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of the Hardy
The Prehistory
Alois Kufner,
Lech Maligranda,
Inequality
and Lars-Erik
Persson
The development
of the famous Hardy inequality (in both its
1. INTRODUCTION.
has its own history or, as
discrete and continuous forms) during the period 1906-1928
we have called it, prehistory. Contributions
of mathematicians
other than G. H. Hardy,
such as E. Landau, G. P?lya, I. Schur, and M. Riesz, are important here. In this article
we describe some of those contributions. We also include and comment upon several
facts and early proofs that are not available inmany references on this subject.
We consider the following statement of theHardy inequality-, the discrete inequality
asserts that if p > 1 and {ak}^? is a sequence of nonnegative
real numbers, then
oo
(1)
the continuous
inequality informs us that if p > 1 and / is a nonnegative p-integrable
function on (0, oo), then / is integrable over the interval (0, x) for each positive x and
F
Several
introductory
f^)Pdx'
(2)
(1) and (2) are the standard forms of the Hardy inequalities that can
textbooks on analysis and were highlighted first in the famous book
and P?lya [16].
Inequalities by Hardy, Littlewood,
to
the
class
of step functions one proves easily that (2) implies
(ii) By restricting (2)
seems
to
been mentioned
fact
have
first by Landau (see [11, p. 154]
This
(1).
important
and section 8 of the present paper).
?
l))p in both (1) and (2) is sharp: it cannot be replaced
(iii) The constant (p/(p
with a smaller number such that (1) and (2) remain true for all r?v?lant sequences and
(i) Inequalities
be found inmany
functions,
respectively.
(iv) Inequalities
the following
>
?^=i an < ?? and an 0, thenJ27=\ (?ELi
weak forms
of (1) and
(2): if
<
< oo
ak)P ??> and if f0??f(x)p dx
ter
dx < oo, respectively. We adopt Hardy's
and f(x) > 0, then
/0?? Q f* f(t)dt)p
in the historical development
because
it has been significant
that we are
minology
going to describe (see, for example, the comments at the end of Hardy's paper [9]).
(1) and (2) together with statement (iii) imply the important in
(v) Inequalities
formation that the discrete Hardy operator h and the continuous Hardy operator H,
defined by
n
h({an})=\-Yjak\,
{ k=\ J
Hf(x) = -f
x Jo f(t)dt,
=
the spaces lp into lp and Lp into Lp, respectively
(p > 1), and each has norm p!
?
spaces consisting of
1). Here, as usual, the spaces lp and Lp are the Lebesgue
p/(p
map
October
2006]
the prehistory
of the hardy
inequality
715
all sequences a ?
almost everywhere
Ml/, :=
We mention
Riesz [32].
(?>?r)
were
lp and Lp
\f(x)\?dx
introduced
and investigated
<
oo.
in 1910 by F.
EE
n=\
converges
(the weak
form). More
GO
n?\
.m +
m= \
the inequality
precisely,
i OO
m? \
/OO
\ra=l
'
OO
\?=1
'
oo
EL?t^i?)
,=,- 1 ni= \
fe<
\m
oo
= \
M
/
{/P
\n
oo
? \
XIP'
?
where p > 1 and p' ? p/(p
1). Hilbert himself was not even close to considering
this case (the //?-spaces appeared only in 1910). It was M. Riesz and G. H. Hardy who
took the first steps towards a proof of (4). In fact, Hardy acknowledged
in [12] that
Riesz had pointed out to him that his result in the paper [10] (see Theorem 3) actually
716
[Monthly
113
implied the weak form of (4). In any event, the Hilbert inequality and its evaluation
into what today are called Hilbert-type
inequalities have their own interesting history,
of which we recall here only a few basic facts from the beginning of the story.
In his research on solutions to certain integral equations Hilbert was led to study
special bilinear forms with sequences of real or complex numbers as entries. For details
we refer the reader to the book [19] or to the section on integral equations edited by
in Hilbert's Collected Works [20]. Moreover,
several ideas
[17, pp. 94-145]
Hellinger
can be found inHermann Weyl's
from Hilbert's
lectures around the period 1906-1908
1908 dissertation
the
[39]. In particular, on page 83 Weyl presented and discussed
following remarkable formula that had been discovered by Hilbert:
Nyv
Nyv
i
1
+
n +
= 1 ra=l
1r
'
271J-n
(ak sinkt
y^(?1)*
N N n h
umun
to be zero). This
formula
1/2
\~~^ \~^
^*
m + n
E*?
yv i '
?-s n
m
?-?
n? \ m = \ +
implies
the finite
1/2
(6)
E^2
(5)
dt
bk coskt)
k=\
?
= m, then
m) is understood
(if n
l/(n
version of the Hilbert inequality
LE"?
=1 m =
ambn
r 271
~
2n J0
dt
(t-Ji)
?aBe/n'X>me''m'
n=\
([37]; see also [36, p. 165]). In addition, Fej?r and Riesz [5] (see also [16, p. 235]) and
P?lya and Szeg? [31] gave proofs that exploited the theory of analytic functions. We
are most interested, however, inHardy's method for proving (3).
Note that (6) implies both (3) and a weaker cousin that was of special interest to
> 0), then the double series
Hardy: if^2^=x a2 < oo (an
am au
m + n
EE
converges.
It was
Y^n/=\
which
proved
by Hilbert,
(a" ?
]L/T=i ^7T?7
is one of the
in the introduction
in the course
0)
of his
^s convergent
theory
whenever
to [10]:
of integral
Y^=\
in the
an
and most
beautiful
series of positive
simplest
theory of double
own proof, which
at least five essentially
different
Hilbert's
proofs have been published.
is outlined
in his Inaugural-Dissertation
series,
upon the theory of Fourier's
by Weyl
depends
[38], and two more by Schur
[35]; but none of these
[39]. Another
proof was given by Wiener
as
as
and
be
desired.
is
might
simple
elementary
proofs
terms,
October
2006]
the prehistory
of the hardy
inequality
717
To
these
four
a fifth,
recently
that Hubert's
theorem
I added
proofs
I observed
simplicity.
seems of some
which
first
which
to me
seemed
is an immediate
to lack nothing
of another
corollary
of
this
theorem
in itself.
interest
(See Theorem A in [9] but note that this result was already proved in the 1915 paper
[8]; compare with Theorem 2 in the next section.)
in some of the other papers that we are now
Hardy made similar pronouncements
seems
to
it
discuss.
Therefore
going
completely clear that Hardy's original motivation
when he began the research that culminated
in his discovery of inequalities
(1) and
was
to
weak
the
Hilbert
(2)
prove (the
form of)
inequality.
In [8] Hardy stated and applied
to the Hilbert theorem:
oo
(l) >
\ 2
?1
>
(ll) *?
^?f
oo
the following
oooo
!\ n
theorem, which
(ill) >
>
? ,n + m
actually proved
the equivalence
of the convergence
?a
Ja
/W/W,
-n
a > 0, / is nonnegative
the estimates
establishing
-dx
dy,
and integrable
where
x+ y
Ja
Ja
/?OO
OO
fx f(t)
dt, by
and observing that I\ < h < 2IX. In the proof of the sequence case he said only that
"the proof of this theorem is much like that for integrals" [8, p. 164], but he probably
realized later that the sequence case is more delicate, because he considered
it again
in the 1919 paper [9]. However,
the estimation of (iii) by (i) can be done, in a manner
similar to what Hardy did in [8] for integrals, as follows:
N
^-\
N
^-^v
n= \
?-!^m
? ? N
aman
n
^-?\
^?\
+ m n~~=
?-??-im
n?\ m ?
N
aman
\
+
n n~?
^?\
m?1
^?n
<2)an-)am
the following
Hardy also established
= 2:
case
of
for
the
p
precursor
(1)
Moreover,
718
?-f m -f
N
?
an
^?>
2)an
be regarded
[Monthly
as a
113
J27=\
(An/n)2,
Proof.
Let
w^tn an > 0
convergence
of the series YH?=\?yi
=
where An
ak.
??=1
2. The
Theorem
ELi
the nonincreasing
{a*} denote
at- SinceK
of the sequence
rearrangement
- An andE^li
al
implies
that of
xt is sufficient to prove
L^i?)2>
that J27=\ (A*Jn)2 is convergent. Thus, we may assume without loss of generality that
the sequence
1, it is enough
according to Theorem
{an} is nonincreasing. Moreover,
is convergent. The last series can be written in the form
to prove that Y^L\ anAn/n
^ ? Y1T=\ Ylm=\ aman/n, and itwill be convergent ifY1T=\ ^ < ??' wnere
Moreover,
find that
by making
obvious
??
1 i1 ^r-^\
am
aman
! oo
\m
= l
k<lL<k+X
! / oo
\m =1
ra=l
inequality, we
^?a
m= \
k<^<k+\
n(x>?)
the Cauchy-Schwarz
and using
estimates
i \"^v v~a
(k=l,2,...).
S*=EE~
k<%<k+\
1/2
/ oo
\ra=l
J/2
(?[x>?) =?2>
m? \
ra=l
Therefore
OO
/:=1
OO
m= \
k=\
00
2.61, where
is not sufficient
to deliver
a proof of
inequality
??
n=\
n?\
?(3/2)
m?\
is complete.
with C =
oo
oo
? denotes
the Riemann
zeta-function.
Remark
3. In this paper, as we have already mentioned, Hardy also stated and proved
Remark
1 and 2. However, he formulated his results for in
continuous versions of Theorems
or
>
a
He continued this
or
of in the final form
0
instead
with
tegrals f
f*.
f0??
/*
we
no
but
have
clear
and
[10],
explanation for why he first
practice in the papers [9]
in
formulated his result in the
case.
he
In
the
1925
studied only this
paper
any event,
to
the
earlier
formulation.
connection
the
natural way and also explained
October
2006]
the prehistory
of the hardy
inequality
719
An\2
It is clear that
?an -\-
An -
\2
an\
= Aa +2
+ 2l
<2al
(? An
x2
-an
-4
Hence,
/ A \2
E(?)
for
each
N.
Moreover,
N n A
A2n_{)
(A2 -
A2
(A2n
A2n_{),
so
A2
N
(N-l)-N
1
A2
V???
w=1 n(n +
N ? A \2
<
A2
2-3
this estimate
a2
A2
1-2
substituting
(7)
n
A2
By
-iv
(A2n
/ A \2
?4E*^?(^
-2anAn
l)
N /A \2
-j
-?E^E;^:.
which
yields
/7=1
Obviously
(8) implies
the statement
X'
in Theorem
/2==1
2.
Remark
4. Hardy had plainly not yet realized that inequality (8) can be used to derive
the discrete Hardy inequality (1) for p = 2 and do so with the sharp constant 4 (more
on this in section 6).
720
[Monthly
113
Remark
5. In [9] Hardy also stated some results for the continuous case (e.g., a gen
the most important point for the history of the
eralization of Theorem
1). However,
was
his claim that
Hardy inequality
dx<A i f2(x)dx
j (- j f(t)dt\
a > 0 and that 4 is the best constant. In fact, it can be shown that this estimate
? 2.
Hardy did not give a proof of this assertion but only referred to
implies (2) for p
the proof in the discrete case that we have just presented. This can seem a little curious
if we take into account the information in Remark 4.
when
Riesz
which
is equal
His
preferable.
Hardy
I recently
in simplicity
to mine
proof
proceeded
communicated
to formulate
Theorem
seems
and which
an interesting
suggests
naturally
the Riesz
and wrote
Riesz
to both
En=\/<7
\
= 1 ^
//
(v)P
found
of us more
natural
weak
and
proof,
therefore
.Then,
form:
convergent,
Y1T an
(n + 2)~p +
another
viz.
> 0, and
3 (M. Riesz).
If p > I, an
=
(An/n)p is convergent, where An
YH=\ ak
=
Proof. Let <$>n n~p + (n + l)~p +
we have for each N (with A0 = 0)
2 at once
generalization,
Theorem
Y^
[10, p. 315]:
by partial
then
summation,
- *?+ >=
<-.)*?
A^+i
E<A?
n=\
n=\
= a?
En=\n=\
N
n=\
n=\
<
Moreover,
oo
From
these estimates
/
Jn
x~p dx = n~p H
n-(p-(P-D
T-
< -t?n-i'-?.
inequality,1
i m
i/<?
(P:)
t^-iP)
("l-J+H-
in 1888, one
second author pointed out in [28] that an equivalent variant of (9) had been proved by Rogers
is again only an equivalent variant of (9) and is different
year earlier than Holder produced his version, which
from Rogers's.
this classical
[32]. Therefore
Inequality (9) in this precise form was proved in 1910 by F. Riesz
inequality or the H?lder-Rogers-Riesz
inequality.
inequality could have been called the Holder-Rogers
The
October
2006]
the prehistory
of the hardy
inequality
721
it follows
that
EM
?tt?E?.(v
Hence
(10)
tm*fc)'?<
argument actually yields more than what Hardy
(10) implies the correctness of (1) with the constant
l))p.
6. Riesz's
Remark
Theorem 3; namely,
in place of (p/(p -
in
formulated
?
l))p
(p2/(p
true
least
for
2.
Hardy himself did not directly observe that inequality (8) from his 1919 paper could
?
2 with the best constant C == 4. We
actually be used to derive inequality (1) for p
don't know for certain what Schur's argument was, but the information in the next
as follows: Let cn ? 1 ? 2/(n + 1)
section convinces us that it went approximatively
and
for m
2,
ai
...
3,
?2
let
*
am
<2(/V-l)m + l
Then
am+i
(Cl+---+Cm)iyj
YH=\
bk- Dividing
a^m
a2m
b2,
..
bN.
in place of N we obtain
N
/B \2
{C(N-\)m+\ +
am+2
=
?(/V-l)m+2
>
Bn
(8) with Nm
from inequality
4m
J2bl
where
b\,
+(cm +
/B \2
+'"
l+---+C2w)iyJ
''*
+ CNm) ( "TT ) ,
-+
c2m)/m ->
1,
1,
etc.
722
[Monthly
113
Accordingly,
Theorem
> 0, and
f
1, a > 0, f(x)
(p/(p
l))pis
is convergent,
f(x)pdx
preliminary
then
sharp.
5. Let p >
Theorem
=
1, an > 0, andAn
YH=\
inN or N =
oo. Moreover,
the constant
the Hardy-Landau
called
(12) is sometimes
ak- Then
the inequality
is sharp for N =
inequality
oo.
py + p
i > o.
yf
October
2006]
pyy2~x + i.p- ^2
the prehistory
of the hardy
> o.
inequality
723
set yi ?
We
=
bn and y2
(p
\)Bn/(pn),
where
Bn
JZ/Ui ^'
so
??-?^rE^?fr?.f^yE^r.o.
\
H=l
Moreover,
pbnBp~l
?=1
??_!)
pBp~x(Bn
>
??
#?_,,
whence
by
summa
partial
tion
N
/ f? \ p~1
E*(t)
^k-c,)?
/v
>
E'K^-srrW)^'-"^'^
we discover
Combining
?
where cn = p(\ +
p +
^)~p
the previous section, putting
b\
b2
bm
1 ->
that
1when
au
bm+i
?
b(N-\)m+[
and replacing
TVwith
^(W-l)m+2
m to conclude
TV
N
bm+2
?>^m
=
Z?2m
a2,
...
from
<2/v
that
A \ P
(^iySo,i(c,+C2...+0(^y
+
'
(C(7V-l)m+l
?
c2m) (
C(#-l)m+2
-l2
"' "
+
??
<WVm) (
+ cm)/m ?> 1,
Dividing
by m and then letting m ?> oo we note that (cj + c2 +
+ c2m)/m -> 1, and so forth, which means that (12) holds for all
(cm+i + cm+2 +
finite N (hence remains valid when N -> oo).
In order to prove that (p/(p ? l))p is the sharp constant for N = oo we consider
? 1
=
n~]/p~? (0 < s < 1
an
/p). For this choice of an
n nn
An=?Jk-^-s>
fr?1
k=\
x-1,p-edx
^1
'
l-l/p-eV
724
.(?l-l/^_1)>_P_(nl-l/P-i_1))
p-\
[Monthly
113
implying
that
p
Ar.
>
n J
\p
I)
I n~{-ep
( 1
n{-]/P-?
nl-l/p-e)
>
(n-l-ep
pn~2+i/"+s-sp).
Furthermore,
.,4?)'(t-:-^).
where CNi? -> C as N -> oo for any s > 0 because
2?
l/p
e+
ep >
I. Thus
?(^/?<>(^)'(-^/?<)-(^)'
since
a?
5Zn=i
Note
established.
tion is thereby
e =
~>
^~1_e/?
5Z?=i
ooasN-^
oo
and
0+.
The
calculation
sharpness
still works
asser
when
0.
Remark
7.
sequently,
n.
con
In his letter [24] Landau also mentioned
that equality in (12)?and,
if and only if an = 0 for all
in the discrete Hardy inequality (1)?occurs
8. It is not evident how the letter [24] from Landau to Hardy (dated June 21,
and
the letter [26] from Landau to Schur (dated June 22, 1921) are related, but
1921)
to judge by the information that Hardy provides in [11] and the published form that
appears in [26], they must be very similar, perhaps even the same.
Remark
In the introduction
to [11] Hardy
first formulated
Theorem
the corresponding
with
theorem
for infinite
I did not give a proof, being
occupied
primarily
are
sense
E.
Prof.
Landau
state
in
what
effected.
did
not
the
has
and
series,
recently
integrations
to this note and I give here a proof of the theorem
form.
in a more precise
recalled my attention
(see Theorem
[11, p. 154]:
In a letter
[24]
(1), which
dated
October
2006]
information
to me a direct proof of
Prof. E. Landau
communicated
?
constant.
the
He
out that if the
of
also
\))p
(p/(p
pointed
to the case a = 0, then the theorem
for series, with the correct
extended
?
=
<
at once by taking /(jc)
a2,
\, f(x)
ai,0<je
may be deduced
21
June
the correct
gives
integral theorem were
value of the constant,
....
1 <x
<2,
the following
1921,
value
the prehistory
of the hardy
inequality
725
x Jo
on [n ?
is decreasing
+ 1)
= r^ak+a?X-n
f(t)dt
1, n], we obtain
-n-\
/Tl=\ak
XLi^V^v^r
, 1x\
+ ??(^-w +1),
sE/
E(%*)
=r(?i/<')'i')<"?(^T)'r/wp<"
00
PHardy
adds a comment
In a more
a=0
series
E<
1/
a different
concerning
recent
The constant
(p/(p
l))pis
formulated
how
to deduce
that of Prof.
the integral
theorem
so
and
reduce
P?lya)
> 0 be
p-integrable
for
the
inequality
(2)
sharp.
Ja V X
) P
P
- 1
Ja
ax-p
1AF(a)p-^-F(A)p
1
P
--F(a)p
P-l
726
dx
+ -t--\
P-l
+ -^?
P
fA/F(x)Y~x
* J
Ja \(-^)
f
1 Ja
xl-p^-(F(x)p)dx
dx
f(x)dx.
[Monthly
113
Moreover,
invoking
the continuous
version
of the Holder
<
< A and
?
? such that a
applying
Choosing
? F
F(x)
(a) instead of F(x), we find that
'F(x)-F(a)Y
inequality
the preceding
(9), we
see that
two inequalities
to
a
.FM-W
P-
mdK
1 Ja
Hence
"'W-??)V,\"'S
_?_///"
f(
and a fortiori
that F(x)
? F
(a) increases
to F(x).
Remark
Theorem
and
An
X\ +
X2 +
kn for
n =
1,2,
...,
and
that
Xxa\ +
Y^=\
A.2a2+
^n^n
Then
October
2006]
the prehistory
of the hardy
inequality
727
+ Xnan
*5 convergent.
p^oo \
xx + x2 -\-h
8. IfY^Lx
^nan is convergent,
constant
Therefore
Hardy
arrived
oo
...axn"y/A"<e^2xnan,
n?\
J^Ki^'^2
n=\
the
mean.
then
oo
and
-*-VMfl
^y=(?N22-..^)'
to the geometric
The scale of power means decreases
at the following
limit result of his Theorem 7:
Theorem
(^ ^
(15)
is sharp.
each \n
1 (15) becomes
(axa2...an)x,n
<
ejT^an,
(16)
which is the natural limit inequality of (1). Inequality (16) was first proved by Car
its name: the Carleman
leman in 1922 (see [1]), whence
inequality. This inequality
and applied in several ways and has its own interesting history.
has been generalized
It
Carleman's
original proof, which was quite long, involved Lagrange multipliers.
must have come as a big surprise for him to see the simple proof derived from the
Hardy inequalities. He no doubt learned of it quickly, because Hardy was engaged in
a collaboration with Carleman at the time (see, for example, their joint paper [2]).
By carrying out a similar limiting process in (2) we obtain the following
inequality:
exp(-
i Inf(t)dt\dx <e
J f(x)dx,
(17)
[4] gave a simple and very elegant proof of (1) (see also [16, p. 240] and
if we set an = An/n and a0 = 0, then from the Young inequality
uv
<-1
p'
728
[Monthly
113
we obtain
-
ol?
[nan
7*Pn-l?n=*Pn
P-i
(n
l)a?_i]o^
p-\
p-\
.tfn-jL)^"-1^-.
p-i/
^'('-^)
a?-i
<x?
p-i
K'-"?-'+?'-'l
7^r
-??;].
T[(n-lX,
from 1 to Af yields
Summing
E^y-^Ei^r?^.o,
so from Holder's
inequality
(9) we
infer that
'-'-7
^?*nm
i^E(v)
E(t)
Division
later Grandjot
Two years
r*
v^
~
Ell
n?\
^???
V^/
AN
A\ (
?-t
v
/n?L
~~~?~
\
?-flT
n=7
x
,\n)
the identity
[7] derived
An-\
\n~
n-l)
that
by observing
2anAn
i An
A1
-'
Al
n
A-y
,A"
+(?-!)
when
from theMinkowski
integral inequality
that
i/p
f Jo
(Hf(x))p dx\
=||#/||,=
jo
/'JO
f(tx)dt
/?l
<J
-jior^v-October
2006]
= ?\U
\\f(tx)\\pdt
J
Up
the prehistory
11
of the hardy
roo
1//?
f(tx)"dx\ dt
'
p-\
inequality
mpds
or
In 1927 Copson
[3] proved Hardy's Theorem 7 by adapting Elliott's proof and by
bringing into play the dual to Hardy's
inequality, a result now known as the Copson
> 0, kn > 0, and
*s convergent,
then
inequality, if p > 1, an
J27=\ ^nan
OO
"\ s*
/OO
EME^rV
n= \
2^m = \ ^m /
\k=n
E Ef
\&=?
??
n= \
inequality
\ P
/
(20)
^PE?>
The Copson
OO / OO
n=l
^'E<
Xn =
OO
pu
??1
when
inequality.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The first named
Sciences
We
of the Czech
dedicate
supported
Republic.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
730
T. Carleman,
Congress
Proc. Royal
of Mathematicians
Soc. A 101 (1922)
[Monthly
113
3.
4.
5.
6.
On
identities
7.
K. Grandjot,
114-117.
8.
G. H. Hardy, Notes on some points in the integral calculus, XLI. On the convergence
and series, Messenger
of Math. 45 (1915) 163-166.
double-series
Notes on some points in the integral calculus, LI. On Hubert's
-,9.
theorems
connected
48(1919)
concerning
10.
-,
Notes
on a theorem
Notes
on some points
(1925) 150-156.
54
Note
12.
-,
of
the convergence
infinite
series
and
of certain
integrals
theorem,
and some
of Math.
integrals, Messenger
107-112.
11.
-,
of Math.
of Hubert, Math.
in the integral
on a theorem
23(1925)45-46.
Remarks
of Hubert
Z. 6(1920)
314-317.
LX. An inequality
calculus,
concerning
series
of positive
between
integrals, Messenger
terms, Proc.
London
Math.
Soc.
13.
-,
Soc.
14.
-,
16.
-,
17.
18.
London
1967.
2nd ed., Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge,
Inequalities,
in
und unendliche
?ber Integralgleichungssysteme
E. Hellinger,
Huberts Arbeiten
Gleichungssysteme,
vol. 3, Springer-Verlag,
David Hubert, Gesammelte
Berlin,
1979, pp. 94-145.
Abhandlungen,
Nachr.
der linearen Integralgleichungen,
einer allgemeinen
Theorie
D. Hubert, Grundz?ge
G?ttingen
(1906)157-227.
19.
-,
Grundz?ge
einer
Theorie
allgemeinen
der
linearen
Teubner,
Integralgleichungen,
Leipzig,
1912.
20.
-,
21.
22.
23.
1979.
vol. 3, Springer-Verlag,
Gesammelte
Berlin,
Abhandlungen,
its history and some related
and L. E. Persson, The Hardy inequality-About
A. Kufner, L. Maligranda,
of Technology,
Lule?, 2006.
results, research report, Lule? University
2003.
A. Kufner and L. E. Persson, Weighted
of Hardy Type, World Scientific,
Inequalities
Singapore,
E. Landau, ?ber einen Konvergenzsatz,
G?ttingen Nachr. (1907) 25-21.
Letter
24.
-,
25.
-,
26.
-,
27.
1921.
13, 1924.
series of positive terms: Extract from a letter of Prof. E. Landau
concerning
to Prof. I. Schur, J. London Math. Soc. 1 (1926) 38-39.
in Real Analy
Selected Problems
B. M. Makarov, M. G. Goluzina, A. A. Lodkin, and A. N. Podkorytov,
American Mathematical
1992.
sis, Transi, of Math. Monographs,
Society, Providence,
Letter
A note on a theorem
Holder's
should
28.
L. Maligranda,
29.
1(1998)69-83.
B. Opic and A. Kufner, Hardy-Type
Inequalities,
man Scientific & Technical, Harlow,
1990.
30.
31.
32.
33.
36.
37.
38.
39.
inequality
be called
Rogers'
Pitman Research
inequality,
Notes
Math.
inMathematics,
Inequal.
Appl.
G. P?lya, Proof of an inequality, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) 24 (1926) 57.
und Lehrs?tze aus der Analysis,
1925.
G. P?lya and G. Szeg?, Aufgaben
Berlin,
Springer-Verlag,
?ber Systeme
F. Riesz, Untersuchungen
integrierbarer Funktionen, Math. Ann. 69 (1910) 449^4-97.
M. Riesz, Letter to G. H. Hardy, 1919 or 1920.
I. Schur, Letter
34.
35.
-,
Why
to G. H. Hardy,
zur
Bemerkungen
Math.
Ver?nderlichen,/.
1918 or 1919.
der
Theorie
140(1911)
beschr?nkten
Bilinearformen
mit
unendlich
vielen
1-28.
ALOIS
KUFNER
Institute
October
received
2006]
the Czech
(now Czech)
the prehistory
361-366.
Integralthe
Academy
of the hardy
inequality
731
a full professor
at the University
of West Bohemia
in 1985. In 1988, he
of Sciences. He was awarded the National
of the Czechoslovak
Academy
in 1985. His main fields of interests are differential
and theory of
equations
and became
of Sciences
member
elected
Prize
of
function
corresponding
the Czech Republic
spaces. He is the author or coauthor
them, Hardy-Type
2003).
Mathematical
(Longman,
Inequalities
of about
of Sciences
Institute, Academy
120 mathematical
papers
Inequalities
Zitn?
of Hardy
Type
among
(World Scientific,
1, Czech Republic
kufner@math.cas.cz
in Poznan
received his Ph. D. from the Adam Mickiewicz
(Poland) in
University
at the Polish Academy
Orlicz. He has held appointments
of Sciences
of Wladyslaw
the supervision
in Caracas,
the Venezuelan
Institute for Scientific Research
Central of Venezuela
in Poznan, University
(IVIC)
at Lule?
he is in the Department
of Mathematics
and Claremont McKenna
in Caracas,
Currently
College.
in 1991 he completed
the Doctor
of Sciences
of Technology
(Sweden), where
degree (=Docent
University
LECH
MALIGRANDA
1979 under
in Sweden)
Mathematical
and in 2000
papers
Orlicz
Spaces
and Interpolation
SE-971
87 Lule?,
(Campinas
SP Brasil,
1989).
Department
of Mathematics,
lech@sm.luth.se
Lule?
University
of Technology,
Sweden
and homogenization
the interpolation of operators, Fourier analysis, function spaces, inequalities,
theory.
The Homogenization
Method
is the author or coauthor of 120 mathematical
papers and three monographs:
Lund 1993), Weighted
An Introduction
2003),
(Studentlitteratur,
Inequalities
of Hardy Type (World Scientific,
clude
He
and Convex
Functions
Department
of Mathematics,
larserik@ sm.luth.se
732
(Springer,
2006).
of Technology,
SE-971
87 Lule?,
Sweden
[Monthly
113