World Textbook Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1
Becoming Human
CHAPTER 2
Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500-2000 BCE
CHAPTER 3
Nomads, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000- 1200 BCE
CHAPTER 4
First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-Eurasia, 1250-325 BCE
CHAPTER 5
Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000- 350 BCE
CHAPTER 6
Shrinking the Afro-Eurasian World, 350 - 100 BCE
CHAPTER 7
Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 BCE-300 CE
CHAPTER 8
The Rise of Universal Religions, 300-600 CE
CHAPTER 9
New Empires and Common Cultures, 600-1000 CE
CHAPTER 10
Becoming "The World," 1000-1300 CE
CHAPTER 11
Crises and Recovery in Afro-Eurasia, 1300-1500
45
159
197
267
303
341
383
233
83
121
Current Trends in World History
xix
Analyzing Global Developments
xxi
Global Themes and Sources

Maps
Preface
xxii
xxiv
xxvii
Highlights of the Concise Edition

Our Major Themes
xxviii
Overview of Volume One
xxviii
Overview of Volume Two
xxx
Media Ancillaries
For Students
xxvii
xxxii
xxxii
For Instructors
xxxii
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
xxxiii
xxxv
The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds
Chapter
BECOMING HUMAN
Creation Narratives
Hominids to Modern Humans
Evolutionary Findings and Research Methods
Early Hominids, Adaptation, and Climate Change

Tool-Use by Homo Habilis
Migrations of Homo Erectus
11
12
Homo Sapiens: The First Modern Humans
14
xxxviii
viii
Conte nts
The Life of Early Homo Sapiens

Language
19
19
Hunting and Gathering
20
Paintings, Sculpture, and Music
21
Agricul tural Revolution: Food Production and Social Change

The Beginnings of Settled Agriculture and Pastoralism
Agricultural Innov ation: Afro-Eura sia and the America s
Borrowing Agricultural Ideas: Europe
Revolutions in Social Orga nization
Conclusi on
22
27
31
33
35
38
Competing Perspectives: Creation Narrativ es

Interpreting Visual Ev idence: Prehistoric Art
38
42
Chapter 2
RIVERS, CITIES, AND FIRST

STATES, 3500-2000 BCE 45
Settlement and Pastoralism
46
Early Cities along River Basins
46
Pastoral Nomadic Communities
47
Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Mesopotamia

Tapping the Waters
51
Crossroads of Southwest Asia

The World's First Cities
Gods and Te mples
51
51
52
Royal Power, Families, and Social Hierarchy

First Writing and Early Texts
54
Spreading Cities and First Territorial States
"T he Gift of the Nile": Egypt
53
56
The Nile River and Its Floodwaters
56
The Egyptian State and Dynasties
58
55
SO
22
Contents
Pharaohs, Pyramids, and Cosmic Order

Gods, Priesthood, and Magical Power
Writing and Scribes
58
59
61
Prosperity and the Demise of Old Kingdom Egypt
The Indus River Valley: A Parallel Culture
63
65
Harappan City Life and Writing

Trade
63
67
The Yellow and Yangzi River Basins: East Asia

From Yangshao to Longshan Culture
Life Outside the River Basins

Aegean Worlds
Anatolia
68
68
71
71
72
Europe: The Western Frontier

The Americas
74
Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusion
72
75
75
78
Competing Perspectives: Early Writing
78
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Burials and Long-Distance Trade
81
Chapter 3
NOMADS, TERRITORIAL
STATES, AN12> MICROSOCIETIES,
2000-1200 BCE 83
Nomadic Movement and the Emergence of Territorial States
The Territorial State in Egypt
88
Religion and Trade in Middle Kingdom Egypt (2055-1650
BCE)
Migrations and Expanding Frontiers in New Kingdom Egypt
(1550-1069
BCE)
91
90
84
ix
Contents
Territorial States in Southwest Asia
93
94
Mesopotamian Kingship
The Old and New Hittite Kingdoms (1800-1200 BCE)

A Community of Major Powers (1400-1200 BCE)
Nomads and the Indus River Valley
96
96
97
The Shang Territorial State in East Asia (1600-1045 BCE)

State Formation
99
Agriculture and Tribute
103
Society and Ritual Practice

Shang Writing
103
104
Microsocieties in the South Pacific and in the Aegean

The South Pacific (2500 BCE-400 cE)
105
The Aegean World (2000-1200 BCE)
107
Conclusion
99
105
111
114
Competing Perspectives: Law Codes of Territorial States and Pastoral Nomads

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Bronze-Working
114
118
Chapter 4
FIRST EMPIRES AND COMMON

CULTURES IN AFRO-EURASIA,
1250-325 BCE 121
Forces of Upheaval and the Rise of Early Empires
Climate Change
Migrations
122
122
122
New Technologies
123
Administrative Innovations
126
Empire in Southwest Asia: The Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires

The Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-612 BCE)
The Persian Empire (ca. 560-331 BeE)
129
130
128
Contents
Imperial Fringes in Western Afro-Eurasia

Sea Peoples
136
The Greeks
136
The Phoenicians
The Israelite s
135
138
138
Foundations of Vedic Culture in South Asia (1500-600 BCE)

Vedic Culture Settles Down
140
Social Distinctions: Clans and Varna
140
Unity through the Vedas and Upanishads
142
The Early Zhou Empire in East Asia (1045-771 BCE)

Dynastic Institutions and Control of the Land
"Mandate of Heaven"
144
146
Social and Economic Controls
147
Limits and Decline of Zhou Power
Conclusion
143
147
148
152
Competing Perspectives: Consolidating Early Empires

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Tributes
152
156
Chapter 5
WORLDS TURNED INSIDE OUT,

1000-350 BCE 159
An "Axial Age"
162
Eastern Zhou China
162
Innovations in Thought
164
Innovations in State Administration

Innovations in Warfare
165
165
Economic, Social, and Cultural Changes
166
139
xi
xii
Contents
The New Worlds of South Asia
167
New Cities and a Changing Economy
169
Brahmans, Their Challengers, and New Beliefs
The Mediterranean World
172
Formation of New City-States

Economic Innovations
New Ideas
170
173
175
176
Common Cultures in the Americas and Sub-Saharan Africa

The Chavfn in the Andes
180
The Olmecs in Mesoamerica
181
Common Cultures in Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusion
180
184
187
190
Competing Perspectives: Axial Age Ideas
190
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Elsewhere in the Axial Age
194
Chapter 6
SHRINKING THE AFRO-EURASIAN

WORLD, 350-100 BCE 197
Alexander and the Emergence of a Hellenistic World
Alexander's Successors and the Territorial Kingdoms
Hellenistic Culture
199
202
Plantation Slavery and Money-Based Economies
204
Converging Influences in Central and South Asia

Chandragupta and the Mauryan Empire
Greek Influences in Central Asia
210
The Transformation of Buddhism

India as a Spiritual Crossroads
207
212
212
The New Buddhism: The Mahayana School

New Images of Buddha in Literature and Art
213
213
206
198
Co nte nts
214
The Formation of the Silk Roads

Nomads and Trade Routes
215
Caravan Cities and the Incense Trade

China and the Silk Economy
215
219
The Spread of Buddhism along the Trade Routes

Commerce on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean
Conclusion
221
221
224
228
Competing Perspectives: Spread of Ideas

Interpreting Visual Ev idence: Coinage
228
230
Chapter 7
HAN DYNASTY CHINA

AND IMPERIAL ROME,
233
300 BCE-300 CE
Globalizing Empires: The Han Dynasty and Imperial

Rome 234
The Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE)
The Qin Dynasty (221- 207
BC E) :
235
A Crucial Forerunner
Beginnings of the Western Han Dynasty

Han Power and Administration
239
Military Expansion and the Silk Roads

Social Upheaval and Natural Disaster
The Roman Empire
238
238
Economy and the New Social Order
The Eastern Han Dynasty
242
243
244
245
Foundations of the Roman Empire
245
Emperors, Authoritarian Rule, and Administration

Town and City Life
235
252
250
xiii
xiv
Contents
Social and Gender Relations
253
Economy and New Scales of Production

The Rise of Christianity
The Limits of Empire
Conclusion
253
254
255
257
262
Competing Perspectives: Maintaining Political and Domestic Order

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Images of Power
262
264
Chapter 8
THE RISE OF UNIVERSAL

RELIGIONS, 300-600 CE 267
Religious Change and Empire in Western Afro-Eurasia
The Appeal of Christianity
268
The "Fall" of Rome in the West
274
Continuity of Rome in the East: Byzantium
The Silk Roads

Sasanian Persia
276
277
279
The Sogdians as Lords of the Silk Roads

Buddhism on the Silk Roads
279
280
Political and Religious Change in South Asia

The H indu Transformation
282
The Transformation of the Buddha
284
Culture and Ideology Instead of an Empire
284
Political and Religious Change in East Asia

The Wei Dynasty in Northern China
Changing Daoist Traditions
Buddhism in China
286
287
Bantus of Sub-Saharan Africa

291
285
286
Faith and Cultures in the Worlds Apart

Mesoamericans
282
288
288
268
Contents
Conclusion
295
298
Competing Perspectives: Pilgrimage and Universalizing Religions

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representations of Holiness
300
Chapter 9
NEW EMPIRES AND COMMON

CULTURES, 600-1000 CE 303
The Origins and Spread of Islam
A Vision, a Text, a New Community
304
305
Muhammad's Successors and the Expanding Dar Al-Islam

The Abbasid Revolution
308
The Blossoming of Abbasid Culture

Islam in a Wider World
310
310
Opposition within Islam: Shiism and the Fatimids
The Tang State
315
Territorial Expansion under the Tang Dynasty

Organizing the Tang Empire
An Economic Revolution
319
321
Tang Interactions with Korea and Japan

The Fall of Tang China
324
327
The Emergence of European Christendom

Charlemagne's Fledgling Empire
Christianity in Western Europe
Vikings and Christendom
327
329
330
Greek Orthodox Christianity
333
315
316
Accommodating World Religions
Conclusion
312
332
327
305
298
xv
xvi
Contents
336
Competing Perspectives: Women, Faith, and Empire
336
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Transmission of Religious Knowledge
338
Chapter 10
BECOMING "THE WORLD,"

1000-1300 CE 341
Development of Maritime Trade
342
The Islamic World in a Time of Political Fragmentation

Political Divisions
345
The Spread of Sufi.sm

What Was Islam?
347
347
India as a Cultural Mosaic

What Was India?
348
351
Song China: Insiders versus Outsiders

Economic and Political Developments
352
352
China's Neighbors: Nomads, Japan, and Southeast Asia

What Was China?
Christian Europe
353
356
357
Localization of Power
357
What Was Christian Europe?
359
Relations with the Islamic World
359
Worlds Coming Together: Sub-Saharan Africa and the

Americas 361
Sub-Saharan Africa Comes Together
The Americas
362
364
The Mongol Transformation of Afro-Eurasia

Who Were the Mongols?
Conquest and Empire
368
368
368
345
.-
/
Conclusion
Content s
373
376
Competing Perspectives: "World" Travelers
376
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Imagining the World
380
Chapter 11
CRISES AND RECOVERY IN

AFRO-EURASIA, 1300-1500
Collapse and Consolidation
The Black Death
383
384
384
Rebuilding States
389
The Islamic Heartland

The Ottoman Empire
Western Christendom
391
392
396
The Catholic Church, State Building, and Economic Recove ry

Political Consolidation and Trade in the Iberian Peninsula
The Renaissance
Ming China
400
402
404
Restoring Order
404
Centralization under the Ming

Ming Rulership
405
407
Trade and Exploration u nder the Ming
Conclusion
396
408
410
414
Competing Pe rspectives: Cultural Responses to the Black Death
414
Interpreting Vis ual Evidence: Marking Boundaries, Inspiring Loyalty
FURTHER READINGS
GLOSSARY
CREDITS
INDEX
G-1
C-1
l-1
R-1
416
xvii
CHAPTER 1
Determining the Age of Fossils and Sediments
CHAPTER 2
Climate Change at the End of the Third Millennium BCE in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus
Valley 64
CHAPTER 3
How Languages Spread: The Case of Nomadic Indo-European Languages
CHAPTER 4
Big Forces in Early Empires
CHAPTER 5
Prophets and the Founding Texts: Comparing Confucius and the Buddha
CHAPTER 6
Building Roads : Early Highways for Communication, Trade, and Control
CHAPTER 7
Empires, Allies, and Frontiers
CHAPTER 8
Religious Conflict in Imperial Borderlands
CHAPTER 9
Green Revolutions in the Islamic World and Tang China, 300-600 CE
CHAPTER 10
The Crusades from Dual Perspectives
CHAPTER 11
Joan of Arc: A Charismatic Leader in a Time of Social Turmoil
100
126
172
208
258
280
360
398
320
CHAPTER 1
The Age of the Universe and Human Evolution
18
CHAPTER 2
The Development of Writing
CHAPTER 3
Climate Change and the Collapse of River-Basin Societies
CHAPTER 4
City-States to Empires
CHAPTER 5
Axial Age Thinkers and Their Ideas
CHAPTER 6
The Cosmopolitan World of the Perip/us Maris Erythraei
CHAPTER 7
Great Empires Compared : The Han, the Roman, and the British Empires after World War I
248
CHAPTER 8
One God, Two Communities: Comparing the Structures of Christianity and Judaism, 600
274
CHAPTER 9
Islam and the Silk Trade: Adapting Religion to Opulence
CHAPTER 10
Growth in the World Population to 1340
CHAPTER 11
Population Changes in Fourteenth-Century Afro-Eurasia
62
89
135
178
222
CE
322
350
390
xxi
CHAPTER1
Competing Perspectives: Creation
Narratives ....... . .. . . . .... . ........ . . . ......... 38
"The Sacrifice of Purusha" from Rig Veda (1500 BCE)
Genesis 1:1-31 from the Bible
"The Creation of the Universe" from the Huainanzi
(ca. 1100 BCE)
Popul Vuh (date of origin unknown)
Yoruba Creation Narrative (date of origin unknown)
Int erpreting Visual Evidence:
Prehistoric Art . . . . .. . . . . ............. .. . . .... ... .42
Horses from Chauvet Cave

Bison from Chauvet Cave
Cave painting at Bhimbetka
Willendorf Venus
Venus of Hoh le Fels
CHAPTER2
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Bronze-Working . .. 118

Shang "jia" vessel
Egyptian razor handle
Mycenaean bronze dagge r
CHAPTER4
Competing Perspectives: Consolidating
Early Empires . . . .... . ..... . .. . ............. . ... 152
The Banquet Stele of Assurnasirpalll (c. 865 BCE)

The Behistun Inscription (520 BCE), Darius I
Zhou Succession Crisis (c. 1043 BCE), King Wu
Indian Brahman Priesthood (before 7th century BCE), from
the Upanishads
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Tribute ... . . ... ... . 156

Black obelisk of Shalmaneser Ill
Tribute scene from palace at Persepolis
Woven textile from Eastern Zhou
Competing Perspectives: Early Writing ........ . . . .78
Sumerian Origins of Writing

Egyptian Mouth-Opening Ritual
Harrapan Seal Stones
Shang Dynasty Oracle Bone
Early Greek Writing (Linear B)
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Burials and

Long-Distance Trade . . ............ . ... . ........... 81
Bracelets of Queen Hetepheres I
Harp, or "Queen's Lyre," from the Royal Tombs of Ur
Harappan gemstone necklace with lapis lazuli and
carnelian
Male warrior burial at Varna
CHAPTER 3
Competing Perspectives: Law Codes of Territorial
States and Pastoral Nomads . .......... . . . .... . .. 114
xxii
The Code of Hammurapi (ca. 18th century BCE)

Instruction to Vizier Rekhmire (ca . 15th century BCE)
The Ten Commandments, Exodus 20:1-17 from the Bible
The Code of Manu (ca. 200 BCE)
Advisor Zichan of Zheng's Compilation of Laws (ca. 6th
century BCE)
CHAPTERS
Competing Perspectives: Axial
Age Ideas ......... . .... . ... . ...... . ....... .. . . . 190
The Gathas from The Hymns of Zoroaster
(1000-600 BCE)
The Analects (c. 400 BCE), Confucius
The Dhammapada (3rd century BCE), Buddha
The Apology of Socrates (c. 400 BCE), Plato
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Elsewhere
in the Axial Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Nok figurine
Nok terracotta
Olmec Young Lord
Olmec jaguar
CHAPTER6
Competing Perspectives: Spread of Ideas ... . . .. . . 228
"The Ancient City of Alexandria" (early 1st century CE), Strabo
The Kalinga Edict (261 BCE), ASoka
"Sagala: City of the Gods" (c. 150-130 BCE) from The
Questions of King Menander
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Coinage ... . . . . ... . 230
Gold octadrachm
Bronze karshapana
Menander coin
Bronze jimo
Bronze ban liang
CHAPTER 7
Competing Perspectives: Maintaining Political
and Domestic Order . . .. ... .. ... . ....... ... .. . . . 262
Dong Zhongshu on Responsibilities of Han Rulership
(2000 BCE)
The Role of the Roman State (44 BCE), Cicero
Lessons for Women (c. 100 CE), Ban Zhao
On Women in Rome (first century CE), Musonius Rufus
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Images of Power ... 264
Shi Huangdi's terra-cotta army in Xi'an

Emperor Augustus's mausoleum in Rome
Augustus of Prima Porta
Portrait of Shi Huangdi
CHAPTERS
Competing Perspectives: Pilgrimage and
Universalizing Religions . . .. . .. .... . .. ... .. .. . .. 298
Diary of a Pilgrimage (late 4th century CE), Egeria
A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (early 5th century cE), Faxian
Bhagavata Purana (recorded c. 500 CE)
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representations of
Holiness .... .. . .... .. . .... .. . . . . . .. .... . .. .. ... 300
Yungang Caves
Perpetua and Felicitas
Kalyanasundara of Parvati and Shiva
Royal bloodletting ritual
CHAPTER9
Competing Perspectives: Women, Faith,
and Empire . ... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . . . .. .... .. . ... 336
Surah 4, An-Nisa' ("On Women"), from the Quran
(7th century CE)
Law of Adam nan (700 CE), Adamnan
Analects for Women (800 cE) Song Ruoxin and Song Ruozhao
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Transmission of
Religious Knowledge ...... ... .. . .... .. .... . ... . . 338
The Lindisfarne Gospel (700 CE, with tenth-century-cE
interlinear comments)
The "Diamond Sutra" (868 CE)
Ninth-century Quran
The Dresden Codex (c . 1100)
The Sivadharma (1139)
xxiii
CHAPTER10
Competing Perspectives: "World" Travelers .. ... . 376
Pilgrimage to Jerusalem (c. 1300), Bar Sawma

Mongol Divination (c . 1300), Marco Polo
The Sacred Mosque of Jerusalem (c. 1360), Ibn Battuta
The Galle Trilingual Stone Inscription (1411), Zheng He
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Imagining

the World . . . . ...... . . . .. .... . .. .. ... ... .. ...... 380
Al-ldrisi's Tabula Rogeriana
Fra Mauro's Mappa Mundi
Cresques's Catalan Atlas
CHAPTER 11
Competing Perspectives: Cultural Responses
to the Black Death . . . ... . . ... . .... .. . . . .. .... .. . 414
Qalandar Dervishes in the Islamic World (1548), Menavino
Flagellants in England (1350s), Robert of Avesbury
The Red Turban Movement in China (1359)
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Marking Boundaries,
Inspiring Loyalty . . . . .. ... . ........ . ,.. . . . ... . .. . 416
Spanish painting by Berruguete
The devshirme system
Chinese painting by Ch'iu Ying

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CHAPTER 1

Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500-2000 BCE

Nomads, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000- 1200 BCE

First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-Eurasia, 1250-325 BCE

Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000- 350 BCE

Shrinking the Afro-Eurasian World, 350 - 100 BCE

Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 BCE-300 CE

The Rise of Universal Religions, 300-600 CE

New Empires and Common Cultures, 600-1000 CE

Becoming "The World," 1000-1300 CE

Crises and Recovery in Afro-Eurasia, 1300-1500

Current Trends in World History

Analyzing Global Developments

Global Themes and Sources

Highlights of the Concise Edition

Overview of Volume One

Overview of Volume Two

The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds

Hominids to Modern Humans

Evolutionary Findings and Research Methods

Early Hominids, Adaptation, and Climate Change

Homo Sapiens: The First Modern Humans

The Life of Early Homo Sapiens

Hunting and Gathering

Paintings, Sculpture, and Music

Agricul tural Revolution: Food Production and Social Change

Global Themes and Sources

Competing Perspectives: Creation Narrativ es

RIVERS, CITIES, AND FIRST

Early Cities along River Basins

Pastoral Nomadic Communities

Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Mesopotamia

Crossroads of Southwest Asia

Royal Power, Families, and Social Hierarchy

Spreading Cities and First Territorial States

"T he Gift of the Nile": Egypt

The Nile River and Its Floodwaters

The Egyptian State and Dynasties

Pharaohs, Pyramids, and Cosmic Order

Prosperity and the Demise of Old Kingdom Egypt

The Indus River Valley: A Parallel Culture

Harappan City Life and Writing

The Yellow and Yangzi River Basins: East Asia

Life Outside the River Basins

Europe: The Western Frontier

Global Themes and Sources

Competing Perspectives: Early Writing

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Burials and Long-Distance Trade

Religion and Trade in Middle Kingdom Egypt (2055-1650

Migrations and Expanding Frontiers in New Kingdom Egypt

Territorial States in Southwest Asia

The Old and New Hittite Kingdoms (1800-1200 BCE)

Nomads and the Indus River Valley

The Shang Territorial State in East Asia (1600-1045 BCE)

Agriculture and Tribute

Society and Ritual Practice

Microsocieties in the South Pacific and in the Aegean

The Aegean World (2000-1200 BCE)

Global Themes and Sources

Competing Perspectives: Law Codes of Territorial States and Pastoral Nomads

FIRST EMPIRES AND COMMON

Empire in Southwest Asia: The Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires

Imperial Fringes in Western Afro-Eurasia

Foundations of Vedic Culture in South Asia (1500-600 BCE)