Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT
Ancient Times
Natural factors that affect the
development and growth of urban
areas:
Potential for natural calamities (fire,
flood, volcano eruptions, etc.)
presence of fertile soil, bodies of
water, and other natural resources
slope and terrain and other forms of
natural defenses
climate
Innovations that influenced the
development of the earliest cities
- The plow and rectilinear farming.
-Circular and radiocentric planning
-for herding and eventually for
defense
7000 9000 b.c.
NEOLITHIC CITIES
Jericho: early settlement in Israel 9000b.c.
-A well-organized community of about
3000 people
-Built around a reliable source of
freshwater
-Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a
circular stone wall
-Overrun in about 6500 b.c., rectangular
layouts followed
Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus 5500 b.c
-First documented settlement with
streets
-The main street heading uphill
was narrow but had a wider terminal,
which may have been a social spot
Catalhoyuk: early settlement in Turkey
(Asia Minor)
-Circa 7000 b.c.
-Largest neolithic city
13 hectares; 10,000 people
-An intricately assembled complex
without streets
-Included shrines and quarters for
specialized crafts, production of
paintings, textile, metal, etc.
-Rested on a new rationale for the city at
that time- trade
2000-4000 B.C.
- Cities in the Fertile Crescent were
formed by the Tigris and Euphrates
river valleys of Mesopotamia.
-Eridu: acknowledged as the oldest city.
-Damascus: oldest continually
inhabited city
-Babylon: the largest city with 80,000
inhabitants
3000 B.C.
-Cities of Thebes and Memphis along
the Nile Valley
- characterized by monumental
architecture
-cities had monumental avenues,
colossal temple plazas and tombs cut
from rock
-workers communities were built in
cells along narrow roads
Tel-el-Amarna
-An example of a typical Egyptian city
with the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Central Area
North Suburb
South City
Customs House
Workers Village
2500 B.C.
Indus Valley (present day Pakistan) Cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harrapa:
-administrative-religious centers with
40,000 inhabitants
400 B.C.
-Hippodamus- the first noted urban
planner. Introduced the grid system
and the Agora (public marketplace)
Miletus (ancient Greek city)
3 sections:
for artisans,farmers, and the military
ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES:
KARLSRUHE- (GERMANY)
VERSAILLES -(FRANCE)
-ANNAPOLIS
Government
bldgs. Were focal
points of the plan,
though a civic square was also provided
.
-WILLIAMSBURG
- plan was anchored
by the Governors
palace, the state
capitol, and the
College of William and Mary
5. The Speculators Town - developments
were driven by speculation
- Philadelphia designed by WILLIAM
PENN
Catholic church
Municipal or town hall
Marketplace and merchants stores
Elementary school
The homes of the principalia
Other government buildings
INTRAMUROS
The walled city of Manila
-1.2 sq. KM in area; perimeter is 3.4 KM
-home of the Spanish (except for the
Friars & the high ranking officials)
- decentralization occurred and
settlements were built in Malate, San
Miguel, and Paco, among other areas
AMERICAN PERIOD
THE AMERICAN AGENDA
-guide urban growth and physical
development
RICHNESS
-The variety of sense experiences
that users can enjoy
There are two ways for users to
choose from different sense
experiences:
focusing their attention on different
sources of sense experience
moving away from one source to
another
PERSONALIZATION
-allows people to achieve Personalization
an environment that bears the stamp of
their own tastes and values
-makes a persons pattern of activities
more clear
Users personalize in two ways:
to improve practical facilities and
to change the image of a place
-Users personalize as an affirmation of
their own tastes and values and because
they perceive existing image as
inappropriate
- Flat
- Hilly
CONSTELLATION - a
series of nearly equal
sized cities in close
proximity
SATELLITE
constellation of cities
around a main center
BRANCH - a linear
span with connecting
arms
ARTICULATED SHEET-a
sheet accented by
central clusters and sub
clusters
ARCHITECTURE
- SCALE
- CHARACTER/ THEME
- GRAIN/ TEXTURE
ROUTES
URBAN SPACES
CITY FUNCTIONS
1. ECONOMICS
-A basic and continuing function.
The city acts as producers and
marketplaces
-Locating cities at strategic points is
important for the exchange of goods
2. DEFENSE AND PROTECTION
-Historic urban functions of the city,
though quite obsolete at present
-Cities were once built to withstand
sieges from migrating tribes, or frequent
raids from enemies
3. WORSHIP AND GOVERNMENT
-The prime function of the city
throughout history
-Cities were built around temples,
shrines, and pyramids in ancient Egypt,
Greece, and Rome
The medieval cathedral was the center of
the city, as were renaissance palaces and
castles
4. TRANSPORTATION
-Greatly influences the location of cities
since they are dependent on geography
-New means of transportation have
enabled people to live in much larger
more spread out cities
EDUCATION AND CULTURE
-Cities have always been the seat of
academy and scholarship and is a
continuing function
-Due to the diversity of people, ideas,
jobs, etc., the city is seen as an educator.
-Ancient theaters, religious festivals, city
beautification, etc. is a reflection of
cultural pride.
HOUSING
-The largest and simplest function of a city
-Through the years, housing functions of
the inner city have shifted to outlying
areas
URBAN MODELS
1. CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY
-the geographer E.W. BURGESS
-includes transition
zone for eventual CBD
expansion
-has some deficiencies
but simplicity has
stood the test of time
2. SECTOR MODEL
-the economist HOMER HOYT
-developed under
the premise that
other uses grow
with the CBD
-consistent with the
observation that
most cities grow in
the direction of the
higher income
4. URBAN REALMS
- by JAMES VANCE
-presents the
emergence of selfsufficient sectors
-independent
urban realms
brought by the
impact of the
automobile
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT
For large projects developers are required
to outline possible effects of the project
on the environment. The outline includes
the following:
1. Description of the project
2. Description of existing environments
(physical, social, economic, historical,
and aesthetic)
3. Impact on the environment (conditions
evaluated)
NEW ORBANISM
BACKGROUND OF NEW URBANISM
SPRAWL
Creates landscapes dominated by
parking lots and undefined edges,
aesthetically unpleasing characteristics
of the urban fabric
HIERARCHY OF SPACES
THE REGION
(Region, City, Neighborhood, District, Block, Street)
REDEVELOPMENT
INFILL
NEW TOWNS
SEASIDE
- Famous Case Studies:
1. Walton County, Florida, 1981
- proj area. 80 acres
- Fosters a strong sense of community
with of community with a variety of
dwelling units built close to each
other, complete neighborhood
amenities, open spaces, terminating
vistas, etc.
2.
Laguna West
- Sacramento County, California,
1990
- proj area. 1,045 acres
- Peter Calthorpe and Associates
-The system of public spaces is the
organizing structure of the
community of the community
-The town center is located at the
terminus of radial boulevards which
originate in neighborhood parks
3.
Kentlands,Gaithersburg, Maryland
- proj area: 355 acres
- Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater- Zyberk
(DPZ)
- High-end residential units built up to the
sidewalk and close to one another
4.
Jackson Taylor
- San Jose, California, 1991
- proj area. 75 acres
- Peter Calthorpe and Associates
- Presents three different block types:
BLOCK 1: mixed use commercial-officeresidential
BLOCK 2: high density residential
BLOCK 3: lower density residential
FAMOUS PLANNERS:
ABERCROMBIE, SIR LESLIE PATRICK
(1874- 1957)
-In 1913 he won a competition for the replanning of Dublin
-In 1944 he published his Greater London Plan
and founder of the Town Planning Review
MAYER, ALBERT
- Believed that housing developments should blend
in with the neighboring city to produce a change of
character, but not a shock
-Thus proposed the planning concept of
differentiation without division
-Conceptualized the original plan for Chandigarh
NASH, JOHN
-Believed in curving forms, rather than formal
grid patterns
- Designer of Londons Park Crescent and
Regents Park
SILKIN. LEWIS
-Earned his place in the history of planning by the
legislation which he introduced into Parliament
while minister of Town and Country Planning
from 1945 to 1950
-New Towns Act of 1946 and the Town and
Country Planning Act of 1947
TANGE, KENZO
-Architect and planner who analyzed major cities
of the worlds industrialized countries, finding
that characteristically they comprise only about
15% of a countrys population
WOOD, JOHN
-An early advocate of formalism in town planning
highlighted by simple curved buildings
-Designer of the Royal Circus and the Royal
Crescent in Bath, England
WREN, CHRISTOPHER
-Credited for rebuilding London after the fire of
1966
-The stock exchange building was the symbolic
focal point of his plan, instead of the traditional
palace or cathedral