Multi Page

CDM Camp Dresser IMcKee International Inc.
PCHCM
SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM
Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee
0
Department of Transport and Public Works
Ho Chi Minh City
Environmental Sanitation Project
Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe Basin
E-389
_
VOL.2
Environmental Impact
Assessment
Final Report
September 2000
Funding by:
World Bank Group
Japanese PHRD Grant Fund
Trust Fund No. 025915
Ho Chi Minh City Environmental Sanitation Project

Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe Basin
PHRD Works
Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Submitted to complete the requirements of the Contract dated 30 March, 2000 for
Consultants' Services for the Preparation of Supporting Work for Detailed Design
for the
Ho Chi Minh City Environmental Sanitation Project (Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe Basin).
Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
CDM International Inc.
'2,-1. -:CDM International Inc.
Date
.
Date
L.
ando Requena, P.E.
4im Leng Sow, P.E
Team Leader
Project Principal
Submitted by:
Project Managemennt Unit for Investment and Construction of
Water Supply and Drainage of Ho Chi Minh City
\
CAP t.HCAx . *,
'> Date
Eng. Phan Chau Thuan, Director
Approved by:
Date
Eng. Tran MIinh Dung- Deputv Director
EASUR
CDM International
SEP 26
HCMC Environmental SanitaPio
n'Project
(Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe Basin)
R~ECEIVED
Support for Detailed Design

Ho Chi Minh City Environmental Sanitation Project
Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe Basin
Environmental Impact Assessment Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EASUR
SEP 2 6 2000
.
L ist of Figures
............................................
.............................
List of Tables
............................................
............................................................ xiii
Abbreviations
.
...........................................
............................................................. xv
Part A - Introduction
I
TERMS OF REFERENCE ..................................................
1-1
1.1
BACKGROUND ..................................................
1-I
1.2
OBJECTIVE OF PRELIMINARY DRAFT EIA REPORT ........................
...................... 1-1
2
PROJECT OVERVIEW ..................................................
2-1
2.1 BACKGROUND ................................
2-1
2.2
NEED FORIMPROVEMENT ................................
2-1
2.3
PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND OUTLINE ................................
2-2
2.4
OUTLINE OF EIA APPROV AL PROCESS ................................
2-3
2.5
INSTITUTIONAL PROJECT LINKAGES ................................
2-4
3
STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT ........................
3-1
3.1 EIA PARTS .......................
3-1
CDM International
NLTN EIA REPORT Sept 2000
Part B - Water Cycle Management and Environmental

Assessment Framework
4
WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT .
...............
..........
4-1
4.1
INTRODUCTION ............
,
4-i
4.2
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ..............................................
................
44.3
WATER SUPPLY .........................................................
.....
4-2
4.3.1
WATER SUPPLY COMPANY ..............................
.
............................... 4-2
4.3.2
WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ................................... ......
................. 4-2
4.3.3
WATER SUPPLY ISSUES ..................................................
............
4-3
4.4
DRArNAGE AND SEWERAGE ...............................................
...............
4-4
4.4.1
URBAN DRAINAGE COMPANY ..............................................
................
4-4
4.4.2
HCMC DRAINAGE/SEWERAGE POLICY FRAMEWORK .......................... 44
4.4.3 RELEVANT DRAINAGE/SEWERAGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING STUDIES ..............................................................
..................
44
4.5
WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN HCMC ................................
................. 4-5
4.5.1 DEFINITION OF OBJECTIVES AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS
PLANS .............................................................. 4-5
4.5.2
DEMAND MANAGEMENT ....................................................
.......... 4-6
4.5.3 COORDINATING COMPLEMENTARY SERVICES AND SCHEMES ......... 4-7
4.6
CONCLUSION ...........................................................
...
4-7
5
VIETNAMESE ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK ...................................
....
5-1
5.1
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .........................................
5-1
5.1.1
NATIONAL LEVEL ........................................
5-1
5.1.2
PROVINCIAL / CITY LEVEL ........................................
5-1
5.1.3
DISTRICT LEVEL ........................................
:
5-1
5.2
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
.
................................. 5-1
5.2.:
EIA REQUIREMENTS.
.......
................................. 5-1
5.2.2
EIA APPROVAL PROCESS ........................................
5-2
5.3
SECTOR-WISE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
.
................................. 5-3
5.3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN TRANSPORTATION .5-3
5.3.2
ENVIRONNIENTAL PROTECTION IN CONSTRUCTION ...........................
. 5-3
5.3.3
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDELINES ..........................
. 5-4
5.4
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
.
............................ 5-4
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
CDM
WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS

.
.............................. 6-1
PURPOSES .............
6-1
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW AND THE PROJECT CYCLE .6-1
WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES .6-1
Internaliona]
ii
Part C - Project Description, Alternatives and Public

Consultation
7
PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW
.
............................................. 7-1
7.1
DESIGN OBJECTIVES, STANDARD AND CONCEPT
.
............................... 7-1
7.2
CATCHMENT AND FLOWS ..............................................
..............
7-1
7.2.1
CATCHMENT BOUNDARIES ..............................................
..............
7-1
7.2.2
DESIGN FLOWS AN
D LOADS .........................
...................................
7-2
7.3
PROJECT OUTLINE ...................................................
.........
7-3
7.3.1
PROPOSED PROJECT ..................................................
..........
7-3
7.4
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN .....................................
.......................
7-4
7.4.1
PART 1 - WASTEWATER COMPONENTS ...................................
................7-4
7.4.2
PART 2 - DRAINAGE COMPONENTS .....................................
....................... 7-4
7.5
OWNERSHIP, PROCUREMENT, COST AND FUNDING
.
............................. 7-4
7.5.1
OWNERSHIP ..........................................................
..
7-4
7.5.2
PROCUREMENT ........................................................
....
7-5
7.5.3
PROJECT COSTS .....................................................
.......
7-5
7.5.4
PROJECT FUNDING ...................................................
.........
7-5
8
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT COMPONENTS ..................................
.
8-1
8.1
PART I - WASTEWATER COMPONENTS .
. ..........................................................
8-1
8.1.1
INTERCEPTOR ........................................................
....
8-1
8.1.2
NLTN COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS ...................................
................. 8-1
8.1.3
PUMPNIG STATION
............
................................................ 8-1
8.1.4 RIVER CROSSING PIPELINE AND TEMPORARY OUTFALL PIPE ........... 8-3
8.2
PART 2 DRAI NAG
E COMPO NENTS ................
............................................
8-3
8.2.1
DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENTS .............................................
...............
8-3
8.2.2
NLTN FLOOD CANAL IMPROVEMENTS ...................................
.................8-4
9
CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
.
.
.......................... 9-1
9.1
PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES .......................................
....................
9-1
9.2
CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM AND WORKFORCE .
................................................... 9-1
9.3
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - PART I - WASTEWATER COMPONENTS ............ 9-2
9.3.1
NLTN INTERCEPTOR ..................................................
...
9-2
9.3.2
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW STRUCTURES .............................
........... 9-3
9.3.3 PUMPING STATION AND SCREENING FACILITY & ANCILLARY
STRUCTURES .....................................................
9-3
9.3.4 RIVER CROSSING PIPELINE AND TEMPORARY OUTFALL PIPE ..........9-4
9.4
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - PART 2 - DRAINAGE COMPONENTS ..................9-4
9.4.1
NLTN CANAL IMPROVEMENTS ..........................................
..............
9-4
9.4.2
DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENTS .............................................
...........
9-5
CDM mnternational
ii
9.5
OPERATIONAL AND NMAINTENA-NCE REQUIREMTENTS ..........................
.............. 9-5
9.5.1 NLTN COM%BN'ED SEWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE PLAN ..................................................... 9-'
10
ANALYSES OF ALTERNATIVES ..............................................
......
10-1
10.1
ALTERNATIVE DESIGN CONCEPTS AND SCHENIES ..............................
.............. 10-1
10.1.1 DRAINAGE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES ............................
........ 10-1
10.1.2 FLOOD CANAL LMPROVEMENT ALTERNATIVES .
10-2
10.1.3 TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES .
10-3
10.2 ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR PUMPING STATION AND RIVER DISCHARGE
OUTFALL ......
10-5
10.2.1 ALTERNATIVE PUVP STATION AND SCREENING FACILITY SITES.. 10-5
10.2.2 ALTERNATIVE RIVER OUTFALL LOCATIONS .
10-5
10.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES ................................
10-6
10.3.1 DRAINAGE CULVERTS AND PIPES, AND WASTEWATER
INTERCEPTOR ................................
10-6
10.3.2 NL-TN FLOOD CANAL IMPROVEMENTS ................................
10-7
10.3.3 INTERCEPTOR ALTERNATIVES .................................10-8
10.3.4 CANAL FLUSHING ................................
10-9
10.4
CONSEQUENCES OF NOT PROCEEDING
..........
............................. 10-9
I I
PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND CONSULTATION
.
.
............................ 11-1
11.1
GENERAL
.
....
....................................... 11-1
11.2
FIRST PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROGRAM ....................................
.......
11-1
11.2.1 WARD AND HOUSEHOLD LEVEL SURVEY .......................................
.... 11-1
11.2.2 DISTRICT LEVEL ...........................................
11-2
11.3
SECOND PUBLIC CONSULTATION
...............
............................ 11-3
11.3.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATION FOR
RESETTLEMENT ............................................ 11-3
11.4
PUBLIC EDUCATION PROGRAMS rN WASTEWATER
.
........................... 11-4
11.4.1 USE OF MASS MEDIA ..................................
11-4
11.4.2 SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ..................................
114
11.4.3 SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS AND SCHOOLS ..................................
11-4
11.4.4 PUBLIC PLACES ..................................
11-5
11.4.5 HOUSEHOLDS .................................. 11-5
11.4.6 PUBLIC INFORMATION CENTER ..................................
11-5
CONSULTATION COMMITTEE ..................................
11-5
CDM International
iv
11.4.7
Part D - Baseline Conditions

12 PHYSICAL RESOURCES
.
.
.........
.......... 12-1
12.1
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY ................................................
............. 12-1
12.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY ..........................................................
... .
12-1
12.1.2 GEOLOGY ..............................................................
12-1
12.1.3 SUMNINIARY OF SITE INVESTIGATION RESULTS
.
....
..................... 12-1
12.2
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY .
........................
.................................... 12-2
12.2.1 RAINFALL ..........................
12-2
12.2.2 WEND AND STORM
......................... 12-3
12.2.3 TEMPERATURE
......................... 12-3
12.2.4 HUMIDITY ..........................
12-3
12.2.5 EVAPORATION
......................... 12-3
12.3
HYDROLOGY, DRAINAGE AND RIVER FLOW
.
.
......................... 12-3
12.3.1 RIVERS AND CANALS
......................... 12-3
12.3.2 HYDROLOGY ..........................
12-4
12.3.3 PROJECT FLOW SAMPLING
......................... 124
12.3.4 FLOODS IN HO CHI MINH CITY
..
......
................. 12-5
12.3.5 TIDAL REGIMES
......................... 12-5
12.3.6 SALINITY INTRUSION
......................... 12-6
12.4
EXISTING DISCHARGE SOURCES AND RECEIVING WATER QUALITY .......... 12-6
12.4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF WATER USES AND SENSITIVE RECEIVERS ...... 12-6
12.4.2 EXISTING DISCHARGE SOURCES IN THE NLTN BASIN . ................... 127
12.4.3 POLLUTION LOAD COMPARISON .
.....................
....................................... 12-8
12.5
EXISTING WATER QUALITY
...........
............
12-8
12.5.1 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR DONG NAI SAIGON RIVER
BASIN .......................
12-8
12.5.2 DATA SOURCES
12-10........................................ 12-10
12.5.3 BASELINE WATER QUALITY - SAIGON RIVER .................................
.... 12-10
12.5.4 EXISTING WATER QUALITY ALONG NLTN .....................................
... 12-12
12.5.5 EXISTING WATER QUALITY AT THE CONFLUENCE OF NLTN AND
THE SAIGON RIVER ........................................
1
2-13
12.5.6 WATER QUALITY IN AREA OF PORT CLUSTERS ................................
. 12-14
12.6 NLTN CANAL SEDIMENT
.................... 12-14
12.7 AIR QUALITY .....................
12-15
12. NOISE .....................
12-16
13.
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ..................................................
........
13-1
13.1.
REVIEW OF AQUATIC RESOURCES IN HOCHIMTNH CITY ........................
......... 13-1
13.1.1. ZOOBENTHOS IN SAIGON RIVER (1997 STUDY) ................................
.... 13-1
13.1.2. PLANKTONS AND BENTHIC ANINIALS (1999 STUDBY) ..........................
I
CDM International
v
NLTN
EIA REPORT Sept 2000
13.1.3. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN SAIGON RIrVER (2000 STUDY ) .............. 13-7

13.2. NATURAL FISHERY RESOURCES ...........................................
.............. 13-9
13.2.1. FISH SPECIES COMPOSITION ................................
13-9
13.2.2. FISH SPECIES DISTRIBUTION ................................ 13-10
13.2.3. FISH DENSITY AND PRODUCTIVITY ................................ 13-10
13.2.4. ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT FISHES ................................ 13-10
13.2.5. SHRIMP RESOURCES ................................
13-10
13.2.6. FISH MIGRATION ................................
13-11
13.3. REVIEW OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS OF HCMC ...............................
......... 13-11
13.3.1. OVERVIEW ................ ..
13.3.2. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM AT PROPOSED PUMPINr; STATION
SITE ..................
..... 13-11
14 HUMAN-USE VALUES
. . .14-1
14.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .14-1
14.2 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT
..14-1
14.2.1 ROAD TRANSPORTATION .
14-1
14.2.2 WATERWAY TRANSPORTATION .14-2
14.3 FISHERIES
..14-3
14.3.1 CAPTURE FISHERY ....................................
14-3
14.3.2 AQUACULTURE .14-3
14.4 POWER SlPPLY
..14-4
14.5 INDUSTRY
..14-4
14.6 LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING .14-4
14.7 PARKS AND GREEN SPACES
.
.14-5
14.8 SANITATION
..14-6
14.8.1 EXISTING SANITARY CONDITIONS .14-6
14.8.2 SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT .14-7
15 QUALITY-OF-LIFE VALUES .
15-1
15.1 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS ..
15-1
15.1.1 EXISTING PROFILE .
15-1
15.1.2 FUTURE GROWTH AND TRENDS .
15-1
15.2 PUBLIC HEALTH ..
15-2
15.3 CULTURAL HERITAGE, RECREATION, TOURISM AND VISUAL RESOURCE .15-2
CDM Lnternational
vi
NLTN EIA REPORT Sep
t 2000
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18.4.8 IMPROVED PUBLIC HEALTH .............................

,
I S-I 5
Part F - Environmental Management Plan
19 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
... 19-1
19.1
SPECIFIC SAFEGUARDS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ............................
........ 19-1
19.1.1 OVERVIEW .........................
19-1
19.1.2 WATER QUALITY .........................
19-2
19.1.3 AIR QUALITY .........................
19-3
19.1.4 ODOUR CONTROL MEASURES .........................
19-4
19.1.5 NOISE MITIGATION MEASURES..............
..
......... 19-6
19.1.6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ..................................
19-6
19.1.7 PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM.
.................
................. 19-7
19.1.8 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAM ............................. 19
-7
19.1.9 TRA4FFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES .............................1............
.. 19-8
19.1.10 RIVER OUTFALL MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................
..... 19-8
19.1.11 PUBLIC TOILET MITIGATION MEASURES ......................................
..... 19-9
19.2
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE .
...............
.............................................. 19-9
19.3
PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REPORTrNG SYSTEM .............. 19-9
19.3.3 MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ..................................................
............1 9-9
20
INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING .
......................
......
20-1
20.1
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................
20-1
20.2
HCMC INSTITUTIONS IN THE DRAINAGE/SEWERAGE SECTOR ......................
. 20-1
20.2.1 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT AND PUBLIC WORKS (DTPW) ........... 20-1
20.2.2 URBAN DRAINAGE COMPANY ...............................................
20-1
20.3
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE NLTN PROJECT .
....................... 20-2
20.4
SHORT-TERM INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS FOR PROJECT IMvPLEMENTATION .... 20-2
20.4.1 PMU STRENGTHENING .., .
.20-2
20.4.2 PMU STAFFING AND ORGANIZATION .20-3
20.4.3 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO PMJU ...................................
20-3
20.5
LONG-TERM INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS ..., , .
........
.......................... 20-4
20.5.1 URBAN DRAINAGE COMPANY ..................................
20-4
20.5.2 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT.
................
.................. 20-5
20.5.3 TARIFFS ..................................
20-5
20.5.4 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO URBAN DRAINAGE COMPANY ........... 20-6
21
ENVIRONTMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING

.
.......................... 21-1
21.1 ENVIRON?MENTAL MONITORING AND AUDIT PROGRAM
.. 21 -2
21.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE EM&A PROGRA.I .
21-2
CDM International
viii
REPORT Sept 2000
NLTN EIA
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Part G - Conclusion
22
PROJECT JJSTIFICATION ....................
..
22-1
22.1 OVERVIEW .................................
22-1
22.2
SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLE
....................
............ 22-1
22.3 EIA FINDINGS .................................
22-1
22.3.1 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................
22-1
22.3.2 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT ................................
22-2
22.3.3 ECONOMIC BENEFITS ................................
22-2
22.4 CONCLUSION ................................
.22-3
CDM intemational
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 :Project Area
2-1
Figure 2-2 :.Nlhieu Loc -Thi Nghe Canal
2-1
Figure 2-3
Existing Flooding Areas (2-yr storm) in the NLTN Basin
2-2
Figure 4-1
Water Supply Intake Locations on the Saigon and Dong Nai Rivers
4-3
Figure 5-1
EIA Approval Process in Ho Chi Minh City
5-3
Figure 6-1
Environmental Assessment and the Project Cycle
6-1
Figure 7-1
Project Boundary and Catchment Areas
7-1
Figure 7-2
Projected Flows
7-2
Figure 7-3
Part One Wastewater Components
7-4
Figure 7-4
Part Two Drainage Components
7-4
Figure 8-1
Drainage Schematic
8-1
Figure 8-2
Typical CSO Section
8-I
Figure 8-3
Pump Station Site Plan
8-2
Figure 8-4
River Crossing Pipeline and Temporary Outfall Pipe
8-3
Figure 8-5
Drainage Improvement Typical Section
8-3
Figure 10-1 Alternative Pump Station and Screening Facility Sites
10-5
Figure 12-1 Hydrological and Water Quality Sampling/ Monitoring Stations
Along Saigon River
12-4
Figure 12-2 Flow Measurement Sampling Results
12-5
Figure 12-3 Urban Basins Within HCMC Masterplan Study Area
12-8
Figure 12-4 pH
12-10
Figure 12-5 Chemical Oxygen Demand
12-10
Figure 12-6 Dissolved Oxygen.
12-10
Figure 12-7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
12-10
Figure 12-8 Suspended Solids.
12-10
Figure 12-9 Nitrate
12-10
Figure 12-10 Total Coliform
12-10
Figure 12-11 Ammonia
12-10
Figure 12-12 Temperature
12-10
Figure 12-13 Salinity
12-10
Figure 13-1 Project Location and Biological Resources within Saigon River Basi
n 13-1
Figure 14-1 Project Site Plan
14-4
Figure 15-1 Population Projections for NLTN Districts
15-1
Figure 17-1 Hydrological and Water Quality Sampling/ Monitoring Stations along
the
Saigon River
17-1
Figure 17-2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
17-2
Figure 17-3 Dissolved Oxygen
17-2
Figure 17-4 Ammonia
17-2
Figure 17-5 Nitrate
17-2
Figure 17-6 Flow Measurement
17-2
Figure 17-7 Data Calibration
17-3
Figure 17-8 Comparison to Measured Values
17-3
Figure 17-9 Comparison to Measured Values
17-3
Figure 17-10 Model Results - BOD - Wet Season
17-3
Figure 17-11 Model Results - BOD - Dry Season
17-3
Figure 17-12 Model Results - DO - Wet Season
17-4
Figure 17-13 Model Results - DO - Dry Season
17-4
Figure 17-14 Model Results - Ammonia - Wet Season
17-5
Figure 17-15 Model Results - Ammonia - Dry Season
17-5
Figure 17-16 Model Results - Nitrate -Wet Season
17-5
Figure 17-1 7 Model Resul's - Nitrate - Drv Season
17-5
Figure 17-18 Near-Field Dispersion Estimated BOD Isoconcentrations - ADF 2015
17-6
Figure 18-1: Pumping Station Sensitive Receivers
18-12
CDM International
xi
NLTN EIA REPO.RT Sept 2
000
Figure IS-2 Artist Impression of the Pump Station

18-15
Figure 19-1 Project Implementation Schedule
19-9
Figure 20-1 Proposed PMIU Staffing Organization ti Implement NL-TN Project
20-3
Figure 21-1 Reporting and Liason in Environmental Monitoring
21-5
CDM International
0
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1: Existing Water Supply Sources for HCMC
4-2
Table 4-2: Planned Additional Water Supply Sources for HCMC
4-3
Table 5-1: List of Relevant Vietnamese standards
5-4
Table 6-1: Comparison of Effluent and Ambient Water Quality Standards and Guide
lines 6-2
Table 7-1: Estimated Project Costs
7-5
Table 8-1: Summary of Proposed Drainage Improvements
8-4
Table 9-1: Project Schedule
9-1
Table 9-2: Project Facility Contingency Planning
9-8
Table 10-1: Estimated Base Costs of Drainage Improvements
10-1
Table 10-2: Base Costs of Channel Improvements to Tributaries
10-3
Table 11-1: Questionnaire for Public Consultation
11-2
Table 11-2: Occupations/Classification of Interviewed Persons
11-3
Table 11-3: Responses to Second Public Consultation
11-3
Table 12-1: Monthly rainfall (mm)
12-2
Table 12-2: Monthly Average Precipitation at Tan Son Nhat Station (1956-1994)
12-2
Table 12-3: Statistics of Temperature Regime in HCMC
12-3
Table 12-4: Comparison of BOD Pollution Loading
12-8
Table 12-5: Surface Water Quality Standards for Vietnam
12-9
Table 12-6: Overall Water Quality of NL-TN Canal (1996)
12-12
Table 12-7: Water Quality along NL-TN Canal (Oct-1998)
12-13
Table 12-8: Heavy Metals in NL-TN Sediment in Comparison with U.S.A. Standards
12-15
Table 12-9: Air Quality at Heavy Traffic Spots (1997-1998)
12-16
Table 12-10: Air Pollution Levels at Pumping Station Site
12-17
Table 12-11: Noise Levels at Heavy Traffic Spots in 1998
12-17
Table 12-12: Noise Levels at Pumping Station Site
12-18
Table 13-1: Zoobenthos in Saigon River
13-1
Table 13-2: Number of Zoobenthos Species in Saigon River
13-2
Table 13-3: Densitv and Biomass of Zoobenthos in Saigon River
13-3
Table 13-4: Species Conmposition of Plankton and Zoobenthos, August 1999
13-4
Table 13-5: Population Structure of Plankton and Zoobenthos

13-6
Table 13-6: Species Composition of Taxa Identified in Saigon River (May, 2000)
13-8
Table 13-7: Species Diversity of Fish in Saigon River
13-10
Table 13-8: Density and Productivity of Fish
13-10
Table 13-9: Density and Shrimp Productivity in Saigon River
13-11
Table 14-1: Statistics of Transportation Means in HCMC
14-1
Table 14-2: Statistics of Navigational Incidents/Accidents in HCMC Waterways
14-2
Table 14-3: Projections of Waterways Transportation in HCMC
14-2
Table 14-4: Vietnam's Power Development Plans
14-4
Table 14-5: Statistics of Green Space (m2)
14-5
Table 14-6: Existing Sanitation
14-6
Table 15-1: Incidence of Waterbome Diseases Associated with Inadequate Sanitatio
n 15-2
Table 15-2: List of Cultural, Historical and Recreational Sites
15-3
Table 16-1: Checklist of Environmental Issues in Wastewater Management
16-2
Table 16-2: Summary of Key Effects and Impacts
16-4
Table 17-1: Hydrology and Water Quality Data
17-2
Table 17-2: Comparison of Peak BOD with the Existing Condition
17-4
Table 17-3: BOD Concentration on Saigon River at Mouth of NLTN Canal
17-4
Table 17-4: Comparison of Peak Ammonia with the Existing Condition
17-5
Table 17-5: Ammonia Concentration on the Saigon River at the Mouth of the NLTN C
anal 17-5
Table 18-1: Summarv of Economic Analysis
18-10
Table 18-2(a): Maximum Permitted Noise Levels Under TCV,N 5949
18-11
Table 18-'(b): World Bank Mlaximum Ailowable Noise Levels
18-11
CDM Intemational
xiii
00
Table 18-3: Maximum Sound Powrer Level for Pumping Station Excavation
18-12
Table 18-4: Sound Pressure Level During Pumping Station Construction
18-12
Table I 8-5: Maximum Sound Power for Pit'Trench Excavation
18-13
Table 18-6: Sound Pressure Level During Pit'Trench Excavation
18-14
Table 18-7: Waterborne Disease Incidence within the Districts of the NLTN Basin
18-16
Table 19-1: Summary of Specific Mitigation and Management Measures
19-1
Table 19-2: Environmental Aspect 1 - Resettlement
19-11
Table 19-3: Environmental Aspect 2 - Land Clearance, Excavation, and Filling
19-12
Table 19-4: Environmental Aspect 3 - Canal Dredging and Material Management
19-13
Table 19-5: Environmental Aspect 4 - Sewer/Drainage Network Operation and Mainte
nancel9-14
Table 19-6: Environmental Aspect 5 - Pump Station Operation and Maintenance
19-15
Table 19-7: Environmental Aspect 6 - Discharge to Saigon River
19-16
Table 21-1: Summary of Specific Monitoring Proposals
21-1
Table 21-2: Proposed Noise Monitoring Program
21-8
Table 21-3: Estimated Cost for Environmental Monitoring
21-9
Table 21-4: Environmental Monitoring Implementation Plan
21-10
CDM International
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0
ABBREVIATIONS
Organizations
CDM
Camp Dresser & McKee International Inc.
DHI
Danish Hydraulics Institute
DTPW
ENCO
Environmental Committee (renamed recently to the Environmental
Management Section)
HCMC
Ho Chi Minh City
IDA
International Development Association (of the World Bank Group)
IER
Institute for Environment and Resources
JGF
Japanese Grant Fund
JICA
Japan Intemational Cooperation Agency
MRD
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
NLTN
Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe (Basin or Canal)
PC HCMC People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City
PMU
Project Management Unit
UDC
Urban Drainage Company
UPI
Urban Planning Institute
UPWE
Urban Public Works Enterprises (at District level)
URENCO Urban Environment Company
USEPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
WB
World Bank
Terminology
%
Percentage
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
cm
Centimeter
COD
Chemical oxygen demand
DO
Dissolved oxygen
Ha
Hectare
kg
Kilogram
kg/cm2
Kilogram per square centimeter
km
Kilometer
km2
Area, square kilometers
Ipcd
Liters per capita per day
m
Meter
m2
Square meter
m 2/cap
Square meters per capita
m3/s
Cubic meters per second
mg
Milligram
mm
Millimeter
MPN
Most probable number
ng
Nanogram
C
Degrees Centigrade
SS
Suspended Solids
SWMM
Storm Water Management Model (USEPA computer software)
UMP
Urban Master Plan
lUSS. USD United States Dollar
CDM International
xv
Part A
Introduction
CDM International
00
NLTN EIA Report Sept 20
Cn5'
zo -;rs c|
95 19'CC0
I Terms of Reference
1.1 Background
In 1999, CDM Intemational Inc (CDM), a global environmental consulting firm head
quartered in
the USA, completed a Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design for the Nhieu Loc
- Thi Nghe
(NLTN) Basin that was accepted by the World Bank and the Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC)
People's
Commnittee. As part of the Feasibility Study, an Environmental Management Plan (
EMP) was also
completed. The purpose of the EMP was to provide a prcliminar assessment of tc l
ikrly
environmental impacts of the Project.
Following the completion of the Feasibility Study, the Contract for Ho Chi Minh
City
Environmental Sanitation Project (Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe Basin) to provide Support
for the
Detailed Design was signed on 30 March 2000. The agreement was signed between th
e
Department of Transport and Public Works (DTPW), representing the HCMC People's
Committee and CDM. The DTPW has received a credit from International Development
Agency,
under which proceeds from the World Bank Group Japanese PHRD Grant Fund (Trust F
und Nlo.
025915) are being applied toward the cost of the consulting services. The commen
cement date for
the Project was 30 March 2000.
Amongst the several support tasks required by the World Bank, one is additional
environmental
analysis to be conducted leading to the detailed design of the Project component
s. Also, under
Vietnamese law, the NL-TN Project will require an environmental impact assessmen
t (EJA).
Circular No. 490/1988/TT-BKHCNMT dated 29 April 1998 specifies varying level of
environmental assessment at three different stages of the project cycle, includi
ng:
* an initial environmental examination (lEE) to be completed when applying for
an investment
approval,
* a detailed EIA Report during detailed design and construction; and
* further reporting prior to project start up.
The EMP that was prepared as part of the Feasibility Study Report satisfies the
requirements for
an IEE. This phase will prepare a more detailed EIA Report that will both (i) sa
tisfy World Bank's
requirements and (ii) comply with Vietnamese environmental assessment regulation
s.
Specifically, the EIA Report will:
* be carried out in accordance with the World Bank's Operational Policies, Proc
edures and
Good Practices (OP/BP/GP) 4.01 and the current version of the World Bank's "Poll
ution
Prevention and Abatement Handbook"; and
* update the Environmental Management Plan or Initial Environmental Examination
, presented
in Volume 5 of the Final Report for the Project Feasibility Study, to reflect th
e most current
design information.
1.2 Objective of EIA Report

The objective of this ETA Report is to document the findings of the environmenta
l impact
assessment study, presenting information and results of analyses.
CDM Inernational
1-1
NLTN EIA Report S
ept 2000
C.2 '-O'ec*_.e cc 0;119,00

2 Project Overview
2.1 Background
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is the fastest growing region in Vietnam, and the most p
opulous city
in the country. According to the 1997 Ho Chi Minh City Statistical Yearbook, the
City produced
22 per cent of the national GDP, and is a significant economic center of the cou
ntry. HCMC has
an administrative area of 2,079 km2 that encompasses 17 urban districts of 440 k
m.2, and five
semi-urban districts.
The HCMC region contains a dense network of rivers and canals. In the City, the
drainage canals
may be grouped into five basins. One of these, the Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe (NLTN) bas
in includes
the comnercial and cultural center of HCMC, and contains 1.2 million inhabitants
out of the total
of five million inhabitants within the City. The NLTN basin covers 33 km2 and in
cludes portions
of seven districts of HCMC (Districts 1, 3, 10, Phu Nhuan, Tan Binh, Binh Thanh
and Go Vap), as
shown in Figure 2-1. The NLTN Canal is heavily polluted by untreated wastewater
and urban
stormwater from a combined drainage/sewer system, consisting of about 130 km of
closed
conduits maintained by the Urban Drainage Company (UDC), and about 150 km of sew
ers
maintained by seven Urban Public Works Enterprises (UPWE). Figure 2-2 shows the
general
alignment of the canal.
The NLTN system is old and inadequate to serve the currently developed urban are
a. It has also
deteriorated from a lack of maintenance and repair over the years. In particular
, the capacity of
the NLTN Canal has diminished over the years as a result of encroachment by slum
housing,
deposits of solid wastes and debris, and sediment deposits from soil erosion wit
hin the basin.
Septic tanks and cesspools serve more than 90 per cent of the households, with t
he overflow pipes
connected to the drainage system (where available). The remaining households dis
charge directly
to the NLTN canal or to a stream discharging to the canal. Only about half of th
e septic tanks are
properly designed and constructed, and tanks are not desludged regularly to main
tain their
treatment capability.
2.2 Need for Improvement
During dry periods, tidal flushing of the NLTN canal system is limited. Decompos
ition of the
wastes in the canal depletes oxygen and release strong odors, causing adverse im
pacts on water
quality, amenities and aesthetics. The average BOD5 level in the canal measured
during a recent
survey was 121 mg/L indicating that, with the exception of rainfall events, BOD
levels in the
canal are equivalent to that of raw sewage.
Significantly, accumulation of untreated wastewater in the canals is posing a se
rious threat to
public health. Microbiological contamination is a serious problem with total col
iform levels
averaging more than four million units perlOO mL. Some residents are known to us
e canal water
for the washing of clothes and for bathing. Also, the canal is also used for the
growing of
waterbome vegetables that are consumed by area residents.
During wet weather periods, the accumulated wastewater in the canal system is fl
ushed out into
Saigon River. However, flooding of low-lying properties also occurs frequently d
uring such
periods, imposing a range of direct and indirect costs on the community and in p
articular the
households, businesses, and institutions located within the affected areas of th
e basin:
. Direct costs of flooding include those resulting from damage to structures, ho
usehold
possessions, commercial merchandise. roads and other public infrastructure, and
vehicles.
CDM Intemational
2-1
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
1 <,,
<:W:'
IQUAN GO VAP
KEYAP
- ,
QUAN BINH TH1
QUAN PIIU NHUAN
QUANl TAN BINH
.
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~~~~~~~~~~~~.__-.-'
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CD M
Intemnational Inc.
PROJECT AREA
FIGURE
2-1
-\
/-~\
. . -
~~~~
i~~~~~~
(I
'1NLTN BASIN
PROJEICr AREA
DISTRICT BINH THANH
KEYMAP
DISTRICT TAN BINH
DISTRICT PHU NHUAN
O OLOTg oP 00
T00 11.
TO PIN 000
r-
ST
108001, DATOOST
L0 /1
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DISTRICT J
DISTRICT 3
ru
AIGON RIVER
FIGURE
C D Ml Intemnational Inc.
NHIEU LOC-THI NGHE CANAL
2-2
C^. s e-2dce - -- 9 1A
* Lidirect costs include those resulting from reductions in economic and social
activitv,
restrictions on travel and increased travel times, interruption of schooling, ev
acuation and
reinstatement, physical and psychological impacts, environmental damage, and phy
sical
modifications to homes. businesses, and institutions designed to protect propert
ies from
flooding.
Since the drainage network receives both stormwater and sewage, when the drains
overflow
during flood events, areas within the basin are inundated with a mix of stormwat
er and raw
sewage. Areas of existing flooding are shown in Figure 2-3. This includes public
areas, such as
roads and sidewalks, as well as the bottom floor of homes and other structures.
Exposure to the
pathogens present in raw sewage poses a serious health risk to the population. F
urthermore, the
pools of stagnant water resulting from the inability of the network to drain eve
n normal rainfall
events provides the breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other disease bearing in
sect vectors.
Beginning in mid-1993 and continuing to the present, the City has undertaken a p
rogram to
improve the physical conditions of the 9 km Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe canal. The prog
ram was
funded by approximately US$ 120 million from the City's budget. This program inc
luded
resettlement of the population along the canal into newly built apartment houses
near the canal. It
also included construction of culverts, masonry revetment walls, asphalt-paved r
oads, streetlights,
public toilets, and ornamental trees and shrubs along both sides of the canal. T
he program
-dredged approximately 260,000 m3 from the canal bottom. Construction of the mas
onry
embankment is on-going, with a total of 5.9 km of embankment workcompleted. The
whole
program is expected to conclude by within the year 2000.
The measures being implemented currently (i.e. canal dredging and clearing of sl
ums) are
essentially targeted at improving the physical condition of the canal. As such,
there remains an
urgent need to provide a long-term sustainable solution to the poor drainage, sa
nitary and
environmental conditions of the basin. Recognizing this, the Government of Vietn
am has
requested World Bank financing for rehabilitation of the drainage system and env
ironmental
improvement in the NLTN basin. In 1999, CDM Intemational Inc completed a Feasibi
lity Study
and Preliminary Design for the NLTN basin that was accepted by the World Bank an
d the HCMC
People's Committee. The following section outlines the recommendations of the e
arlier
Feasibility Study, which form the Project to be assessed in this EIA Report.
2.3 Project Objective and Outline
The objectives of the Project are to alleviate flooding in the NLTN basin and to
provide a means
to remove untreated wastewater from the basin, thereby improving the drainage, s
anitary and
environmental conditions of the basin. The Project is the first phase of an ulti
mate plan to develop
a biological wastewater treatment facility at Cat Lai in District 2 which will b
e developed when
the City's ability to afford such a facility is achieved and funding is availabl
e. The proposed
Project components include:
2.3.1.1 Part 1 - Wastewater Components
Combined Sewer Overflows
* Construction of 20 main combined sewer overflow structures (CSOs) along the c
anal Up
to thirty additional structures may be required to divert flow from smaller drai
nage pipes.
* CSOs will be located at the outfalls of drainage conduits to divert dry-weath
er sewage
flows from the canal to a new interceptor tunnel while allowing overflows during
large
storms. they will include bar racks and tide gates
NLT.N Interceptor
CDM Internat onal
2-2
NLTN EIA Report S
ept 2000
EXING FLOODING IN THE NLN BASIN

(2 Yf STORM)
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t :N _
i(,..i
i
_,-"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10
......... k 0P4 7s<',,,_
o""~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Q /o (d \3 io
SO \
4o 9 _'
I P 4
P.3
P
P, 1,
\S I I
t/
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,P.17'
/
\
\F 0
'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~P.
P.12
X_~~~~~~P4 Pe r) soX
\.7t_
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Q fill \
' '/' 'o
P,12
P I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~POLS OMTEEO OCI IHCT
Q,~~~~~~~ N 1{
P.3,
XtI,N
-> I I ) .. _____ _ __
I<gzo
DEPARTMENTOF TRANSPORTHDNCD P0600IY EOXSDISTIlNG FLOODING AREAS (2-YR STORM)
|FIGURE
i _ _ _ _ E =
<o.r = CDM_____
HO CHI
MINH Cfl SEWERAGE PRNECT
IN THE NLTN BAIN
2-3
CDM ,.i,, D/hif . HHIEU LOC-ThI NONE BASIN ___. . ...................
<__@__ .P_
CC2 Procecit0erl:o - 09 if 5
* Construction of a new 8.3 kilometer-long, 3-meter diameter wastewater interc
eptor
beneath the canal to convey dry-weather wastewater flow s to the pumping and scr
eening
station
* Construction of two canal draw-off structures to flush the stagnant volume fr
om the
bottom of the upstream reaches of the NLTN Canal via the NLTN interceptor
* Instrumentation and control system for the draw-off of flows from the NLTN Ca
nal
Pumping Station and Screening Facility
* Construction of pumping station and screening facility at the confluence of t
he NLTN and
Van Thanh canal in ward 19 of Binh Thanh District
* Screening by six mechanical screens
* Pumping by twelve submersible pumps with a total station capacity of 64,000 m
3/hr with
two standby pumps
River OutfalUCrossing Force Main
Construction and operation of a 670m-long outfall to discharge screened wastewat
er from
the NLTN Basin through an outfall diffuser to the Saigon River.
2.3.1.2 Part 2 - Drainage Components
Drainage improvements
* Construction of new, replacement, and parallel combined sewer drainage condui
ts
* Drainage improvements, consist primarily large box culverts placed in streets
, to reduce
flooding and overflow of combined stormwater and sewage onto the streets
NLTN Canal improvements
: Dredging to widen and deepen the NLTN Canal with beneficial reuse of the dred
ged
material
- Construction of canal improvements for flood control
The estimated cost for the Project components as outlined above is about USS 200
million. Up to
75% of the total project budget could be funded by a loan from the World Bank. I
t is anticipated
that construction of the proposed scheme will take about 5 years. The local exec
uting agency for
this Project is the DTPW of HCMC.
2.4 Outline of EIA Approval Process
In order to authorize financing of the Project, the Intemational Development Age
ncy (IDA) of the
World Bank requires completion of environmental assessment, in addition to finan
cial and
economic analysis, institutional analysis, and resettlement action planning in c
onjunction with
detailed design of Project components. The objective of the analyses is to demon
strate the
viability of the Project, which includes amongst others compliance with the Bank
's operating
policy on environmental assessment. An Appraisal Report on the Project will be p
repared after a
series of mission visits to the country by World Bank officers. It is anticipate
d that the whole
appraisal and funding approval process could take up to about six months. Chapte
r 6 of this report
provides further discussion of the project appraisal process.

In accordance Vietnamese statutory requirements, the ELA Report for this Project
will have to be
submitted to the National Environment Agenc) under the Ministry of Science. Tech
nology and
Environment for appraisal. Approval of the ELA Report is a requirement for obtai
ning the
CDM International
2-3
NLTN EIA Report Se
pt 2000
ChO2 Proec _-,e C_c - C 5'9 0,

necessary permit to proceed wNith the proposed development. According to Circul
ar No.
490/l98& TT-BKHCNMAT dated 29 April 199S the timeframe for ELA approval allows
for a
maximum appraisal period of 60 days from the day the responsible agency receives
all relevant
and complete documentation, Within five days of receiving the ELA submission, th
e responsible
agency shall informn the project proponient if the documents are incomplete or a
ny additional
information is required for appraisal. Chapter 5 further describes the Vietnames
e environmental
approval process.
2.5 Institutional Project Linkages
The following institutional/project linkages have been identified and will be re
ferred to in the
Project EIA as relevant and appropriate:
k Environmental Improvement Project, funded by Asian Development Bank (USS 70 mi
llion
loan and USS 30 million counterpart fund), executed by DTPW, for solid waste man
agement,
Hang Bang Canal improvement and capacity building.
. Tan Hoa-Lo Gom Canal Improvement Project (220 million Belgian Francs), for ca
nal
improvement, drainage and wastewater.
* Institutional Strengthening and Environmental Monitoring, funded by UNIDO/UND
P and
executed by DOSTE, for air and water management and environmental monitoring.
- The Study on Urban Drainage and Sewerage System prepareda masterplan to the y
ear 2020,
funded by the Japan Intemational Cooperation Agency (JICA). The masterplan prior
itized
upgrading the Tau Hu- Ben Nghe Canal for investment of US$226 million. Detailed
design
of the project is underway.
I HCMC Development by HCMC Urban Planning Institute.
CDM International
2-4
NLTN EIA Report Sep
t 2000
C,C
_3 S'J-, .re 3
3 Structure of EIA Report
3.1 EIA Parts
This Environmental Impact Assessment (ELA) report comprises six parts.
* Part A - Introduction. The Terms of Reference for the EJA is outlined in Chapt
er 1, followed
by an overview of the proposed Project in Chapter 2 and an outline of the EIA Re
port
structure in Chapter 3.
* Part B - Water Cycle Management and Environmental Assessment Framework begins
with
Chapter 4 in which the institutional, policy and planning frameworks for water c
ycle
management is discussed. Chapter 5 outlines the Vietnamese environmental assessm
ent
framework, while Chapter 6 outlines the World Bank's policy and guidelines on
environmental assessment.
* Part C - Project Description, Altematives and Public Consultation. Chapter 7 c
onfirms the
objective of the Project and provides an overview of the key Project parameters.
This is
followed by a description of the Project components in Chapter 8, and then discu
ssions of
construction, operational and maintenance aspects in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 disc
usses
alternatives that were examined in the course of developing the proposed Project
, including
the consequences of not proceeding. Chapter 11 summarises the community consulta
tion
program and findings.
- Part D - Baseline Conditions of the environmental resources and values are pre
sented in four
chapters. Chapter 12 refers to the Physical Resources including topography, geol
ogy and
soils; climate and meteorology; hydrology, drainage and river flow; water qualit
y; and air
quality. Chapter 13 summarises the Ecological Resources covering principally riv
er ecology.
The Human Use Values are presented in Chapter 14, including population and land
use
planning; water supply and resources, fisheries; energy; recreation and tourism;
sanitation and
public health; and traffic and transport. Then, the Quality of Life Values are d
iscussed in
Chapter 15, covering socio-economics; noise; cultural heritage; landscape and vi
sual
resources; and community aspirations.
* Part E - Impact Assessment discusses the Project's impact on key aspects of t
he environment.
Chapter 16 presents an environmental screening analysis from which the key issue
s are
identified. This is followed by Chapter 17, which assesses the impacts of the Pr
oject on river
water quality and ecology. Impacts on other key er..,ironmental resources and va
lues are then
presented in Chapter 18, including hydrology and drainage; noise; socio-economic
implications; population resettlement; and public safety and hazards.
* Part F - Environmental Management Plan focus on three generic areas: mitigatio
n measures,
institutional strengthening and training, and monitoring. Chapter 19 recomnmends

feasible and
cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acc
eptable levels.
Chapter 20 identifies institutional and training needs to implement the environm
ental
assessment recommendations. Then, arrangements for monitoring implementation of
mitigating measures and the impacts of the Project during construction and opera
tion are
outlined in Chapter 21.
* Part G - Conclusion, provides a justification of the Project in terms of the f
indings of the
environmental assessments and the consequences of not proceeding.
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Part B
Water Cycle Management and
Environmental Assessment
Framework
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4 Water Cycle Management

4.1 Introduction
The water cycle is a term used to summarise the processes by which water circula
tes throughout
the environment. Human societies have caused changes to the natural water cycle
through a
variety of activities including water harvesting, power generation, flood mitiga
tion, irrigation and
recreation. Though these changes are minor in global terms, human management of
the water
cycle can affect both the availability of water for natural processes and also w
ater quality in a
regional or local area. For example, natural water flows in watercourses downstr
eam of water
supply dams will be reduced, while water quality can be affected by the introduc
tion of sewage
(treated or untreated) and stormwater runoff from agricultural and urban areas.
Because of this,
water cycle management also consumes energy and generates by-products.
Modem "water cycle management" aims for a holistic approach to the management of
water
resources, water supply, wastewater and stormwater drainage. Its objective is to
allow
economically and environmentally sustainable use of water. Two key aspects in wa
ter cycle
management are water demand management and reduction of sewage generation. In ge
neral,
sewage generation is related to water consumption. Experience has suggested that
water
consumption and sewage generation are lowest in areas where neither reticulated
town water nor
sewerage service is available. In contrast, water consumption and sewage generat
ion are highest
in areas where both of these services are available. Because both water harvesti
ng (e.g. river
damming, extraction, etc) and sewage management (e.g. collection, treatment, etc
) consume
energy, it is desirable that water consumption and sewage generation should be m
inimised.
As a result of historic development, HCMC operates a combined sewer system where
by
stormwater runoff and sewage are not separately collected and managed. This adds
a further
dimension to water cycle management in that an integrated approach to sewage and
drainage
management is needed.
4.2 Institutional Framework
Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) reports directly to the Central Govemment. The People's
Committee
(PC) is the legislative body at the City level. It is responsible for formulatin
g policies and
directions and follow-up to ensure that its policies and directions are implemen
ted properly. The
Chairperson of HCMC PC has the rank of minister and reports directly to the Prim
e Minister.
The HCMC PC appoints (with the concurrence of relevant Ministries -- largely a f
ormality) and
pays the salary of Directors of line departments. These Directors report horizon
tally to the HCMC
PC for day-to-day activities but also report vertically to their respective Mini
stries for technical
matters. Similarly, the departmental Directors implement decisions, circulars, e
tc. of HCMC PC as
well as of their respective Ministries. The HCMC PC also has the power to establ
ish its own
departments, and is responsible, on behalf of the Govemment of Vietnam, for all
overseas
development assistance projects implemented within the City.
The Department of Transport and Public Works (DTPW) is a large multi-service dep
artment
reporting directly to the HCMC PC. The DTPW is responsible for all public land a
nd water
transport in the City, in addition to most infrastructure including roads, bridg
es, canals, drains and
sewers, water supply, street lighting, and parks. However, the DTPW is responsib
le for water
supply planning only. Water resource management is under the jurisdiction of the
Department of
Agriculture and Rural Development.
A Director heads the DTPW, and is supported by five Deputv Directors each headin
g one of the
fine mnajor divisions. Water supply and sewerage/drainage services are under the
same Deputy
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Director, and are managed through two agencies: HCMIC Water Supply Company and H
CNIC
Urban Drainage Company, respectively.
4.3 Water Supply
4.3.1
Water Supply Company
The Water Supply Company (WSC) is responsible for provision and maintenance of t
he City's
water supply services, including overseeing of the development and operation of
private buildoperate-transfer (BOT) water treatment plants. The WSC has a total workforce of
about 1,800.
The approximate number of properties served, all with meters, are 300,000 with 8
0% as individual
households, 15% production users and 5% service users. This low number of custom
ers relative to
the total population of the city is related to the fact that more than 30 per ce
nt of the city's area
has limited or no access to tap water. Metered water is charged according to a p
rogressive tariff
structure (after adjustment in March 2000) as follows:
* Up to 4 m3 per person per month:
1,700 VND/m3
* Up to 6 m3:
2,500 VND/m3
* Up to 10 m3:
3,200 VND/m3
* Above 10 m3:
4,000 VND/m3
Some 200 meter-readers are employed by the WSC to manually record the meters. En
coding is
performed at the four local branches, and data processing and bill printing at W
SC main office,
using a minicomputer networked with personal computers.
Total company revenues in 1999 were about VND 370 billion (about US$ 26.5 millio
n). This
included water surcharge of about VND 100 billion a year (now removed) to pay fo
r infrastructure
development.
4.3.2
Water Supply Infrastructure
Table 4-1 summarises the current water supply sources for the entire HCMC.
Table 4-1
Existin Water Supply Sources for HCMC
Facility
Water Supply Intake Location
Capacity
(m3/day)
Thu Duc Water Treatment Plant
On Dong Nai River at Hoa An, 10.8 650,000
km northeast of Thu Duc WTP
Binh An (MIalaysian BOT)
On Dong Nai River at Binh An, 200m
100,000
Water Treatment Plant
upstream of the Dong Nai Bridge
Hoc Mon Groundwater Field
40,000
Various wells
40,000
Binh Tri Dong Groundwater
12,000
Plant
Total
842,000
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To cater for projected demand at year 2005, it is planned to commission addition
al wvater supply
capacities through plant expansion and new privately funded projects, as summari
sed in Table 42.
Table 4-2
Planned Additional Water Supply Sources for HCMC
Facility
Water Supply Intake
Capacity (m3/day)
Location
Thu Duc Water Treatment Plant
On Dong Nai River at Hoa
100,
000
Expansion (year available: 2001)
An Intake
Lyonnaise des Eaux BOT Plant
On Dong Nai River, close to
300,
000
(year available: 2002)
existing Hoa An Intake
Saigon BOT Plant Phase 2 (year
On Saigon River at Ben
300,
000
available: 2003)
Than, near Hoa Phu Village
(Station km 80, 47km
upstream of NLTN Basin)
Thien Tan Water Supply Project
On Dong Nai River at Thien
200,
000
(Bien Hoa city and Long Binh
Tan, 24km upstream of Bien
Industrial Zone)
Hoa City
Total
900,
000
The locations of current planned water supply intakes are shown in Figure 4-1. T
he bulk of
potable water to the NLTN basin is distributed by a 2,000-mmn diameter water mai
n along Ha Noi
Avenue - Dien Bien Phu Street, and is supplied from the Thu Duc Water Treatment
Plant. The
NLTN basin is also served by two other small ground water supplies built before
1954: the Go
Vap water supply (supply capacity 450 m3/hr) and the Tan Son Nhat water supply s
tation (180
m3/hr).
The NLTN Project will have no significant impact on any municipal water supply i
ntakes. There
are no existing municipal water supply intakes on the Saigon River. However, a f
uture water
supply intake is planned at Ben Than station, approximately 47 km upstream of th
e NLTN Canal.
4.3.3
Water Supply Issues
Generally speaking, the water supply system in the basin is old and inadequate.
Leakage and
other components of water losses are high (approximately 40%), mainly due to lea
kage in the
distribution network. Per capita water use varies from about 270 litres per capi
ta per day for
households with high quality toilets, to about 30 litres per capita per day for
households who share
a neighbor's water connection. Customers in low-pressure areas supplement the pu
blic supply
with water from private wells, drilled to a depth of 30 to 40 m, some of which a
re polluted. The
Water Supply Company also sends water tankers to problem areas, though this is c
onsidered
inadequate.
Future treatment plants comprise two more BOT plants, each with a capacity of 30
0,000 m3/day.
Increased water supply also requires upgrading and expansion of the outdated and
inadequate
distribution network. This should have beer. completed before the commissioning
of the new
plants. but has been delayed, causing higher water losses due to the increased w
ater pressures in
the weak network.
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4-1
:22 At the same tmne. the cityvs limited suppiy of tap w ater and weak water pressur
e in the supply
pipes have led to many instances of private wvell drilling (legal or illegal) by
residents and
businesses. Iliegal well water selling is also prevalent in areas where tap Xvat
er supply is
unavailable or inadequate.
4.4 Drainage and Sewerage
4.4.1
Urban Drainage Company
The Urban Drainage Company (UDC) is responsible for provision and maintenance of
the
drainage/sewerage in the city. The system under UDC responsibility includes appr
oximately 92
kmn of drainage/sewer networks, and for issuing permits for connections to city
sewers. The UDC
has a staff of about 800. The system under its control is comprised of all drain
age culverts and
pipelines larger than 600 mm within the canals and streams, and 530 km of closed
conduits, of
which 130 km are in the Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe Basin.
UDC is also responsible for the planning, design, and construction of new drains
and sewers.
Projects are implemented through Project Management Units (PMUs) established by
the DTPW.
The PMUs act as the project or construction management group providing liaison w
ith consultants
and other city departments, preparing or supervising the preparation of tender d
ocuments,
awarding contracts, and supervising construction. Over the last few years UDC ha
s constructed
several kilometers of large capacity culverts replacing open drains, to improve
drainage to the
NLTN Canal.
UDC operates strictly as a State-owned Enterprise (SOE). The HCMC PC through DTP
W,
provides UDC's budget for all maintenance and construction activities. No tariff
s or fees are
charged for the drainage or sewage collection services. These characteristics un
derscore an
important issue regarding UDC's operational mode: UDC functions strictly as a DT
PW bureau
responsible for maintenance and construction, rather than as a utility-based org
anization. The
physical assets comprising the City's main drainage network are carried on the c
ity's balance
sheet, while UTDC's assets are vehicles, rolling stock, construction, dredging a
nd other equipment,
and inventories under its control, with the City owning the assets.
4.4.2
HCMC Drainage/Sewerage Policy Framework
The HCMC policy on drainage and wastewater management is directed by the City's
Development Plan for year 2020. This plan was approved by Decree 123/1998/QD-TTg
signed by
the Prime Minister in July 1998. The salient features of the Development Plan re
lated to drainage
and wastewater policy are as follows:
* Design population in year 2020 for the metropolitan area at 10 million, with
the urban
population at 6 million.
* Drainage and wastewater collection policy is to continue using combined drains

/sewers in the
city core, and to install separate drains and sewers in new development areas.
W'ater Quality policy is to carry out phased canal improvements to improve the h
ydraulic
capacity of canals and eliminate wastewater discharges to the canals to allow fo
r selfimprovement to the canals' water quality.
* Sewage treatment policy is to construct, subsequent to the canal improvements,
large
wastewater treatment plants at suitable centralized sites.
The proposed Project (see Part C for details) is consistent with the City's poli
cy on
drainage/sewerage.
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4.4.3
Relevant Drainage/Sewerage and Environmental Planning Studies
4.4.3.1 Studv on Urban Drainage and Sewerage System for HCNIC
A master plan study (Pacific Consultants International, 1999) on urban drainage
improvement and
sewerage development for year 2020, covering the urbanised area of about 650 km2
of HCMC,
was completed in December 1999 by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JI
CA). This
study proposed both structural and non-structural measures to improve and develo
p
drainage/sewerage infrastructure for the city. It also identified institutional
issues related to water
cycle management, and proposed a single management organisation for drainage and
sewerage
services. Integration of water supply and drainage/sewerage management in the ne
ar future was
considered undesirable by the master plan study due to "difficult" organisationa
l issues.
The proposed NLTN Project is compatible with the planning intention of the maste
r plan
proposed by JICA. Essentially, a basin-based approach to drainage and sewerage i
nfrastructure
planning is proposed. The master plan proposed by JICA also recommended that a s
econdary
wastewater treatment plant be constructed in the future for the NLTN basin, and
nominated
several potential sites for further consideration.
Subsequent to the completion of the master plan study, the HCMC PC has directed
that a Project
Management Unit (PMU) be formed to implement the reconmnendations of the HCMC Ur
ban
Drainage and Sewer System Master Plan. This PMIJ requested selection of a locati
on for a future
secondary treatment plant for wastewater from the NLTN basin. The NLTN Project T
eam
recomrnmended that Wastewater Treatment Plant Altemative Site No. 9 in the Cat L
ai area of Can
Gio district on the Dong Nai River should be selected as the location of the NLT
N secondary
wastewater treatment plant. The projected wastewater flows from NLTN basin are 4
00,000
m3/day in 2020 and 800,000 m3/day in 2040. This site was recommended based on th
e following
considerations:
* Minimization of construction and resettlement impacts;
* Large flow capacity of the Dong Nai River to assimilate treated effluent from
the plant; and
* Opportunity to develop the pipe alignment and site to support District 2, Can
Gio District and
Cat Lai Industrial Park development plans and coordinate environmental infrastru
cture.
The PMU implementing the Urban Drainage and Sewer System Master Plan has now adj
usted
their planning and investment program to include this site selection and the pro
posed NLTN
wastewater treatment plant.
In essence, the current proposed NLTN Project is an interim step to treating the
ultimate
wastewater flow from NLTN basin. In particular, the presently proposed river out
fall discharge
location is optimised for environmental performance and connection to the planne
d secondary
wastewater treatment plant in the future.
4.4.3.2 HCMC Environmental Improvement Project
The Asian Development Bank funded HCMC Environmental Improvement Project study (
Nippon
Jogesuido Sekkei and Coffey MPW, 1998) was completed in December 1998. It evalua
ted the
feasibility of several components, including a small scale drainage improvement
project for the
Hang Bang Canal basin and improvement of the city's solid waste management syste
m. These
components are complementary to the NLTN Project.
4.5 Water Cycle Management Issues in HCMC
It is es ident that water supply and se%verage/drainage infrastructure need much
improvement or
development in HCMIC. At the same time, it is also critical that minstitutional
strengthening" of
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agencies operating vlthin the water cycle must be pursued, so that complementarn
strategies to aid
environmental performance and minimise resource impacts can be achieved in the l
onger term.
These strategies are also important to performance in areas outside of environme
ntal issues such
as finance and customer satisfaction. The following initiatives are proposed:
4.5.1
Definition of Objectives and Development of Business Plans
With increased responsibility and expanded assets to manage, it is proposed that
the obligations
and constraints placed on each of the agencies (e.g. WSC, UDC, etc) should be re
viewed urgently.
Based on the results of the review, a Draft Corporate Plan for the relevant agen
cies can then be
prepared. These plans will address the major financial, technical, regulatory an
d human resource
issues and identify recommended strategies and training and other development ne
eds.
Once the draft plans are produced, they can then be reviewed by the city Governm
ent, following
which targets will be set. In setting targets, it is important that the broad sp
ectrum of identified
responsibilities including Customer Service, cost of operations, etc should be c
onsidered, rather
than simply focussing on profits and production volumes.
4.5.2
Demand Management
This is a set of strategies that is employed to reduce the demand for water on a
volumetric basis.
As service populations grow and become wealthier, the demand for water increases
. The increase
not only occurs because of the numeric increase in customers but also because of
the applications
that water can be put to. At the lower socioeconomic level demand increases as f
lush toilets are
installed in housing. Further increases occur as better washing facilities are m
ade available,
laundries are installed and so on. The increases in demand have two effects:
- Firstly, the demand on raw water resources increases. This has an immediate i
mpact on
environmental flows of waternvays and can totally deplete water resources.
e The second effect is that water is used as a medium for pollution by carrying
phosphates, sand
and grit from washing activities, human wastes from toilets, etc in to receiving
waters. It
should be noted that reduction in demand does not per se reduce pollutant load,
instead the
load becomes more concentrated.
Cost Identification
The first basic strategy to be followed in demand management is to recognize all
costs of
providing services. That is, all financial (i.e. capital, operating and maintena
nce costs) as well as
environmental costs. Environmental costs are the economic value of the environme
ntal impact of
providing services. Within the water cycle, key environmental impacts are water
harvesting and
wastewater discharge. Governments can effectively establish, and recover from op
erators in the
water cycle, environmental costs by imposing water harvesting licenses (sometime
s called
abstraction licences) with accompanying fees or taxes and by developing and impo
sing a
discharge license regime with charges and taxes.
Establishing Full Cost Based Prices
In many places provision of reticulated potable water occurs as a social necessi
ty to sustain life.
The result is that prices are set on the basis of affordability rather than cost
. Affordability based
pricing is appropriate for subsistence level consumption, but must be limited. W
hen it is extended
to discretionary levels of consumption, pricing that does not reflect true costs
can create not only
consumption distortions but also significant inequities.
An example is where the poor can only access water through a public faucet. As a
consequence
the only opportunity they can take of subsidised supplies is governed by the siz
e of the bucket
they collect wvater in. The rich however have the opportunity to access lower pr
ices (intended to
help the poor) through their reticulated system.
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If the full costs of providing services are established and applied to create re
flective prices, users
get an efficient price signal and adlust their consumption. As an example. if pr
ices increase to
reflect costs, some customers will reduce their use of water for activities like
washing down
vehicles (also reducing pollutant discharge into the drainage system) and will c
onsider installing
water efficient devices such as dual-flush toilets and low-volume high-pressure
shower hoses. In
addition, consumers (particularly wvith some education) will recognise the high
value of water and
react to and report service failures.
In developing pricing strategies, consideration should be given to pricing outsi
de of the volumetric
based pricing that prevails in Vietnam. The provision of water and wastewater se
rvices is capital
investment driven, and as a result many of the costs are fixed regardless of vol
ume delivered. Such
a cost structure indicates that some parts of the price framework should be fixe
d.
4.5.3
Coordinating Complementary Services and Schemes
If the water and sewerage service provision is efficiently delivered and true co
st is reflected in the
price, environmental impact would be optimised. To be efficiently delivered then
complementary
services such as water and sewerage should in the long term be coordinated so th
at prices can be
set for optimum impact and economies of both scope and scale are practiced.
Similarly, international funding for development projects must be coordinated to
optimize costs
and benefits overall and not just within projects. This coordination allows effe
ctive and
comprehensive environmental management as well as equitable cost recovery and cu
stomer
service programs.
4.6 Conclusion
It is evident that water supply and sewerage/drainage infrastructure need much i
mprovement or
development in HCMC. In terms of drainage and sewerage infrastructure, current p
olicy is that of
progressive development on a basin by basin basis. The proposed NLTN basin envir
onmental
sanitation project is one of several drainage/sewerage projects that are planned
for HCMC. This
project is an interim step in meeting the ultimate demand for drainage and sewer
age services in
NLTN basin. It is intended that a secondary wastewater treatment plant will be d
eveloped for
NLTN basin in the future, consistent with the city drainage and sewerage master
plan proposed by
JICA. At this stage, it is proposed that this secondary treatment plant should b
e located in the Cat
Lai area of Can Gio district on the Dong Nai River.
At the same time, it is also critical that "institutional strengthening" of agen
cies operating within
the water cycle must be pursued, so that complementary strategies to aid environ
mental
performance and minimise resourre impacts can be achieved in the longer term. In
itiatives to be
considered would include:
* Definition of objectives and development of Business Plans;
* Demand management; and
* Coordination of complementary services and schemes.
Institutional strengthening is further discussed in Chapter 20 of the EIA Report
.
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5 Vietnamese Environmental Framework

An environmental policy and legislation review was carried out for this EIA. Thi
s section presents
key points of the review. Further details are presented in Annex 5.1.
5.1
Institutional Framework
5.1.1
National Level
The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) was created in 1993
to assist the
govemment in formulating the national strategy, policy, and planning for managin
g science,
technology and environment. Its predecessor was the State Committee for Science
and Technology.
Among other duties of MOSTE as stipulated by the Government Decree No. 175-CP da
ted 18
October 1994 are to:
* appraise environmental assessment reports (including EEE and EIA reports);
* organize, establish and manage environmental monitoring systems;
* guide and inspect line agencies and local authorities, organizations and indi
viduals in compliance
with the EPL;
* organize environmental inspections; and
* resolve complaints and notifications of violations in environmental protectio
n within its
authoritv.
The National Environmental Agency (NEA) of MOSTE is directly responsible for the
environment
sector. NEA is the top-level agency in the environment sector for overall nation
al environmental
management function.
5.1.2
Provincial / City Level
At the provincial and the city level, the environment sector is under the jurisd
iction of the
Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DOSTE) which reports vertical
ly to MOSTE
through NEA. Administratively, DOSTE reports directly to the city or provincial
Peoples' Committee
(PC) with approval of MOSTE for formality. Provincial or City PC allocates budge
t to DOSTE to
conduct its operations.
5.1.3
District Level
At the district level in Ho Chi Minh City, Urban Management Offices are responsi
ble for
environmental matters, and report directly to the District PC. All members of th
ese bodies are
appointed by their respective district PCs. Urban Management Offices' mandate is
to administer,
organize, and implement DOSTE's plans, programs and tasks.
5.2
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
5.2.1
EIA Requirements
The EIA process is considered to be a tool to protect and manage the environment
before potential
adverse impacts occur. Circular No. 490/l998/TT-BKHCNMT dated 29-Apr-1998 of MOS
TE
provides guidance on preparation and approval of ELA, report. The Circular also
specifies which types
of projects require ELA.
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EIA Approval Process
Approval of an EIA report is required before an overseeing authority can approve
a project or
authorize its implementation. In December 1994, the MIOSTE issued a decision to
establish EIA
Appraisal Committees and environmental licensing. At the national level, the eva
luation council is
an advisory body to MOSTE; at the local level the evaluation council advises the
chairman of the PC
of provinces or cities, which assists in considering scientific and technical is
sues related to
environmental protection identified in the Environmental Protection Law.
According to the MOSTE's Circular No. 490/1988/TT-BKHCNMT dated 29 April 1998, s
ubmission
of an EIA report for a Type I project for approval to the state management agenc
y for environmental
protection is required. The Circular specifies varying details of EIA report at
three different stages:
* during the request for investment permit;
* during the detailed design and construction; and
* prior to the project start up.
The proposed NLTN Environmental Sanitation Project is a Type I project. During t
he feasibility
study of a Type I project, the project proponent is required to submit project d
ocuments, including an
initial environmental examination to identify potential environmental impacts fr
om the project. The
documents must be submitted to the state management agency in charge of environm
ental protection
for consideration, with onward submission to MOSTE for review and formal approva
l.
During the detailed design stage, a more detailed EIA Report will have to be sub
mitted to the NEA
under the MOSTE for appraisal. Approval of the ETA Report is a requirement for o
btaining the
necessary permit to proceed with the proposed development. According to Circula
r No.
490/1988/TT-BKHCNMT dated 29 April 1998, the timeframe for EIA approval allows f
or a
maximum appraisal period of 60 days from the day the responsible agency receives
all relevant and
complete documentation. Within five days of receiving the EIA submission, the re
sponsible agency
shall inform the project proponent if the documents are incomplete or any additi
onal information is
required for appraisal. Figure 5-1 provides an overview of the EIA review proced
ures for the
proposed project.
Circular No. 490/1988/TT-BKHCNMT also refers to:
* Decision 1806-QD/MTg for the organization and operation of EIA Appraisal Coun
cil
Decree 175/CP for the outline of an EIA Report, shown in Annex 5.1.
CDM International
5-2
NLTN EIA Report S
ept 2000
0h05-Vt. ;eg doc - 15-Seo-CC

Figure 5-1: EIA Approval Process in Ho Chi Minh City
NL-TN
Department
HCINIC
Consultant _ PMU of NL- _ of Transport _People's
_
Prim
e
CDM
_ TN Project
and Public
_ Committee
N lini
ster
International
Works
Department of
Ministry of
.
_ Plannin~~~~~~~g & _ _Planning and
.
L~~~~~~~~~~nvestment 1 Investment
..
F~~ ~~~~~~~~Deparment of; Miityo
.......................................... Science,
Scince,
Technology &
Technology &
Environment
Environment
LEGEND
*.... INTERNAL REVIEW /COMMENT /DISCUSSION
_~m SUBMISSION FOR APPROVAL
-F
APPROVED WITH OR WITHOUT COMMENTS
5.3 Sector-Wise Environmental Protection
5.3.1
Environmental Protection in Transportation
Decision No. 2242-QD/KHKT-PC dated 12-Sep-1997 of Minister of Transportation
issues
regulations of environmental protection in the transportation sector. This Decis
ion is relevant to the
proposed construction activities of NLTN Project. Of particular significance to
NLTN Project are
regulations related to all mechanized transportation means, requiring these mean
s to meet safety and
environmental protection specifications and standards.
5.3.2
Environmental Protection in Construction
Decision No. 29/1999/QD-BXD
This Decision, dated 22-Oct-1999 of Minister of Construction issues environmenta
l protection
regulations in the construction sector. This Decision is relevant to the propose
d construction activities
of NLTN Project.
Circular No. 07/1999/TT-BXD
This Circular, dated 23-Sep-1999 of Ministry of Construction, provides guidance
for application of
construction standards and codes. These comprise the series of Vietnamese standa
rds TCViN, the
series of standards in construction TCXD, and building codes.
CDM International
5-3
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
,- f- .ec . --Se , <.

5.3.3
Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines
The Vietnamese standard series TC\'N-N cover various occupational health and saf
ety requirements in
ventilation, welding, electrical work, mechanical work, civil engineering, labor
protection. They have
to be complied with during project implementation.
5.4 Environmental Standards and Regulations
MOSTE and HCMC have issued various environmental standards for nationwide and Ci
ty
application, respectively. HCMC standards were issued at the time national stand
ards were not yet
available. Now as national standards (especially the TCVN series) have been issu
ed, they are to be
referred to when appropriate.
In carrying out project preparation of the Ho Chi Minh City Environmental Sanita
tion Project, the
existing provincial and national policy and requirement on wastewater collection
, treatment and safe
disposal of effluent have been considered. The appropriateness of the Vietnamese
sets of standards
(listed in Table 5-1) has been evaluated and an affordable level of treatment is
being proposed for
approval by the Ho Chi Minh City DOSTE and MOSTE with the view to maximizing the
health
benefit to the people.
Table 5-1: List of Relevant Vietnamese standards
Standards
Contents
TVCN5298-1995 The use of wastewater effluent and sludge for watering and ferti
lizing purposes
TCVN5524-1995
General requirements for protecting surface water against pollu
tion
TCVN 5525-1995 General requirements for protection of underground water agains
t pollution
TCVN 5298-1995 Characteristics, mode and quantity for the application of waste
water and sludge from
wastewater treatment facility for agriculture purpose
TCVN 5300-1995 Soil classification based on level of chemical pollutants
TCVN 5942-1995 Surface water quality standard for (a) raw water supply source
and (b) general use
TCVN 5944-1995 Groundwater quality standards
TCVN 5999-1995 Guidance on sampling of wastewater (ISO 5667-10:1992)
TCVN 5302-1995 General requirements for soil reclamation (mining activity, lan
dfill cover)
TCXD 188-1996
Urban wastewater: Standard for discharge
TCVN 5937-1995 Ambient air quality standards
TCVN 5938-1995 Maximum permissible concentration of hazardous substances in am
bient air
TCVN 5948-1995 Road motor vehicle noise: maximum permitted noise lkvel for var
ious motor vehicles
TCVN 5949-1995 Noise in public and residential areas, maximum permitted noise
levels are defined for 4
zones
Non-Availability of Vietnamese Standards
MOSTE allows a project proponent to propose equivalent standards from other coun
tries for
MOSTE's approval and for use where local and national standards are not availabl
e, inadequate, not
regulated, not applicable, and finally not enforceable.
Likewise, by Decree 52/1999/ND-CP by the Prime Minister on the procedures of inv

estment and
construction management, the Ministry of Construction is empowered to promulgate
d normns and
codes of design, construction and related quality management. For areas in which
the application of
standards is compulsory but there is no Vietnamese standard, foreign standards m
ay be applied with
an approval in wTiting of the Ministr' of Construction.
CDM International
5-4
NLTN EIA R
eport Sept 2000
6 World Bank Environmental Assessment Process

6.1 Purposes
The purposes of the World Bank's policy and procedures for environmental assessm
ent are to ensure
that development options under consideration are environmentally sound and susta
inable and that any
environmental consequences are recognised early and taken into account in projec
t design (World
Bank, 1991).
6.2 Environmental Review and the Project Cycle
The Project has been classified as a category "A" project by the World Bank unde
r Operational
Policy 4.01 (OP/BP/GP 4.01 (1999)). A category "A" project is one that may have
diverse and
significant environmental impacts, and for which a formal Environmental Assessme
nt (EA) is
required.
Figure 6-1 depicts the EA and the Project Cycle required by the World Bank. This
EA (or EIA)
Report is being prepared in conjunction with detailed design of Project componen
ts, such that
environmental improvement and mitigation measures may be incorporated into the f
inal design. The
EA report, along with other project analyses such as financial and economic, res
ettlement and
institutional assessments, will be appraised by World Bank officers in a series
of mission visits to the
country. After which, an appraisal report will be prepared and, if cleared, loan
negotiation will
commence. It is anticipated that the whole appraisal and funding approval proces
s could take up to
about six months to complete.
OP/BP/GP 4.01 (1999) further requires that project-affected groups and local non
-governmental
organizations (NGOs) be consulted about the project's environmental aspects as e
arly as possible.
The project proponents are required to take their views into account in the proj
ect design and
implementation. For a category A project, the borrower is required to consult wi
th such groups at
least twice: (a) shortly after environmental screening and before the Terms of R
eference for the EA is
finalized, and (b) once a draft EA report is prepared at the stage of the detail
ed design. Public
consultation is described in Chapter II of this report.
6.3 World Bank Environmental Guidelines
The World Bank has general environmental guidelines that need to be referred to
in the EA. For the
NLTN project, the most relevant would be that of discharge standards for domesti
c wastewater into
surface waters. Table 6-1 presents a comparison between Vietnamese and World Ban
k standards for
effluent discharge. Also listed are Vietnamese ambient water quality standards f
or Class B surface
waters, where the beneficial use is for purposes other than domestic water suppl
y.
Table 6-1 shows that Vietnamese and World Bank urban/domestic effluent standards
are generally
comparable. However, there are major differences for some key parameters, notabl
y suspended
solids and coliforms, where the Vietnamese standards are less stringent. There a
re no general
guidelines for ambient surface water quality from the World Bank.
COM International
NLTN EIA Report S
ept 2000
Examine alterematbves:
assess inipacts and
possible mitsgation
measurcs
(Ynoduct scoping stodics
, I>1>1;>>l:X1(;uf Sc>tgcoinf'; (.A-D7 I*-e>>tlfxc; tfC.:} fai PI<E A lN
_
f'rcpamsnon of LA repowts
s,f
-D plds, bcg cofnincatsons
nflul aislysis.
k If uFcc-d gf *lo',d recronnaissance,
policy tdcLisiolos
s bcc>t< Shcol.3llt> IsP.S
PRt--FtASFA1BllTY
F:EASWf
l.Ir\
S sTI DIES
STUrDIES
o
f,- \ / Itico:-pofate inpioverilewts aisro
CREAPIVE DESIGN PHlASE
TTttIiL (ESaisuNes
IsF ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~
~
~
~
~
~ ~ ~ DTI D75Fl'At('f
I
- ,ENIIPICATION
Ccot-c(fcttlv
Rcvew EA procetiras ,
and l
,
o(04t A\tlt by (pcatls PoN
non Possbl
r CvX\v jn titltlim
n
alvangcm cwo
0
^ 1) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~R
AIAS ALS
P I ep.^z; t:-A I?fP- t "II _f UON
-CileAarance by Regi
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IMPLEMENTA
TION lI lASh3 hi
fhvivws
,~~oo ,Il>,wth of-tfe3trxet7ttsf
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Cbl~ari, ges
' lflcacssig'Iy L0lir-olt.~oslIy NE
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4!on4ncnUl
I %tihlao wn tift"lerLatmlItt"la of
NE
TA
Coveant
('(VW
111(tI l'
inmpacts
X |lSU3PERlZISTO
ofollditoo4s oF
R,IledatOll nf
A APPROVAL dAiszrs& t
nIforeseen ects/c=
Monitor ing ar,d cportitig on
/
c.lolqhance Withl enviroonlental
o t idiotwis, and ctleCtivmness of'
Figure 6-1 Environmental Asses
srneat t
the Pfojec( Cy '
ttig.f lion nicas toes
TABLE 6-1
Compar-ison of Effluent and Ambient WN ater Quality Standards
and Guidelines
Maximum Allowable Concentration of Salient Parameters
___________________(in mg/L unless otherwNise specified _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__________
TCXD 188-96
TCVN 5945-95 TCVN 5942-95
TCVN 5944-95
Wo
rld Bank'
Urban Effluent
Industrial
Ambient Surface
Ambient
Dome
stic sewage
Parameters
for discharge
Effluent for
Water Quality
Groun
d Water
effluent for
into Category B
discharge into
for Category B
Quality
Disch
arge to surface
waters
Category B
w aters
wat
ers
waters
PH
5.0-9
5.5-9
5.5-9
|
_
6.0 - 90
BOD
J
50
50
<25
_
1
50
COD
_
100
100
_35
_
|_
250
DO
No less than 2
_
N (Arrnionial
i
10
N (Total)
60
Coliforms
10,000
10,000
10,000
3
400
(MPN/l 00ml)
Sulfide
0.5
1.0
Sulfate
1000
.
200-400
Chloride
1,000
Organic
0.5
2.0
Phosphorous
Total Phosphorous
6
Phosphate
2.0
N (Nitrate)
j
|
15
N (Nitrite)
2.0
_
0.05
Fats & Oil
1.0
I (mineral)
0.3
10
____________
_
I | 10 (edible)
Suspended Solids
100
100
80
50
Det:r2ent
j
1.5
_
0.05
As
0.1
0.1
|
0.1
0.05
0.1
Cd
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.1
CrT6
0.1
I
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.1
Pb -.5
05
0.1
0.05
|
0.1
Hz
1
0.005
0.005
|
0.002
0.01
0.01
Nlr
i
1 I
|
0.8
|
0.1-0.5
____Cu ___________i___
1
1
1
0.5
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _10.5
L Zn
2
5
2.0
Natc:
Category B: Surface \xater for purpose other than dornestic w
vater supply. *Pollution
r- ntion and Abatement Handbook. World Bank. 199S
CDM hIternation21
6-2
NL-N EIA Report Sept 2000
Part C
Proj ect Description,
Alternatives and
Public Consultation
CDM International
7 Project Objectives and Overview

7.1 Design Objectives, Standard and Concept
Project objectives are based upon the Ministrv of Construction urban drainage st
rategic plan
ratified in March of 1999. Objectives of the plan include:
* elimination of flooding in urban areas especially in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh Ci
ty.
* the improvement of wastewater collection and treatment in order to improve pu
blic health and
protect Vietnam's receiving waters, and
* institutional development to strengthen the public institutions that are resp
onsible for urban
drainage and to provide a system that is capable of long term sustainable develo
pment.
The NLTN Canal drainage basin suffers from an inadequate drainage system. Period
ic flooding
occurs at numerous locations within the basin. The NLTN is also heavily polluted
by untreated
sewage that flows 'directly to the canal through the existing combined sewage an
d drainage
network. Specifically objectives of the Project are to:
* alleviate flooding within the NLTN drainage basin by increasing hydraulic cap
acity of the
existing combined collection system;
* increase the hydraulic capacity of the canal by dredging approximately 500,00
0 to 750,000
cubic meters of material from the canal bottom;
* allow for upstream canal water to be drawn into the interceptor to increase t
he flushing
capacity and;
* improve water quality within the canal by intercepting dry weather flows that
currently flow
directly into the canal through the existing collection system;
The following section presents design flow and catchment information, project ou
tline, project
implementation plan, ownership, procurement, and cost and funding information.
Detailed
project component descriptions are presented in Section 8. Construction, operati
on and
management aspects are presented in Section 9.
7.2 Catchment and Flows
7.2.1
Catchment Boundaries
The Project area shown covers 33 km- including portions of seven central distric
ts of Ho Chi
Minh City (Districts 1,3.10, Phu Nhuan. Binh Thanh, Thanh Binh, and Go Vap). The
estimated
population within the basin is 1.2 million persons. One hundred and thirty-four
catchments were
delineated using the 1:2000 topographic maps of the basin from the Department of
National
Mapping dated 1989. Catchment areas ranged from 2 ha in District 3 to 280 hectar
es in Tanh Binh
and Binh Thanh districts. Catchments were delineated based on the georeferenced
topographic
maps using GIS software. The digital files can be readily manipulated to reflect
changes or
refinements in the catchment data. Figure 7-1 shows the project boundary and cat
chment
delineation for the basin.
CDM Intearntonal
ept 2000
7-1
N.TN EIA Report S
A1
so
Ii.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=-Z-M
7.2.2
Design Flows and Loads
Methodology used to develop flow projections relied upon existing conditions and
historic trends
in grownth, wvhere data are available; and upon comparisons with other major wor
ld cities wvhere
local data is available. Design flows were based on utilization of an envelope o
f projected
population consisting of high and low projections of the population through the
year 2030. Water
usage is estimated to reach the ceiling value of 400 liters per capita per day f
or all Districts except
Binh Thanh by 2030. Wastewater return flows as a percentage of metered water use
is estimated
at 90 percent. In addition to wastewater return flow the combined sewer will rec
eive infiltration
from groundwater. Figure 7-2 shows projections of wastewater flows.
900,000
sc0o00- High, Iet-wether
High, Dry-mather |
700,000
Low, Wet-,,,ather
[ ~~ ~~~~ .:
Low, Dry-weather
/
600,000 -A_I'___
.
' 500,000
__
400,000
300,000
1__'_
200,000- !
l 0 .0l
I ioo,ooo
I__I.____
0
1 995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
20301
Year
Projected Flows
FIGlURE 7-2
Peaking factors for wastewater flow are usually expressed as curves that relate
the peaking factor
either to the population served, or to the average daily dry-weather flow. As th
e population or
wastewater flow increases, the peaking factor is expected to decline. Two types
of peaking factors
are needed for design of sewers, interceptors, and pump stations:
* a peaking factor applied to average daily wastewater flows to obtain the desig
n hydraulic
capacitv of convevance facilities for dry-weather wastewater flows; and
* a peak wet-weather flow factor (also applied to average daily wastewater flows
) to obtain the
maximum flow to be intercepted at combined-sewer overflow structures.
Peak'.i factors for wastewater flow are usually expressed as curves that relate
the peaking factor
either to the popuiation served- or to the average daily drv-weather flow. As th
e population or
COM entemnacnra
7-2
NLTN EIA
Report Sept 2000
wastewater flow increases. the pearing facto- iS c;rpected to decline. The NIerr
lmac cur-c as
adopted for the Project has a mnirmurn peaking factor of 2.0. applied wlhen the
average dryweather flo\% exceeds ''27.000 m dav (2'630 I si. A= aximum peaking factor of 5.
0 has also been
adopted, wvhich appiles wvhen the average dry-weather tlo\\ is lcss than 690 m-'
/dav (S l's).
7.3 Project Outline
7.3.1
Proposed Project
The proposed facilities are summarized in this Section based upon the considerat
ion of options
and the phased development program. Detailed descriptions of project components
are included
in Section 8. This project is the first phase of an ultimate plan to develop a b
iological wastewater
treatment facility at Cat Lai in District 2 which will be developed when the Cit
y's ability to afford
such a facility is achieved and funding is available. The proposed project compr
ises the following
major work components:
7.3.1.1 Part 1 - Wastewater Components
Combined Sewer Overflows
* Construction of 20 main combined sewer overflow structures (CSOs) along the c
anal Up
to thirty additional structures may be required to divert flow from smaller drai
nage pipes.
v CSOs will be located at the outfalls of drainage conduits to divert dry-weath
er sewage
flows from the canal to a new interceptor tunnel while allowing overflows during
large
storms; they will include bar racks and tide gates
NLTN Interceptor
v 'Construction of a new 8.3 kilometer-long, 3-meter diameter wastewater interce
ptor
beneath the canal to convey dry-weather wastewater flows to the pumping and scre
ening
station
a Construction of two canal draw-off structures to flush the stagnant volume fr
om the
bottom of the upstream reaches of the NLTN Canal via the NLTN interceptor
* Instrumentation and control system for the draw-off of flows from the NLTN Ca
nal
Pumping Station and Screening Facility
* Construction of pumping station and screening facility at the confluence of th
e NLTN and
Van Thanh canal in ward 19 of Binh Thanh District
* Screening by six mechanical screens
* Pumping by twelve submersible pumps with a total station capacity of 64,000 m3
1hr with
two standby pumps
River Crossing Pipeline and Temporary Outfall
* Construction and operation of a 840m-iong river crossing pipeline and a 75m-l
ong
temporary outfall pipe to discharge screened wastewater from the NLTN Basin thro
ugh a
diffuser to the Saigon River.
7.3.1.2 Part 2 - Drainage Components
Drainage improvements
* Construction of newy replacement. and parallel combined sewver drainage condu

its
CDM International
7-3
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Drainage improvements. cons st Primarniv large box culverts placed in streets, t

o reduce
floodmin and overflo%\ ofcombined stormwater and sewage onto the streets
NLT.N Canal improvements
* Dredging to widen and deepen the NLTN Canal with beneficial reuse of the dred
ged
material
* Construction of canal improvements for flood control
7.4 Project Implementation Plan
The project is divided in two sets of components. Part I - Wastewater Components
include the
Interceptor Sewer, Pump Station. CSO structures, and River Outfall. Wastewater c
omponent
design packages will be prepared and bid prior to those for Part 2 - Drainage Co
mponents. Part I
components are identified on Figure 7-3. Part 2 - Drainage Components include Dr
ainage
Improvements. Flood Channel Improvements, and Flow Monitoring and Canal Flushing
System
and are identified on Figure 7-4.
7.4.1
Part 1 - Wastewater Components
Part I components are currently being designed. Design packages are expected to
obtain approval
by June 2001. Construction contracts are planned to be awarded during May of 200
2
Construction is expected to last 33 months.
The Interceptor Sewer can be constructed concurrently with the Pumping Station a
nd River
Outfall. The CSO structures may be constructed at the same time as the Intercept
or and Pump
Station however the CSO diversion pipe installation must follow Interceptor inst
allation. Outfall
construction staging may need to proceed ahead of the Pumping Station constructi
on to provide at
the pumping station site a construction staging area for outfall construction.
7.4.2
Part 2 - Drainage Components
Part 2 designs are expected to begin following completion and Part I and project
loan approval.
Part 2 design packages are expected to be complete by August of 2002. Constructi
on contracts are
expected to be awarded during November of 2003 Construction is expected to take
24 months.
Drainage Improvements and NLTN Canal Improvements can be constructed independent
ly.
Interfaces and connections to CSO structures will be carefully coordinated. The
Flow monitoring
system can be constructed concurrent with construction of NLTN Canal Improvement
s.
7.5 Ownership, Procurement, Cost and Funding
7.5.1
Ownership
All project components shall be ow-ned by the People's Committee of HCMC and man
aged by the
UIDC or jointly with the WSC if so desired. The project components, both wastewa
ter and
drainage, shall be constructed within public rights-of-way and the cleared publi
c corridor along
the NLTN Canal except for the pumping station which is located in Ward 19 in Bin
h Thanh
District. A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is being separately prepared for the
pumping station
site to address issues of resettlement as required by the World Bank. The Projec
t Management
Ujnit (PMU) is responsible to obtain land use permits for the pumping station an
d any project
structures that recuire land space. Land use permit applications must be approve
d before any
construction activ:n; can take p>ace. The-efore. we recommend that the PMli shou
ld obtain
CDM Internationai
74NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
CSO LOCATION (TYP.)

NLTN INTERCEPTOROR
PUMP STATION-SITE
\>_ > ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CROSSING
TEMPORARY
OUTFALL PIPE
LFcEpt)
C)1~0 k0ATION
0
500r
mu PART
URE
CDMv
iternational Inc.
WAST- ATER COMPONENTS
7-3
FIG
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o
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WOMMTTEEOF HO CHIMINICPTy
2FIGURE
-- CDM ~~~~~ ~~
HO CHI MINH CrrY SEWERAGE PROJECTUOrG OMOET
.~
NHIEU LOC-THI NGHE W~IN
approval be.ore the comoletion of tender documents to avoid possible delays in t

he construction
bidding pro.ess
7.5.2
Procurement
Procurement for all goods and services financed bv World Bank loans will be in s
trict compliance
with World Bank lending guidelines summarized below. The Bank's general objectiv
es are to:
* ensure that all goods and services requires to complete the project are procur
ed in an efficient
and cost effective manner,
* ensure that loan monies are used to buy only goods necessary to carry out the
project,
* give all qualified bidders from member countries equal opportunity to compete
for Bankfinanced project contracts,
encourage development of local contractors and manufacturers in borrowing countr
ies; and
* ensure a transparent procurement process.
These objectives are generally satisfied through use of intemational competitive
bidding (ICB)
properly administered with a suitable allowance for local contractors and manufa
cturers.
Altemative procurement methods may be specified in the loan agreement should ICB
clearly not
be the most economic and efficient method of procurement.
7.5.3
Project Costs
Project costs by component are presented in Table 7-1. Costs are for components
as currently
configured and will be revised during final design.
7.5.4
Project Funding
7.5.4.1 Overview
The recommended financing plan for the Ho Chi Minh City Sewerage Project is base
d on the
results of the financial analysis as well as decisions between the Government of
Vietnam, The
People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City, and the World Bank regarding their respe
ctive policies
and guidelines for counterpart funding and the onlending of loans from official
development
assistance sources. Under this plan, the Project would be financed by a combinat
ion of the
proceeds of the IDA credit and contributions by the Govemment of Vietnam and Ho
Chi Minh
City.
7.5.4.2 IDA Credit
It is proposed that the IDA provide a credit to the Govemment of Vietnam represe
nting 75% of
the total cost of the Project. This amount, equal to approximately S150.0 millio
n is the total
amount of the credit less taxes and duties. Since the current Project design doe
s not require land
use approval of any land other than at the Pumping Station, taxes and duties are
the only portion
the Proiect cost not eligible for IDA financing. Consistent with standard IDA te
rrms applicable for
credits to Vletnam, the credit would have a repayment period of 40 years, includ
ing a grace period
on principal repavment of 10 years, and a service charge of 0.75% per annum.
CDM 1nte-national
Sept 2000
7-5
NLTN EIA Report
TABLE 7-1 Estimated Project Costs (USS million)

.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
Project Cost by Component
Foreign
Local
Total
Exchange' Currencv
A. Phase I Facilities
1. Phvsical WVorks
a. Drainage Improvements
14.40
21.60
36.00
b. Flood Channel Improvements
11.07
16.61
27.68
c. Interceptor & Associated Sewers
18.58
12.39
30.97
d. Preliminary Treatment Facility
11.80
7.86
19.66
e. Outfall
2.10
1.40
3.50
f. Instrumentation & Control
2.25
0.25
2.50
Sub-total
60.20
60.11
120.31
2. Design & Construction Supervision
a. Drainage Improvenments
1.73
1.15
2.88
b. Flood Channel Improvements
1.33
0.89
2.22
c. Interceptor & Associated Sewers
1.74
0.74
2.48
d. Preliminary Treatment Facility
1.37
0.59
1.96
e. Outfall
0.28
0.07
0.35
f. Instrumentation & Control
0.18
0.02
0.20
Sub-total
6.63
3.46
10.09
Total Part A
66.83
63.57
130.40
B. Complimentary Programs
a. Field Investigations
0.75
0.40
1.15
b. Provision of O&M Equipment
0.65
0.05
0.70
c. Institutional Strengthening
3.48
0.87
4.35
Sub-total
4.88
1.32
6.20
Total Base Cost2'
71.71
64.89
136.60
C. Contingencies
Physical3'
10.10
9.31
19.41
Price 4
9.40
20.03
29.44
D. Interest During Construction
Interest During Construction
2.86
11.65
14.51
Total Cost
94.07
105.89
199.96
47.0%
53.00/0
100.0%/0
Notes:
Foreign cost includes both direct and indirect foreign exchange costs.
Base cost calculated at June 1999 prices.
At 15%. except 10% for Preliminary Treatment Facilities & Design.
4 Price contingencies calculated at 2.4%/year for foreign costs. 7.0% (1999),
6.0% (2000). 5.0.. (2001 -200) for local costs.
s Source: the Feasibilr'; Stud. and Preliminarn Design Report. November 1999
Tabie- 'xIs, Tab?- I
8 Description of Project Components

The proposed facilities are based upon the consideration of options and phased d
evelopment as
presented in Section 10 Analyses of Altematives. The following section presents
the proposed
facilities.
8.1 Part 1 - Wastewater Components
8.1.1 Interceptor
The NLTN interceptor will be a deep gravity sewer which will convey the diverted
dry weather
wastewater flows to the pumping and screening facility. The estimated length of
the interceptor is
8.3 km following the meandering alignment of the NLTN Canal. Ground surface alon
g the canal
banks is typically between El. 2.Om and El. 2.5m. The proposed inside diameter o
f the interceptor
will be 2,000mm from the upstream end for a distance of approximately 2.8krn. Th
e inside
diameter of the remainder of the interceptor will be 3,000mm. To be cost-effecti
ve it is
recommended to install a 3,000-mm interceptor for the entire length. The interce
ptor invert
elevation will vary from approximately El. -6.Om at the upstream end to El. -14.
4m at the
downstream end.
8.1.2 NLTN Combined Sewer Overflows
The combined sewer overflow structures (CSOs) will be built to control overflows
of stormwater
and sewage from the shallow wastewater collection system to the canal during the
wet season and
to prevent inflow of canal water to the wastewater collection system during the
dry season. The
CSOs will be built near the canal where the main pipes and culverts of the waste
water collection
system would otherwise discharge to the canal. The CSOs will divert collected fl
ows to the
interceptor. Approximately 20 CSO locations are anticipated for the project. In
many cases, there
will be multiple CSOs at a CSO location. Up to thirty additional smaller structu
res may be
required to divert flow from minor drainage pipes.
The CSOs will generally be reinforced concrete structures sized to contain sewag
e flow diversion
structures, canal water backflow prevention structures and pipe connections to t
he interceptor.
The CSOs will typically be cast-in-place because each structure will have a uniq
ue configuration
to pick up pipes and culverts of varying sizes, depths and orientations relative
to the CSO. In
general, the CSOs are :xpected to be in the range of 4m to 6m deep with plan dim
ensions varying
from 2m to 4m wide by 4m to 6m long.
A schematic drawing showing the combined drainage flow is shown in Figure 8-1. A
typical
section for a combined sewer overflow structure is shown in Figure 8-2. The figu
res illustrate the
three modular, elements and the different possibilities for configuration of the
elements. The three
main elements of a combined sewer overflow are:
* a diversion pipe on an existing street drain, which diverts dry-weather waste

water flows to the
new interceptor through a wastewater diversion pipe
* a backflow prevention with a tide gate located on the existing drain downstre
am from the
diversion structure to prevent reverse flows from the waterway into the diversio
n structure and
interceptor
* a CSO pipe which will carry the wet weather overflow to the canal
CDM International
8-1
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
1 10,000 HOUSEHOLDS
980,000 PEOPLE
70~~~~~~~~~~~~~~55K.5,000 rETCTN/hour- Le
HOUSES
CHA17-20 COMBEINED
SEWERS DVERE LDWS
RIVER~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
l 0
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FIGURE|
C D MInECrniIEICJDE7000 SEPTIC TANM ATIC
8-1
LEVEL~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ 3
-1~
__ _ __S H R A CK___ _i_ _;
FROM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1/
TO NLTN CANAL
FRO M DRAINAGE SYSTEM
l | DRY WEATHER | =
>
N L '
XDIVERSION PIPE
INTERCEPTOR
TUNNEL
FIGURE
C D M
CliON
-l
t _FLAP GATE
X
(W ET W EATHER)
CANAL
lYPICAL OSO SE
8-2
_C. ro,W. 94 o_. Cg/l9 QO

8.1.3 Pumping Station
The pumping station is designed to match the capacity of the NLTN interceptor. I
t will consist of
screens and submersible pumps, The facilities will be designed for the peak wetseason
wastewater flow expected in the year 2030 of 64,000 m3/hr. Grit removal faciliti
es are not
required.
The layout for the pumping station at the selected site at the confluence of the
NLTN and Van
Thanh canal in ward 19 of the Binh Thanh District is shown in Figure 8-3. Ground
surface at the
site is approximately El. 2.0m. The interceptor will connect via a manhole to th
e screen channel of
the pump station and screening structure at an invert elevation of approximately
El. -14.4m. The
screen channel floor and pump wetwell floor elevations will be approximately El.
-16.0m. The
plan dimensions of the pumping/screening station for the current layout will be
approximately
33m by 52m.
The pumping station will include ancillary structures such as a water supply sta
tion, an electrical
building, generator fuel storage, a transformer pad, and an odor control facilit
y, and an
administrative/control building. The floor level of these structures will be clo
se to grade. An
access road and perimeter fencing will also be built.
8.1.3.1 Screening Facilities
The screening facilities include six mechanically cleaned bar screens. Each scre
en will be
fabricated of carbon steel 3 m wide with a height of 16.5 m and 6mm clear openin
gs between the
bars of the screen. When one screen is out of operation, the remaining five scre
ens are designed
to accept the total peak influent flow of 64,000 m3/hr. The screens will be loca
ted before the
pumps to protect them from damage by large solids that may enter the interceptor
.
Wastewater will enter each of the six screening channels and flow through the me
chanical
screens. Each channel is equipped with stoplog grooves before and after the scre
en to isolate each
screen when maintenance of the submerged parts is necessary.
Debris from the screens will be discharged onto a conveyor belt and then into a
0.5 m3 watertight
container for subsequent landfill disposal
8.1.3.2 Pumping Facilities
Screened wastewater enters the pumping station through two wall-mounted sluice g
ates. The
sluice gates are used to isolate one half of the wetwell for maintenance. Flow e
nters a channel and
passes through openings in the channels perpendicular to the pumps. Submersible
pumps are
installed in the bottom of the wetwell. Guide posts and lifting chains and lifti
ng cranes will be
provided for removal of the pumps for maintenance.
The pumping station will feature submersible non-clog pumps. The pump station fa
cilities will
include 12 constant speed pumps (10 duty + 2 stand by) each capable of pumping 6
,400 m3,hr at a
discharge head of about 20m. Each pump motor will be 600kW, 1000rpm, 50Hz motor.
Odor control facilities will be provided to treat odors from sewage entering the
facility. Wet
scrubbers will remove odors from air extracted from the screening facility struc
ture. Sodium
hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite will be used and stored in compliance with env
ironmental and
safety requirements.
Public electrical supply will be the primary power source. Two backup generators
will be sized to
power the pumps, mechanical screens, safety equipment and lighting.
The pumping station will allow flows to be bypassed to the canal through an emer
gency overflow
in the event that the station becomes inoperable.
CDM International
8-2
NLTN EIA Repor
t Sept 2000
if
________
-.. --. ..
PILNIP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r. 'ND&I
,:t0
0 fA: :_,- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ f
j
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.
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i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pm
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KEYMAP
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'<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I TO 1, E*
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.7 ~ ~ ~ F
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PEOPLE'S COMMITtEE OF HO CHIl MINH CIT
IGR
DEPARTMENTr OF TRANSPORT ANAD PUBUC WORKISFGR
~~~~~~~~CDM
HO CHI MINH CfTY SEW
ERAGE PROJECT
PUMP STATION SITE PLAN8NIULCTINrHE BASIN83
CnCe r0,Ccp .4 C CS'9S00

8.1.4 River Crossing Pipeline and Temporary Outfall Pipe
A River Outfall Location Plan is shown in Figure 8-4. Screened effluent will be
discharged from
the effluent discharge box at the pump station to the Saigon River through opera
tion of a 840m
river crossing pipeline from the Pumping Station to the mouth of the NLTN Canal,
then beneath
the Saigon River to a manhole located on the east bank. It is anticipated that t
he river crossing
pipeline will be a single large diameter concrete pipe installed using pipe-j.ck
ing tedmziques.
This river crossing is intended to be the first leg of a transmission main to a
futre waslewatci
treatment plant to be located in Cat Lai. For the imrnediate future, a tenmporsy
outfIll pipe will
extend from the manhole back into the Saigon River, terminating in a single-port
discharge located
approximately 75m from the east bank.
The outfall will be designed to:
* avoid interference with shipping lanes;
* avoid scour of the river bed;
* attain adequate dilution over a full tidal cycle;
* avoid damage from anchor drag;
* ensure that dilution over a tidal cycle be sufficient to minimize water quali
ty impacts to the
Saigon River; and
* avoid effluent flowback to the NLTN Canal.
Modeling has been performed to determine the optimal diffuser location and confi
guration.
Discussion of the results is included in Section 17.
The Final Report of the Study on Urban Drainage and Sewerage System for Ho Chi M
inh City by
JICA dated December 1999 identified eight possible locations for a future second
ary wastewater
treatment plant. The Feasibility Report for the NTLN project prepared by CDM ide
ntified Site
No. 5 in District 2 as the preferred location for a future treatment plant site
for NLTN wastewater.
District 2, however, has objected to this site due to site and land restrictions
and CDM has
recommended Site No. 9 (Cat Lai) on the Dong Nai River. As noted above, the rive
r-crossing
force main is intended as the first leg of a transmission main to the secondary
treatment plant. The
second leg would be a gravity interceptor from the manhole on the east bank of t
he Saigon River
to the treatment plant site, with possible capacity to serve the neighboring are
as of District 2.
8.2 Part 2 - Drainage Components
8.2.1 Drainage Improvements
Proposed drainage improvement structures consist of the following. Replacement
and new
drainage box culverts and pipes will be prefabricated concrete. Box culverts and
pipes will be
located under roads and in public right-of-ways. The depth and alignment of culv
erts and pipes
will be determined based on detailed utility and topographic survey information.
Figure 8-5 shows
a typical section.
Proposed NLTN Basin drainage improvements were developed using an iterative proc
ess of
modeling the drainage system using the US EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM
).The
sizes and lengths of box culverts and drainage pipes proposed are shown in Table
8-1.
CDM International
8-3
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
-: jiRWER: CROSSING
:~~~~ XI A8e-V0f
:
49
. 0 0 X \ \ST a8. 2 0 0 00 0 0 r et\
'R~~~~~~~~~~~~PTE
----I
tf
;
/_
|
CD
t.b.. nc
*V
DISTRICI
:7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TEPRR
-|
CD
M /6 0i S | CHI MI N EWE R
C
2
4
HEI OCTI GE AI
/
2
/
'f,
OTL Pi PE
. OF ROAD
X500 RC PIPE (TYP) N
EXISTING MANHOLE
SET PIPE INVERT
ELEVATION APPROXIMATELY
1.0 -1.20 M BELOW GRADE
.SET PIPE INVERT
I ELEVATION APPROXIMATELY
1 0 - 1.20 M BELOW GRADE
EXISTING UTILITY
#500 RC PIPE (TYP)
FIGURE
CD M
Intermational lnc.
NT TYPICAL SECTION
8-
AND STREET INLETI
NEW BOX PIPE

DRAJNAGE IMPROVEME
C,,w S-r, _. . f4 -CC; G_9/, Ov

Table 8-1 Summary of Proposed Drainage Improvements
I
Length, m
Estimated Cost,
Type of Conduit
Size
USS Million
Large Box
Greater than 2m x 4m
10,536
$22.48
Medium Box
From lm x 2m to 2m x 4m
25,189
S21.84
Pipe
Diameter Im to 2m
1,516
$0.38
Totals
37,241 f
S44.70
Manholes will be located to provide access for sewer cleaning, maintenance and r
epair, and for
making future connections from local secondary and tertiary sewers. Septicity an
d corrosion by
sulfides are potential problems at manholes. Exposed concrete surfaces will be p
rotected against
corrosion.
8.2.2 NLTN Flood Canal Improvements
8.2.2.1 Flood Canal
The project will improve the hydraulic capacity of the NLTN flood canal to reduc
e flooding
within the NLTN flood plain and to prevent backup and surcharging of flows in th
e improved
drainage system. The width of the flood channel will increase from 27m at the up
stream end to
60m at the downstream end, occupying the full width allocated to the channel und
er current urban
development plans.
From the upstream end of the canal to the Le Van Si Bridge, the sides of the imp
roved canal will
be vertical and the canal will be deepened to obtain the required hydraulic capa
city. The walls will
be constructed as cast-in-place concrete retaining walls, or concrete T-piles wi
th intervening
concrete panels tied to anchor T-piles.
From the Le Van Si Bridge to the Thi Nghe Bridge, canal flow area will be increa
sed by dredging
material from the canal and constructing vertical walls at the base of the grout
ed riprap walls that
have been constructed by DTPW. The walls will be constructed as cast-in-place co
ncrete retaining
walls, or concrete T-piles with intervening concrete panels tied to anchor T-pil
es. Modeling is
currently being performed to deterrnine the additional canal cross sectional are
a required to
convey peak design flow. The bed of the channel will be left unprotected since t
he flow velocities
in the channel are quite low .The quantity of material to be dredged during cons
truction of the
flood channel is estimated to be approximately 500,000 - 750,000 m3.
8.2.2.2 Canal Flushing Mechanism
Only the lower portion of the NLTN Canal is flushed by tidal flows from the Saig
on River. A
volume of water in the upstream portion of the canal can accumulate any pollutan
ts that reach the
canal because the water cannot escape the canal during a falling tide. To preven
t the buildup of a
stagnant volume of water at the upper reach of the canal, the project proposes a
draw-off system to
flush out this volume. The proposed system will withdraw water from the canal to
the interceptor
at two locations, one near the upper end of the canal and the other about 5km do
wnstream of the
upper end.
The amount of canal water that could be withdrawn to will match the available ca
pacitv in the
interceptor. Canal flushing will be initiated just after the low slack tide, and
termrinated at high
CDM Interrational
8-4
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2C00
C,tJB _ .v cvC ; .
slack tide. It is estimated that the unflushed volume in the upper canal could b
e withdrawn over a
three-day period, assuming nine hours of withdrawal each day. An intake pipe wil
l withdraw
w,ater from the bottom the canal to the draw-off structure located on the land o
n the side of the
canal. Each draw-off structure will connect to the interceptor at a downshaft al
ready provided for
a CSO. A motor operated sluice gate will be mounted on the structure. The sluice
gate will be
opened and closed automatically or manually and will be able to operate by contr
ol
instrumentation locally or remotely by a supervisory control and data acquisitio
n (SCADA)
system.
8.2.2.3 Dredged Materials Management
Dredged material to be removed from the NLTN canal will be mostly sediment and u
ndisturbed
sand, clay and organic sand and organic clay soils. Dredgings will also include
some amount of
construction debris, garbage, and sewage solids. Based on current analysis perfo
rmed on sediment
samples collected as part of this study, dredged material contains low concentra
tions of heavy
metals because the wastewater in the canal is primarily of domestic origin.
Analysis indicates that the NLTN dredged material meets relevant standards for l
and application
and thus can be used beneficially. Fill material is a valuable commodity in Ho C
hi Minh City,
because the ground level in the whole southem portion is below flood tide, and n
ew houses are
required to be built at 2.Om grade.
Dredged material can be made available to help solve the solid waste management
objectives of
Ho Chi Minh City. Dried dredged material can be used in the capping of existing
landfills,
specifically the 34.6 ha Dong Thanh landfill that is scheduled for permanent clo
sure in 2002. City
officials responsible for solid waste management have indicated an interest in u
sing NLTN
dredged material during recent discussions.
8.2.2.4 Residuals Management
Other residuals include screenings removed from the pumping station at the CSOs.
These
screenings will be hauled to the landfill for burial with other municipal wastes
. Similarly, the
street drains, sewers, and combined sewer overflows will require routine cleanin
g to maintain
their hydraulic capacities. Materials removed from these facilities will also be
transported to the
landfill for burial.
CDM International
8-5
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Cr,:) Co s0+O&4 Ooc 9 Construction, Operation and Maintenance

9.1
Pre-Construction Activities
The most important pre-construction activity, which will take place, before cons
truction starts, is
that of land acquisition and resettlement of dwellers presently living at the pu
mping station site.
About 120 dwellings ha presently occupy the pumping station site with an approxi
mate area of
about 1.5. The Resettlement Action Plan is a separately submitted report that de
scribes the steps
required for the land acquisition and resettlement at the pumping station site.
The remaining
project components do not require resettlement because they will either be locat
ed in public
streets or unoccupied areas.
9.2 Construction Program and Workforce
The major components of the Project are the NL-TN Interceptor, the Pumping Stati
on, the Outfall,
the culverts and pipes for Drainage Improvements and the Canal Improvements.
Part 1 of the project will consist of the construction of the Interceptor, Pumpi
ng Station and the
Outfall. This part of the project is expected to start in the year 2002 and be c
ompleted in early
2005. A project schedule is shown on Table 9-1. Part 2 design start-up date is d
ependent upon
project loan approval. It is expected that these three components will be constr
ucted under two
separate construction contracts with the interceptor and outfall awarded as a si
ngle contract. The
amount of time required for the construction is estimated to be about three year
s. These two
construction contracts will be implemented concurrently.
The construction methods for the different components are discussed later in thi
s Chapter. The
amount of personnel required for the construction of the pumping station will va
ry depending on
the type of work been carried out and the amount of heavy machinery being used.
Actual
workforce numbers will be determined my contractors performing the work. However
it is
expected that between 50 and 100 workers would be working at the pumping station
site during
the peak of the construction period. Considering that the pumping station is loc
ated in an urban
area no workers living quarters should be allowed at the site, except for guards
and watchmen to
secure the site at night and during periods of no construction.
The construction of the Interceptor will require likewise a workforce of 100 to
200 people
depending on the number of fronts that the contractor chooses to construct the p
roject.
Finally the outfall construction will require a workforce which will vary from 1
00 to 150 people
depending on the methods of construction.
Part 2 involves the construction of Canal Improvements and Drainage Improvements
including
culverts and pipelines in streets. This part of the project is expected to start
in the year 2003 and
be completed by the end of 2005. The construction workforce for these two projec
ts will vary
depending on the number of contracts and contractor determination. The canal imp
rovements will
required the excavation and dredging of about 500,000 - 750,000 cubic meters of
material from
the bottom of the canal and adding sidewalls of the canal to about 1.5 meters be
low the present
bottom elevation for a distance of about 8 kilometers. The drainage improvements
involve the
construction of about 34 kilometers of culverts and pipes in City streets.
The workforce required for the construction of these facilities will depend on t
he period allowed
for construction and the construction methods and equipment used. Assuming that
the these
projects are built concurrently and the period of construction is two years gene
rates the following
labor estimates. The canal improvements project will be built by three separate
contracts with a
total wvork force of 200 to 300 people. The drainage culverts and pipe construct
ion -would most
CDM International
9-1
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 200C
Nhieu Loc-Thii Nghe Drainage Improvement Project

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
_ _
2C10h
ID r ask Name
(I
Ftr 1rtr 3tr 4Qtrt1r 2LQtr 3trr4Qtr t 4Qtr 1tQtr 2LOt.r3l Ot 4tr 11Itr 214tr 3
QIt 4k)tr 46IQ t 1'H
1 WASTEWATER COMPONENT
2
Detailed Design and Prequalification
3
Bid Doc Preparation and Approval
4
Bidding, Evaluation & Sign Contract
5
Construction
'
.
'
.. .'
...
6
7
DRAINAGE COMPONENTS
8
Detailed Design
9
Bid Doc Preparation and Approval
10 Bidding, Evaluation & Sign Contract
11 Construction
......_ .
_ __ _ _ ; _ __ _ _
-_
PROJECT SCHEDULE
TABLE 9-1
C,fi5 . -s.S.c; acs likely be built in six separate contracts. Each contract may require similar siz
e forces of about 1 00
people.
9.3 Construction Methods - Part 1 - Wastewater Components
9.3.1
NLTN Interceptor
9.3.1.1
Pipe Jacking
The interceptor will be constructed of precast reinforced concrete pipe. The int
erceptor will be
installed by pipe jacking due to the depth of installation and the changing hori
zontal alignment.
Pipe jacking involves constructing deep jacking and receiving pits at depths up
to 18 meters
between straight segments. Sections of pipe are pressed or "jacked" into the gro
und from the
jacking pits to the nearest receiving pits. Pipe sections are added to the end o
f the pipe string from
the jacking pit as the pipe is advanced. Excavation "muck" from the front of the
first pipe section
is transported back through the jacked pipe to the jacking pit for removal and d
isposal. The pipe
face excavation equipment is removed from the receiving pit when the first secti
on of jacked pipe
reaches the receiving pit. Smaller permanent manholes will be constructed in the
pits around the
ends of the pipes after jacking is completed.
Approximately 105,000 cubic meters of soil will be excavated during the pipe jac
king operation.
This material will be transported by truck or barge off site and be sold for oth
er uses in HCMC.
9.3.1.2
Jacking and Receiving Pits
Jacking and receiving pits will be located at proposed manholes. The distances b
etween manholes
vary from approximately lOOm to 400m. Approximately 30 jacking/receiving pits wi
ll be required.
The contractor will select the final jacking/receiving pit locations match the s
elected means and
methods of construction.
Jacking pits will be rectangular or circular in shape. Rectangular jacking pits
for 3m inside
diameter pipe will be approximately 5m to 6m wide by 7m to 8m long in plan dimen
sions. The
inside diameter for circular jacking pits for the 3m pipe will likely be approxi
mately 10 meters.
Receiving pits could be slightly smaller in plan dimensions.
Pit construction could take approximately one to three months to complete for ea
ch location
depending on the construction methods used by the contractor. Pipe jacking, manh
ole construction
and backfilling could take an additional one to two months to complete for each
location.
Lowering groundwater levels for this length of time will be avoided to prevent c
ausing settlement
of buildings adjacent to the canal.
It is anticipated that the pits will be constructed by caisson sinking methods.
Caisson construction
is analogous to vertical pipe jacking. Reinforced concrete ring sections of the
required diameter
and wall thickness for the pit are sunk into the soil by simultaneously excavati
ng inside the toe of

the pipe and applying a sufficient load to the top of the pipe. New sections are
added as the
caisson advances downward. The caisson sections can be either precast or cast-in
-place concrete.
Excavation is generally accomplished without dewatering the caisson by mechanica
l or hydraulic
clamshell supported from a crane at ground surface. A bottom plug of concrete is
constructed in
the bottom of the caisson. The caisson is then dewatered after the bottom plug c
oncrete reaches
the required strength. The caisson is then ready for use as a jacking or receivi
ng pit.
Approximately 1.500 to 2,000 cubic meters of soil will be excavated for each jac
king or receiving
pit. Much of this soil can be used later to backfill around the completed manhol
e structures at
each pit site. Accordingly, a soil stockpile area will need to be provided at ea
ch site. Excess soil
wouid be sold for use in HCMC and transported by either trucking or by barge on
the canal.
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9.3.1.3
Surface Staging Areas
In addition to the pits themselves, each jacking and receiving site wvill requir
e a substantial surface
construction staging area and access for large trucks to deliver pipe sections t
o the site and to
remove tunneling muck. It may be possible for the contractor to use the adjacent
canal for
transporting pipe sections and tunneling muck to and from the jacking locations.
It is estimated
that jacking pit staging areas for will need to be approximately 7m to 9m wide b
y 60m to 1OOm
long. The receiving pit staging areas will likely be similar in width and about
40m to 50m in
length.
Typical jacking staging areas will contain support facilities and equipment incl
uding a 100 to 150
kVA diesel generator, a 40 to 80 ton service crane to lower pipe sections into t
he pit and remove
tunnel muck, supply and exhaust ventilation fans and ductwork, tanks, pumps and
controls for
pipe lubrication slurry during jacking and/or grouting outside the installed pip
e, office trailers, a
pipe storage area and a backfill soil stockpile area. The pipe storage area coul
d vary with available
space but could be on the order of 15m to 20m long at one end of the staging are
a. The soil
stockpile area will likely need to be a similar size.
9.3.1.4
Drop Manhole Construction
The drop manholes could be constructed by either cast-in-place concrete construc
tion or precast
concrete sections assembled at each site. The equipment required for this work i
s expected to
include concrete trucks for cast-in-place construction or large trucks to delive
r precast concrete
manhole sections, dump trucks to deliver backfill soil to the site and hand-guid
ed compaction
equipment for backfilling the completed structures. Fill soils, stiff clays and
sandy soils excavated
for jacking and receiving pit construction will be used for backfilling around t
he completed drop
manhole structures.
9.3.2
Combined Sewer Overflow Structures
It is expected that CSO foundations will require either compacted soil fill, woo
den Bakau piles,
small cross section concrete piles, or some combination of the three installed b
y hydraulic
pressing or vibratory driving through the soft clays into the underlying stiff c
lays or sand.
Most CSOs will be located near the canal's embankment near major streets and bri
dges. Some of
the CSOs will be located in narrow streets where access may be difficult. Typica
l CSO
excavations are expected to require sheeting and bracing for lateral earth suppo
rt. In general
excavation groundwater will be controlled by drainage trenches and surface pumpi
ng
It is anticipated that three to six weeks will be required to complete construct
ion of each CSO
structure. The equipment anticipated for typical CSO construction sites includes
a 30 to 50 kVA
diesel generator, a medium sized hydraulic excavator for foundation excavation,
hydraulic pile
installation equipment for pressing foundation piles into the ground, an approxi
mately 20 ton
service crane, a vibratory pile driving hammer for excavation support sheeting i
nstallation,
submersible pumps and hoses for groundwater control and hand-guided roller and p
late
compactors for backfilling the completed structures. Access for trucks to delive
r backfill soils,
cement and other materials, and to remove excavated soil that is unsuitable for
backfilling will
also be required.
It is expected that the some of the existing fill soils, stiff clays and sandy s
oils excavated for CSO
construction can be used for backfilling around the completed CSO structures. A
volume of soil
will be displaced bv the completed structures. This material will be good qualit
y fill soils that can
be sold within HCMC for construction uses.
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9.3.3
Pumping Station and Screening Facility & Ancillary Structures
9.3.3.1
Construction MNMethods and Equipment
The excavation for proposed pumping/screening station construction will be in th
e range of 20 to
25 meters deep, or more, depending on the required thickness of the bottom slab.
The foundation
level will be the deep sand layer described above that extends up to 29 meters d
eep at the site.
Using slurry trench construction techniques will control groundwater in the sand
layer.
The equipment needed for pumping'screening station construction via slurry trenc
hing includes a
100 ton hydraulic crane fitted with a slurry trench excavating clamshell or hydr
ofraise mill, high
shear mixer and pumping equipment for preparation and circulation of bentonite s
lurry, 100 to 150
k'vA diesel generator to support mixing and pumping equipment, a separate 100 to
n diesel service
crane for lifting reinforcing cages, tremie concrete pipes and panel end stops i
nto slurry trenches
and a large hydraulic excavator for loading slurry trench excavation muck onto d
ump trucks for
removal from the site. A 30m by 30m area for lined slurry mixing ponds, a laydow
n area of
approximately lOm by 30m for on-site reinforcing cage fabrication, space for off
ice trailers and
laborer shelters, as well as access space for concrete trucks and dump trucks wi
ll be also required.
The bottom plug will be constructed after the pumping/screening station diaphrag
m walls are
completed. A high shear grout mixing plant with diesel generator, a 100 ton cran
e fitted with
leads, a hydraulic torque head and jet grouting drill steel and nozzles as well
as instrumentation
and controls for the jet grouting operation will be required.
A tower crane will be used for excavation inside the walls of the structure, con
crete work and
final assembly of the structure. Hydraulic excavating equipment will be placed i
nside the
structure for soil excavation and loading to a muck car supported by the crane.
The crane will
either directly load the excavated soil to waiting trucks or to a stockpile area
for loading or reuse
on the site. Access for concrete trucks, concrete pumps and equipment for concre
te form
installation, primarily 40 to 80 ton service cranes will be required during this
phase of
construction. The tower crane will be used to lower the pumping and screening eq
uipment into
the proper locations for final assembly in the structure. The remainder of const
ruction consists of
conventional electrical, mechanical, plumbing and architectural finish work typi
cal for this type of
facility.
The foundation support for ancillary structures at the pump station site will be
small diameter
reinforced concrete piles. These piles are typically "pressed" into the soil to
refusal in the sand
below the soft clay layers using hydraulic jacks attached to a steel frame that
also supports a
heavy reaction weight. The equipment for pile driving includes the pile driving
frame, hydraulic
jacks, reaction weights, and crane to move the equipment between pile locations.
Access for large
trucks to deliver piles to the site will be required.
9.3.4
River Crossing Pipeline and Temporary Ouffall Pipe
Screened effluent will be discharged to the Saigon River through a 840m long riv
er crossing
pipeline and a 75m long temporary outfall pipe to the Saigon River. A single lar
ge diameter RCP
pipe is expected to be utilized for the crossing. Pipe jacking installation tech
niques described in
section 9.3.1 are expected to be used for installation of both the river crossin
g pipeline. Jacking
techniques or dredge and cover methods are expected to be utilized for installat
ion of the
temporary outfall pipe.
9.4 Construction Methods - Part 2 - Drainage Components
9.4.1
NLTN Canal Improvements
A separate Department of Transport and Public Works project has constructed road
s on both sides
of the canal and constructed sloped canal sidewalls. This project proposes to fu
rther improve the
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Sept 2000
NLTN canal to increase the hvdraulic capacity of the canal to reduce flooding by
dredging
material from the bottom of the canal. The sides of the improved canal will be v
ertical and the
canal will be deepened to obtain the required hvdraulic capacity. Vertical walls
will extend from
the base of the grouted riprap walls that have been constructed by DTPW between
Le Van Si and
Thi Nghe Bridges. Altematively the grouted riprap walls may be extended downward
after a short
level area. Wooden piles will be used to provide stability. From Le Van Si Bridg
e to the upstream
end of the canal vertical walls will be constructed along the canal banks. Verti
cal walls will be
constructed as cast-in-place concrete retaining walls, or concrete T-piles with
intervening concrete
panels tied to anchor T-piles.
Computer modeling is currently being performed to determine the additional canal
cross sectional
area required to convey peak design flow. Based on preliminary estimates, approx
imately
500.000-750,000 cubic meters of dredging will be required. The dredged material
will be
transported off-site for beneficial reuse within HCMC. The bed of the channel wi
ll be left
unprotected since the flow velocities in the channel are quite low. Final hydrau
lic modeling will
indicate the extent of canal dredging required.
9.4.2
Drainage Improvements
NLTN Drainage Improvements will consist of new and replacement drainage box culv
erts and
pipes. Culverts and pipes will be precast of reinforced concrete material. Opencut construction
methods will be used because most drainage structures will be relatively shallow
large box
culverts in existing roadways. Steel sheet pile earth retaining structures will
be required during
construction because soils are generally soft and groundwater is present. In gen
eral excavation
groundwater will be controlled by drainage trenches and surface pumping.
The equipment anticipated for typical drainage culvert construction sites includ
es a 30 to 50 kVA
diesel generator, a pavement cutter and breaking equipment, a medium sized backh
oe or hydraulic
excavator for foundation excavation, a 20 ton service crane, a vibratory pile dr
iving hammer for
excavation support sheeting installation, submersible pumps and hoses for ground
water control
and hand-guided roller and plate compactors for backfilling the completed struct
ures. Access for
trucks to deliver precast culverts and to remove excavated soil that is unsuitab
le for backfilling
will also be required.
It is expected that some of the existing fill soils, stiff clays and sandy soils
excavated for drainage
culvert and pipe construction can be used for backfilling around the completed d
rainage structures
or can be sold within HCMC for other uses.
9.5 Operational and Maintenance Requirements
9.5.1
NLTN Combined Sewer System Operation and Maintenance Plan
The combined sewer system maintenance plan details typical maintenance activitie
s and
frequencies for inspection of manholes, maintenance of sewer drains, overflow st
ructures, pump
station, and the river discharge outfall. It also proposes emergency contingency
planning.
The combined sewer system operation and maintenance plan is established for:
* preventing flooding
* removing obstructions
* repairing collapse or failure of drains and pipes
fIixing manhole deterioration
* managing failure of pumping stations
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9.5.1.1
Adverse Conditions that Influence Operations and INIaintenance
A number of conditions will affect the performance of the combined sewer system.
These
conditions include:
* Deposition of rubbish into street drains or directly into the collection netw
ork
* Limitations on access to the combined sewer system
* Power outages
The design, operations and maintenance plans have taken into consideration the a
bove factors and
have limited their effects.
9.5.1.2
Operation and Maintenance Teams
Operation and maintenance teams will operate out of a maintenance location in su
fficient numbers
to meet the operational plan target times for each activity. Each tean will be e
quipped as
appropriate for inspection, screen cleaning, sediment removal, and manhole inspe
ction.
Combined sewer maintenance teams will include at least three members to enable e
ntrance of
manholes when necessary. The pumping station and screening facility operation an
d maintenance
teams will include at least four members. The pumping station will be monitored
24 hours a day
from a control center located at the electrical and control office. At least two
maintenance team
members will be on standby at all times.
9.5.1.3
Work in public right of way
Work in public roadways will be carried out such that it minimizes inconvenience
to traffic and
pedestrians. Where important roadways are affected, maintenance work will be per
formed at
night. Occasionally several manholes may need to be open for ventilation of the
sewer system,
safety and over pumping reasons. Up to 10 hours of maintenance will normally be
required at an
individual site.
9.5.1.4
Inspection and Maintenance of Manholes
Annually one out every five manholes will be inspected for deterioration. This b
alances
inspection needs against staff limitations and traffic disruption. Maintenance w
ill normally be
limited to cleaning and attention to covers not seating properly. Sewers will be
entered only when
required. Traffic control plans will be submitted to the local authorities for a
pproval. Manhole
inspection will check the cover seating, the presence of odors, the functioning
of the sewer drain,
the structure of the inside of the manhole, signs of infiltration, and the level
of debris or sediment.
Manhole and sewer entry procedures will be performed according to confined space
entry
instructions issued to all employees. Entry into manholes will be by lowering th
e first person into
the sewer on a 'A-Frame' man-riding winch or on a safety rope. All men will wear
full safety
equipment including a hamess and will carry gas monitors. Sewers will be ventila
ted or
maintenance personnel will be equipped with a breathing apparatus. Portable pump

s will be used
to drain flooded pipelines. Maintenance operations at night will use portable li
ghting units
powered from diesel or electric generators.
9.5.1.5
Combined Sewer and Wastewater Interceptor Cleaning
Sewers wvill be cleaned only when silt in the sewer system starts to increase be
yond the deposition
which occurs naturally in the sewer or interceptor. The manhole inspection progr
am will
determine cleaning needs. Sewer desilting involves opening at least two manholes
and using
equipment to drawv silt back to the manhole where it will be removed, stored in
a water-tight
container and transported for disposal at the nearest landfill.
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Cleaning methods including manual cleaning. rodding. winching and jetting can re
move sewer
sediment and debris. On large diameter sewers. larger than 1500 mm in diameter,
most cleaning
can be carried out manuallv provided that flow conditions are controlled and saf
ety precautions
are followed. Mechanical methods can also be used. Winching systems wvill be use
d unless pipes
are plastic lined. Rodding will be carried out either manually or using a mechan
ical rodding
machine. Sewer jetting removes sediment or blockages by machine. Machines use ei
ther high
water volumes at low pressures or low water volumes at high pressures to jet sed
iment along the
drain for removal.
9.5.1.6
Combined Sewer Overflow Maintenance
The combined sewer overflows are designed to allow flows to discharge to the can
al if the
interceptor system is blocked or during times when storm conditions cause flows
to exceed the
capacity of the intercepted system of street drains. Anticipated maintenance pro
blems include
blockage of outfall outlet with debris and jamming of the tide flap with debris.
Overflow
structures will be regularly will be maintained is planned to clean manual scree
ns, clear blockages,
and check the performance of tide gates.
9.5.1.7
PUMPING STATION MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
Preventive maintenance of the pumping station will be performed including period
ic cleaning,
greasing, oil changes etc. as recommended by the manufacturer of equipment. Typi
cal
frequencies for maintenance of equipment are once or twice a year.
The pump station will provide the combined sewer and drainage system the ability
to capture
floatable trash, oil, grease and scum and prevent it from reaching the Saigon Ri
ver. The screening
facility at the pump station will remove objects larger than 6mm and prevent dis
charge into the
Saigon River. Screenings will be disposed of in a municipal landfill. The submer
sible pump
system design draws wastewater from the bottom of the pump wetwell allowing grea
se, oil, and
scum that reaches the pump station to be manually skimnmed off of the top of the
water surface.
When emergency notification procedures are established, the pump station can be
used to
intercept toxic or hazardous spills into the collection system before they reach
the river. In the
event of a major spill into the drainage system in the Basin, pump station opera
tors can shut down
the pumping station to isolate the spill for removal. Pump wetwell equipment wil
l be designed for
operation in an explosive environment. Hazardous and flammable gas detectors wil
l be mounted
in the wetwell to notify operators of hazardous conditions within the wetwell.
The pump station and screening facility will require regular delivery of chemica
ls for odor
control. Chemical deliveries require two men to be in attendance at every bulk c
hemical delivery.
Chemical storage tanks will be equipped with containment facilities to ensure ac
cidental spills do
not impact the surrounding environment. Appropriate safety apparatus will be pro
vided for safe
response to accidents.
9.5.1.8
Maintenance of Effluent Outfall
The river discharge outfall maintenance will minimize long term problems includi
ng failure.
Monthly maintenance will include checking for build up of sediment in the outfal
l pipes by
checking any unusual outfall head pressure increases and tising high-velocity fl
ushing of the
outfall pipes. Annual maintenance will likely include removal of sediments from
the outfall pipes
by pigging or other methods if required.
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CnO9 ConsVO&v4 dcc - 4-May-02

9.5.1.9
Material Disposal
Operators will dispose of materials produced by maitenance operations, screening
s, silt, and gnt.
Proper material disposal will minimize environmental impacts. The disposal of al
l wastes will be
made at approved solid waste landfills.
9.5.1.10
Contingencv Planning for the Combined Sewer System
The maintenance of the combined sewer system necessitates that all reactive cond
itions
encountered are efficiently dealt with, over and above blockages, odor and other
routine problems.
To minimize the impact of incidents, the project proposes to implement the conti
ngency planning
described in tables below.
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~j CO"S. -r'O -- - -Ma1-O0

Table 9-2 Project Facility Contingency Planing
COMNBINED SEW.ER CONTINGENCY PLANN'ING Typical Response Times
Code
Description
Response Target within Commence
Repair from
Number of Hours of
Response Time
Complaint
01
Flooding of, or imnmediately adjacent to 4 hrs
6 hrs
property
02
Flooding remote from property
6 hrs
6 hrs
03
Surcharge of sewer system
6 hrs
6 hrs
04
Manhole cover broken or missing
4 hrs
6 hrs
05
Gas or noxious substance in sewer
2 hrs
2 hrs
06
Hazardous subsidence/depression in
4 hrs
6 hrs
highway
07
Damage due to vandalism
6 hrs
6 hrs
08
Pollution of watercourse
6 hrs
6 wks
09
Disruption cause by site works
2 wks
2 wks
10
j Disturbance due to odor, visual, noise
2 wks
2 wks
nuisances
9
I
E
COM Iterntionl
9NLTN EIA Report Sept
2000
GCr-C:VO&4 aoc - 4-Mfa1-OJ

PUM APIN'G STATION CONTINGENCY PLAINNING
TYPES OF FAILURE
RESPONSES
A. POWER FAILURE
A.
POWER FAILURE
i) Electricitv Companv Supply
i)
Electricity Company Supply
a) Contact electricity company, and
report failure
b) Establish failure source
c) Obtain estimated repair time and check
The status of the following:
1. Generator
2. Fuel Supply
d) When power is restored, check that the
station is operating normally
ii) Station Supply
ii)
Station Supply
a) Investigate and repair
iii) Control Supply v
iii) Control Supply
a) Callout of personnel
b) Investigate and repair
iv)
Pump Supply (Individual)
a) No callout if only one pump has failed.
b) Investigate and repair.
B.
OUTFALL PIPE FAILURE
B.
OUTFALL PIPE FAILURE
i)
Physical damage
i)
Activate contingency pla
n for location.
ii)
Blockage
ii)
Establish location of fa
ilure, estimate
iii). Leaking
repair time and available
storage capacity,
iii) Call out repair team.
iv)
Plan should include pipeline plans,
isolating valves, access routes, location of
spare pipe and repair couplings, storage
capacity of system with peak and norrmal
flows, location of any properties at risk of
flooding.
v)
Notify if a discharge occurs.
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CorStS&- a -CC C
PUM9NP OR COMPONENT
RE
FAILURE
i)
Electrical
igger
a) Overload trip
b) Overheat trip
c) Electrical component
failure
ii)
Mechanical
a) Mechanical component
failure
iii)
Operational
for total
a) Loss of prime
b) Suction blockage
c) Pump blockage
d) Valve blockage
CDM International
port Sept 2000
PUMIP OR COMPONENT FAILU
Failure will normally tr
Standby plant automatically or

Where telemetry is installed by
Remote control. Where only a
Warning device is fitted interventnon will be called for.
For total failure of the station
a contingency plan should be
active as in B and/or as
failure of supply, e.g. fixed or
portable generators, diesel pumps,
tanker.
9-11
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1-JL,, 2000
1 0 Analyses of Alternatives
10.1 Alternative Design Concepts and Schemes
10.1.1 Drainage System Alternatives
Altemative drainage system improvements were evaluated using the SWVMM model and
economic
analysis to compare flood impacts, project costs and benefits. Additional draina
ge system
informnation has been collected since the model was performed. Modeling is curre
ntly being
prepared to include this information. Results are expected to be available soon.
Sector Based Improvements
The project considered building all of the drainage improvements in the current
project or phasing
improvements by sector and delaying construction of portions of the system where
the expected
benefits are low.
Improvements were divided into four sectors of the NLTN basin: northeast, northw
est, southeast
and southwest. These improvements are described below:
* For the northwest section of the basin, flows will increase substantially whe
n land near the
airport is converted from military to civilian use and street drainage is constr
ucted. The
capacities of Dang Dinh Dang box culvert and the Cong Hoa culvert will eventuall
y be
exceeded. At these locations the street widths are insufficient to construct rep
lacement
drainage pipes or large culverts. The proposed improvements route the flows to a
large
replacement box culvert on Nguyen Van Troi Street, the main route to the airport
.
* In the southwest portion of the basin, chronic flooding along Hoa Hung Street
is the result of
the low ground surface at 3m and the high invert elevation box culverts downstre
am. The
improvements propose a new lower box culvert along Cach Mang Tang Tam to serve H
oa
Hung Street and areas within the southwest area and adjacent to the NLTN canal.
In the southeast portion of the basin, the capacities of the many egg-shaped br
ick sewers are
not quite sufficient to carry stonri runoff. The proposed improvements route the
excess runoff
through a large replacement box culvert along Vo Thi Sau Street.
* In the northeastern portion of the basin surrounding the two NLTN tributaries
Van Thanh and
Cau Bong, there is a known area of chronic flooding upstream from the Van Thanh
tributary.
The flooding is primarily caused by blockages due to makeshift housing, trash an
d debris.
The base construction costs and lengths of new or improved pipes and culverts fo
r each sector
were estimated as shown in Table. These base costs exclude engineering and conti
ngencies.
TABLE 10-1 Estimated Base Costs of Drainage Improvements
Sector
Length,
Base Cost,
Km
S Million
Northeast
12.8
11.2
Northwest
13.7
14.2
Southeast
4.4
4.2
Southwest
6.4
6.4
L Total
37.2
36.0
Analvsis found that the proposed improvements in each sector are required to all
eviate chronic
flooding. The economic analysls indlcates that drainage improvements in all four
sectors are
CDM Interna'ional
10-1
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
economically tustified based on high internal rate of return. benetit'cost ratio

. and net present
value of benefits. The drainage improvements will all be included in this projec
t w\ithout phasing
by sector.
Design Storm
Using the hydraulic model, alternative design storms were considered. Model anal
ysis evaluated
the alternatives of designing for the 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25-year and 50-ye
ar storm events.
This analysis is discussed below.
The SWMM model analyzed the existing drainage systems and proposed drainage impr
ovements
under by computing the volume and the duration of flooding within each catchment
for the five
storm events. For all of the design storms, a water elevation of 0.7 m in the Sa
igon River has been
assumed. Analysis of flooding assumed that the probabilities for severe and extr
eme tides could
be considered independently.
Analysis showed that if the improvements are designed for the 2-year storm reduc
tion in flooding
is achieved for all the five design storms and all four geographic sectors of th
e basin. Flooding
from the 2-year storn event would be reduced from the current 1400 ha (40 percen
t of the basin)
with an average height of 40 mm to nearly no flooding. Flooding from the 50-year
storm event
would be reduced from current 2,000 ha at an average depth of 90 mrnm to about 8
40 ha at an
average depth of 40 mm.
The improvements required to carry the 50-year storm were analyzed for portions
of the system.
The increase in cost above the design for the 2-year storm is estimated at rough
ly 30 percent.
However, the flood damages averted by designing for the 50-year storm would be r
elatively small
and very infrequent. The project proposes drainage improvements be designed for
the 2-year
storm event. The Canal Improvements will be designed to convey the 5-year storm
event.
10.1.2 Flood Canal Improvement Alternatives
Two primary options were considered for NLTN Canal improvements:
* Flood improvements to the NLTN Canal
Flood Improvements to the NLTN canal and flood channels for the Van Thanh and C
au
Bong tributaries
Two other options were briefly considered but discarded:
* Tidal Gates. A structure containing tidal gates could be built at the mouth o
f the NLTN
Canal to limit the maximum water level seen in the channel, and to create a floo
d-storage
volume within the canal. A tidal gate could be operated to improve flushing of s
ediment
from the canal and from the low-lying portions of storm drains. However a tidal
gate
structure would be expensive to construction, operate and maintain. The tidal ga
tes may
be unable to reliably prevent flooding. Operators would have less than thirty mi
nutes at
intervals of several years to respond to high tides or high rainfalls. In Shangh
ai, despite
full-time staffing, at a tidal gate on Suzhou Creek the record high tide occurre
d before the
gate could be closed.
* Flood Storage. Flood-retention storage could be provided to retard or reduce
the peak
flow into the NLTN channel. At the northern extremity of the basin, flood storag
e is
feasible for Tan Son Nhat airport or the golf course. However, this storage woul
d not
relieve floodlng significantly. For areas closer to the channel, the surface are
as needed for
flood retention are very large and would require costly land acquisition and res
ettlement.
Improvements to NLTN Tributaries, Van Thanh and Cau Bong
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Ch'- A'ternat,.es 3 <cc- -15-I - 2'CW

The two major tributaries of the NLTN Canal are Rach Van Thanh which discharges
to the Canal
near the Saigon River mouth, and Rach Cau Bong - Cau Son which discharges at a p
oint about 2
km from the mouth. Both tributaries are heavily polluted. Ground levels within t
heir drainage
areas are generally below Elevation 2 m. Flooding up to I m above high tide is c
ommon during
high tides and heavy rainstorms because deposits of trash, sediments and debris
have reduced their
hydraulic capacities.
The natural channels would have more than enough hydraulic capacity to carrv flo
od flows from
the relatively small drainage areas of the tributaries. However, the natural cha
nnels are too large
to be kept flushed clean.
The proposed improved flood channel would be 20m wide with a bottom invert eleva
tion of -2m.
These dimensions satisfy requirements for boat traffic to supply markets near th
e banks and the
hydraulic requirements for drainage. For flood protection, the tributary areas m
ust be protected
against Saigon River flooding by building streets on the eastem edges above Elev
ation 2 m and
installing tide gates at low points.
Maintaining water quality in the tributaries by removal of the upstream stagnant
volume could be
accomplished in three ways. These options are: transferring flow into the upstre
am end of an
interceptor, pumping water from the Saigon River into the upstream end, or build
ing a boat lock at
the mouth of the tributary and a tide gated canal to the Saigon River.
The estimated construction costs for these flood channel improvements to the tri
butaries are
shown in Table 10-2 Base cost of construction including taxes but excluding engi
neering,
contingencies and resettlement costs.
TABLE 10-2 Base Costs of Channel Improvements to Tributaries
Tributary
Length
Base Cost
M
$US Million
Rach Van Thanh
2,000
3.3
Rach Cau Bong
3,200
5.4
Total
5,200
8.7
Improving the tributary canals would require substantial costs for land acquisit
ion and
resettlement of up to 1000 households per tributary. The total cost for the trib
utary canal
improvements and the resettlement required would exceed US$ 20 million.
The Binh Thanh District has an urban renewal plan that includes new streets, res
ettlement, and
replacement housing for the population along the tributaries. It would be prefer
able to consider
the drainage improvements to the tributaries as a small part of this plan, rathe
r than as a
component of the World Bank funded NLTN project. Completion of the tributary imp
rovements
within the 5-year time frame of the World Bank project is unlikely given the loc
al budget
constraints and the time required.

10.1.3 Treatment Alternatives
The project considered altematives for wastewater treatment and disposal either
for the NLTN
Basin.
Wastewater treatment represents the major element of annual operation and mainte
nance cost for
the project. Empirical cost curves were used to compare treatment options. These
curves are
based on data from several hundreds of wastewater treatment plants. The followin
g two levels of
treatment were evaluated:
CDM International
10-3
NLTN EIA Report S
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Ch',A :,.es .3 ac.- 'e 200

* Preliminarv treatment includes the costs of site buildings. site development.
utilities, raw
wastewater pumping, and screening of wvastewater
* Secondary treatment includes costs for the additional processes of conventiona
l aeration,
final sedimentation, and flotation thickening of secondary sludge
Seven secondary treatment altematives were evaluated including conventional acti
vated sludge,
extended aeration activated sludge, aerated lagoon systems, waste stabihzation p
ond systems,
trickling filter systems, rotating biological contactors, and deep shaft systems
. First, altemative
secondary treatment systems were screened against a set of performance criteria.
This analysis
indicated that trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, and deep shaft
systems were not
suitable. Then an economic evaluation was carried out for the remaining alternat
ives. The results
of the evaluation indicated that conventional activated sludge should be used fo
r the Ho Chi Minh
City Sewerage project.
Constructed wetlands within the NLTN Basin were also considered as a treatment a
lternative.
However the land requirements for constructed wetlands or vegetated strips along
the canal would
conflict with the flood canal improvements necessary to relieve flooding. Land r
equirements for
constructed wetlands off of the main canal would also require significant resett
lement of
households. For these reasons, constructed wetlands were not considered a viable
alternative.
Three options were considered for phased development over the planning period:
- Secondary treatment, with operation commencing in 2004
* Preliminary treatment, starting in 2004 and continuing to 2030 without change
in the
treatment level
= Preliminary treatment from 2004-20 10 with secondary treatment from 2010 to 2
030
The population initially served by a wastewater treatment would be about 1.2 mil
lion in 2004.
The population connected to the sewer system would increase rapidly to 1.5 milli
on in 2010,
followed by a slow increase to 1.8 million in 2030. The design average-daily was
tewater flow for
2030 is 800,000 m3/d, corresponding to the peak NLTN interceptor capacity.
In order to treat the combined sewer overflows, preliminary treatment capacity w
ould be provided
in the initial construction for the peak flow in the interceptor. Secondary trea
tment capacity
would be phased over the planning period, with 400,000 m3/d initially, followed
by expansion to
600,000 m3/d in 2010, and 800,000 m3/d in 2022.
The present-worth annual per capita costs and unit costs ($ per cubic meter trea
ted) for the three
options were compared. The treatment costs calculated did not include resettleme
nt costs or land
costs, both of which make secondary treatment more expensive than preliminary tr
eatment.
In terms of the annual costs per person, the annual operations and maintenance c
osts for secondary
treatment starting in 2004 are affordable. However, the initial capital cost of
US$ 163 million for
secondary treatment starting in 2004 is not affordable. The initial capital cost
of $54 million for
preliminary treatment is affordable in this phase.
While installation of the interceptor preliminary treatment improves the NLTN ca
nal environment,
secondary wastewater treatment is required for long-term environmental improveme
nt of the
Saigon River Basin and is therefore programmed in Phase 3 of the project when fu
nding is
expected to be available. Delaying secondary treatment to 2010 also minimizes th
e land
requirements and cost of land for the initial phase. The delay also allows the o
perator to build
management capacity and operations experience necessary to efficiently manage th
e new
processes and technologies.
CDM International
10-4
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
10.2 Alternative Sites for Pumping Station and River Discharge

Outfall
10.2.1 Alternative Pump Station and Screening Facility Sites
Four alternative sites for the pumping station and screening facility were consi
dered. Site A was
identified during the 1997 Prefeasibility Study by UDC, while Sites B, C, and D
were identified in
the Feasibility Study. The locations shown are described below and shown in Figu
re 10-1.
* Site A is adjacent to the tributary Rach Van Thanh about 700 m upstream from
the NLTN
Canal. About 1200 households occupy the site.
Site B is on a narrow strip of land along the NLTN Canal, at the mouth of the Ra
ch Van
Thanh tributary. About 120 households occupy the site.
* Site C is adjacent to a new bridge near the mouth of the NLTN Canal, on land
adjacent to
the HCM City Zoo.
* Site D is located on the Saigon River approximately 200 m east of the mouth o
f the NLTN
canal.
Site C and Site D have been ruled out as viable sites for the following reasons:
Site C would have
unacceptable impacts on the area near the zoo; Site D, located in the shipyard c
ould encounter
major subsurface structures, thus making construction very difficult.
Evaluation of Site A is summarized below:
e approved as a wastewater treatment site during the prefeasibility study.
* provides sufficient land for the pretreatment facilities and additional land
for pilot studies
on biological treatment processes and disinfection methods
e location adjacent to a ceramics factory minimizes operational impacts of poss
ible odors
e requires resettlement of more than 1,200 households for an additional cost of
at least
US$12 million
e requires an additional 700m tunnel to reach the site from the NLTN canal and
to carry the
effluent to the Saigon River costing approximately US$ 4 million
Based on the above discussion and the following reasons Site B was selected as t
he proposed site:
* consistency with district and city plans for development
* resettlement is minimized in compliance with World Bank policy
* proximity of the site to the interceptor and mouth of the canal provides flex
ibility for the
design and saves construction and operating costs
* environmental impacts on neighbors from odors and noise are minimized, since
the site
borders are defined by a new roadway, the canal and a new access road
10.2.2 Alternative River Outfall Locations
The major consideration is the potential impact on water quality in the Saigon R
iver from
discharging a relatively high BOD load and source of bacterial contamination fro
m the pumping
station. The tidal flow in the Saigon River has a range from +2,000 to -2,000 m3
/s, and has an
average of at least 1,000 m3/s on the ebb tide. This would provide a dilution ra
tio of about 100:1
for a wastewater flow of 800.000 m3/dayln contrast, the ebb flow in the NLTN Can
al has an
average value of about 10 m3/s. thus providing a dilution ratio of at most 1:1 o
n ebb tide.
CDM Interna-iona
10-5
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
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IN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~'
--T _
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GFACILnY SuE
1-
The Final Repor. of the Study on Urban Drainage and Severage System for lo Chi M
i:nh City by
ary wastewater
treatment plant. The Feasibility Report for the NTLN project prepared by CDMi id
entified Site
with an outfall for
NLTN wvastewater. This location is approximately eight kilometres downstream of
the NLT.N canal
mouth, and an outfall at this location could potentially benefit from greater di
lution flows. Since
that report was prepared however District 2, has objected to this site due to si
te and land
restrictions and CDM has recommended Site No. 9 (Cat Lai) on the Dong Nai River
for future
treatment facilities and outfall. The river crossing is intended to be the first
leg of a transmission
main to a future wastewater treatment plant to be located in Cat Lai. For the im
mediate future, a
temporary outfall pipe will extend from the manhole back into the Saigon River,
terminating in a
single-port discharge.
For the near term to year 2010 bacterial contamination of the Saigon River canno
t be avoided.
The NLTN basin will continue to discharge CSOs and polluted urban runoff, and it
is unlikely that
biological treatment with disinfection can be provided to the sizable wastewater
flows generated
both upstream and downstream from the NLTN basin. It is far cheaper to disinfect
drinking water
after filtration in a treatment plant, than to disinfect raw sewage or secondary
effluent. The
potential raw water intake on the Saigon River, for a privatized water treatment
plant, has been
placed far upstream to avoid salinity intrusion from the sea, and hence is not a
ffected by NLTNT
wastewater.
The Final Report of the Study on Urban Drainage and Sewerage System for Ho Chi M
inh City by
ary wastewater
treatment plant. The Feasibility Report for the NTLN project prepared by CDM ide
ntified Site
for NLTN wastewater.
District 2, however, has objected to this site due to site and land restrictions
and CDM has
recommended Site No. 9 (Cat Lai) on the Dong Nai River. The river-crossing force
main is
intended as the first leg of a transmission main to the secondary treatment plan
t site. The second
leg would be a gravity interceptor from the manhole on the east bank of the Saig
on River to the
treatment plant site, with possible capacity to serve the neighboring areas of D
istrict 2.
10.3Alternative Design Configurations and Construction
Techniques
10.3.1 Drainage Culverts and Pipes, and Wastewater Interceptor
Proposed drainage improvements include 600 mm to 3,000 mm drainage pipes and 2 m

x 2m to
3m x 6m (twin 3 m x 3 m) drainage box culverts. Pipes will generally be of preca
st reinforced
concrete material with some exceptions based on field conditions.
Altemative construction methods considered include: open-cut, pipe jacking, tunn
eling, and
directional drilling.
Open-cut construction - the most appropriate and least expensive method for: sma
ller pipes at
shallow depth; shallow large-diameter pipe and culverts; where roadways having s
ufficient width
to allow trench construction; where trenching to enclose a canal; or where traff
ic can be diverted
to other streets during trench construction. Sewer depth in small pipe sizes wou
ld be limited to
about 6 m, to minimize problems in dewatering. Open-cut construction requires ca
reful attention
to manage traffic control; conflicts with utilities; and the transport and stora
ge of pipes and
culverts, spoil material, and backfill material.
Pipe jacking
Simple pipe jacking is a trenchless construction method applicable to short leng
ths of pipe. The
pipe is pushed from a Jacking pit one pipe section at a time, with basic equipme
nt for guiding the
first section of pipe and removing material from inside the pipe. Control over t
he vertical and
CDM Internationa
10-6
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
C r e' ,;--a S s .!cv -'

horizontal alignment is relatively poor. and jacking of shallow pipes may cause
cracking of paved
roadwavs. If an obstacle is encountered, a pit must be excavated to remove it. S
imple pipe
jacking will find application primarily in connecting the existing street drains
to CSOs using small
diameter pipe. Sophisticated pipe jacking techniques are discussed in section 9.
Tunneling is a trenchless construction method most economical for large straight
installations of
Ikm or more at deep elevations. A tunneling machine excavates a hole, into which
interlocking
segmental liner plates are placed to form the conduit. Tunnel liner segments are
easier to precast
and transport than large-diameter RC pipe and need not be designed for the stres
ses of pipe
jacking. It is almost the only means to build interceptors larger than about 3,0
00-mm pipe because
circular pipes that large cannot be transported safely.
Directional drilling uses specialized equipment to pull pipes of gradually incre
asing diameter
back and forth through a hole that is created initially by reaming, and then gra
dually enlarged to
fit the desired pipe size. Directional drilling is most applicable to force main
s passing under
obstacles, such as rivers or wide canals. Only the entrance and exit sites are n
eeded during
construction, but these must be large enough to lay out long strings of welded p
ipe. The pipe
profile follows a shallow arc to avoid bending the pipe at the entrance and exit
ends during
pulling. It may be used for steep-sloped gravity diversion pipes from CSOs.
Pipe jacking was selected as the most appropriate construction method for the NL
TN Interceptor.
Open cut will be used for the vast majority of drainage improvement culvert and
pipe
construction. Other methods may be used in special cases.
10.3.2 NL-TN Flood Canal Improvements
Options for flood canal geometry were compared with respect to cost, scouring ve
locity attained
during ebb tide, and water quality considerations. Comparison of water quality w
as made based
upon the length of the channel near the mouth that can be flushed by tidal flows
, longitudinal
dispersion in the canal is negligible. The options include:
- Option 1 (Rectangular, downstream top width 60 m) has the previously proposed
channel
widths but is deeper for hydraulic capacity. A width of about 20-m on both sides
of the
flood channel is provided for construction of roads, parks, and a utility corrid
or.
Option 2 (Trapezoidal, downstream top width 100 m) was developed to maximize th
e
length of channel flushed by the ebb tide. The canal would use the full width of
the
available right-of-way as a trapezoidal channel at the highest invert elevation
that will
provide the required capacity.
* Other options were developed for canal geometry to see if uniform scouring ve
locities
during flood flows and ebb tides could be obtained. However, these options were
ruled
out because the length of channel flushed by the ebb tide was found to be short
and the
scouring gained is not important enough to justify the higher costs.
The preliminary cost estimates are based on preliminary design and unit prices p
rovided by UDC,
and cover only the cost for building the channel. Option I was found to be the l
east expensive.
However, Option 2 provides the longest length of channel flushed by the tides.
Option I becomes clearly the least expensive option when the costs of modifying
the fourteen
bridges and one railway crossing of the NLTN canal are considered. Over time it
may be
necessary that these bridges be replaced and lengthened to accommodate the incre
ased width of
the flood channel. The large width of the Option 2 canal requires access roads a
nd landscaping to
overhang the canal and removal of flow obstructions at the bridges. These two fe
atures make
option 2 very expensive. The greater length of thannel flushed under Option 2 is
not worth these
additional costs.
CDM International
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NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
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The proposed canal improvements are a variation of Option 1 with that lowvers th
e canal bottom
invert elevations to create a gradual slope toward the mouth of the canal to pro
mote flushing of
the dead volume.
Tide Gates
A further element of the canal improvements are tide gates to provide flood cont
rol to housing on
low land near the NLTNT channel and its branches. The project considered tide ga
tes and pump
stations placed at intervals along the canal but determined they were not warran
ted. Altematively,
some gates could be installed to prevent high water levels in storm drains from
flooding the local
areas. Instead the project will install tide gates on local storm drains or drai
nage paths within the
flood plain, mounted on the discharge side of short lengths of drain pipe that w
ould picrc. the
sides of the NLTN flood channel.
10.3.3 Interceptor Alternatives
Three altematives were considered for interceptor configuration:
* Trunk sewers and the NLTN interceptor serving the High population projection
* Trunk sewers and the NLTN interceptor serving the Low population projection
* Trunk sewers and twin NLTN interceptors (on the north and south banks of the c
anal)
serving the High population projection
High vs. Low Population Projections
The costs for trunk sewers and the NLTN interceptor were compared for the High a
nd Low
population projections.
* Minimum sewer slopes to assure a scouring velocity of I m/s flowing full
* A minimum cover of lm between the sewer crown elevation and ground elevation
* Trunk sewers placed in parallel to the existing street drains that are 600 nm
n diameter and
larger
* Unit prices for sewers and methods of construction (open cut, microtunneling,
tunneling)
from recent CDM projects in Bangkok.
* Peak flows to carry the peak dry-weather sanitary flow, plus the wet-weather
infiltration.
For large flows, the peaking factor on the dry-weather sanitary flows is 2.0, wh
ile for
small flows the peaking factor increases to a maximum of 5.0.
For the High population projection, the NLTN interceptor would have a tunnel dia
meter of 3 m
over the last 5.4 km of its length. For the Low population projection, the NLTN
interceptor would
have a tunnel diameter of 2.5 m over the last 2.85 km.
A large portion of the cost of tunnel construction is in the purchase of special
ized tunneling
equipment, after which the total cost is relatively insensitive to the depth and
diameter of the
tunnel. Estimates of construction cost are very similar for the two options: $59
.8 million for the
High projection and S56.4 million for the Low projection. Because of the small m
arginal cost of
providing capacity to match the High projection that altemative has been selecte
d.
Single vs. Twin Interceptors

The option of providing twin interceptors along the 8.4-km of improved NLTN floo
d channel has
been considered. The twin interceptors would share the total flow equally and ha
ve equal
diameters and slopes, so that portions of each interceptor could be isolated for
repairs, and so that
any relative inaccuracies in the projected flows for the North and South Banks w
ould be
compensated for.
COM Internationa'
10-8
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
~--^ - 4 e-, :.es .3 :w_ - 1-J#!295r

The cost for twin interceptors was compared N ith the cost of a single intercept
or. The estimated
cost for twin interceptors is substantially more, costing a total of 8S 1.8 mill
ion compared to S59.S
million for a single interceptor. Mlost of the additional cost is in the cost of
the twin interceptors
themselves: the design and cost of the Branch trunk sewers would be the same in
both options.
Based on the large anticipated cost savings the preferred option is to build a s
ingle NLTN
interceptor rather than twin interceptors.
10.3.4 Canal Flushing
After canal improvements are adopted there is still a potential water quality pr
oblem in the
upstream reaches of the canal. During dry periods a volume of canal water is tra
pped in the
upstream portion of the channel and cannot reach the Saigon River due to the tid
al conditions.
This stagnant water would likely become anaerobic and cause the odor and sanitat
ion problems
that currently prevail. Three altematives were considered to alleviate this wate
r quality problem:
Instream aeration. Moveable surface aerators could be installed to operate when
the dissolvedoxygen level in the water is low but sufficient to prevent stirring up the sedim
ent deposits on the
channel bottom. Design of the exact number, capacity, and locations for installa
tion of aerators
would require observation of the stagnant volume. Because the costs of instream
aeration would
be significant, instream aeration cannot be justified as a component of the proj
ect.
Discharge to interceptor. The stagnant volume could be transferred into the wast
ewater
interceptor during high tide and replaced with water from the Saigon River. Ther
e is sufficient
capacity in the interceptor to flush the upstream reaches weekly. The additional
capital cost
would be relatively small to provide structures equipped with adjustable weirs t
o regulate flows
into the interceptor.
Covering of the canal. The existing box culverts entering the upstream end could
be extended as
an enlarged covered canal. However the span of the cover would 27 m to 47 m acro
ss the channel,
over the upstream 4 km of channel. The height of the columns supporting the cove
r would about 6
m. The removal of debris and sediment deposits from a covered channel would be m
ore difficult
and dangerous than from an open canal. Also covering of the canal would conflict
with plans to
develop land for public parks and navigation along the canal.
Providing the structures and instrumentation to allow controlled discharge of ca
nal water into the
interceptor was selected because of its low installation and operating costs and
better
compatibility with urban renewal plans.
10.4Consequences of Not Proceeding
The consequences of not proceeding with the project include:

* Continual flooding in the basin with significant social and environmental cos
ts.
* Poor water quality in the NLTN canal, which will remain as an open sewer, with
significant
environmental and health implications.
CDM International
10-9
NLTN EIA Repor
t Sept 2000
11 Public Involvement and Consultation

1 1.1 General
World Bank policy, as detailed in the Operational Policy OP/BP/GP 4.01 (1999) on
Environmental Assessment (EA) requires that the affected public be consulted and
their
viewpoints considered in the project planning. OP/BP/GP 4.01 calls for two separ
ate consultations
with affected groups and non-govemmental organizations (NGOs). The first should
be held
shortly after the EA category has been assigned at the early stage of project pr
eparation. The
second should be scheduled once a draft EA has been prepared. When the project r
equires
involuntary resettlement, an additional consultation on social issues is require
d. The results of
that consultation are to be reported in a separate resettlement action plan.
The public involvement and consultation provides useful inforrmation, a better u
nderstanding of
the project and its potential impacts, and possible improvements to the project.
This allows
potentially controversial issues to emerge at an early stage, and creates opport
unities for early
resolution of the issues. This process helps to establish transparent procedures
for carrying out
proposed projects, and to create accountability and a sense of local ownership d
uring project
implementation.
11.2 First Public Consultation Program
The viewpoints and concerns of affected public groups in this project were obtai
ned at three
different levels: the household level, the ward level and the district level.
Selected representatives and households from wards comprising 33 percent of the
project area
were initially approached and interviewed at an early stage of the project in No
vember 1998. The
information obtained from this early stage consultation proved very useful for t
he development of
the project design. It also helped to delineate relevant issues, which were addr
essed in the second
stage public consultation.
The second consultation at the district level occurred with representatives from
the different
affected groups, interest groups and local NGOs. The affected and interested gro
ups were invited
to attend and give their viewpoints on the project and its impacts. Their concem
s and comments
were incorporated into the impact mitigation measures and the "Need for Further
Study," and
were incorporated in the preparation of the Terms of Reference for the present E
LA.
T'ie following section discusses the ward and household level consultation proce
ss and
preliminary outcome.
11.2.1 Ward and Household Level Survey
As part of the household survey, representatives of twenty-two selected wards ou
t of the total of
sixty wards in the project area were informed about the project. The twenty-two
wards are:
* District One:
Da Kao and Tan Dinh
* District Three:
Wards 8, 9, 12 and 14
* District Ten:
Wards 12 and 15
* Bin Thanh: Wards 1, 5, 6 and 7
* Go \Vap: Wards 1, and 3
* Phu N-huan: Wards 2, 5. 1 4. 15
* Tan Binh: Wards 4. 6, 1 1 and 12
CDM lnternatioral
11-1
Sept 2000
NLTN EIA Report
~ 7Z -Cos -~ , s
2 s c c - 8 ',,a.
Altogether one thousand households representing 6.598 people were interviewed us
ing the two
sets of questionnaires appended in Annex 1 1.1. The household sample was distrib
uted based on
the population distribution with special attention to areas prone to flooding. T
arget groups were
captured by randomly selecting households from street, main alley, secondary and
tertiary alley
and apartment. The public viewpoints about the most serious environmental proble
m, the most
urgent problem near their houses and their willingness to pay for project improv
ements were
recorded and have been taken into consideration in project formulation.
Most serious environmnental problem. The feedback on their most serious environm
ental concerns
were:
* air quality (40%-50%)
* flooding (30%-40%)
* ground water and surface water pollution
* a combination of solid waste, canal conditions and water quality in the Saigo
n river for a
combined 3% to 6%
Over one-half of Districts 1, 10, and Tan Binh cited air quality. In District 3,
over 50 percent
cited flooding.
Most urgent problem near their houses. The households were asked to give priorit
ies on the most
urgent problems near their houses needing immediate attention. The choices provi
ded were
- flooding
- repair or install sewerage system
* improve the urban drainage pipes
- improve public toilets
- pave or improve streets
- improve garbage and solid waste collection
In response, the households ranked (a) improved drainage as the first (b) stop f
looding as the
second and (c) improving the sewer system as third in urgency.
Willingness to pay for project improvements. The people were found to be support
ive of the
project and have the greatest willingness to pay to solve the flooding problem,
followed by
wastewater collection and treatment and, third, clean up the NLTN Canal and Saig
on River water
quality.
11.2.2 District Level
Representatives of the seven districts were approached to obtain further views a
nd suggestions on
the project impacts and their concerns. Table 1 1-1 is the questionnaire prepare
d as a framework
for the interviews. The Vietnamese Women's Association of the city conducted the
interviews.
Residents of living in the five districts of the NLTN were interviewed. The cons
ultation obtained
information on the following main areas:
* Public perception of the project (both positive and negative)
* The existing environment of the basin
* Better understanding of the project, potential impacts, public concerns and ac
ceptance
Ten questionnaires were given to each of
ne ward was selected
at random for the survey. Questionnaires
ation, age, sex,
etc. Table 1 -1- shows the general areas
nterviewed.
CDM International
Sept 2000
the five districts. In each district, o

were given to people regardless of educ
of occupation/classification of those i
11-2
NLTN EIA Report
I
L1 1-1 u- estiona[re.xjs
TABLE 11-1 Questionnaire for Public Consultation
HCMC: Sewerage Project: NLTN Canal Basin
The Department of Transport and Public Works (DTPW) is preparing a Prefeasibilit
y Study anzd Preliminary Design of Ho
Chi Minh City Sewerage project to improve dr-ainage and wastewater services in t
he Nhiieu Loc-Thi Nghe basin for World
Banzk financing. The plan is to rehabilitate existing sewer and drainage system,
install storm drains in severe flooding
ar eas, dredging anzd improvement of NL TN canal and its embankment, install was
tewater collection and interception from
storm drains, construct wastewater treatment and disposalfacilities. An Environm
ental Impact Assessment is being carried
out as required by the Vietnamese Government and the World Bank to identify pote
ntial impacts and mitigation measures
likely caused by the project. Please provide your viewpoints by filling in the q
uestionnaire for our consideration . Opinions
expressed will be treated as confidential and will only be usedfor project plann
ing.
tj
_ Male
_
Female
District
X~5
Please name groups that exist in your area.
Relocatee
Health
Business
School
O
thers: specify
Environment
Women
Youth
Trade
Industry
Please indicate existing environmental condition in your district by circling le
tter that best represents the
situation and write further details in the space provided. S: Serious M: Moderat
e L: Light
c -Smoke, Dust, Air Pollution Problems
S M L
E -Noise
S M L
- Flood Damage and Travel Inconvenience
S M L
- Polluted water enters water supply system
S M L
L
Untreated Industrial wastewater discharge
S M L
- Dumping of Solid Waste in storm drains and NTLN Canal
S M L
- Low Water Supply Service Pressure
S M L
- Limited Use of NLTN Canal
S M L
Please rate the need for implementing following activities in your district.
1: Immediately
D: Desirable
N: No Need
- Improved Storm Water Drains
I D N
c, - Improved sanitation to improve health
I D N
0 -Increase Pipe Water Pressure
I D N
- Reduce discharge of Industnal Wastewater
I D N
* - Improve human use value of NLTN Canal
I D N
for Tourist boat Or:
I D N
- others
I D N
- What is major activity planned in 2001 in your district?
Project construction will take place along many streets and the NLTN Channel. Pl
ease express extent of
Impacts by Circle letter best represent your concerns (S: Significant impact, M:
Minor Impact) and suggest
mitigation measures you want to see in place in the space provided on the right
hand column.
- Dust from Construction
S M
g; - Traffic Congestion
S M
-Noise, Vibration
S M
- Sludge Spillage from Transportation
S M
- Silt Run Off
S M
c- - Increased Accident from Construction
S M
- Blocking of Access to Building and Public Place
S MN
- Canal Dredging
S NI
Please identify sensitive areas that need special consideration
C J~.': Of,lr' v2 aoc S-1a. 2

Table 11.2 Occupations/Classification of Interviewed Persons
Occupation/Classification Number Interviewed
Environmcnt
6
Women
7
Health Care
4
Youtli
4
Business
8
Education
7
Civil Service
Resettlement
6
Industry
2
Cormercial
3
Housewife
Welfare
I
Table 11-3 shows the results of the public consultation. Individual responses an
d additional
background for the second public consultation is shown in Annex I .1 of this rep
ort.
11.3 Second Public Consultation
A second public consultation meeting was held in August 1999. The feedback from
the
participants was assessed and evaluated and the significant comments and viable
recommendations derived from that consultation were incorporated into the Feasib
ility Study for
use in the detailed design of the proposed project. Results of the second consul
tation are included
in Annex 11.1 of this report.
11.3.1 Public Participation and Consultation for Resettlement
According to the WEB resettlement guidelines, the affected people should be full
y informed and
closely consulted on compensation and resettlement options.
A plan for public participation and consultation was elaborated for this purpose
.
Objectives of the information campaign and consultation plan:
* To share fully information right at the beginning about the proposed project,
its components
and its activities, with the affected people;
* To obtain information about the need and priorities of the affected people, a
s well as
information about their reactions to proposed policies and activities;
* To obtain the cooperation and participation of the affected people and commun
ities in
activities required to be undertaken for resettlement planning and implementatio
n.
* To ensure transparency in all activities related to land acquisition, resettl
ement and
rehabilitation of income.
There are two phases to the public information campaign and public participation
and
consultation:
CDM International
11-3
NLTN EIA Rep
ort Sept 2000
TABLE 11-3 Responses to Second Ptublic Consultation

Public Opinions on nimpacts due to Construction
Phu Nhuan Dist.
Dist. 3
Go Vap
Dist.
Tan Binh Dist.
Impact
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
Dust fioli) corflstruction
6
3
3
6
1
8
46
1 raffic Congestion
6
3
7
2
5
3
43
iNoise, Vihration
6
3
2
7
4
8 __
46
Sliidge Spillage from Transportation
4
4
8
5
6
43
Silt lun Off
4
4
17
4
5
43
liicreasedi Accidents trorn Constnxctjon
2
S
6
3 _
34
Itlockinig of access to building and public places
5
4
5
I
3
3
3 _
38
anial diredIging
6
2
3
1
4
1 I
5
36
S seriouis, Ni Moderate
Puiblic Opinion on Existing Environmental Conditions
Phu Nhuan Dist.
Dist. 3
.____
Binh Thanh Dist.
Fxisting Cond(ition
S
__
N
1
S
M
1.
S
NI
I.
1,rnioke I iui~i, Air Pollutioni problemt
3
4
2
5
5_
I
4
2
8
Noise
7
5
3
2
3
6
-4
2
6
I loodI D)amage avid I ravel Iniconivenience
3
6
I
_3
7
4
3
1
89
I
Polluted Water enters water supply systemn
4
3
7
3
4
4
2
3
2
i Jntreatedi lsd(ustrial wvastwater dischiarge
4
6
2
2
I
7
2
I
DJunping of' Solid Waste in stormn drains and
N L IN canal
3
2
1
3
109
I
Low wae spl service pressure
3
73
4
7
3
-7
-
Dist.
Blobh Thanh
S
NI_
5
7
M
Total
5
2
4 __
5
6
2
5 __
4
2
5
3
3
3
5
3
8
3 __
6
1
3
5
GoVap Dist
Tan_Binlh Dist
M
L
S
L
S
NI
Total
7
3
-44
I
2
6
-2
4')
2
2
2
1
44
2
I
3 3
5
40
I
2
2
4
2
37
I
4
3
4
38
4
1
2
3
50
Limited uise of Nl-TN canal

I1
2
1
5
I
3
3
4
13
2
4
1
3
5
2
1()
S - Scrimius NI- Moderate, L, l ight
Pnblic Opinion on the Need for Implementing th NLTN Project________
Phu Nhuan Dist.
Dist. 3 _____G Vap Dist.
Binli Thanh Dist.
'Ian Ilinhi Dist
lRcaon oii lu 'toject Ilnuple,nentation
I
D
N
I
D
N
I
D
N
I
1)N
II)
N
Iu,tal
OmLfos ed stooii \uvaer dirainis
2
6
2
6
4
8
2
-5 3
2
8
2
-t
iL ~lnoiel siiiationi to Improve hiealtht
3
6
1
8
2
8
2
-9
I
3
7(
licre;ise pliped wrater pressure
_
I
9
4
5
I
6
4
-4
6
5
5
50
Reduice ,liOeargc ol indtustrial wastewater
1
2
5
3
7
I
5 I
I
6
2
2
I
38Imiprove hukiniiani tse valuie of NLTN canal for
iounsi boat
1
4
6
2
7
1
2
1
6
1
4
13
648
iOihier
2
5___
2
1
5
III2
I I niuriic,I ilte. I) Desirable, N: No Needi
Tbl 1 -3 Is, Tahje ll-3
Phase I: During resettlement planning and RAP preparation activities. This phase
consists of land
demarcation and detailed measurement survey of affected assets, in addition to t
he public
consultation and information dissemination on the project objectives, types and
degrees of
impacts, compensation policy and procedures, and preferred options on relocation
and
compensation for land.
Phase HI: During the implementation of resettlement and rehabilitation activitie
s. This phase will
consist of activities on information dissemination and consultation regarding: r
esettlement policies
and procedures, calculation and payment of compensation, resettlement sites, mov
ing of affected
people, clearance from the project area, civil works.
Phase I of this program was already carried out and it is fully reported in the
Resettlement Action
Plan Report. Phase II will be carried out at the time that the resettlement acti
vities take place.
11.4Public Education Programs in Wastewater
As part of the Community Consultation and Information, a Program of Public Educa
tion in
wastewater issues is planned. This program includes the following components:
11.4.1 Use of Mass Media
1. Television
- Introduce future wastewater treatment works for improving the quality of waste
water in the
City, especially in Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe Basin.
- Introduce slogans of environmental protection as well as urban wastewater trea
tment into
programs attracting TV audience.
2. Radio
- Introduce articles of future wastewater treatment works and results from envir
onmental
improvements into programs attracting many listeners.
3. Newspapers
- Provide newspapers, information about the future wastewater treatment works i
n the City and
emphasize anticipated results. Present examples of successful results from overs
eas
wastewater treatment works, especially in Southeast Asia.
- During the construction process, publish articles about implementation progres
s, in order to
attract the interest of the community.
4. Public Information Agencies
Public information agencies at ward level can disseminate information on constru
ction
requirements and results from wastewater treatment works for community groups to
increase
public awareness regarding construction and operation of drainage and sewerage.
11.4.2 Social Activities
Organize exhibitions and meetings about the benefits of wastewater treatment on
the City
environment.
11.4.3 Social Organizations and Schools
1. Women Unions of Wards
Organize meetings to disseminate programns and plans for construction of wastewa
ter treatment
plants. Distribute questionnaires about impacts, benefits and contribution abili

ty for construction
of v astewater treatment plants to collect the ideas of the community.
CDM International
11-4
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
2. Schools
Organize environmental courses to increase awvareness of the youth. Students and
pupils will be
pioneers in mobilizing and implementing programs, which encourage people to prot
ect the
environment.
11.4.4 Public Places
Panels and posters with pictures and slogans of environmental protection, constr
uction for
wastewater treatment plants and interceptors displayed in main streets, parks, s
quares, People's
Committees of Wards, schools, etc.
11.4.5 Households
Organize educational programs for each locality and households; distribute pamph
lets of
environmental protection through wastewater treatment.
11.4.6 Public Information Center
The Project Management Unit will implement in the next few months the installati
on of a Public
Information Center located on the banks of the NLTN canal. The center will provi
de information
about the project and will be set up to receive suggestions from the interested
population
regarding the project.
The Project Management Unit of the City Drainage and Water Supply has a section
in charge of
the above activities. The funding for these activities will be provided from cou
nterpart capital
funds or the City budget.
11.4.7 Consultation Committee
Finally, the PMU will also establish a Consultation Committee which will be form
ed with
representatives from the DPTW, the PMU, and District (plus ward, phuong, where n
eeded)
officials. This Committee will be used to keep the local authorities informed of
progress on the
project, and to facilitate assistance from the district, ward (phuong) in matter
s such as
resettlement, drainage improvements and implementation of level 4 sewers.
CDM international
11-5
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Part D
Baseline Conditions
CDM International
C.. 2Ptys a WS4coc -S

12 Physical Resources
12.1 Topography and Geology
12.1.1
Topography
The Ho Chi Minh City region lies within the intersection of the hilly region of
southeastern
Vietnam and the Mekong Delta bordered by the East Sea. The general slope of the
land is from
the north-northeast to the west-southwest.
In topographic terms, the entire Ho Chi Minh City can be classified into three z
ones:
* Hilly Zone. In the districts of Thu Duc, Hoc Mon, Binh Chan (northern portion)
, Go Vap,
Tan Binh (partially) and districts I and 3, the topography is relatively steep a
nd hilly. The
terrain is favorable for urban drainage, and relatively few areas are subject to
flooding.
* Low-lying Zone. It lies in the southern and south-eastern portions of Ho Chi M
inh City,
in districts Hoc Mon (northwest), and Binh Chanh (west), Thu Duc (east), and Nha
Be
and districts 4, 6, and 8 (south). The terrain is relatively flat, at a low elev
ation, and
braided by a dense network of streams and canals. Land development in this area
requires
construction on fill to stay above the high tides from the estuaries.
- Depressed Zone. The West-Southwest portion of Ho Chi Minh City contains a dep
ression
along the drainage canals of Thai Cai and An Ha. This area is often flooded duri
ng the
rainy season by flows from Dong Thap Province; hence, the land is not suitable f
or urban
development.
In the NL-TN Canal basin, the topography can be classified into 2 major parts, t
he general slope
of each is coming down from 10 m in the edges (in Tan Binh - Go Vap districts an
d district 1) to
1.5 m in the center (along both banks of the NL-TN canal). This topographical co
ndition is very
suitable for the concentration of storm water.
12.1.2
Geology
The soil in the project area (NL-TN basin) consists of ancient and recent alluvi
al clay and clayey
sand deposits.
The subsurface conditions in the area include:
* zero to 3 m of miscellaneous fill at ground surface;
* zero to 3 m or more of soft dark grey organic clay;
* zero to 3 m or more of stiff yellow grey clayey sand;
1 m to 3 m of medium stiff to very stiff brown clay containing occasional lateri
tic gravel
pieces;
* alternating layers of soft to medium stiff clay and clayey sand to at least 20
m below
ground surface.
The groundwater level is within I m to 2 m below ground surface along the canal
alignment.
12.1.3
Summary of Site Investigation Results
Test borings and geotechnical laboratory testing of soil samples from the boring
s are being
conducted to explore subsurface conditions along the interceptor alignment and a

t the pumping
station and outfall sites. The soil stratigraphv along the alignment is expected
to consist of one to
two meters of man-piaces fill soils of varying composition and consistence, over
lying interlavered
CDM International
12-1
NLTN EIA Report S
ept 2000
Cn!2 Pn,s:a . 4 rcc - ;-SeD-oC

marine and alluvial soils. Conditions at and below the depth of the interceptor
xvill likely vary
from clays with very soft to medium stiff consistency to sands and clavev sands
that vary in
density from loose to medium dense. There is a deep sand layer below the interce
ptor along much
of the alignment. A separate Geotechnical Investigation Report will soon be ava
ilable for
additional information. Draft boring logs are included in Annex 12.1.
12.2 Climate and Meteorology
Ho Chi Minh City has a tropical climate and is under the influence of monsoons.
Its main climate
features are: consistent and high temperature (average 27.4 0C), high humidity (
average 77.2%),
and heavy precipitation (annual average 1,929 mm).
12.2.1
Rainfall
The long-term average annual rainfall in HCMC is estimated at 1900 mmn. Dry seas
on rainfall
(November-April) is estimated at only 10 to 15% of the annual rainfall. (Table 1
2-1).
Table 12-1: Monthly rainfall (mm)
Station
I _ I
IlI IV
V
VI VIl IX IX
X
Xi Xii Annu
al
Tan S Nhat 13
4
11 48 208 313 296 371 327 274 118 46
1929
Nha Be
7
0
6
21 167 267 229 220 255 181 65 15
1433
The rain normally falls in 120-140 days a year, averaging in 10-12 days per mont
h. The heavy
rains causing high flood normally occur on the late September and early October.
The wet season begins with the southwesterly wind in about 10-May and ends in ab
out 30October, with maximum monthly rainfall of 308 mm in August. The storm-rainfall o
ften occurs in
a short duration. Rainfall rates reduce gradually from the upstream to downstrea
m of the rivers in
the area.
The dry season is influenced by the northeasterly winds, with February being the
driest month.
Probable rainfall intensities for 5-year and 10-year return periods are estimate
d to be 80 and 91
mnv'hr, respectively. Probable rainfall depths for 5-year and 10-year return per
iods are estimated
to be 114 and 128 mm, respectively. Table 12-2 presents the monthly average rain
fall data
measured during years 1956-1994 at Tan Son Nhat Airport station.
Table 12-2: Monthly Average Precipitation at Tan Son Nhat Station (1956.1994)
Month
Monthly Average (mm)
Percentage
January
10.6
0.6
February
5.7
0.3
March
12.7
0.6
April
48.1
2,7
May
197.4
10.9
June
305.4
16.2
July
282.5
15.4
August
271.2
14.7
September
305.5
16.4
October
268.5
14.3
November
109.9
1
6.0
December
37.6
1
1.9
Annual Total
1,855.1
Source. data from Tan Son Nhat Airport station
CDM International
12-2
ort Sept 2000
100.0
NLTN EIA Reo
C-29H,s; o . t24 Sep-0

12.2.2
Wind and storm
According to the observed data during the last 100 years, 10o of storms coming in
to Vietnam
have direct influence on the study area. The storms normally occur during the la
st months of the
year with heavy rains of 200-300 rnrnday and wind speeds of 20-25 rn's.
Two main winds are prevalent in the southeastem portion of Vietnam. The southwes
t monsoon
occurs from May to October and northeast monsoon occurs from November to April.
12.2.3
Temperature
Meteorological monitoring has been carried out at Tan Son Nhat International Air
port station
since 1915. Table 12-3 shows key temperate regime in HCMC.
Table 12.3: Statistics of Temperature Regime in HCMC
Description
Temperature level, OC
Average annual temperature
27.0
Highest temperature recorded in history (in 1912)
40.0
Lowest temperature recorded in history (in 1937)
13.8
Range of temperature in hottest month (April)
24 - 35
Range of temperature in coolest month (December)
22 - 31
Average temperature in hottest month
28.8
Average temperature coolest month
25.7
Source: Data compiled by CEFINEA
The annual average air temperature is 27 C, absolute maximum temperature 40 C, and
minimum
13.8 'C. The difference of temperature between day and night times is rather hig
h 8-10 C.
12.2.4
Humidity
The annual average humidity is 78%, in wet season 85%, in dry season 75%. The ma
ximum
humidity can reach 99%, minimum - 30%.
12.2.5
Evaporation
The annual average evaporation observed by Piche tube is estimated at 1300 mm. T
he monthly
evaporation can reach 130-160 mm/month in the dry season, 70-90 mm/month in wet
season. The
evaporation under the sunshine is 1.3 times higher than Piche value (1600-1800 m
m). The
evaporation from water surface is estimated at 600 mm in the coastal areas, 500
mm in inland
areas.
12.3
Hydrology, Drainage and River Flow
12.3.1
Rivers and Canals
In and around HCMC, there are 3 large rivers: Saigon, Dong Nai and Vam Co Rivers
. Saigon and
Dong Nai Rivers flow together in their downstream areas, forming Nha Be River wh
ich also
receives the water from Vam Co River.
Saigon River
The Saigon River is a third tributary of Dong Nai River, at the elevation of 200
m, flowing in a
southwesterly direction. and joining Dong Nai River at Cat Lai. The river has a
length of about
280-km. a catchment area of 5.400 km-. and a discharge capacity of 2,200 m3is at
Thu Dau Mot.
CDM Internat onal
12-3
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 20c0
Cn~'_ 1-.5 Ca, %:^:_

CD '. Se-30
A major hydrological project, Dau T'ieng Dam. was built on Saigon River and comm
issioned in
1984 for irrigation purposes. The discharge rate from Dau Tieng Dam into Saigon
River is 10-20
m3!s during the dry season and 15- 40 m3/s during the rainy season. The Dam is l
ocated 135 km
from the mouth of the Saigon River and has a catchment area of 2.700 km2
The Saigon River has 3 main tributaries: (1) Thi Tinh River, flowing into Saigon
River at Thu
Dau Mot; (2) Rach Tra River at Thuan An; and (2) Ben Luc River at Khanh Hoi Ward
, District 4.
The section of the Saigon River that runs through HCMC has a width of 225-370 m
and a
maximum depth of 20 m.
Canals in HCMC
HCMC has a dense network of rivers and canals. The drainage canals in the city a
re grouped into
5 basins in which the main canals have a total length of 55.6 km. Secondary cana
ls (draining into
the main canal) have a total length of 36.4 km.
Major canals in HCMC comprise: Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe, Tan Hoa-Lo Gom, Tau Hu-Ben Ng
heDoi-Te, and Tham Luong-Ben Cat. Most have had their depth and length reduced due
to
encroachment by illegal houses and building, dumping of garbage and other debris
, sediment
buildup from wastewater loading, and lack of regular maintenance.
The Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe Canal consists of 2 main canals: The Nhieu Loc (upstream
section) and
Thi Nghe (downstream section), and a number of small canals -- Cau Bong and Van
Thanh being
the largest. The Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe Canal basin covers an area of about 33 kmn2
lies in 7 districts
of Ho Chi Minh City and joins Saigon River at Vam Thuat.
12.3.2
Hydrology
The location of hydrological/water quality sampling and monitoring stations as w
ell as raw water
intakes along Saigon River are shown in Figure 12-1. In the lower basin of Dong
Nai River
system, the flow is frequently influenced by tide from the estuaries and by the
upstream flows,
regulated by the operation of hydraulic works. River flows in the rivers are not
measured
regularly, but in an ad-hoc way by different organizations for varied purposes.
Inflows to Saigon River
The inflow of the Thi Tinh River is estimated at about 5-m3/s. Th inflow of the
NL-TN basin is
estimated at 1 .16 m3/s.
The plan for diversion of water from Phuoc Hoa reservoir in the Song Be river to
Saigon River has
been studied. It has been proposed that the flow from Phuoc Hoa will be either 4
0 m3/s into Thi
Tinh River, or 10 M3/S into Dau Tieng Reservoir.
Oufflows from Saigon River
According to the statistical data of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Dev
elopment, the
existing domestic and industrial centers in Ho Chi Minh city, Bien Hoa and Thu D
au Mot areas at
present (year 2000) are using about 13.5 m3/s from Dong Nai and Saigon Rivers, p
articularly the
Water Supply Plants of Ben Than, Binh An, Thien Tan, and Road No-I are using 21.
0 m3/s. The
water taken from Dong Nai and Saigon Rivers used for irrigating rice fields is e
stimated at 20
m3/s.
12.3.3
Project Flow Sampling
Flow measurement data was collected over a 2-day period at three locations:
* upstream of the NLTN canal approximately 3-km at the Saigon Bridge
* downstream approximately 2-km at Bach Dang and;
* within the canal at the Basorn Bridge approximately 200 meters upstream of th
e mouth.
CDM International
12-4
NLTN EIA Report S
ept 2000
CAN DM
SOCKPHUMIENG
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WATER SUPPlLY INTAK(E
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WON7ORING STATION~S
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HYDROLOGICAL AND WATER QUALITY
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12-1
Ch12 Pnys::a. . 'co - t-Seo-.Z

Flow readings were recorded every three hours over a thiry-six hour period. Figu
re 12-2 shows
flow measurements at each of the stations over the sampling period. The maximum
measured
flow at the Bason Bridge was about 75 m3/sec during the ebb tide. Maximum measur
ed flow for
the Saigon River was about 3,000m3/sec. From the table it can be shown that the
dilution for
NLTN flow entering the Saigon River is approximately 40 to 1.
Figure 12.2 Flow Measurement Sampling Results
Flow Measurement Results
(From 5 PM May 2, 2000 at to 8AM May 4, 2000)
4000
100
3000
75
2000
50
o000
25 .
09 0
t 2 3 4 5 6 7 e 9 1011 1213141516.7 11920212223242526272829303132333435363738394
0
Hours
--#.Bach Dang -WSaigon
Bason|
12.3.4
Floods in Ho Chi Minh City
Floods often adversely affect HCMC during the rainy season from June to November
and by high
tides from September to January. The 1994 flood corresponded to nearly the S -ye
ar retumn period.
The f1ooded area was estimated at 1.75% of the urban area, with the average wate
r depth of 25 cm
and the maximum depth of 37 cm for rainfall duration of 5-8 hours. A 1996 flood
was more severe
as it coincided with the high water levels of Cam Co and Saigon Rivers, resultin
g in 15,000 ha
flooded with 0.3-1.0 m of water depth.
Floods in HCMC are caused by var-ious factors and are classified in three types.
External flood: due to the high tide season, occurring in low-lying areas includ
ing new
development areas.
* Internal flood: occurring in relatively high land areas, due to heavy rainfal
l and
inadequate drainage.
I Nlixed flood type: occurr-ing in combination with the above two reasons, in th
e imimediate
land in the western and southern par-ts of HCMC.
12.3.5
Tidal Regimes
Tidal effects in HCMC are of diurnal types, with 2 peaks (one high and the anoth
er lower) and 2
bottoms (one high and the another lower). The difference between the high water
level (HWL)
and the low water level (LWL) varies from 2.7 to 3.3 m near HCMC and 2.5-4.0 m a
t estuaries.
Due to the low elevation (below 2.5 m), most rivers and canals in HCMC are influ
enced by tides.
The full tidal cycle lasts an average of 12-15 davs including 5-7 days of flood
tide and 3-5 days of
ebb tide.
ThF durateon of rising tide is norHmally 15-20 hours, while the duration of fall
ing tJde is only about
4-8 hours. This s not favorable for storrTe9ater drareage.
CDM International
12-5
NLTN EIA R
eport Sept 2000
C iS.C' 2 s ' C - '2I Se2 -^

There are 3 tidal periods each year:
* High tidal period: September to December
* Medium tidal period: January to NMarch
* Low tidal period:
April to August
In Saigon River, tidal influence can extend up to Dau Tieng Dam. The speed of ti
dal waves is
very high, averaging 20-25 km/h. At Cau Son nearby the mouth of Saigon river, th
e highest tidal
peak normally occurs during December-January and has the absolute level of about
1.3 m, the
lowest tidal level of about -1.5 occurs during July or August.
In the dry season (December) the amplitude of tidal water level variation (the d
ifference between
highest peak and lowest bottom in a day) is rather high, estimated to be 2.0 m a
t Thu Dau Mot
(Saigon River), 2.7 m at Cau Son (Saigon river mouth), and 2.8 m at Nha Be in (N
ha Be River).
Flow hydrographs have also the tidal form with 2 peaks and 2 bottoms in a day, w
ith maximum
values in December 1993 estimated at 1000 m3/s at Thu Dau Mot and 8000 m3/s at Nh
a Be.
12.3.6
Salinity Intrusion
For Saigon River, salinity intrusion occurs regularly up to Binh Phuoc Bridge, c
onsidered to be
the transitional zone between entirely freshwater and saline water. Before the c
onstruction of Dau
Tieng Reservoir, the Saigon River had its lowest flow of 20 m3/s at HCMC, and sa
linity of 4 ppt
(parts per thousand approximately corresponding to EC of 5000 ptS/cm) could reac
h Lai Thieu.
Now due to the flow regulating effects of Dau Tieng Reservoir, the lowest flow i
s 30 m3/s, and
salinity of 4 ppt can reach up to Binh Phuoc Bridge only. During the wet season
(AugustOctober), the salinity of most rivers down to Nha Be is less than 4 ppt.
Using the salinity of 4 ppt as the demarcation between the freshwater zone and t
he saline zone,
Binh Phuoc Bridge is considered to be the transitional point between two zones.
In the freshwater
zone, main dissolved ions are bicarbonates (often above 50 mg/L), silic oxide (o
ften above 10
mg/L) and sulfates (often above 5 mg/L). Due to strong erosion rate during the w
et season, iron
contents may exceed 5 mg/L, aluminium above 0.05 mg/L, total phosphorus up to 0.
02 mg/L, and
total nitrogen up to 0.2 mg/L, while both hardness and fluoride are very low.
A salinity measurement program was carried out on June 6 to measure salinity lev
els within the
Saigon River upstream, downstream and near the mouth of the NLTN Canal. Measurem
ents were
recorded for samples obtained at depth intervals to deterrnine whether a salinit
y wedge exists.
Measurements were taken during the higher and lower tide of the tidal cycle. Sal
inity levels
varied between I and 2 ppt with no evidence of a salinity wedge. Results are inc
luded in Annex
12.3.
12.4
Existing Discharge Sources and Receiving Water Quality
12.4.1
Identification of Water Uses and Sensitive Receivers
There are four main types of water streams that receive wastewater discharges.
Deterioration zone: right at the discharge points, where BOD and DO decrease sha
rply in
comparison with normal levels.
Active decomposition zone: where the DO level is at the lowest with anaerobic co
nditions
especially on the bottom, causing unaesthetic conditions: malodors, bad colors,
and small bubbles
rising to the surface. Aquatic living resources including zoobenthos bear the mo
st severe effects in
this zone - many species disappear entirely, due to the lack of DO and the incre
ased toxic levels of
ammonia and hvdrogen sulfide. On the other hand, microorganisms including yeasts
grow
strongly, contributing to the natural purification process. Thus, this zone is s
imilar to the
anaerobic Nvaste stabilization pond process. This condition previously existed a
long much of the
NLT T Canal. Dredging within the last two vears has reduced the portion of the
canal under active
CDM International
12-6
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Cr'.~- 8S _3' . !4 coc - '9-SeP-'

decomposition conditions but much of the canal, particularly at the upstream end
and at the
discharge points. continues to exist in this unaesthetic state.
Recoverv zone: where DO gradually increases and nitrate is at the highest level
as the zone is
near the end of the nitrification process. BOD continues to decrease. Aquatic li
ving resources
(fish, shrimps and crustaceans) reappear. Algae bloom due to the increase in ino
rganic nutrients
and improved turbidity. This zone is similar to the facultative waste stabilizat
ion pond process. It
now probably extends some half to two-thirds of the NL-TN Canal length.
Purified zone: water quality returns to the normal level as in the case without
wastewater
discharge. This zone may exist near the confluence of NL-TN Canal and Saigon Riv
er.
According to water quality studies conducted during 1989-1996, three zones could
be
distinguished in Saigon River:
* Active decomposition zone: between Binh Phuoc Bridge and Tan Thuan (including
the
confluence of NL-TN Canal and Saigon River).
Recovery zone: between Tan Thuan and Nha Be (the confluence of Saigon and Dong
Nai
River)
* Purified zone: from Nha Be towards the estuary.
The most significant wastewater sources are household sewage, estimated to contr
ibute up to 70%
of the total organic load and 90% of the total wastewater flow into the Saigon-D
ong Nai Basin.
HCMC contributes some 450,000 m3/d of sewage, or 90% of the total sewage dischar
ge in to the
Saigon-Dong Nai Basin.
Industrial wastewaters with high organic loadings are discharged mainly from sug
ar refineries,
dairy industry, sodium glutamate manufacturers, canneries, breweries and bottlin
g plants, also
refineries and petroleum depots. Apart from organic pollutants, there are also h
eavy metals from
leatheries, petrochemicals, battery factories, metallurgical plants, etc.,
and cyclic
polychlorhydrocarbon (like PCB and dioxin) from pulp and paper factories.
In addition, surface water also receives agro-chemicals from agricultural runoff
s (non-point
sources). It is known that some persistent organochlorides pesticides (such as l
indane and
thiodane) are still used, although officially banned) are still used in the Saig
on-Dong Nai Basin.
Past studies in Vietnam have shown that persistent pollutants in the forms of he
avy metals and
organochlorides usually have low levels in surface water and exist in the sedime
nts mainly in Can
Gio District. There has been no sign of pollution by these chemicals in coastal
areas such as Ganh
Rai Bay and Vung Tau.
12.4.2
Existing Discharge Sources in the NLTN Basin
The wastewater flow within the basin, as estimated by the Urban Drainage Company
(IJDC) in a
prefeasibility study, is approximately 93,000 m3/day. Per capita flows in the ba

sin were estimated
at 130 - 180 liters per capita day (17pd) depending on the catchment. Residentia
l and small
commercial flows were estimated at 85,600 m3/d, or 92 per cent of the total wast
ewater flow in the
basin.
There are about 700 medium and large-scale industries located in District 6, 11,
Tan Binh and Thu
Duc districts. However, only Tan Binh district is located within the NLTN basin.
A survey by
DOSTE in 1994 and 1996 shows that most of these industries lack wastewater treat
ment facilities.
The total amount of wastewater in the NLTN basin from large factories is estimat
ed to be 3,400
m3/day, or 3.6 percent of the total flow, and is not considered to be a large pr
oblem.
Raw industrial waste is discharged directly into drains or nearby receiving bodi
es without proper
and adequate treatment. It should be noted that NILTN Canal was not found to be
polluted with
industrial wastewater discharge as most of the major industrial polluters are lo
cated outside the
NLTN drainage catchment.
CDM Internat onal
12-7
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
c? 2
:a, v'4 ccC - '5-Seo CThere are 11 hospitals administered by the central govemment of the Ho Chi Minh
City PC and 79
health care units operated by the District and Ward Organizations. Most of their
wastewater
treatment facilities do not meet national standards and consist only of a sedime
ntation and selftreatment unit. The total amount of wastewater in this sector is estimated to be
4,000 m3/d, or 4.3
percent of the total floN in the basin.
12.4.3
Pollution Load Comparison
The NLTN Basin is just one contributor to the overall water quality of the Saigo
n River. Analysis
compared the NLTN Basin contribution to the total pollution load by investigatin
g the
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) pollution sources. The BOD load of the NLTN Basi
n was
compared to the other basins of the HCMC Master Plan and the measured net BOD lo
ad from
upstream. The urban basins of HCMC are shown in Figure 12-3.
Table 12-4 Comparison of BOD Pollution Loading
Name of Basin
Basin Area (1) Population (1) Wastewater BOD Load (
3) Percent
I
Load (1, 2)
Acronym
Full Name
ha
people
m3/d
kg/day
HCMC URBAN BASINS NORTH OF SAIGON BRIDGE
TL-BC
Tham Luong - Ben Cat
1,500
190,000
56,734
16,000
5%
SW
Saigon West
1,315
100,000
12,000
3,200
1 %
SN-I
Saigon North I
2,324
170,000
23,800
6,000
2%
SN-il
Saigon North II
1,152
63,000
8,820
2,000
1%
HCMC URBAN BASINS SOUTH OF SAIGON BRIDGE
NL-TN
Nhieu Loc - Thi Nghe
3,324
1,200,000
118,000
35,000
12%
TH-BN-DT
Tau Hu - Ben Nghe - Doi Te
3,065
1,500,000
145,000
42,000
14%
TH-LG
Tan Hoa - Lo Gom
2,447
540,000
53,000
15,000
5%
SS
Saigon South
1,555
80,000
9,600
2,500
1%
SE
Saigon East
1,690
70,000
9,800
2,500
1%
Total Estimated BOD Loading
119,200
40%
Measured BOD load from upstream of the
181,000
60%
Saigon Bridge (6)
(less the load from urban basins north of the
bridge SW, TL-BC, SN-I and SN-Il)
Total BOD Load
300,200
100%
Notes
1. The source of urban basin data is the JICA funded Urban Drainage and Sewerage
Master Plan for HCMC (Written by
PCI, December 1999)
2. Estimates of wastewater from Saigon West and Saigon South assume 120 Ipcd, wh
ereas Saigon North (I and li) and
Saigon East assume 140 lpcd.
3. BOD loads were calculated based on both wastewater and population estimates.
4. Net BOD load is calculated from BOD and Flow measurements from Saigon Bridge
over a full tidal cycle, May 2000.
This underestimates the upstream BOD load because dilution, mixing and reacratio
n has reduced the BOD concentration
in the river.
As indicated by Table 12-4, the NLTN Basin contributes at most 12 percent of the
total pollution
load on the Saigon River. Therefore secondary treatment of the wastewater from t
he NLTN in the
future would only be able to reduce the total pollution loading by this amoun
t. Further,
intercepting NLTN wastewater before it reaches the NLTN Canal and discharging it
to the Saigon
River will impact the overall river water qualitv proportional to this load cont
ribution.
CDM International
12-8
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12-3
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- - - ~~CDM
wt-.on lic
NHIEU LO~C-HI NGHE BAS3IN
of resources, does not have any incentive to relocate. Coupled wvith the fact th
at many industries
are state-ovvned. enforcement and penalties are difficult.
There is no major industry that discharges wastewater to NLTN Canal.
14.6 Land Use and Development Planning
The NLTN basin mainly comprises residential, commercial and cultural centers wit
h small-scale
handicraft and cottage industries uniformly distributed throughout the housing a
rea. A survey
conducted by UDC during the Prefeasibility Study for the Rehabilitation and Cons
truction of
Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe Canal indicates an insignificant number of large industries a
nd warehouses
in the study area (i.e., 2.4 per cent of the number of Ho Chi Minh City's large
industries in 1994
and is anticipated to be reduced to 1.9 per cent by the year 2015).
Figure 14-1 shows (a) project (NLTN) boundary, (b) pertinent public places, and
(c) proposed site
for the preliminary wastewater treatment plant.
14.7 Parks and Green Spaces
Table 14-5 presents the statistics of green space in HCMC. It is noted that gree
n spaces provided
by public parks are badly inadequate for HCMC residents. Enclosed green spaces (
in compounds
of houses, schools, hospitals, offices, temples and churches, etc.) provide sign
ificant areas
particularly in Binh Thanh, Go Vap and Tan Binh districts. However, these spaces
allow limited
access to the public.
Table 14.5: Statistics of Green Space (m2)
District
Public green
Enclosed Green space
Total green Green spa
ce
area green space* along canals
space per capita
1
941,990
157,740
3,340
1,103,070
3.8
3
179,440
104,740
9,030
293,200
1.1
1 0
275,870
169,020
0
444,880
1.7
Binh Thanh
254,160
1,444,860
0
1,699,020
4.5
Go vap
19,530
1,552,520
0
1,572,090
8.2
Tan Binh
176,860
1,777,200
0
1,954,060
5.0
Phu Nhuan
378.340
206,050
0
584,390
3.0
Total HCMC
3,275,250
6,649,520
198,770
10,123,470
3.1
Green space within compounds of houses, schools, hospitals, offices, temples and
churches, etc.
M2
All units in m
The Parks and Green Trees Company under DTPW is responsible for 29% of the total
park area in
HCMC, and receives one-third of the total budget for park management. Districts
are responsible
for another 18% of the total park area and receive 30-35% of the total budget. T
hey also earn extra
income through renting a part of the parks for the private sector to develop rec
reational facilities,
kiosks, tree nurseries, etc. The Parks and Green Trees Company currently has a s
taff of about 800,
and an annual operating budget of some VND 20 billion (USD 1.4 million).
HCMC PC has approved a development plan with the following criteria of public pa
rks (not
including roadside trees, green space in industrial and residential areas), to b
e achieved by 2010:
* urban core of 12 districts: 3-4 m2/person;
* 5 new districts and pern-urban areas: 8-10 m2/person;
The development plan determines that the space obtained from canal improvement p
rogram will
be usec as much as possible for public green areas. The total budget during 1996
-2010 has been
CDM In:ernatiora
14-5
NLTN EIA Repor
t Sept 2000
~r -, - . '5 j- , '9 sec-^

Fish Culture
Various small fish ponds which, together, have a total area of 500-700 ha, draw
water from Saigon
River. They are located along the banks of Saigon River and also scattered far i
nside. The main
fish species grown in these ponds are Tilapia mossanibica ("ca ro phi") and the
common carp
Cyprinus carpio ("ca chep"); all with low market values. Local households also g
rox the highpriced marbled sleepy goby Oxyeleotris mnarinoratils ("ca bong tuong") for expor
t, but the practice
is much less common due more exacting requirements in water quality and limited
fingerling
supply.
Since household plots are too small and water quality has seasonal fluctuations
in terms of salinity
(due to tidal effects) and pH (due to seasonal leaching of acid sulfate), fish c
ulture is not well
developed in HCMC. There is no plan for future fish culture projects.
Bivalve Culture
Bivalves are grown in 1,600 ha along the coastline of Can Gio. According to HCMC
DARD,
during 1998-1999 this area suffered from massive deaths of the bivalves. Examina
tion did not
reveal any sign of disease, so the damage was attributed to water pollution. How
ever, the source
of pollution has not been identified.
14.4 Power Supply
Electrical consumption in HCMC during hot months in 2000 reached 18 million KWh
a day
(entire Southem 38.5 million KWh a day). City grid capacity during April-2000 wa
s 973 MW and
891 MW for daytime and nighttime peaks, respectively. This was before the comrni
ssioning of
Song Hinh and Yali Hydropower plants (expected in mid-2000).
Problems with power supply in HCMC are a combination of (i) insufficient supply
and (ii)
inadequate transmission network. As most medium-voltage and low-voltage lines ar
e air-bom,
they are vulnerable to weather elements, causing frequent failures.
Two new 500-kV lines have been designed, construction to be started in mid-2000
and completed
in 2002:
* Phu My - Nha Be - Phu Lam, 60 km long, with the 500-kV Nha Be Station, with a
n
investment capital of VND 1,400 billion; and
* Pleiku - Phu Lam, 540 kmn, VND 1,700 billion.
Table 14-4: Vietnam's Power Development Plans
Description
2000
2005
2010
2020
Total Capacity (MW)
5,000
Low projections
7,140
10,680
22,850
Base projections
7,450
11,650
26,850
High projections
7,838
11,980
32,380
Production (billion kWh) 26
44
70
167
Source: Vietnam Economic Times Apr-2000
14.5
Industry
There are over 3,000 industrial establishments that cause pollution. Many of the
m are of private
small-scale workshops, operating illegally due to their unacceptable pollutant l

evels. DOSTE has
compiled a "Black Book" listing about 700 worst polluters in the industry sector
, many among
them are state-owned enterprises.
The Citv policy of relocating polluting industries out of the urban core has not
been carried out
successfully. Only a few industries having a plan for expansion have relocated.
The rest, for lack
CDM International
14-4
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
.-,'4 '- 3@'Se V I5 ;-s-r-5

Table 14-3: Projections of Waterways Transportation in HCMC
Description
2000
2005
2010
Tonnage of goods transported (million tons):
low (no bauxite, oil and gas of moderate amounts) 30
35
40
high (with bauxite, oil and gas of high amounts) 70
105
149
Number of passengers transported (persons x trips)
Low
350
550
2,316
High
450
650
3,158
Source: Southern Center of Waterway Transport Science & Economics (1997)
14.3
Fisheries
14.3.1
Capture Fishery
At present, the productivity of capture fisheries in Saigon River is degrading.
Reference Figure
13-1 in Chapter 13 for a map of the project location and the location of biologi
cal resources in the
Saigon River Basin. Formerly there were 4 units of fence nets, 40 units of seine
net, and some
conical set nets in An Khanh Cormnune. In Thu Thiem Commune, there was once a fi
shery village
with various fishing gears such as: fence net, cast net, gill net, conical set n
et, etc., but now most
fishermen have switched to other activities.
Around Binh Phuoc Bridge, there are a few fishermen catching fish by small boats
using some
fence nets, seine and cast net. The yield is about 2-3 kg per fishing gear per d
ay at Binh Phuoc and
Nha Rong, and 3-10 kg/fishing gear/day at Nha Be. The catching period often last
s from
December to May. The total fish catch in Saigon River is estimated by HCMC DARD
to be 100200 tons a year. This catch, of low-priced fish, suggests a subsistent level of
capture fishry rather.
than for cash income.
14.3.2
Aquaculture
Shrimp/Prawn Culture
According to the DARD, three main species are grown in Can Gio District:
* the banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis ("tom the" in Vietnamese) in the coastal
areas;
* the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii ("tom cang xanh") in fre
shwater;
and
* the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon ("tom su"), more inland, in brackish wa
ter.
The culture of banana prawn is based on extensive technique using natural seeds
and natural food.
According to DARD, the freshwater giant prawn is reared in small ponds by 145 ho
useholds in
scattered areas, with the total water surface area of 20-25 ha. A project has be
en planned for
totally 50 ha scattered in Districts 9, Cu Chi and Thu Duc. With a total budget
of VND 45 billion,
the project has been registerd in 2001, to be implemented 2-3 years after that i
f approved.
Giant tiger prawn is cultured mainly in An Thoi Dong, Ly Nhon and Tam Thong Hiep
Communes,
opposite Hiep Phuoc across Nha Be River. The Govemment has invested heavily in t
his area
including infrastructure, capital investment and extension services. The total p
ond surface is about

250 ha, with an average yield of 3 tons/'ha-year in each dry season (the low sal
inity in water is not
suitable to tiger prawn).
The HCMC DARD has prepared a project at VND 80 billion for another 400 ha of tig
er prawn
ponds in An Thoi Dong. Commune. The project document has been presented to MARD.
If
approved, implementation will be started in 2001.
CDM International
14-3
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Ch IfJ rumanuse .'- fco - 1;-Seo-0C

e In the east: a road connectina Hanoi Highwav to Thu Thiem. and a ne%x Phu Mv B
rid2e
crossing Saigon River. This road will be crucial wvhen the Saigon-Long Thanh Hig
hxvay is
completed.
* In the north: Tan Son Nhat-Binh Loi, to connect to the outer ring road. This
is to alleviate
the traffic load on National Highwav 13 - Phan Dang Luu - Hoang Van Thu.
* In the west: the road connecting Bay Hien intersection to Huong Lo 2 and Hung
Vuong.
This is to alleviate the traffic load in Districts Tan Binh and Binh Chanh.
* The East-West Highway: comprising a highway from Khanh Hoi Bridge to National
Highway, a bridge crossing Saigon River to Thu Thiem in District 2, and a highwa
y from
Thu Thiem to Hanoi Highway in Cat Lai. The total project cost is estimated at US
D 469
million, 85% of which will be from a JBIC loan.
14.2.2
Waterway Transportation
The total throughput capacity of the port system in HCMC in 1995 was 13.2 millio
n tons/year.
According to the Department of Saigon Ports, during the first quarter of 2000, t
here were 1.456
ships incoming to and 1,443 ships outgoing from ports of HCMC. Thus, on the aver
age, each day
there are about 24 ships navigating in HCMC waterways. In addition, there are a
large number of
barges navigating in Saigon River and in Rach Chiec which connects Saigon River
to Dong Nai
River.
Marine traffic between Bach Dang Pier and Saigon Bridge amounts to a total tonna
ge throughput
of 57,000 ton/day (DWT) at Bach Dang and 78,000 ton/day at Saigon Bridge. Curren
tly there are
50 ships coming into and 50 ships going out of Tan Cang each day. In addition, t
here are an
undisclosed number of navy ships, since Tan Cang Port is also a naval base. This
marine traffic
passes one of the proposed locations for the outfall of NL-TN Project.
Navigational incidents/accidents rose sharply in recent years (Table 14-2) due t
o various reasons:
inadequate coordination among agencies, loopholes in regulations, lack of enforc
ement against
unregistered piers and boats, the presence of man-made obstacles in water, inade
quate clearance
under crossing power lines and bridges., and untrained navigators.
Table 14.2: Statistics of Navigational Incidents/Accidents in HCMC Waterways
District
Jan-Dec 1990
Jan-Sep 1995
Number of violations in navigational safety
3,676
11,763
Number of navigational accidents
60
51
Number of deaths due to navigational accidents
4
8
Damage (VND million) due to navigational accidents
720
11,000
Source: Southern Center of Waterway Transport Science & Economics
The DTPW prepared in 1997 a master plan for waterways and ports in HCMC. Table 1
4-3
summarizes the projected traffic flows. It is observed that in the foreseeable f
uture, the goods
tonnage and passengers navigating in HCMC waterways will be substantially increa
sed. At
present there are no plans to improve in the widths, depths or clearance of chan
nels.
CDM International
14-2
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
14 Human-Use Values
14.1 Solid Waste Management
Some 3,000 tons of refuse are disposed of each day at Dong Thanh landfill in Hoc
Mon District.
This landfill will reach its full capacity by 2002, then it will be capped and d
eveloped into a green
space with tree nurseries. Refuse will then be disposed of in Go Cat landfill fo
r about 3 years, then
it will be capped and closed.
Another Dong Thanh site of 130 ha, part of the ADB-funded HCMC Environmental Imp
rovement
Project, will be built next to the current landfill to receive 5,400-7,600 tons
of refuse a day.
14.2
Traffic and Transport
14.2.1
Road Transportation
Table 14-1 indicates the HCMC vehicular transportation at the end of 1997.
Table 14-1: Statistics of Transportation Means in HCMC
Category
Number
Trucks
14,073
Company-operated buses
591
Vans and small trucks
1,682
Small buses
1,601
Cars
194,777
Standards
2,712
Three-wheeler taxis
1,935
Motor bikes
1,288,754
Source: ADB, Hochiminh City Environmental Improvement Project TA No. 2790-VIE, 1
998.
The number of vehicles in HCMC has been growing fast in recent years, with motor
bikes
increasing at double-digit rates (some 15% in 1999).
According to a study carried out by DTPW in August 1999, the urban core with Dis
tricts 1, 3, 5, 6
and 10 has a road density of 9 km/km2 compared with the criterion of 4-6 kml/km2
to be achieved
by 2010. However, the road length ratio is only 0.269 km per 1,000 inhabitants c
ompared with the
criterion of I km. It would be very difficult to increase this indicator in the
urban core due to the
population and construction density.
The peripheral zone of Districts 4, 8, 1 1, Tan Binh, Binh Thanh, Go Vap anh Phu
Nhuan has a
road density of 3.67 km/km2 but only 0.268 km per 1,000 inhabitants. Most roads
in this zone are
narrow and feed into the axis roads of the urban core, so the traffic speed is l
ow, causing air
pollution and traffic jams.
The road system in pern-urban zone (except Districts Can Gio and Cu Chi) is even
more
inadequate, with 0.536 kn/km2 and 0.385 km per 1,000 inhabitants.
Major projects being planned include:
CDM International
14-1
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Cn '3 R- c^:-a ., a vSe5C

13.3.2.
Terrestrial Ecosystem at Proposed Pumping Station Site
This site has a typical peri-urban setting of HCMC. There are a total of 46 publ
ic trees that wrill
be affected by the pump station site construction. These include 28 Coconut tree
s, 11 Tamarind
trees, 3 Acacia trees, 2 Tropical Almond Trees, 1 Jack tree, and 1 Star Apple tr
ees. None of these
trees are sensitive or protected species. Construction of the pump station will
include the planting
of replacement trees.
CDM International
13-12
NLTN EIA R
eport Sept 2000
c ccg,ca, v'l CO c - 19-Seo-ZC

13.2.5.
Shrimp Resources
Thirteen species of shrimp and prawn of 4 families have been identified. Most of
them belong to
families Palaenonidae (7 species - 53.84%) and Penaeidea (4 species - 30.78%). T
here are only 2
species at Binh Phuoc (freshwater zone), but at Nha Rong (transitional zone) and
Nha Be
(brackish zone), the species composition of shrimp is more abundant.
The density and shrimp productivity increase from the upper to lower sections. T
his is consistent
with the distribution of shrimp species in this river section, especially marine
and brackish water
shrimp (Table 13-9).
Table 13-9: Density and Shrimp Productivity in Saigon River
Binh Phuoc
Nha Rong
Nha Be
River
Production (kg/ha)
0.27
0.91
3.43
Bank
Density (Nos/ha)
640
320
1,120
Middle
Production (kg/ha)
0.16
2.68
River
Density (Nos/ha)
160
1,760
There are 8 species of shrimp of commercial significance, with the freshwater gi
ant prawn
Macrobrachium rosenbergii ("tom cang") is of the highest value. Moreover, the pe
naeids also
have commercial value and considerable productivity in this section of Saigon ri
ver. freshwater
giant prawn has been found at Binh Phuoc only, but both giant prawn and penaeids
have been
captured at the other sites.
13.2.6.
Fish Migration
Almost fish species in the rivers migrate to upstream in their reproduction peri
od. Migration
begins when first rains occur. Fish in rivers come up to small streams or into f
looded area along
rivers. There are two main migration groups:
Upflow migration. These species go upward to riverhead to spawns. Young fish the
n flow down
to rivers. This group includes Mystus wolffii, Mystus nemurus, Mystus cavasius,
Bagasius
bagasius, etc.
Local migration. These species migrate to nearby flooded areas suitable for bree
ding. The
phenomena is common with freshwater species in the South of Vietnam such as the
giant
snakehead Ophiocephalus micropeltes ("ca loc bong"), the giant snakehead 0. stri
atus ("ca loc
soc"), the common climbing perch Anabas testudineus ("ca ro dong"), the giant ca
tfish Clarias
batrachus ("ca tre trang"), the Gunther's walking catfish Clarias macrocephalus
("ca tre vang"),
the grey featherback Notopterus notopterus ("ca that lat"), the three-spot goura
mi Trichogaster
trichopterus ("ca sac trang"), etc.
13.3. Review of Terrestrial Ecosystems of HCMC
13.3.1. Overview
Ho Chi Minh City was once covered by tropical forests, whose large trees still n
ow remain in
many areas such as the Botanical Garden, the Unification Palace, and roadsides.
Generally, the
original natural ecosystems of Hochiminh city have been drastically modified due
to urban
development with a large portion of land converted into buildings or dense settl
ements.
Meanwhile, lowlands along Saigon River have also been exploited for agriculture
and thus are no
more ecologically significant.
CDM International
13-11
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
,,, 3 _ 53og,a .c , ', 9-Se&-OO

fishes are less abundant. only 18%o. This indicates that the Nha Be section was
affected bv saline
water at the time of study (Table 13-7).
Table 13-7: Species Diversity of Fish in Saigon River
Fish groups
Binh Phuoc Bridge
Nha Rong
Nha Be
Total
# species
% # species
% # species
% # species
%
Freshwater
14
70
2
15
3
21
14
41
Brackish
5
25
10
77
6
43
14
41
Marine
1
5
1
8
5
36
6
18
Total
20
100
13
100
14
100
34
100
13.2.2.
Fish Species Distribution
Species composition at Binh Phuoc Bridge is the most abundant and freshwater fis
hes are
dominant, occupying 70% of species. At Nha Rong and Nha Be, the species number i
s lower, but
brackish water fishes are quite plentiful. Marine fish fishes are the most domin
ant at Nha Be.
These results show that Binh Phuoc is in a freshwater zone whereas Nha Be is of
brackish water
area, and Nha Rong of transition area between freshwater and brackish water.
13.2.3.
Fish Density and Productivity
The density and productivity of fish are high in the river banks of Nha Rong and
in the middle
area of Nha Be. At Nha Rong, most species are brackish water fishes that often c
oncentrate in
river side, resulting in the abundance of density and production of fish in the
shallow water. (In
the survey, no fish capture was carried out in the middle stream because of the
continuous traffic
of large ships.) At Nha Be, the existence of some schools of young fish such as
threadfin create
large density of fish in the middle of stream. Fish density and productivity dat
a are shown in Table
13-8.
Table 13-8: Density and Productivity of Fish
Binh Phuoc Bridge
Nha Rong
Nha Be
River
Production (kg/ha)
2.62
4.00
2.71
Bank
Density (Nos/ha)
800
3,200
320
Middle
Production (kg/ha)
2.15
12.20
River
Density (Nos/ha)
320
7,360
13.2.4.
Economically Significant Fishes
Twenty five species of fish are considered to be economically significant 13 fre
shwater, 7
brackish, and 5 marine species.
At Binh Phuoc, most of the economically significant fish belong to freshwater sp
ecies. Some have
a high market value, such as spiny eel Mastacembelus sp., walking catfish Claria
s spp., kissing
goramy Helostoma teminckii. At Nha Rong and Nha Be, the dominant economic fishes
is of
brackish water and sea water species, e. g. gobies Glossogobius sp., Parapocrypt
es serperaster,
mullet Liza sp., etc.
Most of the speciments captured often have small size, especially marine fishes,
while the portion
of of adults of brackish water and freshwater fishes is higher.
CDM International
13-10
NLTN EIA R
eport Sept 2000
_,!, C E &0.3g,ca
'R co-z - 73-seo-v'c
Biomass Density
Phvtoplankton. The quantity of ph-toplankton is high, from 122.400,000 to 174,15
0,000
cells/m3. Afelosira granulata var. ,mt::anensis is the absolute dominant at all
sites, occupying
83.0 - 89.0% of the total quantity. This clearly shows the status of water pollu
tion in this section.
Zooplankton. The quantity of zooplankton varies from 9.800 - 46.200 individuals/
m3. The
highest population is found in the mouth of NL-TN Canal with a range of 38.400 46.200
individuals /m3, the lowest one is found at Thu Thiem Ferry site with a populati
on of 9.800 16.400 individuals/m3.
It is found that the quantity of zooplankton in high tide is more than that in l
ow tide. It may be
explained by the domination of freshwater species such as: Philodina roseola, As
planchna
sieboldi, Filinia longiseta, Moina dubia.
Benthic animals. Population of benthic animals varies in a range of 800 - 19.380
individuals/M2.
The dominant species are Li,nnodrilus L offmneisteri, Namalycastis longicirris.
2.4
Conclusion
Base on the analysis of species and population composition, specie domination, i
ndicator
characteristics and the relationships among various groups, three basic characte
ristics of water
quality in the survey area may be determined:
e Salinity intrusion in the dry season, water environment is slightly saline (S
s 59/oo).
* Effects by acid-sulfate water leaching from upstream areas (Hoc Mon, Cu Chi,
Thu Dau
Mot).
* Organically polluted at moderate level (mesosaprobic). At Saigon Bridge water
the
ecology on the West side of the river is more polluted.
13.2. Natural Fishery Resources
Key information in this section was drawn from the surveys on natural fishery re
sources and
existing capture fisheries in Saigon River during 22-25 March 1997 by EPC in col
laboration with
the Research Institue of Aquaculture. Additional information was given by HCMC D
epartment of
Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD).
Three riverine transections were selected for studying on species composition an
d capture
production of fish and shrimp in the section of the Saigon river as follows: Bin
h Phuoc bridge
(upstream), Nha Rong port (middle), and Nha Be confluence (downstream).
13.2.1.
Fish Species Composition
Thirty four species of fish belonging to 19 families have been found in Saigon R
iver. This species
diversity is not high. The identified fishes can be classified into three groups
:
* Freshwater fishes (some species can move into open brackish water): cyprinids
(family
C)prinidae), catfish (families Bagridae, Schilbeidae, Mastacembelidae), etc.
* Brackish fishes (most may exist also in coastal waters as well as in freshwate
r zone): families
of glassfishes Centropoinidae, Toxoridae, gobies Eleotridae, Gobiidae, etc.
* Marine fishes (adults live in the sea but the young often migrate into bracki
sh water or even
in freshwater in a certain period of year): common species are of families of ca
tfishes Ariidae,
tongue-fishes Cvnoglossidae, soles Soleidae, croakers Sciaenidae, etc.
Generally from upstream Binh Phuoc to downstream Nha Be, the proportion of fresh
water fish
decreases while that of marine fishes increases. In Nha Be section, freshwater f
ishes and brackish
water fshes are dominant, each constituting 41% of the species composition, wher
eas marine
CDM lnternational
13-9
NLTN EIA Repo
rt Sept 2000
C_t3 6c!ccal e .= e
I Se-Of
Table 13-6: Species Composition of Taxa Identified in Saigon River (May, 2000)
a) Phytoplankton
Phyla
Number of identified species Percentage (%)
Cyanophyta
16
13,4
Chrysophyta
1
0,9
Bacillanophyta
65
54,6
Chlorophyta
20
16,8
Euglenophyta
16
13,4
Dinophyta
1
0,9
Total
119
b) Zooplankton
Class
Rotatoria
12
42,9
Crustacea
Cladocera
4
14,3
Copepoda
6
21,5
Ostracoda
1
3,5
Protozoa
1
3,5
Larvae
4
14,3
Total
28
100
c) Benthic animals
Class
Polychaeta
3
42,8
Oligochaeta
2
28,6
Mollusca- Gastropoda
1
14,3
Insecta larva
1
14,3
Total
7
100
d) Periphyton
Class
Cyanophyta
9
15,5
Bacillariophyta
46
79,4
Chlorophyta
2
3,4
Euglenophyta
1
1,7
Total
58
100
COM International
138
NLTN EIA Repo
rt Sept 2000
Benthic animals
* Samples at urban canal sites with a thick laver of black decomposing mud on t
he bottom
do not have benthic animal due to severe water pollution.
* Due to the high level of contamination, Mollusca species are rare, only sever
al species
such as Corbicula leviuscula, Corbicula castanea, Limnoperna siamnens (Bivalvia
Mollusca) have been found in some areas located in Cau Den and Ong Tranh Bridges
in
Thu Thiem.
13.1.3. Biological Resources in Saigon River (2000 Study)
For this Detailed Design phase of NL-TN Project. a biological study was carried
at three points in
Saigon River
1) The confluence of NL-TN Canal and Saigon River (the site under consideration
for the
future outfall)
2) Thu Thiem ferry (Banch Dang Pier), downstream of the proposed site
3) Saigon Bridge, upstream of the proposed site
In this study, 119 species of phytoplankton, 28 species of zoplankton, 7 of bent
hic animals and 58
species of periphyton have been identified and fully listed in Annex 13. 1.
Species Composition
Species composition of lower biota in Saigon is sumnarized in Table 13-6
Phytoplankton. The ratio between Rotatoria/Crustacea in all sampling locations a
re higher than
1 (> 1). This indicates that the water environment has been already organically
polluted. And also
the ratio of Cladocera/Copepoda is higher than I (>1) as it shows that river wat
er at survey section
is nutrient rich.
Zooplankton. he identified fresh water-bom species of zooplankton are all belong
to the
indicators of organic polluted water in medium level. Two species among the iden
tified species,
namely Polychaeta - Errantia may adapted to environment of medium pollution leve
l. Bispira
polymorpha (Polychaeta - Sedentaria) which indicate the environment of saline wa
ter polluted in
medium level has been also found.
Benthic animals. The distribution of species and population of benthic animals i
n the survey area
closely corresponded to water quality in each transection and at both sides of t
he river:
At Saigon Bridge, the number of two species Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Branchiura
sowerbyi
(Oligochaeta) at West side higher than that at the opposite side, while the spec
ie Namalycastis
iongicirris (Polychaeta) is dominant in the right side. This means that water on
the West side is
less saline but more polluted than that on the East side.
In the section from the confluence of NL-TN Canal and Saigon River to Thu Thiem
Ferry, the
quantity of Polychaeta on the East side of the river is less. This shows that, i
n this section of
Saigon River, water on the East side is less saline but more polluted than on th
e West side.
At the two last sites, the quantity of benthic animals on the East side is alway
s higher than at the

West side.
Periphyton. In this study, 58 species of periphyton have been found. Among them
representatives of Bacillariophyta class are dominant with 46 species. The numbe
r of identified
species at the left side is higher than at the other side.
CDM International
13-7
N_TN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Table 13-5: Population Structure of Plankton and Zoobenthos

a) Saigon River
Group
Sampling site
TS_1
TS_2
TS_3
Phytoplanktonk
Number of cells (cell/mr)
1.520.000
1.820.000
1.478.5
00
Dominant species
Melosira granulata
Dominant population (cell/m )
703.300
960.000
740.00
0
Zooplankton
Number of individuals (ind/mr)
7.854
11.254
2.34
6
Dominant species
Thermocylops hya,inus
Benthic animals
Number of individuals (ind/m')
16.900
1.83
0
Dominant species
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
b) Thu Thiem
Group
Sampling site
|
TS_4
TS_5
TS 6
Phytoplanktonk
Number of cells (cell/M3)
1.365.000
1.327.500
2.605.00
0
Dominant species
Melosira granulata
Dominant population (cell/m3)
662.500
482.500
930.00
0
Zooplankton
Number of individuals (ind/m')
5.695
7.565
4.65
8
Dominant species
Thermocylops hyalinus
Benthic animals
.
.
Number of individuals (ind/m2)
3.830 |
9.320
3.09
0
Dominant specie
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Branchiura sowerbyi
c) Saigon urban canals
Group
Sampling site
TS_7
TS_8
TS_9
TS 10
Phytoplanktonk
Number of cells (cell/mr)
1.542.500
2.232.000
15.886.700
9.600
.000
Dominant species
Melosira granulata, Arthrospira jenne
ri
Dominant population (cell/m3)
735.000
675.000 | 8.733.300
4.700
.000
Zooplankton
_
Number of individuals (ind/m 3)
2.448
3.519
442
221
Dominant species
Thermocylops hyalinus
Benthic animals
2
Number of individuals (mind/)
80
Dominant species
Source: EPC's EIA Team. August 1999
CDM Internaional
13-6
NLTN EIA Repo
rt Sept 2000
Plankton and Zoobenthos Density

The densities of plankton and zoobenthos in water bodies is given in Table 13-5.
The population
of aquatic organisms in Saigon River and Thu Thiem was stable and dominanted by
blackish
species. In Saigon urban canals the population of phytoplankton, was relatively
high, while that of
benthic animals very low. Dominant species were those that prefer the water envi
ronment
contaminated by organic matters and acid water.
General remarks are made as follows.
Phytoplankton
* The number of species is abundant.
* Saigon River and in Thu Thiem have low phytoplankton densities, in a range of
1,327,500
to 2,605,000 cells/m3. The reason may be the high turbidity of river water which
impedes
sunlight penetration.
* In the West of the City, Ruot Ngua anh Tau Hu canals have relatively high num
ber of
cells, from 9,600,000 to 15,886,700 cells/rn3.
Zooplankton
The numbers of zooplankton species are similar in all samples, but their densiti
es vary in the range
of 221-11,254 individuals/m3. The densities in Saigon River and Thu Thiem area a
re much higher
than in urban canals. Species adapted to the polluted and acid environment are d
ominant.
CDM International
13-5
NLTN EIA Report Se
pt 2000
-.F g2 SE,cZcg a,! w <- > =9 - ''eF 0

13.1.2.
Planktons and Benthic Animals (1999 Study)
In August 1999, plankton and benthic animals at various cross sections of Saigon
River and in
some HCMC canals were sampled and analyzed. The locations of sampling sites at t
he Saigon
River, the Thu Thiem Peninsula and in the Urban Canals of Ben Nghe. Tau Hu. and
Ruot Ngua.
The following sections present main findings. Details are given in Annex 13.1.
Species component
The species structure of aquatic organisms are presented in Table 13-4. It is sh
ownT that the
number of identified species in the three sections is similar to each other, wit
h dominant species in
Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chloroplwyta and Euglenoplhyta.
In the urban canals (Ben Nghe, Tau Hu, Ruot Ngua), the numbers of plankton speci
es are high,
while those of benthic animals were low. Three of four samples haveno benthos. T
his may have
been due to the severe organic pollution of the canals, resulting in a black lay
er of decomposing
sludge on the canal bottom. Such a condition is not amenable to benthic life. Th
e species of
identified aquatic organisms also clearly indicate the water quality of the area
s:
* The water in Saigon River and Thu Thiem canals is characterized by (i) slight
salinity in
both dry and rainy seasons; (ii) acidification at the beginning of the rainy sea
son (due to
leaching of sulphate-acid water from upstream); and (iii) organic contamination.
e The water in urban canals has been severely contaminated.
Table 13-4: Species Composition of Plankton and Zoobenthos, August 1999
Group
Saigon River
Thu Thiem
Urban canals
Phytoplankton
140
134
144
Cyanophyta
18
16
17
Chrysophyta
3
2
1
Xanthophyta
1
0
0
Bacillariophyta
52
57
59
Chlorophyta
42
39
41
Euglenophyta
23
19
25
Dinophyta
1
1
1
Zooplankton
33
40
32
Rotatotia
15
20
13
Cladocera
6
9
11
Copepoda
5
6
2
Ostracoda
1
1
1
Protozoa
2
0
1
Larva
4
4
4
Zoobenthos
6
16
2
Polychaeta
2
6
O
Oligochaeta
3
3
Mollusca
1
7
O
Insecta larvae
0
0
O
Source: EPCs EIA team, August 1999
CDM International
13-4
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
3S
A' __o2 .'a - 'es
Table 13-3: Density and Biomass of Zoobenthos in Saigon River
a) Binh Phuoc Bridge
Position
Annelida
Tota
l
Oligochaeta
Polychaeta
Nos_m_2
gram/rn
Nos/ml
gram/mr
Nos/m2
gram/r2
River bank
5,415
45.12
0
0
5,415
45.12
Middle river
1180
11.84
60
0.5
1,240
12.34
b) Nha Rong Port
Position
Mollusca
Annelida
Arthropoda
Total
Biva/via
Polychaeta
Crustacea
NoS/m2
gr/m2
Nos/M2
gr/m2
Nos/m2
gr/m2
Nos/m2
gr/m2
River bank
40
2.12
240
9.62
0
0
280
11.74
Midd le river
0
1 0
2,120
110.28
20
1.04
2,14
0
111.32
c) Nha Be Confluence
Position
Annelida
Arthropoda
Total
Polychaeta
Crustacea
Nos/m2
gram/m2
Nos/m2
gram/m2
Nos/m2
gram/l2
River bank
20
0.7
20
0.12
40
0.82
Middle river
60
1.14
60
1.14
Binh Phuoc Bridge. The density and biomass of zoobenthos here was dominated by t
he
Oligochaeta group, other groups were rather poorly represented.
Nha Rong Port. The density and biomass of Polychaeta here were more plentiful th
an other
groups.
Nha Be Confluence. Compared with upper transections, the density and biomass of
here were
much lower.
Conclusion
* The species composition of zoobenthos collected at three transections of Saigo
n River
was rather poor with 22 species, in which Crustacean had the highest number with
9
species, followed by Polychaeta: 5 species, Oligochaeta: 3 species, Gastropoda:
2
species, Insecra: 2 species, and Bivalvia: 1 species.
* The species number of zoobenthos at the middle river positions was always lowe
r than the
river bank positions and increased from upper to lower transections.
* Species of Aninelida were always dominant in the density and biomass of zoobe
nthos at
three transections.
* Most species collected at Binh Phuoc Bridge are of freshwater group whereas b
oth
marine/brackish water and freshwater species are recognised at the downstream si
tes.
Perhaps, these brackish water or sea water species can be adaptable with low sal
inity
w ater and on the contrary, some freshwater species can tolerate the brackish wa
ter in
certain time.
* The bottom ground mostly consists of black mud mixed with fine sand except th
e
transection I where the bottom is cover with coarse sand. A lot of organic matte
r, waste
rubbish, and other detritus deposit on the bottom ground.
CDM Interrational
13-3
NLTN EIA Rep
ort Sept 2000
Ch'3 5,os:cga
- c*-S r
Table 13.2: Number of Zoobenthos Species in Saigon River
Class
River bank position
Middle river position
Binh Phuoc Bridge
5
4
Oligochaeta
3
2
Polychaeta
0
1
Crustacea
1
0
Insecta
1
1
Nha Rong Port
7
2
Gastropoda
2
0
Bivalvia
1
0
Polychaeta
2
1
Crustacea
2
1
Nha Be Confluence
6
5
Polychaeta
2
0
Crustacea
4
5
Binh Phuoc Bridge. There are 7 species of zoobenthos, including 3 species of Oli
gochaeta
(42.8%), 1 species of Polychaeta (14.28%), 1 species of Crustacea (14.28%), and
2 species of
Insecta, 28.57%. The richness of Oligochaeta species corresponds with fresh wate
r and muddy
and richly organic bottom. The bottom soil at the bridge consists mainly of sand
and organic
detritus. Oligochaeta was rich in species at both middle and river bank position
s. Most of
zoobenthos species are freshwater, even though the blackish species Namalycastis
longicirris of
Polychaeta can also live in freshwater in extended periods.
Nha Rong Port. The species composition here also included both marine/brackish a
nd freshwater
group. The typical marine/brackish water species are Scabra sulcata, Polychaeta,
Cyathura
truncata, whereas the representatives of freshwater organisms are species of Mac
robrachium,
Caidina, Corbicula, etc. Note that the river bottom of this transection is quite
deep with heavy
boat traffic which certainly affects the distribution of zoobenthos species. The
bottom sediment at
this transection consisted of black mud (middle river) or mud mixed with sand (r
iver bank),
covered by waste residues and organic detritus from human activities.
Nha Be Confluence. The species of zoobenthos here includes mainly brackish and m
arine groups.
The Oligochaeta group is completely absent. The bottom ground here is clean and
rather hard
because of swift water currents, mainly consisting of clay covered by a thin san
dy mud layer.
Zoobenthos Density and Biomass
Density and biomass of zoobenthos in Saigon River are shown in Table 13-3.
CDM Internationa
13-2
NLTN EIA Repor
t Sept 2000
CAN DCN
SOCKPHUMIANG
6 mTHAC MO
H6 PHUCC CHOAI
X HO DAU nENG
LUWNG MINH CHAU
LONG THANH
9EN CAT
TAHN UNN
eH6 TRI AN
CAU0NG CO
Go DAU
THI nNH
GU GHI ;,!
90 SAD
ts
CU CHI _ H
aM
PH( Ak9EN TMX
PHU CUONG
X( (THU DAG moTr)
TRANG BANG
LI
TrAIIN H1A
I~~C MON
,-BINHI PHUOC
TP. H6 CHI MINH IC MON R
91 HRIDGE
NHICU LOC
\.
Ci&
G THANH
NH THOME
KL.M HO
NHA RON
G PORT
THU THIEM (PHU AN)
K..
cATLAi
LIOUltH Of SAIGON ROVER
S LA
NhHA It
elhH KHANH
CHAu TAH1N
8Eh UC
ct a. 7n.
ASTH5I
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~~~~PROJECT LOCATION AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
FGR
C ~~uwu Internanonallnc. ~~~~~~~WITHIN SAIJGON RIVER BASIN
13-1
C,F3 SO'ca, , 1S --c - Ic-ep

13. Biological Resources
This section reviews a number of ecological studies conducted in the past for th
e Saigon River
Basin. Some studies included examine areas beyond the potential impacted area of
NLTN Project
but included here for reference purposes. In addition a new study was performned
in May 2000
that surveyed the ecology of the Saigon River area that will be impacted by the
proposed project.
Figure 13-1 shows a map of the Project Location and the Biological resources wit
hin the Saigon
River Basin.
13.1. Review of Aquatic Resources in Hochiminh City
13.1.1. Zoobenthos in Saigon River (1997 Study)
A study was conducted during 22-28 March 1997 by EPC in collaboration with the R
esearch
Institue of Aquaculture. Three riverine transections were selected for studying
on species
composition, biomass, and density of zoobenthos in the above section of the Saig
on river as
follows:
1 Binh Phuoc Bridge (upper part).
* Nha Rong Port (middle part).
* Nha Be confluence (lower part).
There are 22 species of zoobenthos belonging to 4 classes of 3 phyla (Table 13-1
).
Table 13-1: Zoobenthos in Saigon River
Phylum
Class
No. of species
% in tot
al
Mollusca
Gastropoda
2
9.1
Bivalvia
1
4.6
Annelida
Oligochaeta
3
13.6
Polychaeta
5
22.7
Arthropoda
Crustacea
9
40.9
Insecta
2
9.1
Zoobenthos species identified here include:
* brackish water groups (can also live in freshwater during rainy season): snai
ls Scabra
sulcata, Polvcihaeta, Amphipoda, and
* freshwater groups: Oligochaeta, Insecta, and some species of genrera Macrobra
chiumn,
Cardina, Palaemnon.
The richness of Annelida species benefits aquaculture because they are good livi
ng food for fish
and shrimp. Species of Amphipoda and small prawn (Crustacea) are also considered
as good
source of natural food.
Zoobenthos Species Composition
The numbers of zoobenthos species at three sites are shown in Table 13-2.
CDM Internaf.onal
i3 - 1
N.LTN EIA Reoort
Sept 2000
C_,- 19-SeP-OG
Table 12-12 Noise Levels at Pumping Station Site
Location
Time
Noise (dB)
Min
Max
Leq
Standard
6.00 am
48
70
58
60
A
12.00 am
55
81
63
55
i _________
18.00 hrs
48
76
59
45
6.00 am
49
7B
60
60
B
12.00 am
52
7861
55
l_________
18.00 hrs
49
72
59
45
CDM International
12-18
NLTN ElIA
Report Sept 2000
Cr' P.y nsCa; 14 dCC - Se .

Table 12-10: Air Pollution Levels at Pumping Station Site (mg/L)
Date Location
Time
Dust
Co
H2S
SO2
Pb
NO.
19/5
B
6.00am
0.27
0.7
Trace
0.02
Trace
0
05
12.00am
0.29
0.2
Trace
0.012
Trace
0.014
l ______ 118.00 hrs 0.20
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
0.01
6.00am
0.30
1.2 L Trace
0.04
Trace
0.0027
C
12.00am
0.28
0.8
0.012
0.02
Trace
0.023
18.00 hrs 0.23
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
0.001
D
6.00am
1.6
Trace
0.08
Trace
0.006
12.00am
0.5
Trace
0.045
Trace
0.026
18.00 hrs
0.4
Trace
0.01
Trace
0.016
20/5
B
6.00am
0.3
Trace
Trace
Trace
0.
0015
12.00am
0.08
Trace
Trace
Trace
0.001
18.00 hrs
1
Trace
0.06
Trace
0.003
C
6.00am
0.6
Trace
0.017
Trace
0.0021
12.00am
0.3
Trace
0.009
Trace
0.0013
18.00 hrs
2.2
Trace
0.09
Trace
0.007
D
6.00am
1.1
Trace
0.002
Trace
0.0023
12.00am
0.5
Trace
0.03
Trace
0.0018
18.00 hrs
3.5
Trace
0.15
Trace
0.008
[-t ___-Standard I
5
0.008
0.3
0.005
0.1
12.8
Noise
Monitoring results (see Table 12-11) obtained by HCMC DOSTE indicated that the n
oise levels
at roundabouts and intersections with heavy traffic were generally higher the pe
rmissible level.
usually in the range of 80-85 dBA but may be as high as 98 dBA. The mean values
by month did
not fluctuate significantly.
Table 12-11: Noise Levels at Heavy Traffic Spots in 1998
Location
Mean values (dBA)
_ Monthly Lowest
Annual
Monthly Highest
Hang Xanh Roundabout
74
75-82
82
Dinh T. Hoang - Dien B. Phu Intersection
82
82.5-88
89
Phu Lam Roundabout
74
75.4-80.6
82
The Center of Health and Labor Environment of HCM City has carried out the measu
rement of
noise pollution at the proposed pumping station - Ward 19. Binh Thanh District HCM City on
May 19" and 20h 2000. Results are shown in Table 12-12 Measurements were taken a
t two
locations at the proposed site.
CDM International
12-17
NLTN EIA Rep
ort Sept 2000
0Cfl2 : a! 1 4 Clc^
'S-SeZ:'
Table 12.9: Air Quality at Heavy Traffic Spots (1997.1998)
Location
Carbon dioxide Particulate matter
Lead
Nitro
gen dioxide
Hang Xanh Roundaboud *
1997
9.85
0.55
0.0025
0.
097
1998
6.88
0.73
0.0025
0.
119
Dinh T Hoang-Dien B Phu
1997
17.87
1.47
0.0032
0.
116
1998
18.48
1.91
0.0032
0.
216
Phu Lam Roundabound
1997
8.79
0.37
0.0020
0.
039
1998
7.32
0.49
0.0022
0.
052
Vietnam's standard ...
40
0.3
0.005
0.4
Everages of 1-hour values.
** Averages of 8-hour values.
1-hour values, except 24-hour for lead.
All units are in (mg/rn3).
It is observed from the air quality monitoring program that:
* the air quality in 1998 deteriorated compared with 1997;
* except for particulate matter, the average values of other parameters were be
low the
maximum permissible levels of Vietnam's standard TCVN 5937-1995;
- measured values highly fluctuated and showed that, at many periods they excee
ded the
maximum permissible levels by a large magnitude, e.g. CO and particulate were tw
ice and
four times higher than the permissible levels, respectively.
Transportation means in HCMC contribute a significant proportion of air emission
s. Indicated the
HCMC vehicular transportation at the end of 1997.
Air quality in HCMC is adversely affected by the following factors in combinatio
n:
* many of the trucks and buses are old, with inefficient fuel-burning;
* although the majority of the motorcycles, cars and vans are relatively new, t
hey tend to
have old technology, no pollution .ontrols and poor maintenance;
* the road system is inadequate both in terms of length and surface, making the
vehicle to
release more pollutants per km of road;
* the chaotic traffic which makes vehicle burn more fuel than necessary;
low quality of fuels (e.g., with questionable octane rating);
* the use of leaded fuels.
There are already signs that public health is being adversely affected by vehicu
lar emissions.
Air Pollution samples were collected during two days at the pumping station site
on May 19t and
20"h 2000 Samples were analyzed for CO, H2S, SO,, NO,, and Pb. A total of ninety
samples were
collected at three locations at three different times during the day using Drage
r tubes. Results are
shown in Table 12-10.
CDM lnternational
ort Sept 2000
12-16
NLTN EIA Rep
Ch12 Pflys,ca; v14 Cd - !9-Scp-^

concentration limits specified by L.S.A.EPA standards for land application of sl
udge. Therefore.
the sediments are suitable for land application with appropriate control.
Table 12-8: Heavy Metals in NL-TN Sediment in Comparison with U.S.A. Standards
Description
Lead Chromium Cadmium Copper Zinc
Arse
nic
Mercury
Ong Ta Bridge
37.4
37.0
7.3
25.0
75.5
0.05
0.08
Le van Sy Bridge
44.1
42.0
7.6
49.1
117.4
0.07
0.08
Bong Bridge *
43.3
31.1
7.3
42.5
86.3
0.09
0.09
U.S.A. Federal Standards
840
3,000
85
4,300 f 7,500
75
57
* Average values (all in mg/kg dry weight) of three samples taken in May 2000 at
depths 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm
and over 40 cm, where water saturation was found.
'' Ceiling concentration limits for land application.
It is anticipated that the sediments of NLTN should not contain pesticides or ot
her micro
pollutants. The canal receives urban runoff and wastewater from the urbanized ar
ea of the Ho Chi
Minh City that is not likely to contain pesticides or other micro pollutants. Se
diment samples
taken from NL-TN Canal have been being tested for pesticides. Results (shown in
Annex 12-2)
indicate that the concentration levels of pesticides in NL-TN Canal sediment are
insignificant.
12.7
Air Quality
DOSTE regularly carried out a series of air quality measurements at areas with h
eavy traffic.
During 1995-97, air quality was monitored at: Phu Lam Roundabout, Hang Xanh Roun
dabout,
Dien Bien Phu -- Dinh Tien Hoang intersection, and Minh Phung -- Hau Giang inter
section. The
results indicated that':
3 Carbon monoxide: general below the maximum permissible level.
Nitrogen dioxide: general below the maximum permissible level except for a few
samples
at Dien Bien Phu -- Dinh Tien Hoang intersection.
* Particulate matter: most levels measured were 3-13 times higher the permniss
ible level.
* Lead: generally surpassing the permissible level. This was expected since lea
ded fuels are
still used in Vietnam.
The results of air quality monitoring during 1997-1998 conducted by CEFINEA are
presented in
Table 12-9.
2 N:uxen Dinh TLan et al "The cu-rent situation of envtronmental pollution due t
o transportation in Hochiminh City"
In ` ietnamese. I'Vorkshop on Environnmcnti Technolog" and Afunagement. Hochimi
nh City, 28-29 May.
CDM International
12-15
NLTN EIA
Report Sept 2000
Cn!2 PY5 -a . '4 C Sec-5

capacity in the Saigon River. Generally downstream levels are higher during the
dry
season. For all scenarios, the DO between the two stations are above the 2 mg/L
limit set
in the AWQS-B
* The nitrate values for both the wvet and dry month for the two monitoring sta
tions were
well below the allowable limits of AWQS-B. However, the ammonia concentrations a
t
the station upstream of the NLTN inflow were high especially during the wet seas
on.
This might be frcm agriculture practices upstream in the Saigon River.
* The total coliform concentration exceeds the limit of AWQS-A beginning approx
imately
37-km upstream of the NLTN canal. For the region between Binh Phuoc and Nha Rong
levels are below the limit allowed under AWQS-B.
The water quality monitoring results indicated that the reach of Saigon River be
tween the
-1onitoring stations of the Cau Binh Phuoc and the Nha Rong is relatively unpoll
uted even though
the river has received a high volume of untreated domestic and industrial wastew
ater discharge
from the Ho Chi Minh City urban center. For all parameters shown on Figures 12-3
to 12-12 with
the exception of suspended solids river water quality between the two stations i
s within the limits
allowed by AWQS-B. For most parameters water quality is well below the limits re
quired by
AWQS-B. It is likely that the large dilution offered by the Saigon River and the
high assimilative
capacity of the river is responsible for the purification of the waste load and
is able to maintain a
reasonably good ambient water quality.
12.5.6
Water Quality in Area of Port Clusters
The area of port clusters received significant amounts of pollutants from variou
s sources:
* oil and grease from ship and port operation;
* wastewater from ship and port cleansing;
* transported materials spilled from ships;
* organic wastes discharged from various canals: Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe (also recei
ving
wastewater from Rach Van Thanh), Khanh Hoi, Doi, etc.
* other major polluters: Vissan Slaughterhouse, shipyards, and Nha Be petroleum
depot
complex.
Due to diurnal tidal effects, the dispersion and assimilation rates of pollutant
s are not high in this
area. In addition, the hydrological regime is such, the low flows during the dry
season do not help
much in pollutant transport, while high flows during the rainy season help bring
s pollutants to
areas far away from river and canal banks.
Thus, the area of port clusters has been considered the most critical section of
Saigon River.'
12.6 NLTN Canal Sediment
The NLTN canal system receives wastewater and surface runoff from seven district
s and drains to
the Saigon River. Over several decades, inadequate solid waste handling and mana
gement
practices coupled with squatter development and an inadequate wastewater conveya
nce system
have led to the accumulation of thick deposits of solids along the NLTN Canal.
A sediment sampling program is currently underway for the project. Sediment samp
les were
collected at three bridge locations along the Canal. Sediment samples were colle
cted at three
different depths at the sampling locations. Additional information is included i
n Annex 12-2.
Figure 12-8 shows that the heavy metals contents in NL-TN sediments are far belo
w the ceiling
Le Huy Ba & Nguyen Ph. Hung " Study on the current poLu:ion in the area of port
cluster on Saigon-Nha BE River"
(in Vietnamese). [iorkslhop on Environlnental Tecihnology and Managetent, Hochim
inh City, 28-29 Nlay.
CDM International
12-14
NLTN EA Report
Sept2000
C,-' C sa . 14 CC: - For heavv metal concentrations recorded at the three stations. the water qualit
results show that
the water is not contaminated wvith lead. mercury, chromium. and cadmium as ther
e are an
insignificant number of polluting industries located wVithin the drainage catchm
ent of the NLTN.
The coliform concentration upstream of the Cong Ly Bridge, the Phan Dinh Phu, an
d the Bason
Bridge monitoring stations showv severe contamination of the canal water by the
sanitain waste.
Coliform levels of 0.15 - 0.99 x 10 are nearly as high as that expected in raw s
ewage (about
4.0xl0).
The water quality within the NLTN exceeds the limits set for pH, SS, DO, COD. BO
D, and
coliforms of the AWQS-B. Therefore secondary water contact activities are prohib
ited.
Results of another monitoring in October 1998 of the water quality along NL-TN C
anal are
provided in Table 12-7. It is indicated that, as recently as at the end of 1998,
the entire length of
NL-TN Canal served as a sewer, with DO virtually at zero while BOD, COD, total N
and total P
represented the characteristics of untreated household sewage.
Table 12-7: Water Quality along NL-TN Canal (Oct-1 998)
Station
Tempera pH
EC
SS
TSS
DO
BOD
COD
Total N Total P
ture, IC
(pS/cm) (mgiL) (mglL) (mg/L) (mg!L) (mg/L) (mg1L) (mg/L)
Pham Van Hai Bridge
29.5
6.30
380
85
282
0
90
15
5
4.9
0.80
196 Cach Mang T. Tam
29
6.80
450
100
135
0
75
13
9
20.5
0.89
Le van Sy Bridge
30
7.00
520
87
265
1.1
80
16
0
11.8
1.00
Nguyen van Troi Bridge 29 6.32
355
68
145
0
70
13
5
1.6
0.78
Kieu Bridge
29.5
6.00
470
95
232
0
225
375
25.3
1.57
Bong Bridge
28.5
6.58
480
80
230
0
100
170
3.8
1.45
Tran Khanh Du Bridge
29.5
6.15
485
80
160
0
900
186
9.4
1.50
Bong Bridge
29
6.40
400
110
240
0
100
152
1.0
1.21
Dien Bien Phu Bridge 30.
7.10
630
130
300
0
120
140
11.0
1.75
Thi Nghe Bridge
29.5
6.90
300
60
175
0
80
14
9
3.2
0.70
12.5.5 Existing Water Quality at the Confluence of NLTN and the Saigon River
From comparison of pollutant levels upstream and downstream of the NLTN Canal, t
he following
conclusions can generally be drawn:
* pH in the Saigon River above and below the inflow of the NLTN Canal is relati
vely
compliant with the limits in AWQS-A and improves towards downstream locations
particularly in the dry season.
* During the both the wet and dry seasons, the SS upstream of the NLTN inflow w
as low
while the SS concentration downstream of the NLTN inflow was relatively higher o
ften
exceeding allowable levels of AWQS-B. The higher SS concentrations are likely du
e to
the discharge of SS from the NLTN Canal and several adjoining canals.
The DO concentrations upstream and downstream of the NLTN inflow during the wet
and
dry months were relatively high indicating the domestic wastewater and industria
l
wastewater discharge bet-ween the two sampling stations has not drastically affe
cted the
ambient DO concentration. This is due to the relatively high dilution and assimi
lative
CDM International
12-13
NLTN EIA Repor
t Sept 2000
Fi2ure 1- shows graphs of salinIty data for each of the scenarios. Annex 12.3 p
rov Ides vertical
salinity profiles for the Saigon River as measured at three locations in June 20
00. These profiles
indicate that the salinity in the Saigon River is low and nearly uniform at each
section of the river.
Data does not indicate any salinity wedge in the Saigon River near the project a
rea.
12.5.4
Existing Water Quality along NLTN
Table 12-6 provides an overall picture of the water quality of NL-TN Canal, meas
ured at 30
points in 1996. The water quality varies depending on sapling time and tidal pha
se. High tides
cause the water from Saigon River to flow into the NLTN canal. In the rainy seas
on, stormwater
discharged into the Canal increases the flow and results in improved water quali
ty.
The water quality of NLTN was monitored by CEFINEA for the DOSTE in 1996 and by
JICA in
1998. Sampling stations were located at the Cong Ly Bridge (5km from the mouth),
the Kieu
Bridge (4.4-km from the mouth and the Bason Bridge (250m upstream of the mouth).
Table 12-6
presents the worst water quality recorded at the three monitoring stations. The
data demonstrate
severe water quality degradation mainly due to domestic wastewater discharge. Th
e pH is low
probably due to anaerobic conditions in the benthic layer. A water quality sampl
ing program is
currently being performed for the project. Water quality samples were taken at t
he Bason, Bong,
Kieu and Le Van Si Bridges. Sampling is ongoing. Results are included in Annex 1
2-2.
Table 12-6: Overall Water Quality of NL-TN Canal (1996)
Parameters
Average
Minimum
Maximum
pH, units
6.54
6.15
6.75
Total Phosphorus, mg/I
1.45
0.48
3.3
Sulphate, mg/l
30
18
42
Chloride, mg/l
107
38
199
Ammonia-Nitrogen, mg/l
22.47
9.38
36.12
Nitrite Nitrogen, mg/l
0
0
0
Nitrate Nitrogen, mg/l
0.68
2.49
Hydrogen Sulphide, mg/l
0.59
1
Suspended Solids, mg/l
31
9
52
Total Solids, mg/l
422
212
584
Turbidity, FTU
44
31
55
COD, mg/I
154
61
324
BODO, mg/l
121
47
256
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l
0.13
1
Coliform, MPN/100mi
4,328,000
335,000
9,927,000
E.Coli, MPN/1001
230,000
14,000
487,000
Lead, mg/l
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Copper, mg/I
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Chromium, mg/lI
N D.
N. D.
N.D.
N.D. = Not detected
DO at the Cong Ly Bridge and Phan Dinh Phu is close to zero. This indicates the
severe septic
condition of the canal. However, at the confluence of the NLTN and Saigon Rive
r, the
concentration of the DO started to improve from less than 1.0 mg/L to 3.2 mg/L.
Increased DO
concentrations probably result from the flushing and dilution effect of the tide
water that brings
additional DO into the canal water.
SS. BOD and COD concentrations show a similar trend for the three sampling stati
ons, with
conditions improving near the mouth of the canal.
CDM International
12-12
NLTN EIA Repo
rt Sept 2000
-1e z. D I,J .4 c- '~Se~-C

beneficial use of the river immediatclv downstream of the contluence of the NLTN
Canal and the
Saigon River is for secondary water contact activities.
Acidification
The level of acidification is indicated by measurement of pH. According to the d
ata, the levels of
pH increase within the Saigon River from Ben Than down to the mouth in both wet
and dry
seasons during both flood and ebb tides. Figure 12-4 shows graphs of collected a
nd measured pH
data for the river. In dry season, the level of pH is approximately 5.8 at Ben T
han and increasing
to 6.5 at the mouth of Saigon River. In the wet season, the range of pH is wider
as it is 5.2 and
reaches a level of nearly 7 at the mouth of the Saigon River. The average level
of pH is within
Category A downstream of Binh Phuoc for each scenario. Upstream of Binh Phuoc su
rface water
is slightly to moderately acidic for during the wet season. During the dry seaso
n upstream pH
levels are higher.
Oxygen-Consuming Materials
Oxygen-consuming materials are indicated by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dis
solved
oxygen (DO). The average COD levels in Saigon River vary in the range of 6-27 mg
/L, usually
higher than the criterion for consumption water sources of 10 mg/L. COD levels a
re shown on
Graphs of collected and measured COD data is shown on Figure 12-5. During the dr
y season the
COD level drops significantly near Thu Dau Mot, particularly during the ebb tide
when the level
drops below 10mg/l putting it into Category A.
DO levels vary in the range of 3.0- 6.Omg/L and attain the lowest level in Nha R
ong area. These
levels suggest serious levels of pollution in Saigon River. The data show that f
or flood and ebb
tides, during both the wet and dry seasons, DO levels at the mouth of the NLTN c
anal are below
4.0 mg/l. Graphs showing DO data is included on Figure 12-6. During the dry seas
on levels
below 4mg/i extend up and beyond Binh Phuoc, approximately 24 lan upstream of th
e NLTN
Canal. The DO levels are typically lower during the ebb tide since the water is
drawn out from
tributaries that are a main source of polluted water. The river satisfies the pa
rameter for DO for all
stations and attains Category A status only between Thu Dau Mot and Ben Thanh du
ring the dry
season and near Ben Than during ebb tide in the rainy season.
Biological Oxygen Demands (BOD) data are available in the dry and wet season but
are not
classified according to tide level. Graphs of the collected BOD data is shown on
Figure 12-7.
During the dry season the BOD level is approximately 12 mg/l at Ben Than and dro
ps to nearly 11
mg/l at Binh Phuoc and rises to about 13 mg/l at the river mouth at Nha Rong: Du
ring the wet
season the BOD level is 11.5 mg/l at Ben Than, rises to 12 mg/l at Binh Phuoc, a
nd approaches 14
mg/l at Nha Rong. BOD levels are within Category B for the entire study length.
Suspended Solids
The suspended solids (SS) levels in Saigon River increases gradually from upstre
am section
towards the estuary. Figure 12-8 shows graphs of suspended solids data for the s
cenarios. From
Thu Dau Mot to Binh Phuoc, the SS level is at the limit for consumption water so
urces.
Downstream of Binh Phuoc levels are within Category B. Downstream of Nha Rong le
vels of SS
are greater than the maximum allowable for much of the river due to the discharg
e of wastewater
from urban Saigon.
Other Parameters
The total nitrogen levels in Saigon River vary in the range of 1.05-3.85mg/L, in
dicating severe
eutrophication. Levels rise near Nha Rong particularly during the dry season. Fo
r all locations
between Thu Dau Mot and the mouth.the levels are within the allowable range for
Category A.
Figure 12-9 shows graphs of nitrogen data for each of the scenarios. Total colif
orm levels have
been graphed and are shown in Flgure 12-9 Graphs of ammonia levels for each scen
ario are shown
in Figure 12-11. Temperature data graphs for the scenario is included as Figure
12-12.
CDM Internatioral
12-11
NLTN EIA Report S
ept 2000
Range of Salinity along Sai Gon River

2.5
Wet Season in Flood Tide
2 5T
Average
-Percentile (80%)
0
co
1.
0.5
0.0
Thu Dau Mot (Km.82)
Binh Phuoc (Km.103)
Nha Rong (Km. 131 )
song Saigon (Km. 142)
Range of Salinity along Sai Gon River
Wet Season in Ebb Tide
3.0 t
|
Average
_
-Percentile (80%)
2.0
1.
05
Thu Dau Mot (Km.82)
Binh Phuoc (Km.103)
Nha Rong (Km.131)
ong Saigon (Km.142)
Salinittv
9 19 2000
Salinitv Sheet2
Figure 12-13
Cua
Cua s
Range of Temperature along Saigon River

Flood Tide in Dry Season
Flood Tide in Wet Season
32 0
32.0
Average
31 5)
31.0
31.5
a
p
30 5
St
31.0
0
.
_
___.~__ _____ ,__
_ _____ _____
__
_.
_ _ ._
...................
0~~~~~~e'
295 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~30.5
32 0 0
E
30.0 28,
r-Average_j
0C
290I28 5 -29.5Ae
29.0Z N
ThU Dau Mot
Binh Phuoc
Nha Rong (Km.131) Cua Song Sai Gon
29.0_.
(Kmi 82)
(Km 103)
(Km. 142)
28.5
-z E
Station
28.0 --.I-------.Thu Dau Mot
Binh Phuoc (Km.103) Nha Rong (Km.131) Cua Song Sai Gon
(Kmn.82)
(Kn.142)
32 0
~~~Ebb Tide in Dry Season
Ebb Tide in Wet Season
31 5
z
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~32.0
31.5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3.
L) 31.0
-j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3.
0
C-)~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~ 31 0
O 30 5
0
:3
~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~30.5
d
30
30.0
a.
29 50
E
29
.C 29.5
28.5
-Aeae0
29.0
____
____
______ -4
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~28.
5 -Averag
Thut Dau Mot
Binh Phuoc
Nha Rong (Km.131) Cua Song Sai Gon
28.0
---.....- ----- ..-- --- -- -.I
(Knn.82)
(Km.103)
(Km.142)
Thu Dau Mot Binh Phioc (Km.103) Nha Runig (Km.131) Cua Song Sai Gun
(Krn.82)
'Feni peraIt ure
I ) ' )i)O()
i n pecra t i r /F Igigure
Fiigure 12-12
(Ki. 142)
T e
Range of Ammonia along Saigon River

1 E 1; ( 0 0 t000 ~~~~)=
I

:-- - -
||_ 5
0
200
11,, li l M l (010 0 2)
Amh Plmoc (Km 103)
Nha0 Rr ng (kmi 131 )
Cua song SmioOn (Kml 142)
Thu Dau Mol (Knl 82)
8Amh Ploloc (KI
tO3)
ttha Romig (Km1 131)
Cold Sll 5001 &oqim (001 141.)
| - Pollr AWQSB tA VvOAWS-A =Average -PnrcentlIe)80%/) -at-Modeleom Apri
Poor
AWQSBA uie.AWQS A -Aoerdge
Percrri,Ie 811/) -*MoIsffll PAd Sr-j
Ebb Tide in Dry Season
Ebb T(de in Wet Season
E
'
' '--i- - - E
10 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~0
z () ,)02
ItB(,, I MO0 (Kn 02)
BiAh Phuoc (K. 103)
Nla Rong (Km 131)
Cua song Saigon (Kin 142)
00 2
Tih lDau OlI (Km 82)
6,00 PhImOC (Kin 1t13)
Nha Ro,,q (Kmn 131 )
C1l 0o0 gS 114 5. li (0,0 1-1/Q
| 000,
AWQS-B A Wm AQS A Averaoe - ercei 80%) -M odeled in Ap
]
Po
A AWQOS B AWOS- A - AoOO
gi, -Percorilile (8101) -)aB-M, I Ii,i I' Zi
i) 1 ~l II'~Aml ii,v
oapil
1'
e 12-1 1
')~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~Rrg of) Amoi logSio RvrRne fAmni ln aio ie
Range of Coliform along Saigon River

in Dry Season
1 E+6 0
EI
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2
1.E+1
Ben than (Km.80)
Nha Rong (Km.131)
AWQS-B
AWQS-A
centile (80%)
Range of Coliform along Saigon River
in Wet Season
1 .E+6 - 1.E+5
I
1.E+4
E
-! 1,E+3
1-0
1.E '2
Ben than (Km.801
Nha Rong (Km.131)
AWQS-B
AWQS-A
rcentile (80%)
Total Coliform
9) 11) 2O(1
Figure 12-10
E
Binh Phuoc (Km.103)
-
Average
Per
Binh Phuoc (Km.103)

-
Average
Coliforrn-2 Fi-ure
Pe
Range of N-N03 along Saigon River

Range of N N03 a1lng Saigon Rivrr
ii
13~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
vi ii
9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
F
E
Iu
7
z
r
Z
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
z
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z
I
T,lil Dii, N,t (KI, 2)
BimS Ph-oc (Kn 103)
Nha Rrng (Km 131)
C
-song Saigon (Km 142)
Thuo da Mot (Kv, 12)
ioI PM-,ic
(KniK 103)
Nij RonRig(K,, 131)
C- s(,1 Sj,lilion (Kil 14.')
OiAIV9SB
AWQS-A
_
=-Avv,ge o_
Percen
tile(80 ;
AWS
A
-e ivgv
Poicvlil1O%( Range of N-N03 along Saigon River
Range of N-NO3 along Saigon River
13
E
7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
O
'5 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
z~~~~~~~~~~ 0
lIi Dai, Mol (Kil 82)
B1i, Phluoc (K ll103)
NIa Romg (Km 131)
C
ua song Saigon lKm 142)
Thu Dau Mol (Km 82)
Bfili Phuoc (Km
103)
Nha Rong (Kn 131)
Cua song Saiuoli (Kin 142)
AAWOS IB
AWQS A
Aoe,age
-Percentile (
80%) <
b AWtOS-B
-A
_ ALe
C, -I
I
Nitrate
'i) 20(I"
N-n-n
Ti guLc
j;
re 12-9
Range of Suspended Solid along Saigon River

(Flood Tide in Dry Season)
(Flood Tide in Wet Seasotn)
300
",! 250
'( IM
Z N
200
ZN
E
z E
>E
0-- , I _ _ _
Ben Than (Kmn 80)
Thu Dau Mot
Binh Phuor
N
ha Rung (Krim 131) Cua Song Saigor
on bI hn (Kin 80) Thu Dau Mot
Birih t'huoc Nha Rong (Km 131) Cua So
ng Siigon
(Km 82)
(Krn 103)
(Kin 142)
(Kmi 82)
(Km 103)
(Km 142)
l',oDr
AWQS-B
AWOS-A
-Average
Percentile (80%)
_
0 0 __ X - =
-_
Poor
AWOS
B
~~~~~~ ~~
~
~~~~AWQS A Aeae - P'ercentilez (80t.)
|
(Ebb Tide in Dry Season)
(Ebb Tide in Wet Season)
300
'00()
250
z N t- 200 |
E )
__
150
E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ E ,
1)
5 __. .
__ ___
O0
I h;iii j Ki) HtO) Ihi Dati Mot
Binh Phuoc
Nha Rong (Km 131) Cua Song S
aigon
Ben Than (Km 80)
Thu Dau Mot
BinhPhuoc
Nha Rong (
Krn 131) CIa Song Sad(iori
(Km 82)
(Km 103)
(Km 142)
(Km 82)
(Km. 103)
(Km 1
42)
I'ouo
AWQS-B____
AWQ5-A___ = Avrrage
Percertii (8o)
j
Poor
AWQS-B
AWQS-A -Average
-Percenitile (80'/o)
Suspenided SolidlS
( I) ') 'I 2( )((
Ss/(Giraph
Figure 12-8
Range of BOD along Saigon River

in Dry Season
25 20
15
E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
| 51
z Ez
0
Ben Than (Km.80)
Binh Phuoc(Km.103)
Nha Rong (Km.131)
AWQS-B
AWQS-A
-Average
Percentile (80
%)
in Wet Season
25:-E
201 5
5Ben Than (Km.80)
Binh Phuoc (Km.103)
Nha Rong (Km.131)
AWQS-B
AWQS-A
Average
in Percentile (80%)
Biochemical Ox gen Demand
9 19 2000
Rod Graph
Figure 12-7
Range of DO along Saigon River

MEE
87~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
z"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~Ben Than IKm 80)
TIn, Daon Mol (Km~
82) BmnO Plh oo Knl 103) Nlla Booi (Knl 131) C,I. Srr 'Coo.. 1/
Fr', IF,, Ors,l OF)} TOol Dau Mol (Krm 82) OreS PF,r,nt (Kmn 103) Nna Rorrg (
Kml 131)
Cua Song Sorgon (Km 142)
. OoW,25- AWOS.-B
Poor
-Average
Percenel,e (20.)
_
Fe,' -AWOSAf
02
00 -1
Poorl
zl -A)
Range of 0O along Saigon River Range of DO along Saigon River
Ebb Tede mDry Seasn10
EEbb Te n Wet S
Tr,,,, F?.~~~~~~, OFF, TI1~~~~~~ Do,, MoF FF001 02)h 8,K0, PFTh,DooMcFKKr,n NIF
ni, hn.(KK,n1031)
. RhU
(.,r1I1)Be',,
I T. )
Th l D M t (K. 82) B1, P - (K m 103) Nha Rong (K.
131) Cua Song Sago
(K. 142)
B e
(On 80) TI D Mol (On
82)
P o
103)
Na R31)
,,
__., __ ___, _
,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FF'
,O
' z.'AWQS
A AW Q
S-B
P
onr
-Aooroge -Fer00nFF,1 (20)
AWQS-B
LL . AWS.A
FCoo,
-Ao.-F,1o,
I)issolve(l ()xy;c
,,F.R
of DO a
in,(ii3D ao
i Ioiguri
12-6
Range of COD along Saigon River

-3,,
_--

(Flood
/____
Tide in Wet Season)

or
-~ _
E
_ =_
0D
'______
25 _2
____ =_
E
20
__________
_____'5
___
r3______
S __ ________
_
__
1__
10 ___________
_
n1)____
--_
0
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
Beni Ihlar (Km 80)
ThLu Dau Mot
Binh Phuoc (Km 103) Nha Rong (Kmr131) C
ua song Saigon
Ben Than (Km 80)
Thu Dau Mot
BiSh Phlioc
Nha Rong (Km 131) Gua sol,c 0-o.11Jur
(Kmn 82)
(Km.142)
(Km 82)
(Km 103)
(Km 142)
AWS -B
AWOS-A
ABe_age
- Percenli
le (800)
- AOWs -BAwS A
A
ern
35:_ 35 _g =
30____________________________________
30
_ - ______30S _____25 __ ___________________________________
__>___
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3
o
5ie1r 10| ____._
z
5
5
a,
__,
_
o
_.,
_,
. _
,_
,
_ _I0
Hr n hair l(Km 80) Thu Dau Mol
Binh Phuroc
Nha Rung (Kml131) Cu
aasong Saigon
Ben TSar(Km 80)
(hu Hai Mel
HorS F Irrirc Nlba Bong Krrr 131) hira sonigS;()
(Km 82)
(Km 103)
(Km 142)
(Kme82)
(Km 103)
(Kr-i 142)
AWOS-iH
AWQS A
-Average
_
Per
cenilie (80%) ]
(
- AQWS-B
QSA Average
8'rrcrnntnle (D0BI........)
Chemical Oxygen Demand
') i)
(
'tuic
'e 12-5
Range of pH Along Saigon River

10
(Flood Tide in Wet Season)
8
4
i
- 3
. =,_
.
: ---t78,~~~Th~~~)K,. nO) iflo1Th.,M~~~~~~~~~~~~~IIk,,~~~~ 82) al. f'h..fl,H 33) N,
,., ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ..... ...
A.V%le, A
AWO5 B
Avorage
P
cQ(0WQA,s
Pe2enS-A
AWOQS-8
= Averge P r
Pcn
(22AQA)
I'ee
if
o
9
8
zzp j_
4
z
I- _1.11_.) -___ _31
G- ___ __1E
,
---.)
lEEEqT .EEEEIEHtxhI
r. 03EEs1 Maz ht 1
8op7ohlcIm 13]
tIha
Rla 131
l c,Snogs; 5o,(rh 142)
8EI+IEN,EOEE. 80)
Tb,,Da
M0I (8E, 82,
8-EPEIIn ho< h )IEO alE) klEA o)qIQE
1311
-- l r1
1'.;bt
AWES A
AWOS 8
A
verage
PeceoII (8O%)
- - POrcenIlle (20%)
C
WOS-A
AWOS O
--Av qe 4,, - J5Cent)le (2(0%)
rc llI1 (9)',)
p a11
a) 20U'((>)
pI I/Graphl
Eaig,ire 12-4
Ce-' ~-.s -a; .~ 4: t<_ Sep -OC

27 Total Pesticide
mlI
0.15
15
28IDDT
mu/l
0.01
0.01
28 Coliform (total)
MPN'IOOml 5000
IO,OO
30 Alpha (Total Radiation)
Becqurel/l
0.1
0.1
31 Beta (Total Radiation)
Becqurel/l
1.0
1.0
12.5.2
Data Sources
Many firms including CEFINEA, and VACNE have performed surface water quality sam
pling.
The data was collected between from 1995 to 1998 with the majority of data gathe
red in 19951996. The water quality samples were collected at differing intervals: monthly,
weekly or every 3
hours over 36 hour. The data were collected in both in wet season and dry season
, and also during
flood and ebb tidal events.
The location of hydrological and water quality sampling and monitoring stations
along Saigon
River are shown in Figure 12-1. These stations were monitored by the CEFINEA for
the
Department of Science, Technology and the Environment (DOSTE) during 1996 and 19
97.
The water quality monitoring stations along the Saigon river are: Ben Than, Thu
Dau Mot, Cau
Binh Phuoc, Cang Nha Rong. Additional water quality sampling stations are locate
d at Bason
Bridge at the mouth of Nhieu Loc Thi Nghe canal and at the mouth of the Saigon R
iver.
In addition to collection of water quality data, a water quality sampling progra
m was performed
for the project. Water quality samples were taken at the Saigon Bridge and at Ba
ch Dang on the
Saigon River. Samples were collected at three-hour intervals over a 36-hour peri
od. Collected
samples were tested for pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen dem
and, total
nitrogen, total phosphorus, anmmonia, fecal coliform, suspended solids, heavy me
tals and phenol.
A copy of the results is included in Annex 12-2.
12.5.3
Baseline Water Quality - Saigon River
Water quality data and the results of the sampling program have been collected a
nd tabulated.
Surface water quality data along the Saigon River has been grouped into wet and
dry seasons
during both flood and ebb tides and is shown in Figures 12-4 to 12-13. An averag
e for each water
quality parameter was calculated for each scenario. In addition, a percentile wa
s applied to reduce
risk of faulty data skewing the results. A percentile was used as the key indica
tor for all
parameters -xcept pH in the analysis and in the following discussion. The Saigon
-Nha Be River
system comprises the Saigon, Dong Nai, and Nha Be Rivers. The Saigon River and D
ong Nai
River join to form the Nha Be River southeast of Ho Chi Minh City. For the curre
nt project, it is
anticipated that the Saigon River and Nha Be River are the two most significant
water receiving
bodies that would benefit from the provision of wastewater collection, treatment
and disposal
facilities for the NLTN basin.
A review of the collected river water quality information indicates that for str
etches of the Saigon
River above the Ho Chi Minh City's northeastem boundary, the river water quality
is relatively
clean and unpolluted. As the Saigon River flows southeast and meanders through t
he urbanized
and rural areas of Ho Chi Minh City province and the provinces of Dong Nai, Song
Be, and Tan
Ninh, it receives a large quantity of surface water flow over this stretch. Due
to the large dilution
available in the Saigon River and the high assimilative capacity of the river sy
stem, the water
quality downstream of the Ho Chi Minh City urban center is still relatively unpo
lluted. In most
instances the water quality complies with the limits set out in the Vietnamese A
mbient Water
Quality guidelines outlined in TC\'N 5942 - Categorv B of the Surface Water Qual
ity (AWQSB). AWQS-B is considered appropriate for the ambient river water quality objecti
ves as the
CDM International
12-10
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
,r: - 2
. 1_ c -1: 5en- 25
12.5
Existing Water Quality
12.5.1
Water Quality Standards for Dong Nai Saigon River Basin
Surface Water Qualitv Standards in Vietnam are based on general classifications.
Ambient water
quality standard (AWQS) categories depend on intended use for the surface water.
Areas along
the Saigon River have not yet been formally classified for surface water qualitv
. The categories
are:
Category A (AWQS-A) - Surface water can be used for sources of domestic water su
pply with
appropriate treatment and; Category B (AWQS-B) - Surface water can be used for t
he purposes
other than domestic water supply.
Surface water quality levels that don't meet the parameters of Category are cons
idered poor.
Surface Water Quality Parameters in Vietnam for Categories A, and B are shown in
Table 12-5.
Table 12.5 Surface Water Quality Standards for Vietnam
No.
Parameter
Unit
Cate
gory A Category B
(AWQS-A) (AWQS-B)
I pH
6 - 8
5.5 - 9
2 BOD
mgnI
< 4
< 25
3 COD
mg/I
< 10
< 35
4 DO
mgil
> = 6
>= 2
_
Suspended Solid
mg/Il
20
80
6 Arsenic
mg/Il
0.05
0.1
7 Barium
mg/l
1
4
8 Cadmium
mg/l
0.01
0.02
9 Lead
mg/l
0.05
0.1
10 Chromium (VI)
mg!"l
0.05
0.05
11 Chromium (III)
mg/l
0.1
I
12 Cooper
mg/I
0.1
1.0
13 Zinc
mg/l
1
2
14 Manganese
mg/l
0.1
0.8
15 Nickel
mg/l
0.1
I
16 Dissolved Iron
mg/I
1
2
17 Hg
mg/i
0.001
0.002
18 Tin
mg/I
1
2
19 Ammonia (based on N)
1
20 Fluorides
1.5
21 Sulphates
250
22 Nitrate (based on N)
15
23 Nitrite
0.05
24 Cyanide
0.05
25 Phenol (Compund)
0.02
26 Oll and grease
0.3
CDM International
EIA Report Sept 2000
mg/l
0.05
mg!l
mg/I
150
mg/l
10
mg/!
0.01
mg/l
0.01
mg/l
0.001
mc'l
12-9
None
NLTN
4|oQUAN CO VAP
r~~~~~~
-,
t_
X
,
L--- ----J-N
,
-,''QUANl'il'iM'
I
i
i tS
Q ANs SNII I I
1.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
i
-..
e1s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U
N!> t z 2
-_ \/UAN1 3-g/<e>QU
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
j,
QUAN 10
.t
I
I
O
I I ' 4/ I
(~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
8/
\_i j<8 * \ -7/

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r--,eM
PW~F*PLES CO
~~~~-----------~~~~~~~~~~ .'-.~~~~~MMJTCE OF HO011 CHMItIl Oly

FGR
i O1EjAtlW_N O f Z aup^^we"T Tnu5p sRT11ST A PULIAC TN
KSGURE
7:Zi:- -=
__ . .. HO CHI MINH CtTY SEYWERAGE PROHCT
ECT StTE PSt
14-1
-'-'..
c------ CDM
9
ASIN
U
PROJ
NHIEU LOC-THI NOHE B
Ch14 ->lra 5e 'o 5 a- -S6c;-c0

estimated at VND9 6.3 IS billion (LSD 435 million) There has been no prospect fo
r budget
approval.
In NL-T,N basin, development plan for 1996-2010 prepared by the Parks and Green
Trees
Company comprises:
District 1: a narrow stretch along NL-TN of 2 ha, and a small flower park on Ngu
yen Cu
Trinh Ward of 3.5 ha.
District 3: a recreational park along Hoa Hung Railway Station and NL-TN Canal,
2 ha.
* District 10: a park in Ward 14, 2.7 ha.
* District Binh Thanh: green tree park along NL-TN Canal 7.5 ha, and many other
parks,
totally 328 ha.
District Phu Nhuan: green park along NL-TN Canal in Wards 1, 2, 7, 17: 7 ha.
. District Tan Binh: Cultural and Sports Park in Ward 4: 7 ha.
Thus, the total green space associated with NL-TN improvement is some 18 ha.
The development of the green space in NL-TN Improvement Project stage 1, near Th
i Nghe
Bridge, has clearly improved the environmental esthetics of this area during the
day.
14.8
Sanitation
14.8.1
Existing Sanitary Conditions
Ho Chi Minh City central urban area has a combined system for collection of wast
ewater and
storm water. It consists of a network of underground culverts, sewers and open d
rains, which
collect and convey both wastewater and storm water runoff to natural streams and
man-made
canals, ultimately flowing into the Saigon River. Within the NLTN basin, the are
a south of the
canal is relatively well served, while the northem portion is somewhat poorly se
rved. Sanitation
conditions are poorest in a low-lying strip along the canal, where squatter hous
ing had been built
on fill that intruded into the waterway. The reduced canal capacity and the redu
ced tidal flushing
in the clogged canal, in tum, caused blockages and sewage overflows in the major
culverts and
sewers that discharge into the canal. The DTPW Project to add roadways along the
canal and
improve canal embanlknents dredged approximately 250,000 m3 removing some flow r
estrictions.
House connections to the sewerage/drainage system vary. Approximately 55 per cen
t of the
households in Ho Chi Minh City as a whole dispose of their wastewater through se
ptic
tanks/vaults, while the wastewater from the remaining 45 per cent of households
is discharged
directly into the drainage systems. Houses with septic tanks typically have dual
gray
water/sanitary wastes discharg: systems. Grey water from food preparation, washi
ng, bathing etc.
is discharged directly to the sewerage/drainage system. Sanitary wastes from toi
lets are
discharged to a septic tank located beneath the house, which overflows to the dr
ainage system.
Only about half of the septic tanks/vaults are properly designed and constructed
. Many of the
tanks dlo not have regular solids removal. Thus, the treatment capability of the
septic tanks is
generallv low. As a result of the lack of maintenance, the condition of the syst
em has deteriorated
over the years. Localized floods lasting 1-2 days during the rainy season are re
ported in more than
50 flood-prone areas throughout the city.
The level of sanitation in the NLTN basin varies in different districts and most
ly in accordance
with the socioeconomic condition of the population. A review of the 1997 health
data obtained
from the Health Department (as shown in
Table 14-6) indicates that the majoritv of the population has access to a toilet
facility complete
with a septic tank. However, there are still households within the study area wi
thout a bathroom
and toilet facility (3.879 households) or with toilet but discharge directly to
the canal (8.803
households). This is especially true for the population dwelling along the slum
area adjacent to
the NLTN Canal.
CDM International
14-6
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
14 H-a-Ise v5 Coc - '9-Ser-5

Table 14-6: Existing Sanitation
Households
District
With Dug Well Without Bathroom
With Toilet Discharge
and Toilet
directly to Canal
1
70
1,607
3
922
1,666
10
149
Go Vap
6,530
2,239
192
Tan Binh
3,435
648
1,608
Phu Nhuan
392
204
Binh Thanh
12,974
3,377
Data Source: 1997 Statistics the Health Department of Ho Chi Minh City
14.8.2
Septage Management
The City Environmental Company (CITENCO) is phasing out its septic tank desludgi
ng service as
it focuses its effort in refuse management. As a consequence a growing number of
pnvate smallscale septic tank desludging enterprises are operating without significant regul
atory control.
CITENCO has some 20 septage collection tankers each with a capacity from 2 to 7
m3; the total
capacity of the fleet is about 75 m'. It is believed that private-sector enterpr
ises together possess
about the same total capacity as with the CITENCO. Some are registered, but a la
rge number do not
formally apply for a business perrnit, and none receives technical or legal advi
ce for hygienic
operation. Septage collected in HCMC is mostly disposed of informally. Septage i
s discharged at
any convenient site: sewers, roadsides in peri-urban areas, vacant fields, even
canals and streams,
or sold to farmers in rural areas to grow vegetables and fertilize their paddy f
ields. Some fishpond
owners also purchase septage, which is usually first poured into a separate pond
and then used to
supply nutrients for fish feed growth.
There are three important disposal sites in peri-urban areas, two of them each r
eceiving 150-200
mi of septage a day at a cost of VND 60,000 a truckload of 4 m3 to produce soil
conditioner. At
one site, of Hoa Binh Fertilizer Enterprise, the land is divided into cells, eac
h with dimensions of
about 4x6 m. A depth of 0.5-1.0 m of earth is removed, and the cell is enclosed
by earth
embankrnents about 0.3 m high. The septage is poured into it; its liquid is drai
ned away to a
network of ditches then to a small ditch nearby. The more condensed septage is m
anually mixed
with saw dust or burned rice husks. These materials help aosorb malodors and con
trol flies. The
main customers of the product are sugarcane and rubber plantations; household-sc
ale farmers buy
only small amounts to grow annual crops.
HCMC will close down the septage composting operations for environmental reasons
. Hoa Binh
Fertilizer Enterprise will have to move by 2005. CITENCO has prepared a proposal
for a septage
management project and presented to the DTPW.
CDM International
t Sept 2000
14-7
NLTN EIA Repor
15 Quality-of-Life Values
15.1
Population and Demographics
15.1.1
Existing Profile
The current population of the basin is 1,200,000. The registered population excl
udes
tourists, visitors and unregistered inhabitants (usually people from rural areas
, who must
live in the city for ten years to obtain permanent registration).
The average population density in the NLTN basin is 294 persons/ha and varies
significantly over the 60 wards within the basin. The highest densities (500 to
1,000
persons/ha) are found in the crowded shop houses in District 3, Tan Binh, and Ph
u Nhuan.
The lowest densities (90 to 200 persons/ha) are associated with the villas in th
e center of
District 3, and the military and suburban areas in the Tan Binh District.
15.1.2
Future Growth and Trends
The design of the NLTN wastewater components utilized an envelope approach to
population developing high and low projects to the year 2030. Figure 15-1 shows
the
projections developed. The target population adopted in the Ho Chi Minh City gen
eral
plan is adopted as the low projection. The high estimate is based on the histori
c growth
rates and population densities within each of the 60 wards in the NLTN Basin, es
timates of
saturated population densities, and an estimate of the unregistered population.
Figure 15-1 Population Projections for NLTN Districts
2,500,000
lll
0 -High Projection
---low Projection
2,000,000 T
c 1,500,000
- -----0.
1,000,000
500,000
01
1997
2000
2005
2010
2020
2030
Year
CDM International
15-1
NLTN EIA Report Sept
2000
cr.. C0ar l,c..e .<2 doc - '9-Sec C9

15.2
Public Health
Information on epidemiological evidence of waterbome diseases (for years 1996 an
d 199 7)
associated with inadequate sanitation in the seven districts of the NLTN basin h
as also
been collected from the Health Department of the Ho Chi Minh City and is summari
zed in
Table 15-1. Comparing the 1996 and the 1997 information, apart from the Tan Binh
and
Binh Than distnrcts, there is generally an increase in the number of incidents o
f waterbome
disease associated with the lack of adequate sanitation within the project area.
Based on
the 1997 population of 1, 1 70,954 and 10 percent increase in the waterborne inc
ident rate, a
total number of about 10,000 waterbome disease incidents can reasonably be estim
ated for
1998.
Table 15-1: Incidence of Waterborne Diseases Associated with Inadequate Sanitati
on
a) Number of cases in 100,000 people in 1996
District
Diarrhea Dysentery
Typhoid
Hepatitis
Total
1
66.04
58.46
12.63
14.43
151.56
3
41.86
43.03
13.69
9.00
107.58
10
48.68
43.81
10.11
13.85
116.45
Go Vap
4.36
51.46
7.41
9.59
72.82
Tan Binh
14.69
49.52
9.66
10.06
83.93
BinhThanh
8.57
75.95
11.51
14.21
110.24
Phu Nhuan
10.09
43.90
7.57
10.09
71.65
b) Number of cases in 100,000 people in 1997
District
Diarrhea Dysentery
Typhoid
Hepatitis
Total
1
76.58
43.61
19.50
14.89
154.58
3
54.14
41.09
14.21
12.29
121.73
10
52.65
46.76
13.62
12.15
125.18
Go Vap
2.98
79.16
4.68
8.94
95.76
Tan Binh
12.89
50.76
8.00
8.59
80.24
Binh Thanh
7.90
73.49
11.73
14.60
107.72
Phu Nhuan
14.82
58.28
12.84
15.31
101.25
15.3
Cultural Heritage, Recreation, Tourism and Visual
Resource
Cultural, archeological, recreational and tourism features as well as visual res
ources along
the proposed works have been mapped as a part of this study. Data tables are sum
marized
below in Table 15- 2 and included in Annex 15.1.
COM Internationa!
1 5-2
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
C- 5~ - *,''. fc'5Se-0
Table 15- 2: List of Cultural, Historical and Recreational Sites
Location
Name
Type
District 1
36 Vo thi Sau
Temple of Tran Hung Dao
Historical
Vo thi Sau St.
Le van Tam Park
Recreational
200 Vo thi Sau
Museum oe Southern Vietnamese Women
Historical
District 3
126 Cach Mang Thang Tam Cutural Center of District 3
Cultural
300 Cach Mang Thang Tam 7'u vien" Men Thanh Gia Monastory
Religious
475 Cach Mang Thang Tam Chi Hoa Temple
Religious
169 Nam Ky Khoi Nghia
City Children's Center
Cultural
228 Nam Ky Khoi Nghia
Notre Dame Convent ("Dong Duc Ba")
Religious
161 Pasteur
Memorial House and Library of the Late General Tran v
an Tra
Historical
District 10
104 To Hien Thanh
Hoa Hung Church
Religious
3rd February
Viet Nam Quoc Tu Temple
Religious
District Binh Thanh
280 Bui Huu Nghia
Gia Dinh Church ("Nha tho Thanh Mau")
Religious
336 Le Quang Dinh
Hung Gia Tu Temple
Religious
357/3 Le Quang Dinh
"Tinh That' Huong Thien Monastery
Religious
464 Le Quang Dinh
Duoc Su Temple
Religious
466 Le Quang Dinh
"Tinh That' Lien Hoa Monastery
Religious
490 Le Quang Dinh
Tu Thuyen Temple
Religious
Phan Dang Luu-No Trang
Monument
Historical
Long intersection
10 Phan Dang Luu
"Nu tu Bac ai" Convent
Religious
Thich Quang Duc St.
Phap Hoa Temple
Religious
District Phu Nhuan
70 Nguyen van Troi
Cultural Center for Dictrict Phu Nhuan
Cultural
112 Nguyen van Troi
Dai Giac Temple
Religious
209 Nguyen van Troi
"Hoi thanh' Baptit-An dien Church
Religious
District Tan Binh
Hoang van Thu St.
Hoang van Thu Park
Recreational
190 Le van Sy
"Giao xu" Da Minh Dioesce
Religious
314 Le van Sy
Long Vinh Temple
Religious
413 Le van Sy
Vietnamese Martyrs Church
Religious
District Go Vap
4bis Hoang Hoa Tham
"Giao xu Duc Me Vo nhiem" Church
Religious
17 Hoang Hoa Tham
Hai Ba Trung Temple
Historical
466 Nguyen Kiem
Traditional House
Historical
716 Nguyen Kiem
'Thien vien" Van Hanh Monastery
Religious
Source Survey by CDM in 2000.
CDM Inte-ational
5-3
Report Se0t 2000
NLTN EIA
Part E
Impact Assessment
COM International
16 Identification of Key Environmental Issues

This Chapter outlines the processes through which kev environmer.tal issues rela
ted to the Project
are identified: preliminary environmental assessment, environmental screening an
d public
consultation.
16.1 Preliminary Environmental Assessment
A preliminary environmental assessment (or initial environmental examination) wa
s conducted in
August 1999 during the feasibility study and preliminary design stage of the Pro
ject. The
preliminary assessment evaluated the likely impacts of the proposed scheme on en
vironmental
resources and values, and proposed mitigation measures to be adopted during proj
ect construction
and operation. In addition, it also outlined specific issues to be resolved in t
he event that the
Project is to be further pursued. The World Bank and the Ministry of Science, Te
chnology and
Environment also reviewed and provided comments on the preliminary environmental
assessment
report.
In summary, it was concluded that while the Project will bring about significant
economic, social
and environmental benefits to the NLTN basin and the City, short-terrn adverse i
mpacts (if not
managed properly) could potentially occur during Project construction. Such pote
ntial impacts
include:
* Local flooding,
* traffic congestion from activities such as open cut construction in heavily tr
afficked areas,
* local water quality degradation due to (a) inappropriate disposal of sanitary
waste from the
construction site and (b) the dredging, transportation and disposal of canal sed
iments,
* disruption to businesses due to road closure, and
* noise and dust emissions due to poorly managed construction activities.
Long term adverse impacts could also stem from poor planning and design features
that impart
severe water quality degradation of the receiving bodies instead of improvement.
Specifically, it
was recommended the following key issues would require further evaluation in a d
etailed
environmental impact assessment:
* location of the proposed submarine outfall;
* impact of discharge on receiving water quality (i.e. Saigon River);
* assessment of aquatic ecology in the receiving waters; and
* strategy for management of surplus materials dredged from the canal.
16.2 Environmental Screening
As part of this environmental impact assessment, a list of 22 potential negative
impacts related to
wastewater collection, treatment, reuse and disposal systems has been reviewed a
gainst the
proposed Project and baseline environmental conditions as described in Parts C a
nd D of this
report, respectively. The list of potential impacts was extracted from the Wor
ld Bank's
"Environmental Assessment Sourcebook - Volume II. Sectoral Guidelines" (December
1991). The
objective of the review was to help identify key issues for more detailed assess
ment in later
sections. The results of the review are summarised in Table 16-1.
CDM International
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Table 16-1: Checklist of Environmental Issues in Wastewater Management
Potential Negative Impacts
Likely Significance
1. Disturbance of stream channels, aquatic Insignificant: NLTN Canal has virtua
lly no ecological value,
plants and animal habitat, and spawning and
therefore the proposed canal dred
ging is not expected to have
nursery areas during construction,
any impact on aquatic ecology. In th
e long term, improved
canal water quality may in fact encourage recovery of the
aquatic habitats.
The proposed outfall location in Saigon River also has low
aquatic ecological value and fisheries resource. Outfall
construction is not expected to impact on these aspects. No
further analysis is proposed.
2. Alterations in watershed hydrologic balance Positive benefit: an objective o
f the Project is to alleviate
when wastewater is exported by collection flooding in the NLTN basin.
in large upstream areas and discharge
downstream.
3. Degradation of neighborhood or receiving
Valid issue to be further evalua
ted. See Chapter 17 (Receiving
water quality from sewer overflows,
Waters Impact Assessment).
treatment work bypasses, or treatment
process failure.
4. Degradation of receiving water quality Valid issue to be further evaluated.
See Chapter 17 (Receiving
despite normal system operations.
5. Public health hazards in vicinity of effluent
Valid issue to be further ev
aluated. See Chapter 17 (Receiving
discharges or reuse sites during normal
operation of system.
6. Contamination at land application sites, No land application of sewage effl
uent is intended. No further
impacting on soil, crops and/or
analysis is proposed.
groundwater.
7. Failure to achieve desired beneficial uses of Valid issue to be further eval
uated. See Chapter 17 (Receiving
receiving waters despite normal system
operations.
8. Odors and noise from treatment process or Valid issue to be further evaluat
ed. See Chapter 18.
sludge disposal operations.
9. Emission of volatile organic compound (VOC) Not relevant. The proposed pumpin
g/screening facility does
from treatment process.
not emit VOC.
10. Soil, crop or groundwater contamination and Not relevant. No organic sludge
will be generated from the
disease vector breeding or feeding at sludge proposed pumping/screening facilit
y. Screened materials from
storage, reuse or disposal sites.
the pumping/screening station will be
disposed of to an
approved landfill.
I1. Worker accidents during construction and
Valid issue to be further evalua
ted. See Chapter 18.
operation, especially in deep trenching
operations.
12. Worker accidents caused by gas
Valid issue to be further evaluated.
See Chapter 18.
accumulation in sewers and other confined

spaces or by hazardous materials discharged
into sewers.
13. Public and worker health hazard from Not relevant. The proposed pumping/sc
reening facility does
chlorine accidents.
not involve use of chlorine.
14. Nuisance and public health hazard from Insignificant. By design, the propos
ed scheme will prevent
sewer overflows and backups.
sewage overflow or backup into NLTN
basin.
15. Failure of achieving public health
Insignificant. It is the intention of
the proposed scheme to
improvement in serviced area.
improve public health in NLTN basin.
However, it is proposed to
conduct a sanitation and hygiene education program (see Part F
- Environmental Management Plan)
CDM International
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NLTN EIA R
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-He 'ss es ccc - i3-Se:-G.

Potential Negative Impacts
Likely Significance
16. Dislocation of residents by plant siting. Valid issue to be further evaluat
ed. See Chapter 18.
17. Perceived or actual nuisances and adverse Valid issue to be further evalua
ted. See Chapter 18.
aesthetic impacts in neighborhood of treatment
plant (pumping station).
18. Accidental destruction of monuments and
Unlikely. All proposed components
of the Project are located in
historical sites during excavation.
urban or disturbed areas. No further
analysis is proposed.
19. Unplanned development induced or
Unlikely. Strict land use planning c
ontrols are in place.
facilitated by infrastructure.
20. Regional solid waste management problems Not relevant. No organic sludge wi
ll be generated from the
exacerbated by sludge.
proposed pumping/screening facility.
Screened materials from
the pumping/screening staion wAill be disposed of to an
approved landfill.
21. Loss of fisheries productivity
Unlikely to be significant: fishery
resource in Saigon in the
vicinity of the proposed outfall is not significant. See Chapter
17.
22. Reduction of tourist or recreational activity. Not applicable: the Project
will improve the environmental
condition of the canal and therefore enhance tourist and
recreational activity.
Table 16-1 suggests that the key issues may be grouped into the following catego
ries:
* Impacts on receiving waters, including water quality and public health aspect
s, under normal
and emergency situations;
Odour and noise from pumping station;
* Worker safety during construction and operation;
* Dislocation of residents at pumping station site; and
* Aesthetics at pumping station site.
16.3 Public Consultation
A phased public consultation program x as undertaken to identify issues that are
or perceived to be
of concem to the affected comnmunities. The findings of the consultation program
are discussed in
Chapter 11. Overall, the community at large is supportive of the Project due to
its long-term
benefit on economics and environmental quality. Key issues identified by the com
munities have
been related to the following pre-construction and construction activities:
* Resettlement and compensation (for residents on the proposed pumping/screenin
g plant site);
* Dust from construction;
* Traffic congestion;
* Noise and vibration;
* Spillage from transportation of dredged materials;
* Silt laden stormwater runoff;
* Increased accidents due to construction. and
* Blocking of access to buildings and pubolic 0laces.
CDM International
16-3
NLTN EIA
Report Sept 2000
16.4 Summary of Key Issues

The preceding sections present the key issues identified from the preliminary e
nvironmental
assessment, environmental screening and public consultation exercises. Table 162 summarises
where such issues may be encountered in the different stages or activities of th
e Project.
Table 16-2: Summary of Key Effects and Impacts
Activity
Key Effects/Impacts
Relevant E
IA
section
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
1- Land resumption for
' Dislocation of residents on the pumping
*
Section 18.4.2
construction of pumping station station site
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
(Part I - Wastewater Components)
2- Interceptor sewer, Combined * Construction noise
*
Section 18.4.3.2
Sewer Overflows and Pumping a Construction dust
a Se
ction 18.1.2.1
Station
' Water quality impact
a Section 18.1.1.1
a Terrestrial ecology
* Section 18.2.2
* Worker safety
* Section 18.4.6
3- River Outfall
* Water quality impact on Saigon River
*
Section 17.1
* Waterway navigation and traffic
* Section 18.3.4
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
(Part 2 - Drainage Components)
4- Drainage improvement works, * Construction noise
*
Section 18.4.3.2
including replacement and new ' Construction dust
' Se
ction 18.1.2.1
drainage pipes and culverts
* Traffic
* Section 18.3.3
* Worker safety
* Section 18.4.6
* Public safety
Section 18.4.7
* Damage to utilities
. Section 18.3.5
a Indirect impact on businesses
a Section 18.3.6
' Indirect impacts on tourism, recreational, ' Sections 18.3.7
historical, cultural and public facilities & 18.4.4
* Public Toilets
* Section 18.3.8
5- Canal improvement (dredging) a Water quality impact during dredging
*
Section 18.1.1.2
works
* Odour impact during dredging
* Se
ction 18.1.2.1
* Increased truck/barge traffic to transport * Section 18.3.4
dredged material offsite
CDM International
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NLTN EIA Re
port Sept 2000
OPERATION AND
|MAINLTENANCE PHASE
__
_
6- Sewer/drainage network
* Reduced flooding in NLTN basin (Beneficial
* Section 18.1.3
operation & maintenance
effect)
Section 18.4.6
* Worker safety during maintenance works
* Odour emission
Section 18.1.2.2
7- Operation/maintenance of
* Improved canal water quality and aquatic
Section 18.2.1
interceptor and NLTN canal
ecology ((Beneficial effect)
flushing
* Improved public health (Beneficial effect) *
Section 18.4.8
* Public safety
* Section 18.4.7
8- Pumping station operation & * Odour emission
* Section 18.1.2.2
maintenance
* Noise emission
* S
ection 18.4.3:3
* Aesthetics
* Section 18.4.5
* Oil, Grease and Scum Removal (Beneficial * Section 17.2
effect)
* Accidental spill containment (Beneficial * Section 17.2
effect)
_
9- Operation/maintenance of river * Impact on ecology of Saigon River
* Section 17.2
outfall
* Impact on water quality of Saigon River
* S
ection 17.2
* Commercial fisheries
* Section 17.2
* Health hazards
* Section 17.2
CDM International
16-5
NLTN EIA R
eport Sept 200C
17 Receiving Waters Impact Assessment

This chapter is intended to present an assessment of the Project's impacts on th
e Saigon River
water quality and ecology. The impacts of the project are evaluated for both: th
e Construction and
Operation Stages.
17.1 Construction Stage Impacts
Potential water quality impacts on the Saigon River during construction stage ar
e related to the
construction of the outfall pipe and diffuser structure. The principal concern i
s re-suspension of
river sediments caused by dredging and backfilling, if a trench is to be excavat
ed in the riverbed to
accommodate the outfall pipe. The re-suspended sediments would be dispersed by w
ater currents
and eventually be re-deposited away from the work site. An adverse impact would
occur only if
elevated levels of suspended solids reach sensitive areas (e.g. sensitive ecolog
ical habitats).
17.2 Operational Stage Impacts
For the operational stage, the impact assessment is based on analysis of the res
ults of two models:
a water quality model of the Saigon River and an outfall dilution model. The wat
er quality model
predicts the long-term impact of the project on the Saigon River. The outfall di
lution model
predicts the effluent plume during an ebb or flood tide.
17.2.1 Water Quality Modeling
This section describes the mathematical modeling to simulate the water quality a
long the Saigon
River. The model results show the impact of the temporary river outfall of the N
LTN project on
the Saigon River and compare the predicted river water quality with the Vietnam
water quality
standard for the Saigon River. The water quality modeling was performed using th
e Water
Quality Analysis Simulation Program, WASP5, developed by U.S. Environmental Prot
ection
Agency.
17.2.1.1 Model Design
The Saigon River extends 220 kmn upstream from its junction with the Dong Nai Ri
ver in HCM
City to Ho Dau Tieng, and another 78 km beyond Ho Dau Tieng.. Its tributaries ar
e relatively
small but numerous. The Saigon River b-.sin covers an area of 5,400 sq krn, whic
h includes HCM
City and portions of the Tay Ninh province and the Song Be province (see Figure
17-1). The
Saigon River is the biggest river running through the city with a width of 225 t
o 650m and a depth
of 20m. The section running through HCM City is about 23 km long.
The hydrology of the Saigon River is affected heavily by tidal flows that reach
as far as Ben
Than, about 60 km from the confluence of the Saigon and Dong Nai rivers. The tid
al flow of the
Saigon River at the mouth of the NLTN canal, about 15km upstream of the Saigon a
nd Dong Nai
rivers confluence, is about + 3,000 m3/sec. At Phu Cuong, 45 km upstream of the
mouth of the
NLTN Canal, tidal flow is about z 1,500 m3/sec. The tidal flow on the NLTN Canal
at its mouth
at the Saigon River is about 75 m3/sec.
The model is set up to simulate the water quality of the Saigon River from Dau T
ieng to its
confluence with the Dong Nai River, a total length of 142 km. There are a numero
us gauging
stations along the length of the Saigon River such as downstream of Dau Tieng Da
m, Phu Cuong,
Binh Phuoc, Phu An and the NMouth of Saigon River. There are a number of tributa
ries along
Saigon River from Cu Chi to the confluence wvith Dong Nai River including: Thi T
inh, Rach Tra,
CDM International
17-1
NLTN EIA Report Sep
t 2000
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CDM Intemational Inc,
HYDROLOGICAL AND
WATER QUALITY
FIGURE
CDM IncrnaTcna"c. GSAMPLING/ MONITORING STATIONS ALONG SAIGON RIVER
17-1
Thi N'ghe, Rach Chiec. and Ben Luc. The net flow from these tributaries is relat
ivelv small in
comparison with the tidal flow of the Saigon River.
There are several water quality sampling!monitoring stations along Salgon River
such as Ben
Than. Thu Dau NMot, Binh Phuoc, Phu An, Nlha Rong and Mouth of Saigon River. The
se stations
do not sample continuously: sampling only when it is required by specific projec
ts. However, the
project has collected significant sampling data for the period between 1996 and
1999. By
combining water quality data with hydrological data the approximate loading for
each reach of the
river was estimated. This method was used because of insufficient data for tribu
tary flows and
water quality and for population. industrial, agriculture, and live stock for ea
ch catchment along
the length of the river. The model analyzes the following parameters that direct
ly reflect the
effects of municipal wastewater: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Deman
d (BOD),
Ammonia, Nitrate, Total Coliform, and Suspended Solids. It is not necessary to s
imulate the
salinity in this project since the changes in salinity loading with and without
NLTN project are
minimal compared with changes due to the tidal flow of Saigon River.
17.2.1.2 Data Collection
The following data was utilized to setup, calibrate and simulate the model:
* River geometry data (cross-sections). Twenty-four Saigon River cross-sections
from Dau
Tieng to Mouth of Saigon River. The distance between cross-sections is less than
6 km.
The longitudinal profile of the bottom elevation varies from -7 to -22 m MSL and
the
surface width varies from 75 m to 700 m. River cross-sections and a longtitudina
l
profile are included in Annex 17.1
* Hydrology data. Hourly flows and tidal water levels from different periods re
presenting
wet and dry seasons, high and low tides in 4 years: 1996,1997, 1998 and 1999 at
Dau
Tieng, Phu Cuong, Binh Phuoc, Phu An and Mouth of Saigon RiverWater quality Data. Every three hours, daily and monthly water quality data of
major
parameters such as pH, BOD, DO, Ammonia, Nitrate, SS, Salinity, Temperature, Tot
al
Coliform, during 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998 at Ben Than Phu Cuong, Binh Phuoc,
Mouth of Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe canal, Phu An, Nha Rong and Mouth of Saigon River.
Data represents high and low tides in wet and dry seasons. Water quality data fo
r BOD,
DO, Ammonia and Nitrates are shown in Figures 17-2 to 17-5.Table 17-1 presents a
list
of all hydrological and water quality data collected.
In May 2000, a sampling program was conducted to collect additional hydrology an
d water quality
data. Tidal water levels and floxws were measured hourly over a 48-hour period.
Water quality
samples were taken every three hours over a 36-hour period. Measurements and sam
ples were
taken at three locations: the mouth of the NLTN Canal (Bason bridge), Saigon bri
dge (3 km
upstream of confluence of NLTN with Saigon River) and Thu Thiem Pier (2.5 km dow
nstream of
confluence of NLTN with Saigon River). The flow measurement (see Figure 17-6.) s
hows that
the tidal flow of NLTN canal is relative small compared with tidal flow of Saigo
n River (2.5%).
This indicates the magnitude of water quality dilution that is achievable for th
e NLTN wastewater
outfall to the Saigon River. The range of BOD concentrations was about 8 to 12 m
g/L upstream
and downstream of the NILTN Canal on the Saigon River. The concentration of BOD
at Bason
Bridge, just before the NLTN Canal discharges to the Saigon River, ranged from 1
5 to 35 mg/I, or
2 to 3 times the BOD concentration of the Saigon River.
17.2.1.3 Hvdrodynamic Model Calibration
In order to calibrate the model, a period for which both hvdrodynamic and water
quality data is
available in both wet and dry seasons during the flood and ebb tides is required
. Based on these
criteria, data for 5-7 April 1996 (dryv season) and 17-19 September 1997 (wet se
ason) were used to
CDM Internationa'
17-2
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2COO
T I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*~
- 4:~~~~~~~
m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-I~ ~ ~ ~~~~L
---~~~~~j. :;:; ~ ~
~
~
-----
----

in Dry Season
20
Ben Than (Km 80)
Nna RJng (Km 131 }
AWQS-B
AWQS-A
-Average
vtodelea n ADr 9
in Wet Season
25
z
E
Ben Than (Km 80)
Bn Phuoc (Km 103)

-Percen,lae (83%) e
SannDbn9~ m Aryl 95 3
Bonh Phuoc rKm 103)

rma9Rng(Km1l1i
AWQS-B
AWQS-A
-Average
-PencennIe)80%l
* Sampnlngr
n Sn Sep 97
Modeledm Sep 7
Biochemical Oxy*gen Demand
BD1t) 'e!nl) Bods Graphl
Figure 17-2

in Dry Season
7
6
4
Ben Than (Km.80)
Thu Dau Mot (Km 82)
Binh Phuoc (Km 103)
Nha
Rong (Km 131)
Cua Song Saigon (Km 142)
A Wo .AWQS-A
AWQS-B
Poor -Average N Sampling in Apr.96 Percentile (20%) Modeled in Apr. 96
in Wet Season
9
8
7
O 5
4
3
Ben Than (Km.80)
Thu Dau Mot (Km.82)
Binh Phuoc (Km.103)
Nh
a Rong (Km. 131)
Cua Song Saigon
(Km. 142)
IzA'. AWQS-A
AWQS-B
Poor Average
Percentile (20%j -t
*-Modeled in Sep 97 * Sampling in Sep.97
Dissolved Oxygen
9 19 200C
Do'Grapn
Figure 17-3

2 0
. n - Z < a 2 _ 5 _ < = =~~~~~z%
6
z.
1 4
6
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 2
It"10
0 3
0 4
0 2
111) I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00
T11,11. M, (K 802)
r,1h PI,oc (Knm 103 )
Nha Ro,,g (Km 131 j
Cua song S.ogo.1 (K,,, 142) 1
1 nall Mol (Knl 82) PRo,h PI,.oc (K. 103
)
N)110 R81111 (Kl, 131
) Co. o(t" ' 111,111 I I.AVVQSB rt'rAWQS-A -Ae,age -perceotle (80%)
A Modeiedn AApr 06
AW S-8 Jrl.AWCS-A -A ,eroge
PerMc
e111r(80%)
-lFModl' - Ill 'I 7 |
20
2.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
11,
-1
1 t4
14~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1 2
6
I
'M
_E 1 0
' 1 ; -=_~~~~~~~~~~
~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 06 z; %h7
111~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t1 11 s
/1'1 21111(1
ImmontavO2/G
08pA
9 I___ _____2_ ____ __A__mon__ _av_ _2_Graph___ _F ig___ _re__17_
0
Range of Nitrate along Saigon River

Flood Tide In Wet Season
2
O~~~~~~~~~~~~
6~~~~~~~~
(3~~~~~~~~~~~ 0
z
-,~~~~~~ E
2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2
lb., Dav M,A (K 82)
B6i,h Ph.oc (Km 1031
Nha Rong (Km 13 1)
Cua song Saigon tKm 142)
Thu Dau Mot iKm B2)
Bmh Phoc
(aKm 103)
Nha Rong (Km 131)
Caa s,vvt S;vorv1 (K. M4
)
A.N(M4-K
A'NOS-A
-Average
Per
AWOSB
_
AWQS-A
_
Average
PvAcenble (80%)
--Modle d Sep p
Ebb Tide in Dry Se...on
Ebb Tide tn Wet Season
1 2
10
2
2
6
6
() ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~..
0
Ira, M, f (K.K 82)
BKvh Phuoc (Km 103)
Nbna Rong (Km 131)
Cua song Saigoa (Km 142)
Thu Dau Mot (Km.82)
Binh Phu
oc (Km 103)
Nha Rorig (Km 131)
Cua song Saigon (Kai 142)
| AWO1B
AWQS A
-A
=erage =Percenlle (80%)
iMd
eled iApA SB _
AWQS A
S
)7
Nitrate
1 1.- 21511) Ni& -1raph
F
e 17-5
Flow Measurement
(From 5 PM May 2, 2000 to 8AM May 4, 2000)
3000
Doc
-1000
-4000
2 3
5
8
9 10 11 12 123 14 10 5 6 1 7 1 8 19
20 21 22 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 21 22 32 34 35 36 37 38 39
40
-4--q each [Duo9
--SalgoO
-~-A-Baso1
Water Level Measurement
(From 5 PM May 2. 2000 to 8 AM May 4, 2000)
150
109
.100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
-- ~ ~
~
~ ~ l~h.
--S.o
Sampling of SOD
(From 7PM May 2, 2000 to 7PM May 3, 2000)
40
35
33)
25
20
10
10
3
6
9
12
15
19
2'
24
22
TInle )hrs)
Flowo Measurerment
1 ' 1 I
Sim211 uf-II\VQ Gr3 ch
Figure 17-6
calibrate the hydrodvnamic model arid vater quality model. This data was the bes
t available. It is
important to note that the hydrodx'na-nic data was measured hourly, while the wa
ter cuality was
sampled daily. In addition, the hydrodynamic data was during the same month as t
he wvater
quality data but not on the same days. Table I lists all data available for the
Sa:gon River
hydrology and water quality.
Data used for calibration and proving of hydrodynamic model (DYNIHYD) is shown i
n Figure 177. The model has been calibrated for both tidal water level and tidal flow at Ph
u An (downstream
of NLTN about 1.5 km) and Binh Phuoc (upstream of NLTN about 22 kmi). The calibr
ation shows
good agreement between model results and measurements for both tidal water level
and flow
(Figures 17-8 and 17-9). Good hydrodynamic model calibration is critical for the
water quality
modeling in terms of conservation of mass. The accuracy of the model calibration
supports the
accuracy of the dilution ratio predicted for the outfall.
17.2.1.4 Water Qualitv Model Calibration
The water quality data available provides indirect calibration of the model. The
calibrations have
been carried out at Ben Than (km 80), Thu Dau Mot (km 82), Binh Phuoc (km 103) a
nd Nha Rong
(km 131). The existing loadings for each reach of the Saigon River have been est
imated based on
the water quality and net flow data. Water quality model variables and coefficie
nts have first been
set at typical default values and then adjusted to achieve agreement between the
observed data and
the modeled results.
As mentioned above, the water quality data available for calibration were daily
measurements for
different days than the hourly hydrodynamic data. Therefore, the model has been
calibrated such
that results match the average and 80h percentile measured water quality values
taken data collected
over 4 years for the same period. Figures 17-2 to 17-5 show that the calibrated
model predicted
water quality values that were reasonably close to the average and 809 percentil
e values for each
water quality parameter.
17.2.1.5 Model Scenarios
Five scenarios were modeled for both wet and dry seasons at flood and ebb tides.
The parameters
of BOD, DO, Ammonia, Nitrate, and Coliform Bacteria were modeled for the followi
ng cases:
Zero discharge at mouth of NLTN
. Existing
* With NLTN project for current year
* With NLTN project for year 2030
* With NLTN project for year 2030, with the Outfall
* 10 km downstream of the NLTN Canal mouth
17.2.1.6 Model Results
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Impacts
Model results for BOD are depicted in Figures 17-10 and 17-1 1. In addition mode
l results are
shown for Peak BOD in Table 17-2 and BOD concentrations at the mouth of the NLTN
Canal in
Table 17-3.
CDM Internat onal
17-3
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Tidal Water Level

Tidal Water Level
(Sep. 1997)
(Apr. 1996))
-05
77 13 1' 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
5 53 55 579 9
19
29
39
.49
H_our (17 1 9 Sep. 1997)
Fiyur,5 7 ApI 99
_
-W-R,vl9 SnhPhuoc
-PhuAn
*SvlGonl
1
[
-- Cua Sa, Gon
--- Phu An
B9, I
o, Phum
P luFT Ov 7,
Tidal Flow
Tidal Flow
(Sep. 1997)
(Apr. 1996)
21000
U
.3-17,o
-10119
"(W
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-2000
'27773
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-3000
.1((31Trw - rrz-srs,
............
....... .- -400
0--T--,_,_
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 4
9 51 53 55 57
9
19
29
39
44
lour (Sep 17 19, 1997)
Ho-r (5-7 Al,, 1119077
PlhuCucg
-U- 071C
Ggnl -PPh,l1 -.tA Ppu
0c
Pt-- (I
DI)ata (Calibr ation
I) I' I
CaIO7O71ID/96 & 97-Cal-Graph
Figu
re 17-7
Calibratio of Tidal Water Lebe In Dry Season

at Phu An Station (Apr. 5-7. 1996)
Calibration of Tidal V
lo. In Dry S- ason
at Phu An Station (Apr. 5-7, 1996)
4.000
3.000
2,000
5
I
1
33 40 45 4
2,.000
-3,000
Hour
15
20
5Oo
_ _Me
Hor
A- esur lCalibration of Tidal Water Level In Dry Season
| {3Mdeed
Calibration of Tidal Flow In Dry

Season
at Binh Phuoc Station (Apr. 5-7, 1996)
at Binh Phuoc Station (Apr. 5-7. 199
6)
3,000
I .
, __ ,_ _
.._2000
1.000
1,1,
I
1
25
~~~
~~~
~
~ ~
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~30 35 055
Hour
~,
in
o
0
o-3ou000
Hour
[
- -edr IP.d Me.-cs r 1 |
--EF- easwed --A-- Moac~led
Comilparison to Measure(d Values
')(I') "'
Caai((7(rApr-96 Cal
Fi
-e
17-8
Calibration of Tidal Water Level In Wet Season

Calibration of Tidal Flow In Wet Season
at Phu An Station (Sep. 17-19, 1997)
at Phu An Station (Sep. 17-19, 1997)
X \
P
\
D
S
1
X
40
w;
9
tt
)~~~~~400
2000
1000
(I~~ _
_ __
a P t 191000 12
3
35
40
45 119
-2000
3000
Ho ur-t Modeled
Hour
|- Modeled -F} M,1,ù,,s-Calibration ot Tidal Water Level in Wet Season
Calibratioit of Tidal Flow in Wet Season
at Binh Phuoc Station (Sep. 1719, 1997)
3000
at Birt Phuoc Station (Sep. 17.19, 1997)
2000 A
1000
U)
-1000
-2000
P
2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~-3000
He~~~~~~~- ~ ~ ~
]Modeled -6- Measured
Hour
-A -Modeled
--6-TI,-,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hu -6-ml' B
MComnparisont to MieasuIre(I Valtues
I 2idlO
(i~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~AIl7l71ID/Sep-97-19al
Figtire 17-9)
BOD Comparison at Flood Tide in Wet Season

l 5 -_c
' 4120
8
9
~ ~ W tn NLTN Pro ect (E4Estng)
- - - Zero DOocharce @ NLTN
7
1t. - - - Ouh'all @ 10 K
m D/s
- - - Wth NLTN Project (2030))
-E.,sung
41
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Km (Saigon River from Oau Tieng Dam to Confluence with Dong Nai River)
I,
I BOD Comparison at Ebb Tide in Wet Season
z 1
' 4
....- WiWh NLTN Project (Existing)
Q ..
Figure 17-10Zero Discharge
@ NLTN
7 +
--Outfall @ 10 Km Dls
; 6 j __
- - - tlV~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ith NLTN Project (2030))
{ 0
~~
~
~~~20 40
60
th0
100
12C
140
K. ISaig.n Ri-,r from Da. Ti..g Da. 1. Connl-ce with Dong Nai Ri-)r
iNlodel Results-BOD
Wiet Season
)!9 1 O -If
S inI10- I I
Q ScCnatrio
Figure 17-10
BOD Comparison at Flood Tide in Dry Season

16
. - --l- h NLTN P,oect (Es.st.,gr9
ih - - Wth NLTN ',oect 20301| 13 1 1 - -- ~~Zero DIscharge @ '4r TN
1 2
- -Ouffall @o 1 O K. D,s<
'" \'
12t
S
_.___
654i
0
20
40
60
1 00
120
140
Km (Saigon River from Dau Tieng Dam to Confluence with Dong Nai River)
BOD Comparison at Ebb Tide in Dry Season
16 15
I I, NLN ProjectfEt,st.ng)
*
14 - - - Wilt NLTN Pro,eco (2030))
- - - Zero D,scharge @ NLTN
13
- - - Oul1all ~ 10 KMr CiS
12SEtSt,,g
cn1 41,
E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
42
0
20
40
60
100
120
140
Model Results-BOD
Dry Season
" 242 (l,lil < ,, _
:2
-,)Fi,c.- re :2-- 1
80
80
C" 7 ^"Iv3 0cc - 19-Sep-CO

Table 17-2 Comparison of Peak BOD with the Existing Condition
Wet Season
Dry Season
Flood Tide Ebb Tide Flood Tide Ebb Tide
Existing Condition
(mg/L)
12.8
12.7
13.9
14.1
Existing Condition with
(mg/L)
13.1
13
14.4
14.6
NLTN Project
% Change
2%
2%
4%
4%
Future (2030) with NLTN
(mg/L)
13.5
13.6
15.2
15.4
% Change
5%
7%
9%
9%
Zero Discharge
(mg/L)
12.3
12.2
13.3
13.4
% Change
-4%
-4%
-4%
-5%
Future (2030) with ouffall @
(mg/L) 12.8
12.7
13.9
14.1
10 km Downstream
_______________I% Change
0%
0%
0%
0%
Table 17-3 BOD Concentration on the Saigon River at the Mouth of the NLTN Canal
Wet Season
Dry Season
Existing Condition
(mg/L)
11.8
121
12.9
13.3
Existing Condition with (mg/L)
12.3
12.5
13.5
14
NLTN Project
Future (2030) with NLTN (mg/L)
12.8
13.1
14.4
15
Zero Discharge
(mg/L)
11.3
114
12
12.4
Future (2030) with outfall (mg/L) 11.9
12.1
13
13.3
@ 10 km Downstream
Ammonia Impacts
Model results for Ammonia are depicted in Figures 17-12 and 17-13. In addition m
odel results are
shown for Peak Ammonia in Table 17-4 and Ammonia concentrations at the mouth of
the NLTN
Canal in Table 17-5
CDM International
17-4
NLTN EIA Repo
rt Sept 2000
DO Comparison at Flood Tide in Wet Season

056r
4 5
-Wth NLTN Project (Exisrng)
I- ---Zero Discharge (d NLTN
-Outfall 10 Km DOs
- - - With NLTN Project (2030)t
Ec-Exoring
Or
o
2C
40
60
s0
OD
120
140
DO Comparison at Ebb Tide in Wet Season
E
.5tWith NLTN Project tExistrrng)l
- - - Zero Discharge - NLTN
4 - -Otfall @ 10 Km s
- - - With NLTN Project (2030)) |EoIstieg
o
20
40
60
a0
100
120
140
Mlodel Results-DO
WN et Season
1'9 'iii)1
Sirnu(Y I \\ Q
Scenario
Figure 17-12
DO Comparison at Flood Tide in Dry Season

5 5
5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_
E
-W-t- NLTN Project (Ex st!ng!
- - - Wth NLTN Project 2030)\
44 t
----Zero Discharge q NLTN
- - - Outfall @ 10 Km Dis
Existing
35
0
20
40
60
80
1o0
120
140
DO Comparison at Flood Tide in Dry Season
5 5 1XI
54
E
4 5---- WItn NLTN Project (Exstiurg)
- - - With NLTN Project (2030))
- --- Zero Discharge @ NLTN
Ou4all--- 0a
10 Km D/s
Exist ng
35
0
20
40
60
s0
100
120
140
MiIodel Results-DO
Dry Season
J) 19 I i)
StmujYi 1\ AQ S
cenarto
Figure 17-13
':' I
f, 3 J^^~- I 9-Se;:-0^
Table 17.4 Comparison of Peak Ammonia with the Existing Condition
Wet Season
Dry Season
Existing Condition
(mg/L)
0.927
0.945
0.956
0.966
Existing Condition with
(mg/L)
0.957
0.974
0.996
1
NLTN Project
% Change
3%
3%
4%
4%
Future (2030) with NLTN
(mg/L)
0.987
1
1.05
1.06
% Change
6%
6%
10%
10%
Zero Discharge
(mg/L)
0.888
0.906
0.904
0.919
% Change
-4%
-4%
-5%
-5%
Future (2030) with outfall @
(mg/L) 0.987
1
0.954
0.964
10 km Downstream
% Change
6%
6%
0%
0%
Table 17.5 Ammonia Concentration on the Saigon River at the Mouth of the NLTN Ca
nal
Wet Season
Dry Season
Existing Condition
(mg/L)
0.885
0.909
0.918
0.946
Existing Condition with (mg/L)
0.915
0.942
0.963
0.995
NLTN Project
Future (2030) with NLTN (mg/L)
0.945
0.975
1.02
1.06
Zero Discharge
(mg/L)
0.845
0.865
0.859
0.881
Future (2030) with ouffall (mg/L) 0.888
0.907
0.919
0.936
@ 10 km Downstream
Coliform Bacteria Impacts
Modeling of Coliform was not possible due to the limited available data and to w
ide variations
between measured levels from the testing program and available data. It is recom
mnended that
further data be collected.
Other Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen and Nitrates were also modeled. The impact of the temporary out
fall on these
parameters of the Saigon River Water Quality was found to be minimal. DO varies
in a range of 1%
compared with existing condition (without NLTN project) (see Figures 17-14 and 1
7-15). Nitrate
varies in a range of 2% about existing condition (see Figures 17-16 and 17-17).
Model Limitations
These results need to be interpreted with an understanding of the limitations of
the water quality
model. The model simulated the average pollution concentrations assuming complet
e mixing of
nver water within each river segment. The model is not valid for several cases:
(1) the extreme dry
year: (2j the short time period where the tidal flows approach zero during the t
ransition between
CDM International
I 7-5
NLTN EIA Repor
t Sept 2000
Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Flood Tide in Wet Season

i
5
- W?I?h MNLT Z?Zer 2Es CI)5
- Ev DiscraNe
NLTN
e
t
~~- - [uh NLTN P (lSc 2DXi))
2070
7
120
4c,
Km (Saigo.n River fr-in D
au T n- Da. to C-f11enC. with
Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Ebb Tide in Wet Season
+
17s
50 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0
il
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ - --- COuCl ~ R42 eKDiv
l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - WOO SUN TProDri (2CCC1
l~ ~ ~~~~C
AC07C
iOC
j2
iC
Krn (Saigion Rivr from Dau Tienrg DOrn to CoftrlenCe it?'
Model Results-Ammonia
Wet Season
07 9 t:l)o
s,
vrI
Figure 17-14
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0
Dong 1 i River)
Doing Nai River)

*uirnj
lx9I Ms Jc
Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Fl

i r
n
T - ' - bt',lh NMT7t Pr""' '2O3 o
-o .era~ 0ScPargece NLTN,
j i
| ~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~- - - Zteoi sctr1 50 Kr .T
- - ~~~ 10 Koc
0
20
40603
Km (Saigon River from Dau Tieng Dam to Confluence with DongNiRvr
120
140
(
Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Ebb Tide in Dry Season
05
I - S n =.1 PIO CC (0O30
.
Wlth iN ProLect (2h30) q
Zero Dlschar9g e NLTN
---O 20 4010 Km Os
0
20
Km (5asgon ber fromDau Tieng Dam to ConflUenCe with Dong Ni Rn
er
M9lodel Results-Ammonia
I) .ikju
\\~~~~~~~~~Q SCenarjo
SmuD
)5
Dry
Season
Figure 17-15
Nitrate Nitrogen Comparison at Flood Tide in Wet Season

7
,6 T
i/
- - - - -With NLTN Pro)ect {EOst'n6)
- - - Zero Dscriarge 0 NLTN
- - Outfal @ 10 Km DOs
}
j
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ex,st,ng
0
2Q
40
60
80
100
120
140
IE ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Nitrate Nitrogen Comparison at Ebb Tide in Wet Season
.-.--- With NLTN Projecl (Existing)
o s .
---Zero Discharge @
NLTN
- ---Ouffall @ 10 Km D/s
IxE,shng
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Model Results-Nitrate
Wet Season
9) '2 Il
Simu'Y I\IQ S
cenario
Figure 17-16
Nitrate Nitrogen Comparison at Flood Tide in Dry Season

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40
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Nitrate Nitrogen Comparison at Ebb Tide in Dry Season
2-.
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40
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Figure 17-17
extreme tides or; (3) close to the temporary outfall. The outfall dilution model
ing descnbed in the
next section predicts the pollution plume of the outfall.
17.2.2 Outfall Dilution Modeling
This section describes modeling of the dilution achieved at the temporarv river
outfall to the
Saigon River. Analysis is used to predict the ultimate and near-field dilution t
o determine the
impact on the Saigon River. The model results show the plume effect of the outfa
ll on the Saigon
River. The pollution of the effluent plume was modeled to predict the dilution o
f the concentrated
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the NLTN outfall.
17.2.2.1 Modeling Approach
Near-field analysis was performed to predict the distance downcurrent from the o
utfall location
that a desired dilution occurs. Ultimate far-field analysis was used to determin
e the distance from
the riverbank to locate the diffuser in order to achieve a desired BOD at the ri
verbank.
The effluent plume was modeled for the average daily flow in the year 2015. Effl
uent from the
NLTN wastewater pump station was assumed to have a BOD concentration of 200mg/l.
The
average daily flow value of 5.54 m3/s assumes capture of wastewater from all res
idents of the
Basin, both registered and unregistered.
This model assumes instantaneous, steady state conditions, constant plume depth
and flow
velocity, and no reduction in BOD as a result of biochemical processes. The anal
ysis assumes a
plume depth of 5.5m from the surface of the river. The outfall was assumed to be
a single port
discharge.
17.2.2.2 Model Results
Analysis mapped isoconcentrations of BOD of 25mg/i and 15mg/l are shown in Figur
e 17-18. The
model assumes an average tidal speed taken from collected flow data for the Rive
r at the mouth of
the NLTN Canal. The assumed water surface elevation is zero and the discharge el
evation minus
eleven. To achieve the Vietnamese Ambient Water Quality Standard (AWQS) Category
B for
BOD, 25mg/l, the model suggests that the outfall discharge be located a minimum
of 31 meters
from the riverbank. The distance required depends on the available cross section
al area above the
pipe. Near-field dilution modeling predicts that the isoconcentration for the pl
ume that exceeds
the Category B standard is 4m wide at 80m downcurrent. At 100m downcurrent the C
ategory B
standard is achieved at the centerline of the plume.
The plume isoconcentration of 15mg/I is 20 meters wide at 100m downcurrent. Howe
ver, a BOD
concentration of 15 mg/l is only reached at the centerline of the plume 2,200m d
owncurrent. At
this location the plume occupies approximately 20 percent of the total river cro
ss section.
17.2.3 Operation Phase Water Quality Impacts
The results of the water quality and dilution modeling describe the anticipated
impacts on
pollution concentrations due to the temporary river outfall. The outfall dischar
ge to Saigon River
at the mouth of NLTN is expected to generate a wastewater plume that exceeds the
standard for
Category B for BOD in the immediate vicinity of the outfall. However as the dilu
tion model
indicates, this area is small and the outfall can be designed such that the Cate
gory B standard is
met everywhere along both riverbanks. The receiving water quality impacts are ac
ceptable given
the fact that the Saigon River is not a source for municipal drinking water, doe
s not have
commercial fisheries close to the project area, and is not a habitat for rare sp
ecies.
The goal of the Project is to clean up the polluted NLTN Canal by temporarily co
nveying
wastewater to the Saigon River. Analysis indicates that the pollution impact on
the Saigon River
is manageable, and xill result in water quality levels that generally meet Categ
ory B standards.
CDM International
17-6
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
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171
Given the existing pollution levels of the Saigon River. secondary treatment wou
ld achieve only a
small beneficial impact. Therefore providing screening at the pump station prior
to the temporary
river outfall is considered an appropriate first step towvards building a wastew
ater treatment system
that will include secondary treatment.
The pump station will positively impdct some aspects of the Saigon River water q
uality. The
pumping station will screen trash from the wastewater of the basin. The pump sta
tion design will
allow removal of scum, grease and oil that accumulates on the water surface at t
he pump station.
In addition, after emergency notification procedures are established, an acciden
tal spill of toxic or
hazardous chemicals could be captured at the pumping station.
Because of tidal effects, the temporary outfall will impact the water quality of
the Saigon River
for a considerable reach upstream of the mouth of the NLTN Canal at the Saigon R
iver. However,
the water quality of the river upstream and downstream of the temporary outfall
will meet
Category B standards. No quantitative change is caused in the water currently av
ailable for
beneficial uses, with water currently used for irrigation and industrial use. Co
mmercial fishing in
the Nha Be River downstream will not be affected by the temporary outfall.
The temporary outfall will not cause a significant increase in health hazards fo
r river users, given
the fact that the canal currently discharges wastewater to the Saigon River at l
evels that exceed the
Category B standard. However in the vicinity of the outfall, monitoring and publ
ic informnation
measures will be provided to minimize direct contact with the limited outfall pl
ume that exceeds
the Category B standards.
Significant pollution sources exist upstream of the NLTN Canal that could cause
future violations
of the Categor,y B standard. However, the outfall would continue to cause the sa
me net effect on
the pollution concentrations even if the ambient pollution levels increase. Furt
her deterioration in
river water quality due to additional pollution loads in the future from upstrea
m areas could
necessitate the construction of secondary wastewater treatment plant for wastewa
ter from the
NLTN Basin. This option needs to be evaluated in the future based on overall riv
er basin water
quality planning that identifies all major pollution sources and prioritizes the
least cost pollution
reductions.
CDM International
17-7
NLTN EIA Repo
rt Sept 2000
18 Other Environmental Impacts

The previous chapter 17 discusses the Project's impacts on water quality and eco
logy in Saigon
River. This Chapter assesses the Project's impacts on other key environmental re
sources and
values.
18.1 Impacts on Physical Resources
18.1.1 Water Quality
The potential water quality impact on Saigon River due to Project construction (
i.e. outfall
construction) and operation (i.e. wastewater discharge) is discussed in Chapter
17. Other potential
water quality impacts associated with the Project would be related to the NLTN c
anal, primarily
due to construction of the pumping/screening facility, and dredging and deepenin
g of the canal
itself.
18.1.1.1 Pumping/Screening Facility Construction
Wastewater that could potentially be generated during facility construction incl
ude:
* Sewage generated by the workforce. This wastewater stream is likely to have
high
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia, oil and grease, and fecal bacteria cou
nts.
However, the quantity is likely to be relatively small due to the small number o
f construction
workers on site;
* contaminated stormwater runoff from exposed or disturbed areas including eart
h working
areas, material stockpiles and access roads. This waste stream would have a high
sediment
load and may also be contaminated with construction debris. Runoff only occurs w
hen it rains
and is therefore mostly a concem during wet seasons. However, the quantity is li
kely to be
relatively low due to the small (about one hectare) site area;
* excess water from dust suppression activities, wheel washing facilities and b
ore piling . All of
these could have high levels of suspended solids and possibly traces of grease a
nd oil; and
* spillage of fuel, chemical cleansers or oil from vehicles as well as plant u
sage and
maintenance activities. Spills would be accidental in nature, and therefore rare
.
Uncontrolled or accidental discharge of construction wastewater (e.g. site sewag
e, contaminated
runoff, excess wash water or fuel oil) could ent,.r the adjacent Thi Nghe canal,
and be carried into
Saigon River by tidal flushing. Also, the potential exists for site-generated de
bris and rubbish,
such as packaging and used construction materials, to be washed into canal, resu
lting in floating
refuse which would reduce the aesthetic quality of the receiving water body. How
ever, canal
water quality is generally poor (see Chapter 12) as it receiving untreated sewag
e from the basin.
Therefore, any such accidental or uncontrolled discharge, being rare or infreque
nt, is unlikely to
have any material impact on overall canal water quality. Significant adverse imp
act on Saigon
River is also unlikely, as any accidental spill or uncontrolled discharge would
be small in quantity
compared to the river flow and therefore adequately diluted.
Nevertheless, as a mitigation measure to avoid further worsening of canal water
quality and to
protect downstream water quality of Saigon River, it is proposed to implement su
itable
environmental site management measures during facility construction. Section 19.
2 summarises
the proposed mitigation measures, including principally provision of portable ch
emical toilets,
banning of sewage discharge into canal, treatment of contaminated runoff and rec
ycling of treated
effluent as far as practicable.
CDM Internat[onal
18-1
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
In conclusion, given the poor ambient water quality in the canal, the small scal
e of the
construction and the implementation of suitable mitigation measures, it is asses
sed that
pumping/screening facility construction would not materially impact on water qua
lity.
18.1.1.2 Canal Dredging and Deepening
It is proposed to improve the hvdraulic capacity of the canal by dredging about
500,000 m3 of
material from the canal over its entire length of 8.3 km. After reaching the des
ired depth and
configuration, the canal banks will then be stabilised using concrete retaining
walls. This work
will follow on from the current canal dredging works by DTPW, which has already
removed some
260,000 m3 of sediments from the canal bed and sides. Testing conducted by DTPW
indicated that
sediments on the surface of the canal bed were organically enriched but did not
contain elevated
levels of heavy metals. As such, it is expected that the majority of the materi
al to be dredged
under this Project would also be uncontaminated. Canal sediment quality is discu
ssed in Chapter
12.
Canal dredging and stabilisation works will be conducted during both high tide a
nd low tide
periods, and could therefore impact on canal water quality through:
* Increased suspended solid concentrations: This has the potential to affect aq
uatic ecology.
Also, a reduction in ambient dissolved oxygen levels may occur via chemical and
biological
processes acting upon reduced chemical constituents and/or organic matter in the
suspended
sediments. However, the canal is already heavily polluted with sewage discharge
and has
virtually no ecological value. Also, tidal flushing of the canal is limited, mea
ning that the
likelihood for dispersion of sediment plume into Saigon River is not significant
.
* Release of contaminants (e.g. heavy metals) associated with the solid and aqu
eous phase of
suspended sediments. The impact of contaminants is dependent on the levels initi
ally present
in the sediments, and would be associated with both acute and chronic effects on
river
ecological communities. As discussed above, the canal sediments are not expected
to contain
high levels of heavy metals, and there are virtually no ecological communities o
f value in the
canal.
Overall, it is assessed that while canal dredging and stabilisation could cause
localised and
temporary elevation in suspended solid concentrations, this is unlikely to have
a significant impact
on water quality in both the canal and Saigon River.
18.1.2 Air Quality
18.1.2.1 Construc'ion Stage
The principal construction stage air quality impacts are related to (a) dust gen
eration, (b) fixed and
mobile equipment emissions, and (c) odor generation during canal dredging.
Fugitive Dust
Dust could be generated from any activities involving excavation, particularly d
uring the initial
stage of the pumping/screening plant construction and the construction of the bo
x culverts and
large diameter drainage pipes in the city. Also, wind blown dust will be generat
ed from dry
exposed areas, while truck movements on unpaved haul roads will also generate du
st. The extent
of fugitive dust impacts will depend greatly on the buffer distances between the
work sites and the
sensitive receptors, the construction methods employed, and the number of constr
uction vehicles
used.
The proposed pumping/screening plant site is adjacent to several residential dwe
llings. Therefore,
while any dust impacts are localised and short-term, it is proposed to implement
dust control
measures at the site to minimise the magnitude of any such impacts. Typical miti
gation measures
COM International
18-2
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
focus on (a) material handling practices and (b) management of vehicle movements
, as
summarised in Section 19.2. This would help to minimise any dust impacts on the
adjacent
residential receptors.
Extensive trench excavations will also be made in the urban areas of the city to
construct the
proposed drainage works (i.e. box culverts and drainage pipes). In this case, du
st generation is
limited, as the surface area of trench opening is relatively small and the durat
ion bnref. Again, the
adoption of appropriate dust control measures as outlined in Section 19.2 would
help to minimise
any impacts on adjacent properties and residents.
Exhaust Emissions
There are three categories of emissions from mobile sources: carbon monoxide (CO
), gaseous
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide is the only pollutant of the t
hree that is
considered potentially hazardous to human health. Gaseous hydrocarbons and nitro
gen oxides are
not considered harmful at concentrations found even in the most heavily traffick
ed urban areas.
The major source of CO is from motor vehicles caused by traffic slowdown due to
construction
activities; the emissions of CO are inversely proportional to vehicle speed. How
ever, mobile
equipment such as graders, dump trucks, delivery vehicles and others contribute
insignificantly to
degradation of air quality due to:
a Heavy construction equipment accounts for only a small increase in existing t
raffic volumes
and vehicle- miles travelled in the area.
* Most heavy construction equipment is powered by diesel engines, which emit re
latively low
quantities of CO.
Also, carbon monoxide generated from the operation of non-mobile construction eq
uipment is
usually not significant. Most non-mobile equipment used for heavy construction
is diesel
powered and CO emissions from these engines are relatively low. In addition, the
total units of
equipment used at any one location and period are relatively few in comparison w
ith other sources
emitting CO.
Nevertheless, it is proposed to adopt good management practices to minimise the
production of
carbon monoxide during construction, as outlined in Section 19.2.
Odour impacts during Canal Dredgine
Physical disturbance of the canal sediments such as in dredging could release ma
lodorous gases,
further impacting on the nearby comnmunities. Odour impacts are determined by se
veral factors
the most important of which are the "frequency of the exposure", the "intensity
of the odour", the
"duration of the odour episodes" and the "offensiveness" of the odour. In determ
nining the
offensiveness of an odour it needs to be recognised that for most odours the con
text in which an
odour is perceived is also relevant. Some odours, for example the smell of sewag
e, hydrogen
sulphide, butyric acid, landfill gas etc, are likely to be judged offensive rega
rdless of the context
in which the occur. Other odours such as the smell of jet fuel may be acceptable
at an airport, but
not in a house; diesel exhaust may be acceptable near a busy road, but probably
not be in a
restaurant. etc.
Communities adjacent to the canal have been subjected to odour impacts for some
years. While
dredging could worsen the situation, this would be for a limited period of time
only. In the long
term, the Project would improve the environmental conditions of the canal, there
by reducing
odour impacts on the communities. Nevertheless, it is proposed to adopt a two-ti
er approach to
minimise any odour impacts during canal dredging: (a) operational practices, sup
plemented by (b)
specific odour mitigation measures if necessary.
Annex 1S.3 outlines a series of operational measures that may be adopted, includ
ing for example,
separation of dredgers excavators by a minimum distance of 100 m, minimisation o
f working
areas and transport of dredged material in watertight trucks or containers. In
the event that
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operational measures are not adequate, specific odour mitigation measures such a
s use of
"deodorising agents" should than be considered. Deodorising agents have been suc
cessfully
applied to control odours at landfills. An indication on how deodorising agents
may be applied to
control odour during canal dredging is provided in Section 19.2. The objective o
f odour mitigation
would be to achieve odour levels that do not lead to public complaints.
Conclusion
Though any construction stage air quality impacts would be short term and locali
sed, it is
proposed to adopt mitigation measures to minimise the impacts of fugitive dust,
exhaust fumes
and odour emissions on sensitive receivers during Project construction. With the
implementation
of the proposed mitigation measures, no significant adverse air quality impacts
are envisaged
during Project construction.
18.1.2.2
Operational and Maintenance Stage
The principal air quality issue during Project operation is potential odor impac
t from the
pumping/screening facility. Odor from decaying solids in drainage/sewer pipes ma
y also escape
to the environment when manholes are opened during maintenance activities.
Pumping/Screening Facility
Given the proximity of residential dwellings to the site, odor control will be p
rovided as part of
the pump station and screening facility. Odor control facilities will include we
t scrubber facilities
that treat odors from air ventilated from the pump station and screening facilit
y structure. The wet
scrubbing process will require a small amount of chemicals: sodium hydroxide and
sodium
hypochlorite. These chemicals will be stored on-site in compliance with environm
ental and safety
requirements.
Odor from sewers/drains
Odors in sewer systems may be released from manholes. Factors that influence the
generation of
hydrogen sulphide and other odorous gases include the temperature and compositio
n of the
sewage, the oxygen concentration and degree of turbulence of the sewage and the
time which the
sewage takes to reach its destination. Hydrogen sulphide is normally generated w
hen sewage
becomes anaerobic (that is in the absence of oxygen), when sewage is stagnant in
pumping
stations and in long pipelines without air. It is proposed to adopt odor mitigat
ion measures,
including principally provision of sufficient steep grades in the pipelines to f
acilitate aeration, as
outlined in Section 19.2 to minimise the formation of odor in the system.
Conclusion
Given the proposed odor control (scrubbing) system in the pumping/screening plan
t, it is assessed
that the operation of the facility would not cause unacceptable air quality impa
ct on nearby
sensitive or residential receptors. Adoption of the proposed mitigation measures

would also
minimise the formation of odorous gases in the drainage/sewer system.
18.1.3 Impacts on Hydrology
The drainage components of the Project will provide a major positive benefit to
the residents of
the NLTiN Basin. The Project will eliminate flooding caused by the 2-year storm
and will greatly
reduce flooding caused by the 5-year, 10-year and 25-year storms. These reductio
ns of chronic
flooding will significantly impact the living conditions in the Basin. Economic
impacts include
the reduction of flood damage to houses and the reduction in flood induced traff
ic congestion.
Further, because of the combined drainage and wastewater collection system in th
e Basin, a health
benefit is achieved by prevention of exposure to waterborne disease as a result
of improvements in
the drainage svstem capacity. These items are quantified in the section of this
chapter that
discusses economic benefits.
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18.2 Impacts on Ecological Resource
18.2.1
Aquatic Ecology
Impact on Saigon River aquatic ecology due to Project construction and operation
is assessed in
Chapter 17.
In termns of aquatic ecology in the N-LTN canal, it is probable that some improv
ement to the
ecological condition of the canal would be brought about by the Project. As untr
eated wastewater
is removed from the canal, the ecology could recover beginning with the re-estab
lishment of
benthic communities, serving as lower links in the aquatic food webs. Then, with
concurrent
increase in dissolved oxygen levels in the water and improved hydraulic regimes
allowing water
from Saigon River to extend far into NL-TN Canal, higher aquatic life (mainly fi
sh) may reestablish in the Canal. This natural recovery process would take time (probably
in the order of
years) and should not require active management. It is noted that the primary us
e of the canal is
drainage i.e. to discharge stormwater during wet weather periods. Therefore, any
improved
ecological condition in the canal would be regarded as a bonus.
18.2.2
Terrestrial Ecology
The Project components will be constructed in a predominantly urban setting, and
no significant
impact on terrestrial ecology is expected.
It is noted that there are 36 fruit trees and 101 ornamental shrubs in the propo
sed
pumping/screening plant site. There are also several large mahogany trees on thi
s site. These are
all common species in HCMC and therefore do not have significant ecological valu
e. All
vegetation will be cleared to make way for the construction of the facility. In
addition, the Green
Trees and Parks Company advised that the mahogany trees may be removed to avoid
damage to
future building foundations by the root systems. As a landscaping measure, thoug
h, it is proposed
to replant twice as many trees on site.
18.3 Impacts on Human Use Values
18.3.1 Power Supply
The pumping/screening station will initially require a power supply capacity of
1.5 MW, to be
gTadually increased to a maximum of 7 MW. It is proposed to build a separate tra
nsformer station
specifically for the facility. As such, local power supply will not be affected.
A potential issue could be the impact on power supply to HCMC as a whole. Curren
t maximum
power supply for HCMC during high-demand period (April 2000) is 973 MW, and this
is
expected to further increase due to growing demands. According to Electricity Vi
et Nam, the
power supply to HCMC will be substantially increased with the completion of the
Phu My Power
complex with a total capacity of nearly 4,000 MW. Also, the 3,600-MW Son La Hydr
opower
Dam will be built, with the first unit commissioned in 2010 and the last one 201
2. Much of the
produced electricity will be transferred to the South.
With the above schedule of power plant development, the NL-TN Project is unlikel
y to have any
material effect on the City's power supply.
18.3.2 Commercial Fisheries
This aspect is discussed in Chapter 17.
18.3.3 Road Traffic
The road system in HCNIC is inadequate for the traffic it needs to carry. Traffi
c congestion
occurs frequently. especially during rush hours. The proposed drainage construct
ion works (i.e.
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construction of box culverts and large diameter drainage pipelines) Xwill requir
e extensive
excavations and therefore temporary lane closures in the affected sections of th
e roadwrays. Such
works have the potential to exacerbate the already poor level of service at thes
e roads.
The impact on traffic flows during construction will depend on the exact alignme
nts of the
drainage pipes and culverts within the roadway, and the construction methods to
be adopted. It is
proposed that a detailed traffic management plan with the aim of minimising traf
fic impacts
should be prepared by the construction contractor to suit its working method. T
he traffic
management plan should be submitted for approval by relevant agencies and the tr
affic police
prior to implementation. Typically, the traffic management plan would:
* Outline the length and separation of trench openings. Typically, no more than
100 m of
trench should be opened at a single time.
* Specify that trenches should be reinstated as soon as work is completed.
* Specify that temporary plating of open trenches to be provided during non-wor
king periods at
all road crossings and entrances to properties and business premises;
* Specify the length and duration of lane closures,
* Aim to conduct road opening in off peak periods;
Designate alternative routes; and
* Propose and execute a Public Information Program (see Section 19.2) to inform
the public of
the proposed lane closures and road diversion schemes.
While the traffic impact would be significant during Project construction, it wo
uld be temporary.
The implementation of traffic management and mitigation measures would help to m
inimise the
inconvenience resulted to road users as well as adjacent residents and business
operations. In the
long term, the Project would improve drainage conditions in the basin and allevi
ate flooding, and
would benefit the community at large. Reduced flooding in the basin could also m
inimise the
likelihood for traffic delays caused by road flooding during wet weather periods
.
18.3.4 Waterway Navigation
River traffic in NLTN canal is low in terms of both boat trips and tonnage; ther
e is no passenger
boat traffic. Therefore, the proposed canal dredging would not cause any signifi
cant impact on
navigation in the Canal.
Outfall construction in Saigon River at the mouth of NLTN Canal would require te
mporary
closure of a section of the river. It is anticipated tlat no more than half of t
he river width would be
closed at any time. Therefore, ships entering and exiting Tan Can Port would sti
ll have a channel
at least 60 m wide and 13 m deep. This means that adequate access will be mainta
ined at all times
in a safe manner.
18.3.5 Utilities
Past experience has suggested that there are concems regarding inadvertent damag
es caused to
underground service lines such as water pipes, telephone cables, and power cable
s during
construction. A reason often cited is that underground utility maps are either i
ncomplete, or
difficult to obtain by contractors. A further complication is that irresponsible
contractors would
simply cover the trench after their work is completed, with no intention to repo
rt the incident to
the utility company. This has the effect of delaying the repair of faults by the
utility company, and
causing extended service disruption to the public.
The above is essentially a contractor management and supervision issue. To overc
ome this
problem, strict operational procedures in digging and trenching, together with e
ffective
cooperation with all concemed utility agencies, is proposed.
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18.3.6 Business
Businesses located close to the alignment of the drainage pipes and culverts cou
ld be temporarily
disturbed by construction of these works. It is estimated that approximately 19,
000 small street
front businesses could be affected. The principal concerns would be blockage of
access and a
general deterioration of amenities due to increased construction noise, dust, tr
affic and stockpiling
of material, etc. The length of disruption or inconveniences is expected to be t
emporary, less than
two months at most locations. However, the impact would be perceived as severe d
ue more to
complaints causing bad "image" to the Project, rather than the actual effects.
As a mitigation measure, it is proposed that the construction contractor would b
e required to
prepare a construction management plan, aiming to overcome com.mon constraints s
uch as slow
delivery of materials, inefficient work and irrational work schedule. Also, acce
ss to all affected
premises should be maintained by plating over opened trenches or by providing al
ternative access
routes.
In addition, it is also proposed that consideration be given by the project prop
onent to
appropriately compensating all affected businesses due to the inconveniences.
18.3.7 Tourism and Recreation
The construction and operation of the Project would not impact directly on any t
ourism or
recreational facilities. However, construction of the drainage improvement works
, particularly
large drainage pipes and culverts in the urban area, could indirectly impact on
those facilities
close to the work site. Again, the principal concems would be blockage of access
and a general
deterioration of amenities due to increased construction noise, dust, traffic an
d stock-piling of
material, etc. However, the length of disruption or inconveniences is expected t
o be temporary,
less than two months at most locations. As a mitigation measure, it is proposed
that the
construction contractor would be required to prepare a construction management p
lan, as
discussed in Section 18.3.6.
In the long term, the Project is expected to have beneficial effects on tourism
and recreational
facilities in the city. For example, consideration has been given to operate "ta
xi" boats (similar to
those in Bangkok) as well as tourist boats in the NLTN canal. Also, the promenad
es on the banks
of the canal would be a valuable addition to the existing recreational resource
in the city.
18.3.8 Public Toilets
The project may cause the removal of informal public toilet facilities located o
ver tributary canals
in the NLTN Basin. Toilets may be removed in locations the toilets conflict with
the proposed
drainage box culvert alignment. Currently the city plans to install new public t
oilets and replace

inforrnal and old public toilets in all of the districts of the Project area. Ho
wever, the removal of
any informal public toilets by the Project would cutoff poor residents from acce
ss to sanitation
facilities. Section 19.1.1 I discusses the proposed mitigation for public toilet
impacts.
18.4 Impacts on Quality-of-Life Values
18.4.1 Socio-economics
An economic analysis has been conducted to confirm the economic viability of the
Project. In
simple terms, economic analysis is based on the calculation of:
* Economic Rate of Return (ERR) which establishes the value of the investment in
social
economic terms. To be viable, the Project should show an ERR greater than 12 %,
which is
the assumed opportunity cost of the capital.
^r15-C',e Izacts c:c- '9-05-5C

* A-et Presezt V'alu/e (NfPVp) for the Project, which takes into account the ti
ming of both the
investment into and the benefits of the Project. To be viable the NNTNP should b
e positive. That
is, the benefits must outweigh the investment.
Beniefit Cost Ratio (BCR) which measures the arithmetic sum of the benefits aga
inst the sum
of the costs. This should be greater than 1.
18.4.1.1 Identification of Benefits
The first step was to identify the economic benefits of the Project, which inclu
de:
Reductions in flooding
Flooding imposes a range of direct and indirect costs on the community, particul
arly dwellings,
businesses, and institutions located within the affected areas of the NLTN Basin
. The direct costs
of flooding include those resulting from damage to structures, household possess
ions, commercial
merchandise, roads and other public infrastructure, and vehicles. Indirect costs
include those
resulting from reductions in economic and social activity, restrictions on trave
l and increased
travel times, interruption of schooling, evacuation and reinstatement, physical
and psychological
impacts, environmental damage, and physical modifications to homes, businesses,
and institutions
designed to protect properties from flooding.
Improvements in public health and well-being
Due to the poor condition of the existing drainage system, large areas within th
e Basin are subject
to regular flooding. Since the drainage network receives both stormnwater and se
wage, when the
drains overflow during flood events, areas within the Basin are inundated with a
mix of
stormwater and raw sewage. Exposure to the pathogens present in raw sewage poses
a serious
health risk to the population. Furthermore, the pools of stagnant water resultin
g from the inability
of the network to drain even normal rainfall events provides the breeding ground
s for mosquitoes
and other disease bearing insect vectors. The Project will significantly reduce
the incidence of
flooding in the NLTN Basin and thereby improve public health levels.
Increases in the value of land within the NLTN Canal corridor,
The Project is expected to result in an increase in land values throughout the N
LTN Basin.
However, these increases in land values largely reflect benefits resulting from
reduced flooding
and improved public health, which have been directly estimated above. Consequent
ly, these
basin-wide increases in land values are not included in the economnic analysis b
ecause their
inclusion would result in at least some double counting of Project benefits.
However, the value of land located directly adjacent to the NLTN Canal is expect
ed to increase
much more substantially than the Basin average due to factors other than reduced
flooding and
improved public health. This increase in value is due primarily to a significant
enhancement in
development potential. The corridor along the canal has been used primarily for
low-income
housing. However, with the clearing of the immediate corridor, the improvement i
n the water
quality of the canal, the establishment of a green belt, and the construction of
improved road
access, the corridor will become highly attractive for commercial and higher inc
ome residential
land uses.
Savings in installation and desludging of septic tanks
Currently all new construction draining to the existing NLTN system requires con
struction of a
septic tank to manage solid wastes and avoid discharge of solids into the canal.
Tanks also require
desludging on at least an annual basis to avoid odors and malfunction. Construct
ion of the
interceptor sewer will mean that septic tank installation and desludging will no
longer be
necessarv.
Strengthenin. of the institutional capacity
, ' n'e r -r :acts CO- 19-0;-00

The Project over time \vill act as a focus for substantial strengthening of the
institutional
framewvork under which wvater and water services are provided. The strengthenirn
g will include
training of workers involving management of many new techniques that are emplove
d in the
worldwide wastewater and water industn'.
Improvements in environmental qualitv
Substantial improvement of environmental quality in the canal area and elsewhere
will occur as a
result of the removal of untreated domestic wastewater from the canal and throug
h the enhanced
capacity of the drainage system to pass flood water.
Promotion of economic development
Improvements in the canal embankment, its flow capacity and flood alleviation wi
ll significantly
encourage commercial and economic activity. In particular, it has been estimated
that up to 50%
(or USS 100 million) of the total Project budget would be injected into the loca
l and national
economies. This would primarily be in the form of purchase of local materials an
d services, and
payment of wages to local workers, who will in tum expend a proportion of their
wages locally.
18.4.1.2 Valuing the Benefits
Having identified the benefits, the next step was to value them in monetary tern
s. It is recognized
that not all benefits could be valued in monetary terms. For example, in this Pr
oject, it was not
possible to place a monetary value on benefits such as improved environmental qu
ality, promotion
of economic development and institutional strengthening. Rather, the focus was
on the
establishment of the estimated monetary value of the more tangible economic bene
fits including
reduced flooding, improved public health, and increased land values.
Since some benefits were excluded from the quantitative analysis, the calculated
ERR, NPV, and
BCR would underestimate the true economic viability of the Project and, conseque
ntly, should be
considered to be lower bound estimates.
18.4.1.3 Outcome of the Economic Analysis
Based on the estimated Project benefits and costs, the Project ERR, NPV, and BCR
were
calculated and are shown in the Table 18-1. The Project is considered to be viab
le as the ERR of
18.9% exceeds the 12% economic opportunity cost of capital. Consistent with this
result, the
NPV is positive at VND 611.41 billion ($43.7 million) and the BCR is 1.57.
The present value (PV) of Project benefits is estimated to be VND 1,691.6 billio
n (US$120.8
million). The most important of these quantifiable benefits are those associated
with reduced
flooding. The reduced flooding benefits account for 57% of total Project benefit
s. Increased land
values in the NLTN Canal corridor, septic savings, and improved public health, a
ccount for 27%,
11 %, and 5% of total Project benefits respectively.
An analysis has also been undertaken to test the sensitivity of ERR to adverse c
hanges in selected
key variables. The variables tested were: (i) increases in capital costs; (ii) i
ncreases in operating
and maintenance costs; (iii) reductions in reduced flooding damage and income lo
sses; (iv)
reductions in public health benefits; and, (v) reduced increases in land values.
Of the key variables assessed, Project viability was found to be most sensitive
to an increase in
capital costs. However, even in this case, the increase in capital costs has to
exceed 60% before
the Project is no longer viable. Of the Project benefits, Project viability was
found to be most
sensitive to decreases in avoided flooding benefits although this reduction woul
d have to exceed
63%/o before the ERR declines below the 12%/o viability threshold.
fnM sArAA
--.
p1l r,i Cr .
-
..1'-Ct.'eo 'frnDaCrs.acc- 19-09-CO

TABLE 18-1 Summarv of Economic Analysis ("ND billion)"'
Value
%
Benefits:
Reduced Flooding
967.8
570/O
Health
81.9
5%
Septic Savings
191.6
11%
Land Values
450.4
27%
Total
1,691.6
100%
Costs:
Capital
1,013.1
94%
Operating & Maintenance
67.1
6%
Total
1,080.2
100%
Net Present Value (NPV)
611.4
Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR)
1.57
Economic Rate of Return (ERR)
18.9%
Note:
" Present Value at 12% discount rate
18.4.2 Resettlement
The Project has been designed to minimize adverse impacts on the social habitats
. Apart from the
pumping station site, land acquisition and resettlement will not be required bec
ause all other
elements of the Project will be located inside the public road corridors.
The pumping station site will occupy approximately an area of -1.9 hectares, inc
luding the buffer
area around the facility. This area is located in the community group area No. 3
6 and No.37 of
Ward No. 19. In total, the Project would affect 154 households with a population
of 829. Of
these households, onlyl9percent of them moved to the area after 1993. The social
survey results
indicated, that 68% of the households belong to the middle income category. Only
10 percent is in
the category of poor. About 22% are in the above middle income bracket.
The Project plans to compensate legal, legalizable and nonlegal residents per th
e definitions and
resettlement policies of the World Bank. This will require a waiver by the Gover
mment of
Vietnam of national and city laws and policies related to resettlement. Since th
e Govemment
plans to provide replacement housing or payment for replacement costs for resett
led households,
resettlement is a manageable issue. Community consultation meeting, indicated t
hat the
households are concemed with delays in the payment of compensation money.
The Project area does not include any schools. post offices, medical posts or ot
her community
infrastructure. There are no historical sites in the area. Hence, there is no di
sruption of community
infrastructure. There are no production or handicraft enterprises in the area. T
here are only a few
small vendors with small incomes without any tax liability.
C OM tn,
,,
Fri TIl gI A G
.. ^, - ,. ,
Cr e-OheX a c:.s coc- I -03;00

In the pumping station site area, there are also about 36 fruit bearing trees. A
ll trees will be
compensated at the prevailing market commercial rate of Vietnam.
18.4.3 Noise
18.4.3.1 Assessment Criteria
Vietnamese Standard TCVN 5949 (1995) specifies maximum permitted noise levels at
public and
residential places. It is applicable to noise generated from any source or activ
ity. It is understood
that there are not separate criteria for construction noise assessments. Table 1
8-2(a) summarises
the relevant criteria.
Table 18-2(a) Maximum Permitted Noise Levels under TCVN 5949(1995)
Area
Period of Time
6am-6pm
6pm-lOpm
lOpm-6am
I Quiet areas: Hospital, Library,
50
45
40
Sanatoriu, Kindergarten and School
2 Residential area: Hotels, Admrinistration
60
55
45
offices, Houses, Apartrnent houses
3 Commercial and/or service areas
70
70
50
4 Small industrial factories inter[ningling
75
70
50
in residential areas
The World Bank also has a set of criteria for ambient noise levels. It states th
at noise abatement
measures should achieve either the levels in Table 18-2(b) or a maximum increase
in background
levels of 3 dB(A). Measures are to be taken at noise receptors outside the proje
ct property
boundary.
Table 18-2(b) World Bank Maximum Allowable Noise Levels: Leg (hourly), in dB(A)
Receptor
Daytime (07:00 - 22:00)
Nighttime (22:00 07:00)
Residential; institutional;
55
45
educational
Industrial; commercial
70
70
Tables 18-2(a) and (b) show that the Vietnamese noise standards are comparable t
o that of World
Bank's.
18.4.3.2 Construction Noise
This section examines impacts of two of the most noisy or substantial activities
: construction of
pumping/screening facility and drainage works.
Pumping Station
A description of the likely construction methodology for the proposed pumping/sc
reening facility
is presented in Chapter 9 of the EIA Report. In summary, the key construction ac
tivities would
include:
* Site clearance and construction of access road;
CDM IntprL n,rN--.I
' 7
Ni
Cr?8-'se 'wCa::S doc- 19-C5-CS

* Construction of diagram walls using slurrny trenching technique. to a depth of
25 metres below
ground level;
* Excavation inside the diagram wvalls after they have been constructed to final
depths:
* Concreting of the structural elements, installation of pumps, screens and othe
r equipment,
followed by electrical, mechanical, plumbing and architectural finishing works.
* Construction of supporting facilities, including transformer pads, odour contr
ol and electrical
buildings.
The average equipment requirement will vary as dictated by the facility construc
tion schedule.
The very early and final stages of construction schedule will typically have red
uced equipment
requirements. Therefore, varying levels of noise will be generated during the t
wo-year
construction period for the facility. For the purposes of noise impact assessmen
t, the most critical
activity is taken as the slurry trench excavation when several pieces of powered
mechanical
equipment are operated concurrently at ground level. As excavation proceeds into
the ground,
noise levels would be lower due to the shielding effect offered by the excavated
pit.
Table 18-3 is a likely deployment of typical powered mechanical equipment that m
ay be used
during the most critical hour of the slurry trench excavation period and their r
espective sound
power levels.
Table 18-3
Maximum Sound Power Level for Pumping Station Excavation
t
_
_ _ Description
Sound Power Level, dB(A)
Hydraulic crane with clamshell for slurry trench excavation
11
2
| Bentoriite slurry rnixer
10
8
Slumrrypump
10
9
Diesel generator to power the slurry mixer and pump
10
4
Hydraulic excavator to load trench excavation muck onto dump trucks
11
2
Dump truck
11
7
Combined Sound Power Level:
120
Table 18-3 shows that a peak combined sound power level of 120 dB(A) may be expe
cted during
the most critical period of construction. Actual noise levels at ineividual rece
ptor locations will
be related to a number of factors, including principally separation between sour
ce and receptor,
atmospheric conditions and the presence of any intervening barriers.
Table 18-4 tabulates the sound pressure levels at various distances away from th
e noise source,
assuming no other mitigating effects.
Table 18-4
Sound Pressure Level at various distances from Notional Noise Sou
rce during
pumping station construction
Separation (metres)
0
30
40
50
100
CDM InternqfinnaI T-t\ Flm
Sound Pressure Level, LeQ (1-hr) dB(A)

120
82
80
78
72I
C.- 1I-Ctne, lmpac's czc- 13-09-The identified noise sensitive receivers are residential dwellings located acros
s the access road on
the opposite side of the site, as shown in Figure 18-1. The greatest noise impac
t would occur
when slurry trench excavation is conducted at the eastern most corner of the fac
ility. At this time,
the closest receptor would be approximately 30 metres away. Unmitigated noise le
vel at this
receptor would be 82 dB(A). This is in excess of the maximum perrnissible daytim
e (6 am - 6
pm) noise level of 60 dB(A) prescribed in the Vietnamese standard, as shown in T
able 18-2(a), as
well as the maximum allowable daytime (7 am to 10 pm) noise level of 55 dB(A) re
commended
by the World Bank (Table 18-2(b)).
The above analysis concludes that construction activities at the site will gener
ate noise levels
exceeding Vietnamese standards and World Bank guideline during the critical cons
ffuction period.
Specific provisions for noise mitigation measures that may be incorporated imto
the construction
program are detailed in Annex 18.4. Mitigation measures such as the use of quiet
diesel-engine
plants, the use of mobile or fixed noise barriers, and/or other screening struct
ures, acoustic
machinery enclosures, careful planning of powered mechanical equipment activitie
s to avoid
simultaneous operation, and construction plant phasing, should be utilised to mi
nimize noise
impacts.
As an additional mitigation measure, it is further proposed that the perimeter/b
oundary wall
should be constructed at the commencement of the construction to provide signifi
cant screening of
subsequent construction activities. Typically, a 10 dB(A) of attenuation can be
applied where a
construction site will be totally screened by a substantial barrier. Therefore,
it is likely that the
intensity of noise impact at the receptor would be substantially reduced with th
e implementation
of the proposed boundary wall.
In addition, the construction noise assessment was performed using a number of v
ery conservative
assumptions, including 100 % on-time for all equipment, no equipment phasing, an
d no mobile
barriers or fixed noise barriers. If these mitigation measures are considered, i
t is likely that noise
impact would be further reduced.
In conclusion, it is assessed that construction activities at the pumping statio
n site could cause
excessive noise levels at the closest residential houses during the most intense
construction period
(up to a few months). With the implementation of the proposed mitigation measure
s, including
the construction of a boundary wall, the level of the impact would be substantia
lly minimised.
Overall, as the construction noise impact would be temporary and short-term, it
is considered
acceptable with implementation of mitigation measures.

Construction of drainage works
Construction of drain pipes/culverts, jacking pits, manholes and combined sewer
overflows would
also generate noise. Section 9.2 of this report describes the likely methods of
construction. Again,
the most critical period would be related to the excavation activities. Table 18
-5 is a likely
deployment of typical powered mechanical equipment that may be used during the m
ost critical
hour of the excavation period and their respective sound power levels.
Table 18-5
Maximum Sound Power Level for Pit/Trench Excavation
Description
Sound Power Level, dB(A)
Diesel generator
10
4
Hydraulic excavator
11
2
Truck
11
7
Combined Sound Power Level:
118
CDM Int-'n't rsr I
o
\ E T' 'ZIA
Q-n 'c ). ^n,
41,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,
UJ~
U,
ii Q
Z,~~~~~~~~~~~i
'V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ...
ChiE Cth~e.: moavs coc- 25-C5 WC

Table 18-5 shows that a peak combined sound power level of 118 dB(A) may be expe
cted during
the most critical period of pit'trench excavation. Actual noise levels at indivi
dual receptor
locations will be related to a number of factors, including principally separati
on between source
and receptor, atmospheric conditions and the presence of any intervening barrier
s.
Table 18-6 tabulates the sound pressure levels at various distances away from th
e noise source,
assuming no other mitigating effects.
Table 18-6
Sound Pressure Level at various distances from Notional Noise Sour
ce during
pitltrench excavation
Separation (metres)
Sound Pressure Level, Leg (1-hr) dB(A)
0
118
10
90
50
76
100
70
150
66
200
64
300
60
500
56
This shows that excessive levels of noise would be expected within close proximi
ty of the works
area during the most critical period of the excavation works. Specific provision
s for noise
mitigation measures that may be incorporated into the construction program are d
etailed in Annex
18.4. Mitigation measures such as the use of quiet diesel-engine plants, the use
of mobile or fixed
noise barriers, and/or other screening structures, acoustic machinery enclosures
, careful planning
of powered mechanical equipment activities to avoid simultaneous operation, and
construction
plant phasing, should be utilised to minimize noise impacts.
Overall, as the construction noise impact would be temporary and short-term, it
is considered
acceptable with implementation of mitigation measures.
18.4.3.3 Operational Noise
The only component of the Project that could potentially cause noise impacts is
the pumping
station. To overcome this potential problem, the layout of the facility has been
designed to
minimise impacts on noise sensitive receptors. Such design features include use
of submersible
pumps, locating the emergency generator inside the electrical building and sitin
g all potentially
noisy equipment (such as the transformer) away from the receptors on the far sid
e of the site
facing the adjoining roadway (Le Thanh Ton).
With this arrangement, the dominant noise source from the operation of the pumpi
ng station
would be only the transformers. Assuming the transformers have a combined sound
power level
of 79 dB(A), the calculated unmitigated sound pressure level at the closest nois
e receptor (at a
distance of about 70 m) would be 34 dB(A). This would be inaudible at the recept
or and certainly
meet the most stringent noise criterion of 45 dB(A) during nighttime, as shown i
n Tables 18-2 (a)
and (b).
In conclusion, operation of the pumping station would not cause unacceptable noi
se impacts, with
the implementation of suitable mitigation measures.
CDM International
18-14
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Ch1e-D,-herjimpacts doc- 2%c9-00

18.4.4 Historical, Cultural & Public Centers
The construction and operation of the Project would not impact directly on any h
istorical, cultural
or public facilities. However, construction of the drainage work, particularly l
arge drainage pipes
and culverts in the urban area, could indirectly impact on those facilities clos
e to the work site.
Again, the principal concerns would be blockage of access and a general deterior
ation of
amenities due to increased construction noise, dust, traffic ahd stockpiling of
material, etc.
However, the length of disruption or inconveniences is expected to be temporary,
less than two
months at most locations. As a mitigation measure, it is proposed that the const
ruction contractor
would be required to prepare a construction management plan, as discussed in Sec
tion 18.3.6.
18.4.5 Aesthetics
The principal element of the Project that may have a potential visual impact is
the pumping
station. The most sensitive visual receivers would be the residents to the east
on the opposite side
of the access road.
An artist impression of the pump station is provided in Figure 18-2. This shows
that with the
proposed landscaping, the pumping station is not considered to be visually intru
sive and no
significant impact on aesthetics is envisaged.
18.4.6 Worker Safety
With reference to past experience in Vietnam in general and HCMC in particular,
occupational
safety is an issue warranting special consideration in this Project, particularl
y in relation to deep
excavations (e.g. pump station wet well) and sewer/drain maintenance.
It should be noted that the proposed sewer interceptor tunnel is to be construct
ed by "pipejacking", a technique that does not require entry into the tunnel by workers. As
such, it is not
anticipated that there would be significant worker safety issues related to the
construction of the
interceptor.
Worker safety is best safeguarded with a comprehensive safety management program
, including
safety education and training. This aspect is further discussed in Section 19.2.
18.4.7 Public Safety
Similar to worker safety, public safety is also an issue, again with reference t
o local experience.
The key public safety issues in relation to this Project include:
* during Project construction, especially in urban areas, where pedestrians or m
otorbike riders
could accidentaUIy fall into excavations, due to poor or inadequate fencing or b
arricading of
the work sites;
* construction vehicles or machines, when working in constrained urban streets,
could pose a
threat to passers-by; and
* accidental fall into the canal, particularly young children, causing injury o
r death.
Similar to worker safety, public safety during Project construction is best safe
guarded with a
comprehensive "construction site safety management" program, which aims to keep
the public out
of construction areas and to enforce sound working practices by construction cre
ws in public
areas.
As a safeguard against fall into the canal, it is proposed to erect "warning sig
ns" at regular
intervals along both banks of the canal. Also, consideration to erection of "gua
rd rails" at selected
sections (e.g. vertical) of the canal banks is recommended during detailed desig
n of the Project.
CfDNM Intermat,o-al
18-15
NLTN EIA Rep
ort Sept 2000
Figure 18-2: Artist Impression of the Pump Station

TN EIA Report
July 2000
NL
Ch18-O:her Impacts .oc- 20-09-00

18.4.8 Improved Public Health
Both the drainage components and wastewater components of the Project will contr
ibute to
improved public health for the residents of the NLTN Basin. The drainage improve
ments will
decrease the frequency and severity of flooding, reducing contact with combined
sewage and
stormwater. The wastewater interceptor will prevent wastewater from reaching the
canal during
dry conditions and allow only diluted wastewater overflows during storms. The ca
nal water
quality improvement will have a positive health impact over the entire length of
the canal. Table
18-7 shows data for waterbome disease incidence in the districts in the NLTN Bas
in. The Project
will significantly reduce the exposure of residents to waterbome pathogens and s
hould decrease
the incidence of disease in the NLTN basin.
Table 18-7 Waterborne Disease Incidence within the Districts of the NLTN Basin
District
1993
1995
1997
cases
cases per cases
cases per cases
cases per
100,000
100,000
100,000
District 1
241
6.04
522
11.9
455
10.16
Binh Tanh
473
11.86
505
11.51
545
12.17
Tan Binh
450
11.28
557
12.7
529
11.81
Phu Nhuan
160
4.01
229
5.22
228
5.09
Go Vap
151
3.79
184
4.19
273
6.09
District 3
255
6.39
329
7.5
354
7.90
District 10
315
7.90
400
9.12
348
7.77
Source: JICA HCMC Master Plan for Urban Drainage and Sewerage System, Final Repo
rt
Supporting Volume I, December 1999, Table D.5:l.
COM Internatior
18-16
NLTN EIA Report Sep
t 2000
Part F
Environmental Management Plan
CD!! !ntemational
Ch19-safeguards v4 doc - 59-Sep-O0

19 Environmental Safeguards and Mitigation
Measures
This chapter outlines the environmental safeguards and mitigation measures propo
sed for the
Project. An outline of specific mitigation measures identified in Part E (Impact
Assessment) of
the EIA Report is provided, followed by description of a Project Environmental M
anagement
System.
19.1
Specific Safeguards and Mitigation Measures
19.1.1 Overview
Table 19-1 summarises the proposed mitigation measures for each of the identifie
d impacts.
Table 19-1: Summary of Specific Mitigation and Management Measures
Activity
Key Effectslimpacts
Mitigation
Env
ironmental
._________________ _ _Management
* Dislocation of residents on the * Payment
of
Table 19-2
construction of pumping station pumping station site
compensation a
s
per World Bank and
Vietnamese policies
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
(Part 1 - Wastewater Components)
2- Interceptor sewer, Combined a Construction noise
' Section 19.
1.5
Table 19-3
Sewer Overflows and Pumping a Construction dust
' Section 19.1.3
Station
* Water quality impact
* Section 19.1.2
a Terrestrial ecology
' None proposed
a Worker safety
* Section 19.1.8
3- River Outfall
* Water quality impact on
a None propos
ed
Table 19-3
Saigon River
* None proposed
a Waterway navigation and
traffic
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
l
4- Drainage improvement works, ' Construction noise
s Section 19.
1.5
Table 19-3
including replacement and new ' Construction dust
a Section 19.1.3
drainage pipes and cuiverts
i
* Road Traffic
* Section 19.1.9l
a Worker safety
a Section 19.1.8
* Public safety
* Section 19.1.8
a Section 19.1.8
* Indirect impact on businesses a Payment of
compensation
* Indirect impacts on tourism,
* Section 19.1.7
recreational, historical, cultural
and public facilities
* Public Toilets
* Section 19.1.10
C=1M lntern2atonal
19-1
NLTN EIA R
eport Sept 2000
Ch19-safegiarns v4 doC - 1I-SeD-OO

Activity
Key Effects/Impacts
Mitigation Measures
E
nvironmer
Management_i
5- Canal improvement (dredging) * Water quality impact during
* None prop
osed
Table 19-4
works
dredging
* Section 19.1.4
.1
None proposed
Increased truck/barge traffic to
transport dredged material
offsite
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
PHASE
* Reduced flooding in NLTN
* None requir
ed
Table 19-5
l
basin (Beneficial effect)
* Worker safety during
* Section 19.1.8
maintenance works
* Section 19.1.4.2
* Odour emission
7. Operation/maintenance of
* Improved canal water quality * None requ
ired
Table 19-5
and aquatic ecology
flushing
((Beneficial effect)
* None required
* Improved public health
* Section 19.1.8
(Beneficial effect)
* Public safety
l
8- Pumping station operation &
* Odour emission
* Built in we
t scrubber Table 19-6
maintenance
* Noise emission
* Careful selection of
equipment
* Aesthetics
* Landscaping plan
* Oil, Grease and Scum
a None required
Removal (Beneficial effect)
* Accidental spill containment a None required
(Beneficial effect)
9- Operation/maintenance of river * Impact on ecology of Saigon
* Section
19.1.10 Table 19-7
outfall
River
* Impact on water quality of * Section 19.1.10
Saigon River
* None Proposed
* Health hazards
* Section 19.1.10
19.1.2 Water Quality
19.1.2.1 Construction Site Water Management Measures
* Provide sufficient portable chemical toilets at all work sites. Ban discharge
of sewage into the
canal or street drains. All chemical toilets to be regularly serviced by a speci
alist contractor.
* The "clean" stormwater runoff will be directed to the stormwater drainage syst
em, which
discharges directly to the canal. Stormwater runoff from potentially contaminate
d areas
would be diverted to the on-site treatment system (see description below) for tr
eatment prior
to discharge.
* Surface channels will be built in advance to collect and direct the surface ru
noff to silt
removal facilities. Perimeter channels would also be provided to prevent rainwat

er runoff
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from washing across the site. NMoreover. dykes or embankmients for flood protect
ion will be
positioned around critical earthwork areas.
* The drainage channels will be connected to sand or silt traps and sediment bas
ins.
Sedimentation basins would be configured so as to provide sufficient time for th
e suspended
solids to settle out. Baffles will be provided in the basins to reduce water vel
ocity, promote
settling and prolong the residence time of the runoff. The "cleaned" water will
be pumped
back for further on site dust suppression and vehicle washing as far as practica
ble. These
facilities would be regularly desilted to maintain their effectiveness. Excess w
ater, following
treatment, would be discharged to the stormwater drainage system.
* Chemicals and fuel would be stored in locked, bunded areas, which have a reten
tion volume
of 110% of the storage capacity of the largest tank. The bunded areas will be se
aled to prevent
any infiltration of precipitation, be constructed of a material that is compatib
le with the
chemical/fuel being stored and will not be equipped with drains to eliminate the
possibility of
accidental discharges. A spill response and management plan will also be formula
ted and
implemented so that site staff is appropriately trained to minimize the environm
ental impacts
of any emergency spill situations.
* Surface runoff from areas likely to be contaminated with oil or fuel, e.g. veh
icle or plant
parking areas, equipment refueling areas will be directed to an oil separator pr
ior to entering
the general site drainage stream.
* Stockpiles of construction materials on site will be covered with tarpaulins o
r similar fabric to
prevent surface erosion. Minimisation of stockpiling in the wet season will redu
ce the chance
of silt laden surface runoff from entering the canal.
* Prohibited and toxic substances will be avoided on site.
A wheel wash basin will be used to minimize the water usage or wash water genera
ted from
direct hosing. The basin shall be refilled as required and the wash water from t
he basin either
being reused for road watering or pumped to the on-site settling tanks for treat
ment.
* It is proposed to incorporate the above mitigation measures into a site enviro
nmental
management plan to be prepared by the construction contractor. At that time, the
se nominated
mitigation measures will be refined, modified (if appropriate) and finalised by
the
construction contractor, taking into account of the actual construction methods.
19.1.3 Air Quality
19.1.3.1 Fugitive Dust Cc.,trol during Construction
Materials Handling:
* The distance between the stock piles and site boundary should be maximized so
that off-site
dust impacts generated from material handling could be minimized.

* The heights from which excavated materials are dropped should be as low as pra
ctical to
minimize fugitive dust from unloading.
* All stockpiles of aggregate or soil should be enclosed or covered and dampened
to reduce
wind erosion.
Vehicle Movenien ts:
* Effective water sprays should be used to control potential dust emission sourc
es such as
unpaved areas.
* Vehicles with loads that have the potential to create dust while in transport
should be properly
covered. with the cover secured and extended over the edges of the side and tail
boards:
* Materials should be dampened. if necessary, before transportatiori.
C:M !nternational
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Ch19-safec.a,-ds 14 dcc - 19-Seo-OO

* Traveling speeds should be controlled to reduce traffic induced dust dispersi
on and resuspension within the site from the operation of haul trucks.
* Wheel washing facilities should be provided and maintained at the exit of the
site to minimize
the quantity of material deposited on public roads.
19.1.3.2 Exhaust Emissions during construction
Mitigation measures for CO Emissions:
* Appropriate planning and scheduling of construction activities to minimize tr
affic diversions
and congestion.
* Delivery of construction materials (raw materials, earth, spoils, pre-castza=
re sections,
etc.) should be performed during off-peak hours to avoid traffic congestion.
* Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should not be permitted during pe
riods of
unloading.
* If feasible, concrete should be supplied from an on-site batching plant to red
uce travel
distances of concrete delivery trucks.
* Low emission (diesel) construction vehicles should be used wherever feasible.
* All stationary equipment should be located as far away as practical from recep
tor locations to
allow dispersion of emitted pollutants.
Low emission (diesel, electric) construction equipment should be used wherever f
easible.
* Idling of stationary equipment should not be permitted.
19.1.4 Odour Control Measures
19.1.4.1 Mitigation measures during canal dredging
The following operational measures may be adopted to minimise odour impacts duri
ng canal
dredging:
* in locations where two or more dredgers/excavators are required, they should o
perate at a
distance far enough apart such as to avoid cumulative odour impacts. If dredgers
operate at a
distance of more thanl 00 m apart, significant cumulative impacts are likely to
be avoided;
* areas should be dredged to a depth below water levels so as to avoid disturbed
sediment being
exposed to the atmosphere;
* the dredging working area should be minimised to minimise odour emission poten
tial;
* good dredging practices should be followed that minimnise the dispersion of se
diment and
sediment/atmosphere interaction. Methods such as cutter suction dredging should
be avoided;
* following the filling of sediment storage facilities, these should be removed
from site
immediately (following the filling of storage facilities to their appropriate ca
pacity);
* sediments should not be stored on the river banks;
* temporary stored sediment should be maintained in a moist state or covered by
a layer of
water;
* temporary stored sediment should be covered to prevent odour emissions (by wat
er or
watertight tarpaulins);
* road transport of sediment shoulc be in covered watertight trucks;

COM Internat;onal
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* appropriate routing of transport avoiding densely populated areas as far as pr
acticable: and
* appropriate environmental monitoring and action plans.
In addition to operational mitigation techniques, there are several specific odo
ur mitigation
methods that may be applicable during canal dredging:
* air dilution: high powered fans used to stimulate air dispersion and thus red
uce ambient odour
levels. The suitability of these methods is dependent on the prevailing atmosphe
ric conditions;
use of odour nmaskintg agents: an odour masking agent is placed or sprayed in a
location
between the odour source and the sensitive receiver. Alternatively the agent (in
a watersoluble form) can be spray applied directly onto dredged material. This reduces
the odour
intensity and changes the odour character to one that is less objectionable. Suc
h masking
agents have the added advantage of reducing odour impacts during subsequent sedi
ment
transportation to any disposal site;
* deodorising agenits: there are numerous products on the market that claim to
be deodorising
agents rather than masking agents. Deodorising agents are diluted to an appropri
ate level, after
which they are sprayed into the atmosphere by fogging or spray-over equipment (s
imilar to
those used to apply masking agents). Spray equipment generally generates droplet
sizes
between 25 to 40 microns which provides optimal surface area/volume, dispersabil
ity and
suspension. The effectiveness of deodorising agents depends upon the composition
of the
odorous gas and the contact time achieved - generally at least 1.75 seconds of c
ontact are
required between the odorous compounds and the deodorising agent. The odour in t
he vicinity
of the canal is caused principally by hydrogen sulphide and mercaptan emissions
from the
sediment - both these odorous gases can be deodorised using commercially availab
le
deodorising agents. Odour removal occurs by adsorption of the malodour onto the
product
formulation droplet surface. Therein the odorous molecule is neutralised through
chemical
reactions (ie. oxidation, reduction and esterification). Any deodorising agents
used should be
biodegradable and not impact upon water quality and/or river ecology or affect t
he health and
safety of site workers or the public. Deodorising agents are generally natural o
rganic
substances such as plant extracts and such do not deplete ozone and are non-haza
rdous.
Deodorising agents have been employed successfully at landfill sites, waste tran
sfer stations,
sewage treatment works, composting sites, recycling plants, and industrial plant
s.
Of the methods identified above, the use of deodorising agents appears to offer
the most potential

beneficial use with respect to NLTN canal dredging. Whilst masking agents have p
roven use at
sewage treatment works, they have resulted in odour complaints, since irrespecti
ve of masking
canabilities, such agents still present the public with an unnatural odour.
Commercially available deodonrsing agents can neutralise the odorous components
expected to be
generated during canal dredging. Such agents can be illustrated to reduce hydrog
en sulphide and
mercaptan levels by >99%, although such figures are generally derived through co
ntrolled
laboratory experiments. In the field, such effectiveness is unrealistic given th
at the area of odour
generation can be large.
With regard to canal dredging, fogging equipment could be used to spray deodoris
ing agents into
the air in the vicinity of dredging. Fogging equipment could be mounded on both
the sediment
storage barge as well as the grab dredger - this would maximise deodorisation at
the site of odour
generation. If such a strategy failed to achieve the required level of odour mit
igation, mobile spray
units, possibly mounted on poles for added height, could also be placed at appro
ximately 5 m
intervals along each side of the river bank, thus being between the dredger and
identified sensitive
receivers. Deodorising agent application at the bank-side would reduce further t
he potential for
odorous gases to reach sensitive receivers. Through this approach the level of o
dour mitigation
attained can be very high. For example, if deodorising agents are continually ap
plied on both the
dredging units, storage barges and along the river edges, odour removal efficien
cies of up to 90%
may be achieved. Greater or lower levels of mitigation levels can be achieved de
pending upon
CDM q-ternational
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Sept 2090
Ch19-safegvaras 4 doc - '9-Sep-OO

where deodorising agents are applied, and how much is applied. It should be the
objective of
odour mitigation to achieve odour levels that do not lead to public complaints.
19.1.4.2 Minimisation of odour in sewer/drains
The following measures will be adopted to minimise the generation of odours:
* maintain adequate dissolved oxygen in gravity sewers by ensuring steep enough
grades to
produce sufficient velocities, and by the provision of natural ventilation;
provide turbulence in upstream areas of catchment but eliminate turbulence in t
he lower
reaches where the sewage may contain hydrogen sulphide;
* minimise detention time in pumping stations and rising mains;
* design rising mains which have the smallest diameter and shortest practical l
ength to minimise
detention and slime development; and
* if necessary the addition of facilities to control hydrogen sulphide generati
on in longer rising
mains.
19.1.5 Noise Mitigation Measures
The following mitigation measures are proposed during construction stage of the
Project:
Use of purpose-built noise barriers (fixed and mobile), if appropriate;
X good equipment maintenance and ensuring that the appropriate unit is chosen f
or each
construction task;
* units not in use will be switched off;
* intrusive noisy activities will be scheduled for periods when the number of a
ffected persons is
likely to be minimal;
silencing of noisy equipment, particularly diesel-engine plants;
efficient management of the construction program and crews to ensure that perio
ds of noisy
activities are minimised, or not grouped together in the same site area;
* Setting up of liaison and communication channels with the affected communitie
s to receive
complaints and feedback, with a view to minimise the noise impacts.
19.1.6 Solid Waste Management Program
Inappropriate disposal of solid waste can cause land pollution and water quality
degradation.
Controls on the disposal of construction wastes and domestic solid wastes should
be established.
The following presents some appropriate solid waste disposal practices suitable
for the NL-TN
Project.
* Controlled buming of waste within site should be under close supervision of t
he DOSTE.
* No dumping of solid waste into waterways, which will cause environmental degr
adation,
pollution and create risk to navigation.
Disposal sites should be properly selected so they do not cause surface or grou
ndwater
pollution.
* Adopt an appropriate solid waste transportation schedule to minimize traffic
congestion.
Transportation vehicles should be adequately covered to prevent dust emission,
spillage of
materials and risk of accident.
CDM lnternationa,
19-6
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ept 2000
Ch19-safe1!ards '4 Co - 19-Sep-00

19.1.7 Public Information Program
Public, and especially media, reaction has been excessively and increasingly neg
ative towards
infrastructure projects meant for public services. This is because public agenci
es in Vietnam are
generally not well acquainted with implementing large-scale urban infrastructure
projects. Wvhile
lessons have been leamed and progress made, there is still much improvement to b
e made,
particularly in the strengthening of public relations mechanism.
Considering its scale and nature, particularly the potential impacts that the Pr
oject could cause to
the public in urban areas during construction, a Public Information Program (PIP
) is proposed
during the construction stage to:
* inform the public about NL-TN Project's objective, targets and forthcoming ac
tivities (e.g., in
road closure, traffic diversion, service interruption, etc);
* appeal for cooperation and understanding from the public;
* entice better public cooperation and support so as to avoid or reduce damage t
o project
properties (equipment vandalism, material theft, hindrance to work); and
* assure the public that adverse impacts to the environment are minimised throug
h stringent
management and control.
It is proposed that the PIP should be a sustained effort in the PMU, possibly ha
ndled by
professionals engaged specifically for this purpose. Target audiences would incl
ude:
* Elected officials and heads of departments and agencies;
Technical specialists within city/district departments;
* Business leaders, factory managers, trade associations;
Construction managers and developers;
* Neighborhood groups;
* Schools and other youth activities; and
* Media: newspapers, radio.
The following activities might be considered:
* Prepare and distribute pamphlets during construction of drainage improvements
(when the
public is particularly aware of the efforts to improve the canal);
* Prepare press releases;
* Hold workshops for people in the construction trades;
* Prepare and distribute posters and billboards;
* Make presentations at public events (fairs, trade shows, etc.).
* Organize tours of facilities when they are completed.
19.1.8 Occupational Health and Safety Program
Occupational health and safety records in development projects in Vietnam have b
een poor. It is
proposed that the following initiatives should be considered by the project owne
r, and written into
the contract documents:
* Comply with all applicable Vietnamese regulations and standards in occupationa
l health.
* Conduct safety training course for construction workers,
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Ch19-safeguards v4 doc - 19-Sep-OO

* Adopt standard engineering practices to prevent preventable accidents.
* Engage experts (e.g.. an agency in occupational health) to provide technical
support in
occupational safeguard.
* Provide insurance for worker.
* Mandate use of personal protective equipment (PPE): hard hats, hard boots, ear
-mugs, etc.
* Periodic occupational health check-ups for vulnerable workers (e.g., those exp
ose to sewage,
exceeding noise, etc.)
* Maintain records of incidents/accidents and work losses.
Also of importance in the Occupational Health and Safety Management Program is a
n Accident
Contingency Plan, to deal with various scenarios of emergency: fire, explosion,
spills of fuels and
chemicals, traffic accident, waterway navigation accident and drowning. It is re
conmmended that
contractors should set-up and put into action an in-house Accident Contingency P
lan as one of the
qualifications for bidding. The Accident Contingency Plan should consist of, but
is not limited to:
* Organization and Responsibility: which clearly defines "who" is to be respons
ible for "what".
* Resources: manpower as well as budget, material and equipment;
a Training and Competence: with periodic refresher training (e.g., first-aid)
Operational Procedures: prepared and documented for each type of accident: step
s to be take
by each position in the company
Reporting: lines and contents of reporting
* Checking and Corrective Action, in cases of new process and technology, new p
roject, and
occurrence of an incident/accident.
19.1.9 Traffic Management Measures
It is proposed that a detailed Traffic Management Plan with the aim of minimisin
g traffic impacts
should be prepared by the construction contractor to suit its working method. Th
e Traffic
Management Plan should be submitted for approval by relevant agencies and the tr
affic police
prior to implementation. Typically, the traffic management plan would:
* Outline the length and separation of trench openings. Typically, no more than
100 m of
trench should be opened at a single time.
* Specify that trenches should be reinstated as soon as work is completed.
* Specify that temporary plating of open trenches to be provided during non-wor
king periods at
all road crossings and entrances to properties and business premises;
* Specify the length and duration of lane closures;
* Aim to conduct road opening in off peak periods;
* Designate alternative routes; and
* Propose and execute a Public Information Program (see Section 19.1.7) to info
rm the public
of the proposed lane closures and road diversion schemes.
19.1.10 River Outfall Mitigation Measures
The temporary outfall design will mitigate wvater quality impacts on the Saigon
River. Design of
the temporary outfall will minimize the area of the wastewater plume that exceed
s the standard for
CDM Internatonal
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19-8
NLTN EIA Report S
Ch19-safeguards v4 'cO -19-Sep-OO

Category B for BOD in the immediate vicinity of the outfall. Desigrn will achiev
e the Category B
standard at the shore of the riverbank.
The temporary outfall is not expected to cause a significant increase in health
hazards for river
users, given the fact that the canal currently discharges wastewater to the Saig
on River at levels
that exceed the Category B standard. However, the results of environmental monit
onng near the
outfall will be evaluated to determine appropriate public information measures t
o minimize direct
contact with the limited outfall plume that exceeds the Category B standards.
The Project is the first phase of an ultimate plan to develop a biological waste
water treatment
facility at Cat Lai in District 2 which will be developed when the City's abilit
y to afford such a
facility is achieved and funding is available. The temporary outfall will be con
structed to allow
connection to a pipe to convey wastewater to the proposed secondary wastewater t
reatment plant.
19.1.11 Public Toilet Mitigation Measures
The NLTN Project will only provide replacement public toilets where the construc
tion of drainage
improvements causes the removal of existing informal public toilets. The NLTN Pr
oject will
provide replacement precast public toilets equivalent to those installed by the
city Public Toilets
Project. The city will need to provide connections to electrical and water utili
ties. In consultation
with the city, district and ward, the management of these public toilets will be
structured so that
the public can use them free of charge.
19.2
Project Implementation Schedule
The environmental mitigation measures described above will be implemented such t
hat they
match the schedule for completion of detailed design, bid document preparation,
construction and
operation. Figure 19-1 shows the anticipated project implementation schedule. Th
e accountable
positions and departments for implementation are described in the Project Enviro
nmental
Management System aspect tables in the next section. The implementation plan for
environmental
monitoring is described in subsequently in Section 21.
19.3
Project Environmental Performance Reporting System
19.3.1 Management Framework
It is proposed that a Project Environmental Performance Reporting System (PEPRS)
should be set
up to manage the environmental performance of the Project. The primary objective
of the PEPRS
is to ensure that the recommended environmental safeguards and mitigation measur
es are
implemented properly. The PEPRS is therefore an important link between the EIA s
tudy and
project construction and operation. It is suggested that the PEPRS should follow
the general
principles of ISO 14000: Environmental Management System, but it is not proposed
that the
PEPRS needs to be formally accredited at this stage.

Key steps in setting up the PEPRS may be grouped into three components and will
include:
Institutional Strengthening
* Appointment of an Environmental Officer/Manager in PMU and UDC to manage all
environmental affairs during Project construction and operation, respectively. I
nstitutional
issues are further discussed in Chapter 20 of the EIA Report.
Environmental Safeguards and Mitigation Measures
* Confirming or establishing environmental performance objectives and targets f
or construction
and operation, as recommended in the ELA study and the subsequent detailed desig
n phase.
* Formulating environmental programs. An environmental program is a series of a
ction plans
that identify specific action steps, schedules. resources (technology, human and
financial), and
CDM International
19-9
NLTN EIA Report Se
pt 2000
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Ch19-safegaarcs v4 coc - 19-SeP-0Q

designation of responsibilities to achieve the stated environmental objectives a
nd targets. In
essence, the environmental mitigation measures identified in the ELA study (Chap
ter 19) will
be packaged into a series of programs (e.g., water quality protection, community
liaison.
health and safety, etc) to facilitate implementation.
Monitoring and Reporting
* Procedures for continual improvement, which will be set out in an Environmenta
l Monitoring
and Audit program, as outlined in Chapter 21 of the EIA Report.
The PEPRS will be finalized during detailed design stage of the Project when mor
e specific
design details and further information on complementary programs such as resettl
ement and
public consultation are available. A Termn of Reference for development of a Pro
ject Performance
Reporting System (PEPRS) is included as Annex 19.1. It is intended that a PEPRS
Manual will be
produced and provided to PMU and UDC, as well as their consultants and contracto
rs for
reference.
A step in setting up the PEPRS is to identify pertinent Environmental Aspects or
project activities
that are likely to have significant interactions with the envirc- ment. On the b
asis of the nature
and phasing of the Project, and findings of the impac. assessments, the followin
g six
Environmental Aspects are identified:
Pre-construction stage
1. Resettlement
* Construction stage
2. Land clearance, excavation and filling
3. Canal Dredging and material management
* Operation and maintenance stage
4. Sewer network operation and maintenance
5. Pumping station operation and maintenance
6. Discharge to Saigon River
Then, a management framework for each Environmental Aspect is formulated. This w
ill include
addressing its potential impacts, setting objectives and targets, assigning mana
gement
responsibilities and defining monitoring and reporting procedures. Tables 19-2 t
o 19-7 illustrate
the outlines for the management frameworks for the six Environmental Aspects. Th
ese will be
further developed in the PEPRS Manual.
CDM International
19-10
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Crn9-safeguards v4 doc - 19-Sec-O

Table 19-2: Environmental Aspect 1- Resettlement
Aspect No. 1
Resettlement
Activity/Event
Land appropriation for construction of pumping station
Causes/Agents
. Land clearance (about 1.5 ha) to make room for the pump
ing station
Potential Impact
. Disturbance to living conditions
* Potential loss of employment or income-earning opportunities
* Potential property losses and lowered standards of living due to inadequate
compensation
* Difficulty in adapting to new life: loose community structure, difficult inco
me
earning, long-term debt if moving to housing much more expensive than old
housing, etc.
Objective
. Relocated people are to be compensated at market values
. Relocated people should have their quality of life at least equal to, if not
better
than, their existing conditions
Action
. Inventory and attitude survey at affected sites
* Resettlement Action Plan
* Consultation process
* Good coordination between PMU (DTPW) and City agencies: Department of
Cadastre, Land and Housing, Office of Chief Architect, District PCs and Ward
PCs.
* Compliance with World Bank policy and requirements in compensation and
resettlement if Bank is to be secured
. Compliance with Vietnamese policy and regulations in compensation and
resettlement
Targets
a Resolve all reasonable complaints and petition from af
fected people
* Land is appropriated on schedule for construction activities
Management
. Inventory and attitude surveys
programs/procedures . Resettlement Action Plan
* Consultation process
Position accountable a PMU is mainly responsible for providing compensation
* Department of Cadastre, Land and Housing: cadastral maps, housing schemes at
new sites
* Department of Finance & Pricing: compensation rates
* Office of Chief Architect: zoning and permission for land use
Monitoring/Reporting . Procedures to receive and respond to complaints from r
esettled people
* Before-and-after study, also draw from similar past compensation and settleme
nt
programs
Legislation
. Decree No. 90/CP dated 17-Aug-1994 on compensation for
losses in land
expropriation
* Decree No. 2211998/ND-CP dated 24-Apr-1998 on compensations
* City Decision(s) on land appropriation, compensation levels and procedures,
etc.
(not yet issued at time of this writing)
NOTE: World Bank requirements must be complied with if World Bank loan is to be
obtained, Current City policy is to adopt Bank policy and procedures if required
.
CDM !nternationa
NLTN EIA R
eport Sept 200C
C.l 3-S3feg,uards v4 aoc - 19-Seo-CO

Table 19-3: Environmental Aspect 2- Land Clearance, Excavation and Filling
Aspect No. 2
Land clearance, excavation and filling
Activity/Event
. Construction of sewers/drains, culverts, CSOs
* Construction of interceptor tunnel
* Construction of pumping station
l Construction of river outfall
Causes/Agents
. Required resources: personnel, cars, trucks, pumps, gen
erators, tools, heavy
equipment
Potential Impact
. Construction dust and noise
* Localised water quality degradation and impact on navigation (during outfall
construction)
* Traffic congestion and accidents
l Worker & public safety
* Indirect impacts on businesses and places of interest (e.g. cultural, recreat
ional,
tourist, etc) caused by drainage construction works in urban areas.
Objective
. Avoid significant damage to environmental amenities
* Protect worker and public safety
* Minimise health threats and nuisance to the public
* Achieve zero complaints from communities
Action
. Compliance with occupational health and safety standards
l Compliance with relevant environmental regulations
l Proper material disposal activities according to procedures
l Surface restoration and landscaping to the extent possible on completion
Targets
. No avoidable death, serious injury to workers and the pu
blic
* No preventable heavy property damage
* No preventable major environmental incident
Management
. Contractor Management Procedure
programs/procedures * Environmental mitigation measures
* Operating procedures for construction sites
Position accountable . Construction contractor(s)
Monitoring/Reporting . Safety records, contractor to report to Department of H
ealth and Department of
Labor, Invalids and Social Welfare
l Occupational incidents/accidents, contractor to report to PMU and Department
of
l For damage to utilities: contractor to report to PMU and the concerned utilit
y
company
* DTPW inspectors to enforce legislative and contractual requirements at sites
Legislation
. Decision No. 29/1999/QD-BXD dated 22-Oct-1999 of Ministr
y of Construction:
environmental protection in the construction sector (also for occupational healt
h
protection)
* Circular No. 07/1999/TT-BXD dated 23-Sep-1999 of Ministry of Construction:
compliance with construction standards
. Vietnam's standards TCVN in noise, air quality, vibration, etc.
* Various Vietnam's standards TCVN in occupational health and safety
l Regulations No. 23/HDBT based on the Law of Government Organization and the
People's Health Protection Law. Article 16 stipulates the hygienic regulations f
or
domestic waste (excreta, solid waste and wastewater)
CDM lnternaiona~
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NLTN EIA Re
oort Sept 2000
C, -sI'evca-os v4 doc - 19-Sep-CO

Table 19.4: Environmental Aspect 3- Canal dredging and material management
Aspect No. 3
Canal dredging and material management
Activity/Event
Dredging of NL-TN Canal, transport of dredged material to s
ite(s) for reuse
CauseslAgents
. Barges, vehicles and crew
* Dredged sediments and soil
Potential Impact
* Odour and noise
* Worker health and safety
* Truck and/or barge traffic
Objective
. Prevent significant damage to environmental amenities
* Protect worker safety and health
* Minimise nuisance to the public
Action
. Compliance occupational health and safety standards
* Train workers on proper operational procedures according to standard engineer
ing
practices
Targets
. No major incidentlaccident to people, environment and pr
operties
Management
. Contractor Management Procedure
programs/procedures . Environmental mitigation measures
Position accountable . Contractor(s) responsible for canal dredging to comply
with regulatory and
contractual requirements
* PMU to enforce contractual requirements
* DTPW inspectors to enforce regulatory requirements
Monitoring/Reporting . Safety records, reporting to Department of Health and D
epartment of Labor,
Invalids and Social Welfare
* Occupational incidents/accidents, reporting to PMU and Department of Labor,
* Spills (except minor, routine) of chemicals, fuels, debris: contractor or ope
rator to
report to Project Owner
Legislation
. Decision No. 29/1999/QD-BXD dated 22-Oct-1999 of Ministr
y of Construction:
environmental protection in the construction sector (also for occupational healt
h
protection)
* Various Vietnam's standards TCVN in occupational health and safety
a Decree CP/36: transport of construction and waste materials and safety transp
ort
in general
CDM Irternational
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Ct5 -safeguards '4 Cc - 79-Sep-CO

Table 19.5: Environmental Aspect 4- Sewer/drainage network operation & maintenan
ce
r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Aspect No. 4
Sewer/drainage network operation & maintenance
Activity/Event
Operation and maintenance
Causes/Agents
. Nuisance and health hazards from materials removed from
manholes and sewers
* Nuisance from operating equipment and personnel
Potential Impact
. Worker safety: methane and hydrogen sulfide gases in dr
ains/sewers,
contamination with sewage and sharp objects
Interference to road traffics during manhole inspection
* Malodors from drains and sewers
* Sewer overflows and backups
* Improved canal water quality and aquatic ecology ((Beneficial effect)
* Improved public health (Beneficial effect)
* Reduced flooding in NLTN basin (Beneficial effect)
Objective
. Prevent damage to environmental esthetics
* Protect labor safety and occupational health
* Prevent health threats and nuisance to the public
Achieve zero complaints from communities
Action
. Compliance with occupational health protection standard
s
* Suitable working schedule of sewer/drain cleansing to minimize traffic conges
tion
and nuisance
* Train workers for proper operational procedures
Proper disposal of maintenance wastes
Targets
a No significant incidentlaccident causing injuries, deat
hs or property damage
* No major sewer/drain backup or flooding incident attributable to lack of syst
em
maintenance
Management
. Contractor Management Procedure (if private contractor
is engaged for operation
programs/procedures
and maintenance)
Position accountable * Project owner (DTPW) is responsible for ensuring that
the operator (UDC or
private contractor) operates and maintains the system in a satisfactory manner,
through intemal administration procedures (if internal agency is used) or
contractual procedures (if outside contractor is used).
* Operator is responsible for day-to-day operation and maintenance activities.
Monitoring/Reporting * Safety records, reporting to Department of Health and D
epartment of Labor,
Invalids and Social VWelfare
* Occupational incidents/accidents, reporting to Project Owner and Department o
f
* Spills (except minor, routine) of chemicals, fuels, debris: contractor or ope
rator to
l___________________
report to Project Owner
Legislation
. Various Vietnam's standards TCVN in occupational health
and safety
* Decree No. 36/CP on vehicle operation
COM International
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C-9-safegja,-ms v4 Coc - l StSep00

Table 19-6: Environmental Aspect 5- Pumping station operation & maintenance
Aspect No. 5
Pumping station operation & maintenance
Activity/Event
Operation and maintenance
Causes/Agents
Pumping station
Potential Impact
* Noise and odour emissions
* Worker safety
. Wastewater overflows and backups
* Oil, Grease and Scum Removal (Beneficial effect)
. Accidental spill containment (Beneficial effect)
Objective
* Prevent damage to environmental amenities
. Protect worker safety
* Minimise health hazards to the public
Action
. Compliance with noise, vibration, air quality and occu
pational health protection
standards
. Proper disposal of screenings and other wastes according to procedures
Targets
. Meet ambient noise and air quality standards
* Maintain high occupational health and safety care
Management
. Contractor Management Procedure (if contractor is enga
ged)
programs/procedures * Environmental mitigation measures
* Chemical management
Position accountable . Project owner (DTPW) is responsible for ensuring that
the operator (UDC or
private contractor) operates and maintains the pumping station in a satisfactory
manner, through internal administration procedures (if internal agency is used)
or
contractual procedures (if outside contractor is used).
a Operator is responsible for day-to-day operation and maintenance activities.
Monitoring/Reporting * Safety records, reporting to Department of Health and
Department of Labor,
* Occupational incidents/accidents, reporting to Project Owner and Department
of
* Major spills of chemicals, fuels, debris: contractor or operator to report t
o project
owner
a DTWP inspectors to enforce legislative requirements
Legislation
. Vietnam's standards TCVN on noise, air quality, etc.
. Regulations No. 23/HDBT based on the Law of Government Organization and the
People's Health Protection Law. Article 16 stipulates the hygienic regulations f
or
domestic waste (excreta, solid waste and wastewater)
COM !nternotionz!
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ReDort Sept 2000
C _ -sS e^: ,4 iOC - e' 6ay-CO

20 Institutional Strengthening
20.1
Introduction
The NLTN Project is a major drainage project being implemented to alleviate floo
ding in the
NLTN basin. The project's wastewater system components provide the added benefit
of improving
the water quality of the NLTN Canal by diverting the dry weather wastewater flow
to the Saigon
River. The wastewater components include the interceptor and CSO structures alon
g the NLTN
Canal, the pump station and screening facility and tunnel outfall to the Saigon
River.
This chapter addresses the institutional strengthening proposed to address the C
ity's drainage and
sewerage sector's short-term needs during the project construction's period, and
the long-term
needs during management, operations and maintenance of the project.
20.2
HCMC Institutions in the Drainage/Sewerage Sector
With regard to sewerage and drainage, the prominent city institution is the Urba
n Drainage
Company (UIDC) in the Department of Transport and Public Works (DTPW). The DTPW
and
UDC are discussed below.
20.2.1 Department of Transport and Public Works (DTPW)
The DTPW is a large multi-service department reporting directly to the HCMC Peop
le's
Committee. The DTPW is responsible for all public land and water transport in th
e City, plus most
infrastructure including roads, bridges, canals, drains and sewers, water supply
, street lighting,
and parks. Its jurisdiction also covers a river port and container installation,
a shipyard, and an
auto mechanics company.
A Director heads the Department, with three Deputy Directors heading each of fou
r major
divisions:
- Water supply and sewerage/drainage,
- Public works and environmental services (including solid waste services),
- Engineering and management for roads, bridges, and navigation,
- Surface and water transport, and portlshipping facilities, and
- Administration.
The UDC is the DTPW agency responsible for the provision and maintenance of the
city's main
drainage network. The UDC functions and organizational characteristics are discu
ssed in the
following section.
20.2.2 Urban Drainage Company
UDC is responsible for provision and maintenance of the main drainage and sewer
networks
throughout the city, and for issuing permits for connections to city sewers. The
UDC's system is
comprised of all drainage culverts and pipelines larger than 600 mm within the c
ity, (Levels 1, 2,
and 3 drainage system). The system under UTDC responsibility includes approximat
ely 92 km of
canals and streams, and 530 km of closed conduits, of which 130 km are in the Nh
ieu Loc-Thi
Ngzhe Basin.
UDC's primary activities are related to the maintenance of the canals, drains, a
nd sewers. It is also
responsible for the planning. design, and consrruction of new drains and sewers.
Major projects
CDM l-,te-- 2',cc
2^N TN E4 Rer Sept
2^0r0
are implemented through Project Management Units (PMUIs) established by the DTPW
. The
PM%TUs act as the project or construction management group providing liaison wit
h consultants and
other city departments, preparing or supervising the preparation of tender docum
ents, axxarding
contracts, and supervising construction. Over the last few years UDC has constru
cted several
kilometers of large capacity culverts replacing open drains, to improve drainage
to the NLTN'
Canal.
UDC operates strictly as a State-owned Enterprise (SOE). The HCMC People's Commi
ttee
through DTPW, provides UDC's budget for all maintenance and construction activit
ies. No tariffs
or fees are charged for the drainage or sewage collection services. These charac
teristics
underscore a very important issue regarding UDC's operational mode: UDC function
s strictly as a
DTPW bureau responsible for maintenance and construction, rather than as a utili
ty-based
organization. The physical assets comprising the City's main drainage network ar
e carried on the
city's balance sheet, while UDC's assets are vehicles, rolling stock, constructi
on, dredging and
other equipment, and inventories under its control.
All level 4 sewers are under the responsibility of the districts. The HCMC Peopl
e's Committee
provides for the annual funding to the districts for maintenance and expansion o
f the level 4
sewers.
20.3 Institutional Framework for the NLTN Project
The DTPW has indicated that construction management services for the NLTN projec
t will be
provided through the existing PMU of the NLTN project. Once the project is compl
eted, the UDC
will be responsible for the project facilities. It is recommended that the PMU s
hould employ
additional staff who have related experience on internationally funded projects.
20.4
Short-term Institutional Needs for Project Implementation
Several institutional needs must be met in order to provide for proper implement
ation through the
construction phase of the Project.
20.4.1 PMU Strengthening
The World Bank's practice is to insist that the organization implementing a proj
ect's construction
to be highly skilled in project and construction management, and also have a hig
h level of skill in
financial management and accounting. These technical and commercial qualificatio
ns are
necessary so that the PMIU can properly manage consultants, carry out designs, t
ender and award
contracts, and account for the flow of funds for the many construction contracts
involved. The
PMU must also be capable of preparing the many and varied financial reports and
audits the
World Bank requires during the construction period. Strengthening of the PMU nee
ds to be first
done through the addition of staff and followed up with effective training and t
echnical assistance.
Another critical area to be implemented is the formnation of the steering commit
tee that would
oversee the PMU and provide the needed direction, support and decision making to
implement the
project.
The PMU will have to coordinate and interact as required, with many Ministries,
City
Departments, consultants and contractors throughout the implementation period of
the project.
The PMNU must have the capacity to perform the following functions:
Procurement and management of Consultant services
Prequalification of Construction Contractors
Preparation of Design and Tender Documents for some 14 ICB and NCB bid packages
Evaluation and award of construction contracts
Construction supervision and Commissioning
C;DM !+^-s+-â'
2W-?
NJTN ErA gRe'-e Se
-! 2?"')
Ch2u instS'rg:r v4 soc - B-May-00

Coordination of other drainage wvorks carried out locally as part of the NL-TN p
roject
(level 4 sewver improvements)
Coordination with UDC and other City departments
Financial management and reporting per World Bank requirements
20.4.2 PMU Staffing and Organization
Building an effective team of staff to make up the PMU organization is the most
critical of the
capacity building steps that must be undertaken by the City. As discussed earlie
r, the current
PMU is understaffed and has a significant workload in addition to the NL-TN proj
ect. The PMIU
was originally established as a water supply and drainage PMU and the majority o
f its current
activities are spent in this area. As a result, the NL-TN project currently suff
ers from a lack of
focus and attention. While this hasn't been a significant problem to date, given
the complexity and
relatively long duration of the NL-TN project, it is necessary to establish with
in this PMI a
dedicated and focused group of staff to concentrate solely on the NL-TN project.
The PMIU will need to be substantially strengthened in areas of:
* project administration, in connection with bidding, procurement, and manageme
nt of
consultants and contractors to comply with Vietnam's and Bank's requirements;
* engineering: covering civil, environmental, electrical, mechanical, geotechni
cal and
construction fields of expertise;
* project finance and accounting: to administer various fund disbursements and
to carry
out financial control and reporting in Vietnam's standard accounting system, als
o in the
system and formats according to Bank's requirements;
* institutional: covering policy, legislative (including Vietnamese and interna
tional
building codes), community, and compensation and resettlement areas.
As an in-imediate measure, the PMU will need to be strengthened by recruiting a
Deputy Director,
Chief Engineer, and Finance Manager who have worked on international constructio
n contracts
and ideally Bank funded and/or foreign investment projects. The team would also
need to be
further staffed over time with additional professionals and support members to m
eet the demands
of the project through the various stages of design, construction, commissioning
and tumover to
UDC.
The proposed staffing needs and organization of the PMU is illustrated in Figure
20-l.Under this
proposed organization, the existing PMU staff not assigned to the NL-TN project
would remain in
their current capacity and continue to carry out the other PML duties. In addit
ion, it is
recommended that the existing organization be expanded if required to handle the
general
administrative, personnel, and accounting/payroll needs of the additional NL-TN
PMU staff
outlined below. Within the existing PMU a dedicated group headed by a new Deputy
Director
would be formed to manage the NL-TN project. Three separate teams would also be
formed to
handle project management, technical support and financial management. In additi
on, the PMU
would establish a policies and communicative office to deal with the public and
resettlement
issues. As the project is still in its early stages, not all staff needs to be a
cquired at once. Rather
staff will be added to the PMU as the design and construction work is phased in
over time.
20.4.3 Technical Assistance to PMU
To insure the PMU has sufficient capacity to handle the workload involved for th
e tendering and
managing the large volume of construction work, the World Bank will fund Technic
al Assistance
(TA) to the PMU. The TA w ill provide for upgrading the skills of PMU in tenderi
ng, construction
management and funds management.
CDM International
20-3
NLTN EIA Report S
ept 2000
Figure 20-1: Proposed PMU Staffing Organization to Implement NL-TN Project

PMU
DIRECTOR
[
F .1,t.,,g Slafl and O`1rrlatlirr
Carryng out other PMU
Deputy Director OverrSing
tfes1iiSI)OIIS* toS to W.ter and
NL-TN Pftolct
Drainâffo Sector
Financial Management &
Policy, CornenuniCation, and
Office S-,ricrs Giolip
Engin-erlig Services Group
Accounti
ng Group
Er-orroriiennat Malagent Office
P,.Iect Manaaemern anid Co.rd1nallo__.___ _. _ ___
Groeip
Chief Engineer
Accounting and Finance Manager
Project Environmental Officer (PEO
D?
_Fn-ronm-enal Speciali-t
- Scre,ri ;
Wiasieealr Components Liasion officers
- Contract Adminstralor
s
- Legal Advisor
Illi t:SDs i)ull.li
Acccountanis
Potibc FRelaions offtcei
f ll:,,, It')-,CCinpefOuttOl MoioriCfficer
,iJ at,i,_i_
Construction and
secrtary
Conpe
___e_ _y
_ _---- --_ ___ -~
Design and Procurement
Conrmissioning
__r__
Drainage CoMpornents Liasron Officers
_
_____
I 1( ilL IN .anial
- Sarilatron Engineer
liil. ic.m-c Nl I N CanOl
-.Cvil Engwreer
COvi Engineer
I Sv 2 d.Eririo syStiiri- Electricial Erigineef
G,eolechoical Engmeer
yi ior.cinqiiioig sOcswurgr Level 3 dra,i,age steuioral Engineer
M-ecianical Engmeer
y .fiii
- fotecvlearical Engineer
Elecirrcal Engtneer
icr-1 ir,iI i it cow,ol 3rI. drOiOaqe soteirl
Coinl
- Gohivcai EnriinEer , Conrsoiniognn Specialist
IU. ini,iiiclir) nt mon 4 dranaIle syslem
- Enoironrerntal Engineer
En- onronenial Engineer
_ ----- _ .___ Prccurement Specialist
Sfrucl
ural Engineer
r =atvi
- =3air
f-7
-iad to irlove To C-ositiviorl Rolr as
tivoiccitUf gmnSsOss
FigJi is hl' i Yi5
,/ 21i/lSi
Ct,2v ^:Serg
4 c-:c - 8-'sIa, -00
Training and advisory services wvill be required to strengthen the PMU's overall
capabilitI
throughout the implementation pcriod for the NL-TN Project. Generallv the traini
ng and advice
will cover the areas of World Bank financial procedures and reporting requiremen
ts, international
specifications and tendering procedures. evaluation of bids, standard contracts.
quality control.
and project performance management. The training and advice will be provided thr
ough on-thejob and classroom venues and formal in-country and overseas higher education.
The training and advice will cover three general areas of work: (a) project and
construction
management, (b) procurement including addressing the issues associated with CO c
ontracts and
(c) fund management and financial reporting.
Together with the general training program, provision of extensive English and c
omputing courses
to PMU staff is needed.
20.5
Long-term Institutional Needs
The NLTN Project's long term needs consist of personnel, equipment and training.
It is
recommended that by combining institutional strengthening efforts for the NLTN p
roject with the
efforts of other HCMC environmental projects will enhance the effectiveness of t
he training
programs.
20.5.1 Urban Drainage Company
The UDC's long-term needs include a strengthening of the UDC organization to ins
ure there are
an adequate number of staff employed to operate the new and existing facilities.
Training for all
levels of the staff will probably be required.
The combined sewer system maintenance staff in UTDC will require general trainin
g pertinent to
the O&M of the new system and how to best utilize the new sewer cleaning equipme
nt to be
purchased under this Project. It is estimated that approximately 100 of the exis
ting staff would
require approximately 240 hours of both classroom and field training.
The workforce of UDC assigned to the NL-TN basin will need to increase by roughl
y 50%
compared to current staffing to maintain additional drainage capacity. The new d
rainage
improvements proposed are very similar in structure and function to the existing
large box
culverts and pipes installed by the UDC. Therefore, UDC maintenance teams are al
ready
experienced in many of the operations and maintenance tasks for the drainage com
ponents.
Therefore, training for the drainage component maintenance staff will focus on u
pgrading the
level of service currently provided. Training will address better use of mainten
ance equipment,
implementing an O&M certification program, safety procedures including those for
confined
space entry, identification and remediation of infiltratic.a and inflow problems
.
In addition, the new facilities provided in the NL-TN Project will add 20 large
main CSO
interception chambers and about 30 smaller CSO-like structures to the existing d
rainage system.
Assuming that each chamber should be inspected and/or cleaned weekly, it is esti
mated that about
30 new employees may be required for the cleaning and inspection task. The work
crews
established for this task will also require transportation and tools to enable t
hem to perform
effectively. Training for these crews will be required based on the final plans
for operation and
cleaning the overflow chambers.
The training and advisory services for UDC are the subject of a separate Terms o
f Reference. It is
advisable for UDC to subcontract management and O&M of the wastewater facilities
and contract
out portions of stormwater drainage maintenance. Therefore the training and advi
sory services
will focus on increasing UDC's capacity for:
* project administration: accounting and financial management; corporate planni
ng and
budgeting;
CDM International
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Sept 2000
ChZw :-S' S:le-c- .1 J ~_ -,.3

^
* information technology, including management information systems (MIIS) and
geographical inforrnation systems (GIS):
* engineering: O&NI planning and management focusing in operational (including
health
and safety) skills and procedures;
* institutional: development of the regulatory framework for private sector par
ticipation
(e.g., BOT or O&M contracts) contract management, regulatory oversight and quali
ty
assurance, and human resource development and training.
In general, the DTPW and UDC should explore opportunities with public-works agen
cies of major
cities in Vietnam, such as in Da Nang or Hai Phong, as well as overseas in HCMC
'sister city' San
Francisco (USA). These information exchanges will allow the Project to learn fro
m local and
international experience in operating combined sewers.
20.5.2 Wastewater Management
For the medium term, it is advisable that plan is made to create new capabilitie
s for UTDC to
enable the Company to carry out detailed design of the future wastewater treatme
nt plant.
Key staff within the HCMC government agencies should be recruited and trained lo
ng-term in
sewer system planning and management to manage the NL-TN and other sanitation pr
ojects.
O&M for the new pumping station and screenings facility and control center shoul
d be provided
under a management contract. This private sector participation can either be by
the contractor that
builds the facility or through a separate management contract. The period of the
contract should be
at least 5 years.
The basis of the contract should be the desired serviced standards for effluent
quality and service
reliability. Generally the principles of risk management should be considered an
d the contract
should have clear definition of risk allocation between the parties.
As part of the institutional strengthening program for the corporation, provisio
n should be made
for international technical assistance in the development of the bidding program
and document for
the management contract and for subsequent evaluation of bids. The program shoul
d be based on
intemational competitive bidding.
Approximately 30 employees should be provided under the contract for general sup
ervision and
operations, and for electrical and mechanical maintenance.
In addition, the operations control center will require six to ten personnel for
24-hour staffing. The
center will house the control equipment used to optimize the water quality in th
e NL-TN Canal.
These staff will be responsible for overall sewerage system operation and contro
l, the water
quality aspects of the NL-TN Canal, and the repair and maintenance of the mechan
ical and
electrical control equipment.
20.5.3 Tariffs
The Project proposes to establish a tariff for wastewater services to provide a

revenue source to
recover the O&M costs and some capital costs of the NL-TN wastewater components
as
encouraged by the World Bank. It is not anticipated that there will be a need to
establish a parallel
billing system for the wastewater tariff. The WSC will provide assistance to the
City to collect the
wastewater tariff along with the monthly water bill.
The DOF, DTPW and the UDC will need to form an organization to implement managem
ent of
collection of the tariff by the WSC. Items requiring review include the internal
accounting and
financial systems, the billing systems to be used, and methods for tracking cust
omer payments.
Other items include the methodology for working with the WSC to bill and collect
charges and the
arrangement of the mechanism for collected funds to be transferred from the WSC
to the DOF and
UDC accounts.
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Cl:2 !ns,Stre-g .. 4 - 8-t.a <-Cn

In respect to the billing process. the financial staff of the UDC in the short t
erm will require
training for the new tariff svstem and the intemal accounting and financial syst
ems needed to
support the new tariffs. The training for the new financial systems should inclu
de systems for
tracking customer payments and receivables, the billing system to be used with t
he surcharge on
the water supply bills, and the mechanism for the amounts collected to be transf
erred to the UIDC's
account. About 20 staff will need approximately 300 hours of training.
20.5.4 Technical Assistance to Urban Drainage Company
As recommended in the Project Institutional Report the Technical Assistance to U
DC should
cover the following:
1. Corporate planning and management information systems
* Advice and assistance in establishing an appropnate corporate form for the ag
ency.
Developing a corporate plan including issues such as organizational structure, t
ariff
strategy, cost control, performance targets, staff requirement and staff develop
ment.
* Establish a small asset-planning group, which concentrates on a research and
development
on asset lives refurbishment and developing technologies.
* Development of management information systems such as payroll/personnel, supp
ly and
performance measurement.
2. Accounting and financial management
* Knowledge of modem financial and accounting management practice particularly
based
on accrual accounting and development of a robust asset register.
* Billing procedures including billing, reading and inspection of water bill re
cords, transfer
of funds and bookkeeping. The financial management process of developing an annu
al
financial plan based on a corporate business plan with a regular financial repor
t and
auditing.
* Technical assistance should cover both hard components of computers, printer
and office
facilities and soft components of software, guidelines and manuals and training
courses.
3. Operation and maintenance management procedures and budgeting
* The assistance should cover procedures for managing contracts for O&M of equi
pment
and facilities. It should include expertise development in procurement processes
and total
life costing techniques. Particular attention should be paid to long lived sewer
age assets
and overall performance management of contractors.
* Technical assistance should be specifically provided during procurement of th
e pumping
station to develop the bidding process and the bidding document and to evaluate
bids.
4. Human resources development and training
* Based on corporate planing training should include assessment of skills, staff
ing
requirements and training needs. Development of succession plans.

CDM Internat onal
20-6
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
21 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting

This Chapter presents the Environmental Monitoring and Audit (EM&A) arrangements
for the
management of environmental requirements arising from the environmental assessme
nt process.
Proposed Environmental Monitoring is summarized in Table 21-1. It is proposed th
at EM&A
Manuals, providing information, guidance and instruction to personnel charged wi
th
environmental responsibilities and undertaking environmental monitoring work dur
ing the
construction and operational phases of the Project, will be prepared after appro
val of the EJA
Report and prior to commencement of construction activities.
Table 21.1: Summary of Specific Monitoring Proposals
Activity
Key Effects/Impacts
Monitoring
* Dislocation of residents on the * Provid
ed for by
construction of pumping station pumping station site
Resettlem
ent Action Plan
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
(Part I - Wastewater Components)
2- Interceptor sewer, Combined
* Construction noise
v None p
roposed
Sewer Overflows and Pumping * Construction dust
* None propo
sed
Station
* Water quality impact
* None proposed
* Terrestrial ecology
* None proposed
* Worker safety
* None proposed
3- River Outfall
* Water quality impact on Saigon
* Sectio
n 21.2.2.1
River
* Waterway navigation and traffic * None proposed
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
l
4- Drainage improvement works,
* Construction noise
* None p
roposed
including replacement and new * Construction dust
* None propo
sed
drainage pipes and culverts
* Road Traffic
* None proposed
* Worker safety
* None proposed
* Public safety
* None proposed
a None proposed
* Indirect impact on businesses
* Monitoring to be provided
by compensation report
* Indirect impacts on tourism,
* None proposed
recreational, historical, cultural and
public facilities
5- Canal improvement (dredging) * Water quality impact during
* None p
roposed
works
dredging
* None proposed
* Increased truck/barge traffic to
transport dredged material offsite
* None proposed
CDM International
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F
Activity
Key Effects/impacts
M
onitoring
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
PHASE
* Reduced flooding in NLTN basin
* Section
21.2.1
(Beneficial effect)
* Worker safety during maintenance * None proposed
works
a None proposed
* Odour emission
7- Operation/maintenance of
* Improved canal water quality and
* Secti
on 21.2.2.2
aquatic ecology (Beneficial effect)
flushing
a Improved public health (Beneficial * None pro
posed
effect)
* None proposed
* Public safety
8- Pumping station operation & * Odour emission
* None pr
oposed
maintenance
* Noise emission
* Section 21.
2.3.3
* Aesthetics
a None proposed
* Oil, Grease and Scum Removal
* Section 21.2.2.2
(Beneficial effect)
* Accidental spill containment
ISection 21.2.2.2
(Beneficial effect)
9- Operation/maintenance of river * Impact on ecology of Saigon River * Sec
tion 21.2.2.2
outfall
* Impact on water quality of Saigon
* Section
21.2.2.2
River
* None proposed
* None proposed
* Health hazards
21.1
Environmental Monitoring and Audit Program
21.1.1
Objectives of the EM&A Program
The main objectives of the EM&A program include:
* To provide a database from which the environmental impacts of the project ca
n be
determined;
To provide an early indication should any of the environmental control measures
or practices
fail to achieve the acceptable standards;
* To monitor the performance of the project and the effectiveness of mitigation
measures;
* To verify the environmental impacts predicted in the EIA;
To determine project compliance with regulatory requirements, standards and gov
ernment
polhcies;
* To take remedial action if unexpected problems or unacceptable impacts arise;
and
* To provide data to enable an environmental audit.
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21.1.2
Scope of EM&A Program
The scope of the EM&A program is to:
* Establish baseline noise and water quality levels at specified locations and r
eview these
baseline levels at specified period;
* Implement (a) construction and operational water quality and (b) operational n
oise impact
monitoring programmes;
* Liaise with and provide environmental advice (as requested or when other-wise
necessary) to
construction site and operational staff on the comprehension and consequences of
the EM&A
programme;
* Identify and resolve environmental issues and other functions as they may aris
e from works;
* Check and quantify the Construction Contractor's as well as the Facility Opera
tor's overall
environmental performance, implement Event & Action Plans, and recommend and imp
lement
remedial actions to mitigate adverse environmental effects as identified by the
EM&A
programme, the EIA and other relevant reports;
C Conduct regular reviews of monitored impact data as the basis for assessing co
mpliance with
defined criteria and to ensure that necessary mitigation measures are identified
, designed and
implemented, and to undertake additional ad hoc monitoring and auditing as requi
red by
special circumstances;
* Evaluate and interpret all environmental monitoring data to provide an early i
ndication should
any of the environmental control measures or practices fail to achieve the accep
table
standards, and to verify the environmental impacts predicted in the EIA;
* Manage and liaise with other individuals or parties concerning any other envir
onmental issues
deemed to be relevant to the construction process;
* Conduct regular site audits of a formal or informal nature to assess:
- the level of the Construction Contractor's as well as the Facility Operator's
general
environmental awareness;
- the Construction Contractor's as well as the Facility Operator's implementatio
n of the
recommendations in the EIA;
- the Construction Contractor's a- well as the Facility Operator's performance a
s measured by
the EM&A;
- the need for specific mitigation measures to be implemented or the continued u
sage of those
previously agreed; and
- to advise the site staff of any identified potential environmental issues;
* Submit regular EM&A reports which summarise project monitoring and auditing d
ata, with
full interpretation illustrating the acceptability or otherwise of any environme
ntal impacts and
identification or assessment of the implementation status of agreed mitigation m
easures; and
* Produce Construction and Operational Phase EM&A Manuals.
The EM&A arrangements will be formalised in EM&A Manuals for the construction an
d
operational phases, which will be submitted to DOSTE for approval prior to the c
ommencement
of construction works and the commissioning of the proposed Project respectively
. The Manuals
will provide information, guidance and instruction to personnel charged with env
ironmental
responsibilities and undertaking environmental monitoring work during the constr
uction and
operationa! phases of the Project.
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The followi -ng sections provide an overview of the environmental monitoring req
uirenments arising
from the environmental assessment, including water quality and operational noise
monitoring as
well as audit recoimmendations for key environmental issues. These components al
ong with the
EM&A programme reporting requirements and the procedures and lines of communicat
ion set out
in the EM&A Manuals will form the basis of the Project Environmental Management
System
(PEMS). The PEMS (see also Chapter 19) will be implemented by the Construction C
ontractor as
well as the Facility Operator, to manage the environmental challenges posed duri
ng the
construction and operation of the Project respectively.
21.1.3
Environmental Reporting
21.1.3.1 Reporting Structure
Environmental monitoring contractors should be employed to implement the monitor
ing program
as follows:
Construction phase
The environmental monitoring contractor will report directly to the PMU and work
closely with
the construction contractor/facility operator. After review, the PMU will submit
monitoring
reports to the HCMC PC, with a copy to DOSTE for comment.
Operation phase
The environmental monitoring contractor will report directly to the UDC, the pro
ject owner, and
work closely with the facility operator. After review, the UDC will submit monit
onrng reports to
the HCMC PC, with a copy to DOSTE for comment.
The proposed reporting structure is shown in Figure 21-1. Under this arrangement
, the PMU or
the UDC can instruct the construction contractor or facility operator to rectify
any non-compliance
as a contractual requirement. If an intemal agency is used as a monitoring contr
actor, the
instruction to rectify non-compliance can be issued as an administrative order.
21.1.3.2 Potential Monitoring Contractors
In HCMC, a number of agencies and institutions are capable of performing the tas
ks of
environmental monitoring contractor. Candidate contractors are listed below:
* Center for Environmental Technology and Management (CENTEMA), Van Lung Univer
sity
* Vietnam Association for the Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE)
. Environmental Protection Center (EPC), Vietnam Institute for Tropical Technolo
gy and
Environmental Protection (VITTEP)
* Institute of National Resources and Environment, National University of Vietna
m in HCMC
Sub-institute for Water Resource Planning and Management
21.1.4
Environmental Audit
The environmental audit is to be carried out by an environmental consultant empl
oyed by the
PMU or UDC. The environmental auditor is responsible for assessment of the envir
onmental
performance of the construction contractor, the facility operator and the enviro
nmental monitoring
contractor. The audits will be carried out at agreed period of intervals in line
with the
recommendation in the EM&A Manuals.
CDM International
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Figure 21-1: Reporting and Liaison in Environmental Monitoring

I I ~~Ho Chi Minh
Ministry of Science, l
World Bank
*
*
People's Committee d
*1
Technolog
y &
(PC)
Environmrent
Advisory & V ioiorsls
Report compilation
Technmcal supp Mnitentciresults,
Department
NL-TN Project
Urban Drainage
Monitoring result
s,
Department
of Transport
or
Incidents/Acciden
ts of Science,
Management
Company (UDC) ... .
Technology &
& Public Works
-....... Tcnlg
(DTPW)
Unit (PMU)
Proiect Owner
Inspection
Recommendations Environment
Incidents/Accidents 4
j j Monitoring results
Construction Contractor or
Contractor for
Facility Operator
Monitoring
- Reporting (administrative or contractual)
-4 Instructing (administrative or contractual)
..... ..... > Advice I Inspecton
*-*- Liaison / Consultation
The main responsibilities and duties of the auditor include the following:
* review changes in measured parameters during construction and after commissio
ning;
* assess the compliance of the Facility development with Government environmen
tal quality
objectives;
* examine the cost-effectiveness of any mitigation or control measures in
achieving
environmental protection;
* recommend amendments in procedures or remedial actions in the event that perf
ormance in
unsatisfactory. This is particularly relevant to the dispersion of the wastewate
r plume from
the outfall;
* determine the effectiveness of the environmental data base for intemal mana
gement
awareness;
* determine the degree of environmental awareness as the Facility; and
* establish whether the standard of environmental management at the Facility is
sufficient to
promote good relations with local communities.
During the construction stage, the environmental auditor will prepare and submit
monthly audit
reports. Following the performance testing of the facility, the auditor will sub
mit his first audit
report within 45 days of completion of the performance testing. The second audit
report will be
based on the first six months of operation following the performance testing. Th
ereafter, the
auditor will prepare and submit annual reports.
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21.2
Outline of Monitoring Requirements
21.2.1
Flooding Reduction
21.2.1.1 Construction Stage
Upon completion of the dredging and canal improvement program, flow measurements
are
proposed to measure the hydraulic capacity of the canal. Measurements should be
taken hourly
over a two-day period that includes a storm event. Measurements should be taken
for flow and
tide level at six locations along the length of the canal.
21.2.1.2 Operation Stage
A flood monitoring program is proposed to evaluate the actual flood Teduction an
d hydraulic
capacity improvements achieved by the project. Simple mechanical tide gauges sho
uld be
installed to record weekly high and low water levels at six locations along the
length of the canal.
21.2.2
Water Quality
The proposedwater quality monitoring program is described below. An environmenta
l monitoring
contractor will perform the water quality monitoring.
The environmental monitoring contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that s
ampling
procedures, sampling preservation, and laboratory analysis are all conducted to
obtain accurate
and meaningful results. Analytical methods should comply with Vietnam's standard
series TCVN,
or if unavailable the "standard methods" as published jointly by the Water Envir
onment
Federation (WEF), the American Water Works Association (AWWA), and the American
Public
Health Association (APHA).
The laboratory that conducts the analysis should conduct quality assurance/ qual
ity control
(QA/QC) to ensure data reliability. The laboratory comply with ISO guide 25 or a
n equivalent
quality control system.
21.2.2.1 Construction Stage
Outfall Construction
Construction stage water quality impact would result from dredging of trenches i
n the riverbed of
Saigon River for construction of the outfall. The parameters of concem are suspe
nded solids and
dissolved oxygen at sensitive receivers in the proximity of the work site. Monit
oring is proposed
downstream, upstream and at the riverbank closest to the outfall construction.
Canal Improvement
Six locations along the length of the canal should be monitored quarterly during
the first year of
pump station commissioning to measure improvements in canal BOD, DO, fecal colif
orm, and
suspended solids. Measurements shall be performed every hour over three complete
tidal cycles.
To calculate pollution loading in the canal, simple flow measurement shall be pe
rformed
measuring the depth of the canal and the velocity of the canal water at the same
locations as the
water quality measurements.
Pump Station Influent Chamber
Influent to the pumping station will be monitored quarterly during the first yea
r of commissioning
to verify the quantitv and quality of the wastewater collected from the NLTN bas
in. Pump station
flow w,ill be estimated hourlv based on pump operation logs and flow measurement
devices. The
follovvmg parameters will be monitored: flow, BOD. DO, fecal coliform. suspended
solids,
ammonia and pH.
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Receiving W ater
Saigon River will be monitored quarterly during the first year of commissioning.
Sites will
include a control location upstream, a location at the mouth of the NLTN canal,
and at the
riverbank nearest to the outfall location, and one location downstream. Water q
uality
measurements should be performed every hour over three full tidal cycles. Measur
ements should
be coordinated to match a period during which Saigon River flow is being measure
d.
Measurements should be at the same time that the wastewater influent and canal w
ater is
measured. The following parameters will be monitored: flow, BOD, DO, fecal colif
orm,
suspended solids, ammonia and pH.
21.2.2.2 Operational Stage
Canal Improvement
Three locations along the length of the canal should be monitored quarterly duri
ng the first year of
pump station commissioning to measure improvements in canal BOD, DO, fecal colif
orm, and
suspended solids. Measurements shall be performed every three hours over a compl
ete tidal cycle.
To calculate pollution loading in the canal, simple flow measurement shall be pe
rformed
measuring the depth of the canal and the velocity of the canal water at the same
locations as the
water quality measurements.
Pump Station InfluentChamber
Influent to the pumping station will be monitored semi-annually to verify the qu
antity and quality
of the wastewater collected from the NLTN basin. Measurements are to be taken ev
ery three
hours over a complete tidal cycle that coincides with the canal and river water
quality
measurements. Pump station flow and water quality will be estimated based on pum
p operation
logs and flow measurement devices. The following parameters will be monitored: f
low, BOD,
DO, fecal coliform, suspended solids, ammonia and pH.
Pump Station Wetwell - Scum, Oil and Grease Removal
Records are to be kept by the pumping station operator of the quantity and type
of scum, grease
and oil skimmed from water surface of the pump station. Measurements are to be t
aken during all
maintenance activity.
Pump Station Wetwell - Spill Containment
Any accidental spill that reaches the pump station should be thoroughly document
ed. Toxic or
hazardous chemicals that are captured at the pumping station should be sampled a
nd analyzed for
chemical content.
Receiving Water
Saigon River will be monitored semi-annually . Measurement locations will includ
e a control
location upstream, a location at the mouth of the NLTN canal, and at the riverba
nk nearest to the
outfall location, and one location downstream. Water quality measurements should
be performed
every three hours over a full tidal cycle. Measurements should be coordinated to
match a period
during which Saigon River flow is being measured. Measurements should be at the
same time that
the wastewater influent and canal water is measured. The following parameters wi
ll be monitored:
flow, BOD, DO, fecal coliform, suspended solids, ammonia and pH.
Full environmental audits of the receiving water quality are also proposed at on
e, five, 10 and 15
years after commissioning of the outfall. The parameters to be monitored will be
the same as the
routine monitoring described above.
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21.2.3
Noise Monitoring
In this section, the requirements for the monitoring of noise impacts from the o
peration of the
pumping station are discussed.
21.2.3.1 Noise Monitoring Methodology
Noise level measurements will be carried out by suitably qualified members of th
e EM&A
Consultant team, using methodology stipulated by relevant Vietnamese standards a
nd in
accordance with DOSTE requirements.
Prior to any monitoring programme being undertaken, all monitoring equipment sha
ll be serviced,
calibrated and certified by an accredited laboratory. Equipment will be operated
in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions and all tests and checks recommended by the
manufacturer
will be carried out. During monitoring activities, wind direction, wind speed an
d ambient
humidity and temperature will be measured and recorded.
21.2.3.2 Construction Phase Monitoring Requirements
It is not proposed to monitor for noise during construction, unless work will be
carried out during
sensitive periods, i.e. evening, night or general public holidays. No work durin
g sensitive periods
is anticipated. However, during the commissioning of the pumping station noise t
ests are
proposed as indicated in Table 21-1.
21.2.3.3 Operational Phase Monitoring and Audit Requirements
The minimum requirements for the monitoring of noise during the operation of the
pumping
station are proposed in Table 21-2. The performance tests shall be undertaken fo
r a minimum
period of three weeks. Further tests may be required after the initial environme
ntal performance
tests, or after the first year of operation, depending on the measurement result
s.
Table 21-2
Proposed Noise Monitoring Prog ram
t Parameter
Location
Timing
Frequency
Performance
Notes/Remarks
Parameter
~~~~~~~~~~~~Requirement
Construction
Stage
_
Noise
I m and 6 m from During
2 times during 85 dB at I m
from
Primarily
L . ~ min) all in-plant commissioning
commissioning and source
r
equired for
Lec (5 mmn)
mechanical
hearing
equipment e.g.
protectio
n
|generator, pumps.
purposes
Noise
I m from the
During the final Once for day time 55 dB duri
ng day
nearest Noise
stage of
and once for night time and evening
Ltq (I-hr)
jsensitive receiver commissioning
time per day 45 dB during
night
with all plant
time
operating at full
time
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ duty_
_ _ _ _ _
Operation Stagee
Noise
I m and 6 m from
I m from
Primarily
all in-plant
for
L,5 (5 mm)
mechanical
hearing
Iequipment e g.
n
I | gencrator, pumps.
The operatlonal noise monitoring
COM lnternationa
IA Report Sept 2000
During operation
2 times monthly
85 dB at
during operation
source
required
protectio
l
purposes
and audit will comprise the following:
21-8
NLTN E
Equipmen, Noise Emission Levels

The Contractor shall measure Let (5-min) noise levels a 1 m and 6 m from the fix
ed noise sources.
Noise sources to be measured include but are not limited to the generator, venti
lation fans, and
pumps. The performance requirements are outlined in Tables 2.2 and 5.1.
Plant Noise Survey
The Contractor shall undertake compliance monitoring of noise levels within the
pumping station
building to confirm compliance with occupational health and safety noise guideli
nes.
Off-Site Impacts
Measurements will be undertaken at the nearest noise sensitive receiver during t
he fTnal stage of
commissioning, with all plant activities operating at full duty. Measurements wi
ll be conducted at
a distance of I m from the nearest part of the building fa9ade, at a height appr
oximately 1.2 m
above the ground or at the height that has the least obstructed view of the cons
truction or
operational activity in relation to the receiver.
Measurements will be conducted twice per day, once during the day-time (performa
nce
requirement of 55 dB(A)), and once during the night-time period (performance req
uirement of 45
dB(A)).
21.3
Cost Estimates for Monitoring
21.3.1
General
The monitoring program would have two phases, a construction phase and an operat
ional phase.
Estimated costs are shown in Table 21-3. The components of each phase are listed
below.
The environmental monitoring cost during the construction stage is normally incl
uded in the
construction contract. The Contractor is required to hire an independent firm to
carry out the
monitoring and present the monthly audit report to PMU and DOSTE for considerati
on.
Regarding the environmental monitoring cost during the operation phase of the pr
oject, it is
normally included in the annual operation and maintenance cost of the pumping st
ation. Local
institutions and the private sector have the capability and will execute the wor
k required for the
proposed monitoring program.
Table 21-3: Estimated Cost for Environmental Monitoring
Project Phase Type of Monitoring
Estimated Cost
Estimated Cost for
per Year (USD)
Contract Period
(USD)
Construction
Water quality
$50,000
Stage
(outfall construction) _
Water quality
$150,000
(conuiiissioning)
Flood reduction
S30,000
(cornmissioning)
Noise
SO100.000
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3_______________ (corm russioning)

__l
Operation
Water quality
S6,000
Flood reduction
5 1,500
______ _ Noise
$500
Totals
$8000
$330,000
21.4
Monitoring Implementation Plan
21.4.1
General
Implementation of the environmental monitoring program will be consistent with t
he project
implementation schedule shown in Section 19. The monitonng implementation plan s
hown in
Table 21-4 describes the monitoring tasks to be performed and indicates the anti
cipated duration,
frequency and timing. This plan will need to be adjusted to match changes in the
project
schedule.
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Table 21-4 Environmental Monitoring Implementation Plan

Action
Location
Responsibility
Parame
ters
Duration
Frequency
Timing
Target
Date
Construction
__________
Ottfall Construction Receiving Waler 3 locations
PMU selected contractor SS
. Dissolved Oxygen
During construction of
At each high and Constru
ction Between
Water Quality
outfal diffuser
low tide
Jan 2004May 2004
Water Quality at
Cavial
6 locations
PMU selected contractor Flow
, BOD,DO, Fecal Coliform, SS Every trr, three fuIll tidal Four tfines Startu
p
Feb 2005,
Startup
cycles
May 20(15,
Aug 2005,
Nov 2005
Plump Station
Infljent
PMU selected contractor Flow, BOD, DO, Fecal Coli
form. SS,
Every hr, three full tidal Four times Startuip
Feb 2005,
Chamber
Ammonia, pH
cycles
May 2005,
Aug 2005,
Nov 2005
Receiving Water 3 locations
PMU selected contractor Flow, BOD, DO, Fecal Col
iform, SS,
Every hr. three full tidal FoLir times Startup
Feb 2005,
Ammonia, pH
cycles
May 2005
Aug 2005,
Nov 2005
Floodifig Reduction Canal
6 locations
PMU selected contractor Flow
, Tide Level, Survey Cross Sections Hourly, two day period Twice
At Comple
tion of May 2006,
with storm event
Construction
Nov 2006
Noise
Pump Station
lm and 6m
PMU selected contractor wind d
irection, speed, humidity,
5min
Twice
Startup a
rid
Mar 2005.
from
temperature and noise (dB)
Commissioning Juine 2005
equipment
Pump Station
lm from
PMU selected contractor wind direction, speed, hu
midity, lhr
Twice
Prior to Erid ot Mar 2005.
nearest noise
Comrnissioniing Jujne 2005
sensitive
Operation___
Flooding Reduction Canal
6 locations
UDC Staff
High,
Low Tide
Weekly
Operation
s
Startirng
Dec 2005
Water Quafity
Canal
3 locations
UDC selected contractor Flow
, BOD.DO, Fecal Coliform, SS Every 3 hrs, lull tidal cycle Semi Annually Oper
ationis Startting
Feb 2i006
Pump Station
InflLent
Owner selected contractor Flow, BOD, DO, Fecal Col
iforin, SS Every 3 hrs, full tidal cycle Semi Arinually Operalioris Starling
Charnber
Arnmonia, pH
Feb 2001i
Punip Station
Wetwell
U DC Staff
Volume of Scurn, Oil and G
rease
DuJring maintenance
Mainteniance
Operations
Stadiling
Removed
activity
based
Feb 2006
Pump Station
Wetwell
UDC Staff/ selected
Volume of Spill Conlainmen
t, Cfremical During spill event Event based
Operationls
Starring
contractor
Content of Spill
Feh 2006
Receiving Water 3 locations
UDC selected contractor Flow, BOD, DO, Fecal Col
iform, SS Every 3 hrs, full tidal cycle Semri Annually Operations Starting
Ammonia, pH
Feb 2006
Noise
Pump Station
tm and 6m
UDC Staff
wind d
irection, speed, humidity,
5inin
2 times rirontlrly Opera
tions Stadilig
from
Aug 2005
equipment
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11
Part G
Conclusion
COM International
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NLTN EIA Report Se
22 Project Justification
22.1 Overview
The justification of the Project is related to three key aspects:
* compliance with the principle of sustainable development, in accordance with
World Bank
policy;
* effect on the bio-physical environment; and
* economic and social considerations.
In other words, the NLTN Basin Environmental Sanitation Project must:
* be environmentally sustainable, in that the wastewater must be discharged in
a manner that is
within the assimilative capacity of the local environment (i.e. Saigon River) to
absorb without
unacceptable degradation of its future waste absorptive capacity or other import
ant services;
* have more environmental benefits than any disbenefits; and
* be able to be constructed and operated cost-effectively.
The following sections further discuss these aspects.
22.2 Sustainability Principle
As mentioned above, compliance with the principle of sustainable development is
achieved if it could
be demonstrated that:
"wastewater discharge from the Project is within the assimilative capacity of Sa
igon River to absorb
without unacceptable degradation of its future waste absorptive capacity, or oth
er important services
such as commercialfisheries and water abstraction".
Water quality modeling of the Saigon River has been conducted to assess the disp
ersion
characteristics of the wastewater plume from the proposed outfall and to select
an optimal site for its
location. The outfall will be located such that it will not jeopardize the benef
icial use of the receiving
waters (e.g. water abstraction, fisheries) and not significantly impact on any s
ensitive ecological
species or habitats.
In the future, the proposed outfall will be decommissioned, and the wastewater f
rom the NLTN basin
will be treated in a secondary wastewater treatment plant prior to discharge. Th
erefore, the Project is
unlikely to cause degradation of the river's future assimilative capacity in the
long term.
22.3 EIA Findings
22.3.1 Bio-physical Environment
The Project's impact on various aspects of the bio-physical environment were exa
mined. The
findings are summarized below:
a Receiving Waters. Pollution impact on the Saigon River is manageable. The out
fall discharge to
the Saigon River is expected to generate a wastewater plume that exceeds the sta
ndard for
Category B for BOD in the immediate vicinity of the outfall. However the area of
the plume is
small and the outfall can be designed to achieve the standard at the shore of th
e riverbank. The
receiving water quality impacts are acceptable given that the Saigon River is no
t a source for
CDM International
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Sept 2000
municipal drinking w-ater. does not have commercial fisheries close to the proJe
ct. and is no, a
habitat for rare species.
A Air Qualit!. Temporary odor impacts could occur during canal dredging, and mi
tigation
measures have been proposed to reduce this to within acceptable levels. Elevated
dust levels
could also occur during construction, especially at the pumping site. This, howe
ver, would be
localized and mitigation measures have also been proposed to minimize their impa
cts. A
scrubbing system is proposed for the pumping station, and it is not expected tha
t there would be
any significant odor impacts on the nearby residents;
* Noise. There would not be significant noise impacts from operation of the pump
ing station.
During construction, there could be temporary short-term noise impacts. Measures
to mitigate
these impacts have been proposed;
* Terrestrial Ecology. No impact on terrestrial ecology is anticipated at this
stage; and
* Hydrology. The Project will improve drainage capacity of the canal and allevi
ate flooding in the
NLTN basin.
22.3.2 Human Environment
Various aspects of the human environment were examined. The findings are summari
zed below:
* Resettlement. Residents on the proposed pumping station site will be resettled
and compensated.
Public Health. The proposal is likely to have a positive effect on public health
through removal
of untreated wastewater from the NLTN basin;
* TrafJic. There would be temporary impacts on traffic as a result of the constr
uction of the
drainage improvement in urban areas. Traffic management schemes will be implemen
ted to
reduce the inconveniences to a minimum. In the long term, the Project would impr
ove traffic
conditions during wet weather periods by reducing the extent and frequency of fl
ooding in the
basin.
* Businesses. There could be short-term indirect impact on business operations
due to construction
of the drainage improvement works in urban areas. It is proposed that considerat
ion be given to
compensate the affected businesses.
* Recreation and Tourism. The Project has the potential to improve the recreat
ional and tourist
resource of the city, through improvement of canal water quality and dredging.
* Visual and Landscape. The Project would not significantly affect the visual a
nd landscape
environment.
* Worker and Public Safety. Worker safety would be safeguarded by implementati
on of
construction site safety education and training. No significant impact on publi
c safety is
anticipated. It is proposed that warning signs be erected along the canal at sel
ected sections to
wam against fall into canal.
* Utilities. The Project would not have a significant effect on existing power s
upply, water supply,
drainage and w aste management systems.
22.3.3 Economic Benefits
The Project would have significant economic benefits. by way of:
* Reductions in flooding:
* Improvements in public health and well-being;
* Increases in the value of land within the NLTN Canal corridor:
* Strengthenrin of the insti:utional capacity:
CDM International
22- 2
NLTN EIA Report
Sept 2000
Ch22corc:us on$cc- 19-Sep-OO

Improvements in environmental quality: and
* Promotion of economic developmcnt.
The costs of the Project are outweighed by its benefits. The Project is economic
ally viable.
22.3.4 Consequences of Not Proceeding
The consequences of not proceeding with the Project are:
* Continual flooding in the basin with significant social and economic costs;
* Poor water quality in the NLTN canal, which will remain as an open sewer, with
significant
environmental and public health implications;
* Demand for drainage and sewerage services cannot be met, potentially jeopardiz
ing the growth
and economic development of the city.
22.4 Conclusion
The Project can be justified on several aspects. It is consistent with the princ
iples of sustainable
development, confirmed by the findings of the water quality modeling assessment.
The scheme
would have beneficial effects on water quality and public health, while any envi
ronmental disbenefits
would be minor or short term. The Proposal is economically justifiable.
The consequences of not proceeding are continued pollution of waterways, potenti
al risks to public
health and unsustainable growth in the region caused by inadequate drainage and
sewerage services.
CDM International
22- 3
NLTN EIA Report Se
pt 2000
VIET NAM
Clientt service means delivering on our promise to provide
the right total solution - otn time, on budget."
(CDM Alnual Report, 1998)
Environmental Management Systems
Infrastructure Design and Construction
Facility Compliance
Information Management
Turnkey Services and Outsourcing
Risk-Based Closures
Intrinsic Remediation
Strategic Site Solutions
Site Restoration and Reuse
Management Consulting
Value Engineering
CDM ... supporting sustainable
environmental management through
knowledge, tools, and strategies
Camp Dresser & McKee International Inc.
One Cambridge Place
50 Hampshire Street
Cambridge, MA 02142, USA

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CDM Camp Dresser IMcKee International Inc.

Ho Chi Minh City Environmental Sanitation Project

Support for Detailed Design

Part B - Water Cycle Management and Environmental

WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS

Part C - Project Description, Alternatives and Public

Part D - Baseline Conditions

13.1.3. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN SAIGON RIrVER (2000 STUDY ) .............. 13-7

OOOZ ideS idOd3B V13 NllN

18.4.8 IMPROVED PUBLIC HEALTH .............................

ENVIRONTMENTAL MONITORING AND REPORTING

oOZ ideS Il'dOd3d VSl NITLN

Figure IS-2 Artist Impression of the Pump Station

Table 13-5: Population Structure of Plankton and Zoobenthos

NLTN EIA Report Sept 20

1.2 Objective of EIA Report

C.2 '-O'ec*_.e cc 0;119,00

EXING FLOODING IN THE NLN BASIN

provides further discussion of the project appraisal process.

ChO2 Proec _-,e C_c - C 5'9 0,

institutional strengthening and training, and monitoring. Chapter 19 recomnmends

NLTN EIA Report Sept 2000

4 Water Cycle Management

ChO4 V'ate-C,ce :ct - Ca' C9ZO

* Drainage and wastewater collection policy is to continue using combined drains

5 Vietnamese Environmental Framework

CC .lsc.-: 5-- 5.2.2

0h05-Vt. ;eg doc - 15-Seo-CC

,- f- .ec . --Se , <.

Likewise, by Decree 52/1999/ND-CP by the Prime Minister on the procedures of inv

6 World Bank Environmental Assessment Process

NLTN EIA Report Sept 2000

7 Project Objectives and Overview

N.TN EIA Report S

* Construction of newy replacement. and parallel combined sewver drainage condu

Drainage improvements. cons st Primarniv large box culverts placed in streets, t

CSO LOCATION (TYP.)

_l,- *O ,.WL.W.a aiO

approval be.ore the comoletion of tender documents to avoid possible delays in t

NLTN EIA Report

TABLE 7-1 Estimated Project Costs (USS million)

8 Description of Project Components

* a diversion pipe on an existing street drain, which diverts dry-weather waste

_C. ro,W. 94 o_. Cg/l9 QO

CnCe r0,Ccp .4 C CS'9S00

AND STREET INLETI

NEW BOX PIPE

C,,w S-r, _. . f4 -CC; G_9/, Ov

Cr,:) Co s0+O&4 Ooc 9 Construction, Operation and Maintenance

Nhieu Loc-Thii Nghe Drainage Improvement Project

ng inside the toe of

ChGS :CnS:0&'4 cV - 4-.' OC

CnS9 Ccnls;&vl aoc - 4-May-CC

maintenance personnel will be equipped with a breathing apparatus. Portable pump

CnO9 ConsVO&v4 dcc - 4-May-02

~j CO"S. -r'O -- - -Ma1-O0

GCr-C:VO&4 aoc - 4-Mfa1-OJ

PUMIP OR COMPONENT FAILU

Failure will normally tr

Standby plant automatically or

C^'' e ren a,,.es 3 cc

economically tustified based on high internal rate of return. benetit'cost ratio

Ch'- A'ternat,.es 3 <cc- -15-I - 2'CW

constraints and the time required.

-----------~~ .'-.~MMJTCE OF HO011 CHMItIl Oly