emissions. This paper aims to investigate and emphasize
the importance of the grid-connected PV system
including the intermittent nature of renewable
generation and the characteristics of PV generation with
regard to the grid compliance. The integration of PV
system to the grid requires models of PV array, SEPIC
converter with maximum power point tracking(MPPT)
inverter control strategy, Bi-directional converter and
battery energy storage system using matlab/simulink
and
compatible
controller
is
used
for
MPPT(incremental conductance method),dc bus voltage
regulation. battery charge and discharge control,
protection of system. and the developed models are used
for the validation of simulation studies.

with the conventional electricity generated by burning coal

and using natural gas. Regarding the endless aspect of solar
energy, it is worth saying that solar energy is a only best
prospective solution for today's energy crisis.
Effective interconnection of always varying renewable
energy resources like solar PV (photovoltaic) systems to the
grid requires much more attention to ensure system
stability, reliability and reducing complexity. The operating
characteristics of such PV power plants is to be easily
understood to power system designer and engineers. Such
easy access can effectively be done only via system
modeling, simulation and case studies.
Grid interconnection of PV power generation [6-7]system
has the advantage of more effective utilization of generated
power. however the technical requirements from the utility
power system grid is to be safe to the PV installer and the
reliability of the utility grid. clarifying the technical
requirements and electromagnetic interference are therefore
very important issues for widespread application of PV
systems. Grid interconnection of PV systems is
accomplished through the inverter, which convert dc power
used for ordinary power supply to electric equipments.
The problems with the most existing models are photo
voltaic generation variability and intermittency on the
power system due to ever changing solar insolation,
temperature and shading in the atmosphere is not taken into
account. The power which is generated by the existing PV
modelis comparatively less and mainly the output of DCAC converter is not constant.
This paper presents the mitigation of the variability
andintermittency of the photo voltaic power generating
systemsby employing power electronic converter and
energystorage system. The photo voltaic model output,

KEYWORDS
PV array, SEPIC converter ,maximum power point tracking
,Bidirectional converter, Battery energy storage.
I.
INTRODUCTION
IN the recent power scenario energy generated from clean,
efficient, and without affecting the environment such
sources has become one of the major challenges for
engineers and scientists. Among allrenewable energy
sources, photo voltaic power systems attract more attention
because they provide excellent opportunity to generate
power with less carbon-dioxide(CO2) emission comparing

56

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 14 Issue 2 APRIL 2015.
efficiencyisincreased by incorporating maximum power
pointtracking using incremental conductance method,
and regulation of the inverter output frequency and voltage
can
be achieved by robustness of the control system.
II.

The proposed model is implemented in steps, section A

gives the model of the PV array while section B discuss the
modeling and working of SEPIC converter. section C deals
with the MPPT control technique while section D details
the modeling of energy storage converter and battery
energy storage system and section E discuss the control of
voltage source inverter.

PROPOSED MODEL

A. PV ARRAY MODEL
The basic structural unit of a solar module is the PV cells.
A solar cell converts energy in the photons of sunlight into
electricity called photoelectric phenomenon. PV module
uses semiconductor materials such as silicon and
germanium cells to convert solar energy into electricity
when they exposed into light. A single PV cell generates
only a small voltage. so many cells which are together to
generate more voltage called PV module. such PV module
are connected in series or parallel to make PV array[1-3].
The output voltage and output current (V-I) characteristics
of the PV array is developed by the equations. The equation
of output current of the PV module is

= [

fig 1.

1]

where
Iois the PV array output current;
V is the PV output voltage;
Iph is the cell photocurrent that is proportional to solar
irradiation;
Irs is the cell reverse saturation current that mainly depends
on temperature;
Kois a constant;
nsrepresents the number of PV cells connected in series;
nprepresents the number of such strings connected in
parallel.
The photocurrent of the module is given by

BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of the proposed model(fig.1) consists of

PV array, SEPIC converter with MPPT control strategy,
battery energy storage system, DC-AC converter and
controller.
The PV array which converts solar energy into electric
energy. The power generated by PV module is less and
varying each time then generated power by PV module is
boosted by SEPIC converter which as a capability of both
increasing and decreasing the output voltage of PV array
and incremental conductance MPPT is used to increase the
PV efficiency and output power. The output of the SEPIC
converter is fed into the DC bus. The battery energy storage
system is also connected to DC bus, when during the light
load, the excess power generated by the PV array is stored
into the battery, when during peak demand the energy
stored in the battery is fed into the DC bus through the
bidirectional converter. The DC-AC converter(inverter) is
required to convert DC power into AC power. The LC filter
is connected after VSI to reduce the harmonics, The filtered
output is fed to the grid.
III.

= [ + ]

100

where
Iscr cell short-circuit current at reference temperature and
radiation;
ki short-circuit current temperature coefficient;
Trcell reference temperature;
S solar irradiation in mill watts per square centimeter.
And the module reverse saturation current is calculated
from

1 1
[ ])

I = [ ]3 ([

where
Trcell reference temperature;
Irr reverse saturation at Tr;
EGband-gap energy of the semiconductor used in the cell.

IMPLEMENTATION

57

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 14 Issue 2 APRIL 2015.
This result of SEPIC converter[8] is similar to that of the
buck-boost and
Cuk converter equations ,with the
important distinction that there is no polarity reversal
between input and output voltages. although the buckboost converter is cheaper than the SEPIC and some of the
disadvantages in buck-boost and cuk converter are high
peak current in power components, and poor impulse
response, makes less efficient. In the other hand the
efficiency of the SEPIC converter is more compare to other
converter and The SEPIC converter as an ability to have
output voltage greater or less than the input with no polarity
reversal makes this converter suitable for many
applications.so the SEPIC converter is best converter to be
employed in MPPT.
fig.4 shows SEPIC converter module. The SEPIC converter
which is interfaced between the PV array and DC bus to
track the MPPT of the PV array to increase the efficiency
and regulate the changing output of the PV panel to the DC
bus requirements.
The complete analysis of SEPIC converter is carried out
the derived equations are listed below and the design
specifications table.IIand calculated values are used in
simulation
1 = /(1 )

The above equations are used to develop the model of PV

panel using matlab/simulink.The general single diode
equivalent model of solar cell fig.2 is used to develop the
equations. This paper the BP solar SX3190 was chosen to
develop the model of the PV panel and same model is used
for simulation studies. the technical specifications of the
SX3190 module is tabulated in table.I, and the
matlab/simulinkmodel of the single diode equivalent circuit
fig.3 is developed and variations in the power output
because of the environmental variables is taken into
account.

fig 2.

single diode equivalent model of solar cell

2 = /(2 )

table I.

0 = /(

= /(

)
)

specifications and parameters of BP SX3190

Fig.4 circuit of SEPIC converter

fig 3.

matlab/simulink model of PV panel

B.

table II.

SEPIC CONVERTER MODELING

58

SEPIC specifications and parameters

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 14 Issue 2 APRIL 2015.
C. BIDIRECTIONAL CONVERTER AND ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEM
Bidirectional DC-DC converters serves the purpose of
stepping up or stepping down the voltage level between its
input and output along with the capability of power flow in
both the directions. Bidirectional DC-DC converters[5],[9]
are employed when the DC bus voltage regulation has to be
achieved along with the power flow capability in both the
direction. In the solar power systems where there is a large
fluctuation in the generated power because of the large
variation and uncertainty of the energy supply to the PV
panels by the primary source. These systems cannot serve
as a standalone system for power supply because of these
large fluctuations and therefore these systems are always
backed up and supported by the auxiliary sources which are
rechargeable such as battery units.Therefore a bidirectional
DC- DC converter is needed to be able to allow power flow
in both the directions at the regulated level.
Several types of bidirectional converter topologies exist.
This paper uses half bridge DC-DC converter
topology(fig.5) and design specifications(table.III) is
given.which operates in two modes depending upon the
switching of MOSFET's.

fig 5.

condition the current-voltage(I-V) and power-voltage(P-v)

characteristics of PV module are changing throughout the
day.Photovoltaic modules have a very low conversion
efficiency and on the other hand due to the temperature,
radiation and load variations, this efficiency can be highly
reduced. In order to ensure that the photovoltaic modules
always act supplying the maximum power as possible and
at the ambient operating conditions, a specific circuit
known as Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is
employed.
There are so many MPPT [4] control algorithms are exist to
track the maximum power point, some of the methods are
simple and some were complicated. The comparison of
several MPPT's is listed below(Table.IV) ,however this
paper uses incremental conductance(ICT) method because
it as advantage of high accuracy in tracking maximum
power from PV module, medium implementation
complexity and digital implementation can be done.fig.6the
basic power-voltage(P-V) curve of the PV array The
incremental conductance method uses this curve as key
factor to track the maximum power point tracking. This
technique is basedon the fact that the MPP can be tracked
accurately bycomparing the incremental conductance
(I/V) with the instantaneous conductance (I/V) of the PV
array. This is implemented by taking power or current as a
input variable and duty ratio as a output variable. both
conductance's are equal at MPP this point need not to
change the duty cycle, negative on the right side of MPP
this point decrease the duty ratio of the converter and
positive on the left side of MPP.The basic equations of this
method are

Half bridge Bidirectional converter

table III.

= , at MPP

> , left of MPP

<

, right of MPP

Design parameters of bidirectional converter

D. MPPT CONTROLLER MODELING

The power output from the solar panel is a function of
insolation level and temperature. But for a given operating

fig 6.

59

P-V characteristics of BP solar SX3190

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 14 Issue 2 APRIL 2015.
table IV.

fig 7.

comparison of various MPPT techniques

matlab/simulink model of control of inverter

E. INVERTER CONTROL
The three phase full bridge inverter topology is the most
widely used configuration in three phase systems. The
output voltage and frequency of inverter should be same as
that of grid frequency and voltage. The output of grid
connected inverter can be controlled as a voltage or current
source and pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source
inverters (VSI) are most widely use in PV systems.
The control strategy applied for inverter[10] consists of two
control loops. Usually there is a fast inner control loop
which controls grid current and an external voltage loop
which control dc link voltage. The current control loop is
responsible for power quality issues like low THD and
good power factor, whereas voltage control loop balances
the power flow in the system . Synchronous reference frame
control also called d-q control uses a reference frame

transformation abcto dq which transforms the grid current

and voltages into d-q frame. The transformed voltage
detects phase and frequency of grid, whereas transformed
current controls the grid current. Thus the control variables
becomes dc values, hence filtering and controlling becomes
easier. The matlab/simulink model (fig.8) shows the control
strategy used to control of voltage source inverter.
IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The characteristics of developed BP solar SX3190 PV
array model are shown in figs (8,9).The effect of
temperature on PV array is shown in the fig.8.it is clearfrom
the figure with the increase in ambient temperature the
output current of the PV array slightly increases and
fig 8.

60

Effect of temperature on PV array

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 14 Issue 2 APRIL 2015.
fig 9.

fig 10.

fig 11.

Effect of solar insolation on PV array

bidirectional converter, This mode is referred as buck

mode. during the buck mode the fig.10 shows the state of
charge(SOC) of battery, current and battery voltage.
when during the power generated by PV array is less or
insufficient that means the load requires more power than
the generated in that case the stored power in the battery is
fed back to the dc bus called boost mode, this is shown in
the fig.11.
The output characteristics of the inverter is shown in the
fig.12 it shows the rms current and voltage of the varying
load. when load is suddenly varied within the fraction of
seconds the output voltage and frequency comes to steady
state, This shows the effective control strategy of the
inverter.

Battery charging mode

V.
CONCLUSION
The simple method of modeling of PV array is
implemented and it can be used for power flow in bulk
study systems. and the effect of environmental aspects
such as temperature and irradiation are taken into
account to validate the performance of PV array. The
efficiency and power output of PV generator is
maximized by employing the incremental conductance
MPPT control through SEPIC converter. The battery
energy storage system minimizes the intermittency and
variability in the PV generator via bidirectional
converter and the inverter output is effectively
controlled by inner current control loop and outer
voltage control loop and in other hand the simulation
results show the integration of PV power plant and
battery energy storage system into the grid.

Battery discharging mode

REFERENCES
fig 12.

[1] M. E. Ropp and S. Gonzalez, Development of a matlab/Simulin

model
of a single- phase grid connected photovoltaic system, IEEE Trans.
Energy Conversion, vol. 24, pp. 195-202,2009.
[2] Y. Mahmoud, W. Xiao, and H. H. Zeineldin, A simple approach to
modeling and simulation of photovoltaic modules, IEEE Translation
Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, no.1, pp. 185-186, Jan. 2012.
[3] A. Keyhani, Modeling of photovoltaic microgrids for bulk power grid
studies, in Proc. IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting,
Detroit, 2011, pp.1-6.
[4] A. Safari and S. Mekhilef, Simulation and hardware implementation
of incremental conductance mppt with direct control method using cuk
converter, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, pp. 1154-1161,
April, 2011.
[5] N.Mohan,T. M.Undeland, and W.P.Robbins,Power Electronics, Third
edition, India Willy 2010.pp.185-248
[6] F. A. Farret, M. G. Simes, Integration of alternative sources of
energy, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006.

rms voltage and current of inverter

the open circuit voltage of the PV array decreases from

165-110V is shown in the fig.9. with increase in the current
and decreasing in the open circuit voltage the net power
output of the PV array decreases, This conclude that with
increasing the ambient temperature the PV array output
decreases.
The performance characteristics of battery energy
storage system with half bridge bi-directional converter is
shown in the fig,10and fig.11.when there is enough power
generating from the PV array , generated power is fed
to the load through inverter. if still excess power is
generated it is used to charge the battery through

61

International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)

ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 14 Issue 2 APRIL 2015.
[7] FredeBlaabjerg , Remus Teodorescu and Marco Liserre, Overview
of control & grid synchronization for distributed power generation
systems, IEEE transaction on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, pp. 500
513,Oct- 2006
[8]D.W.Hart.PowerElectronics.Newyork:McGraw-hill,2011
[9] M.H.Rashid.PowerElectronics:circuits,devices and Applications 3 rd ed.
New jersey.pearson education.Inc:2004

[10] Inverters, Converters, and Controllers for Use in Independent Power

Systems,Underwriters Laboratories Standard UL-1741, Standard for
Safety,
May 1999.

62