QUESTION 1

ELECTRICAL SERVICES
A) Electrical layout

B) Lightning protection

METHOD of deciding whether protection must be given

1. The type of construction
2. The contents of the building
3. The degree of isolation of the structure
4. The nature of topography
5. The height of structure
FACTORS lead to increase need of protection
1. High buildings present a special task
2. Building rising above 53m
3. Location in the mountains/hilly country

LIGHTNING PROTECTIVE INSTALLATION

3 major parts
-

Air terminations
- Located at highest point of building to intercept lightning strokes before they strike the
fabric itself.
- Generally, air termination will be horizontal conductors along critical edges of the roof.
- Ditch roof: air termination run along the ridges.
- Flat roof: air termination round its perimeter.
Down conductors
- To carry the current arising from lightning strikes from air terminals down to earth
termination.
- Should follow a simple path down the buildings.
- Bends are permissible.
Earth terminations
- To give a low resistance path to earth for the current.
- Should be near the bottom of down conductors.
- Total resistance of lightning protective system to earth should not exceed 10 OHMS.
- Preferred form is steel rods driven into the ground.

Materials for air termination and down conductors.

-

Corrosion resistant metal: strip, rod or stranded form.

Aluminium, copper alloy or phosphor-poronze rods

C) Terminologies
DB:
-

an electric switchboard panel used to distribute electricity within building

the switchboard is enclosed in a box which contain circuit breakers, fuses and switches

2-way switch:
-

A switch used in wiring layout to allow switch to be turned on/off from 2 places

Flexible armoured 3 phase cable:

-

Armour used to prevent cable from damage by mechanical injury

Armour made up of metal wire/stop (usually galvanized steel)

Ceiling raceway wiring system:

-

Conduit
Electrical wire running through this conduit on top of ceiling

Under floor ducting wiring system:

-

The parallel arrangement of rectangular raceways on structural slab which covered with
concrete fill

QUESTION 2
ELECTRICAL VERTICAL CIRCULATION
A) ADVANTAGES
i) Lift

minimum waiting time

comfortable acceleration
rapid transportation

ii) Escalator

eliminate waiting time

no lobby required
always in motion
constructed in three ways

B) 3 BASIC ELEVATOR SELECTION

i) SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
FIRE SAFETY
The requirements of fire safety in elevator design are as follows:

The fire emergency light or message panel in each car is activated to inform passengers
of the nature of the alert and that cars are returning to a designated terminal
Door sensors and in-car emergency stop switches are deactivated
Travelling cars stop at the next landing without opening doors and then proceed to the
designated terminal

ELEVATOR SECURITY
Two aspects

Rider Security equipped with alarm button that will alert the residents and security
personnel
Communication equipment two ways communication system with no hands operation

Access Control Restricting access to (and from) a floor or car. This can be
accomplished by push button combination locks or coded cards etc

In conclusion, the most effective security system is a combination of automatic monitoring and
access devices coupled with continuous supervision by persons who know the appropriate action
to take in emergency.
ELEVATOR NOISE

Using vibration isolator

Place noise-sensitive area away from shafts and machine room

ii) GENERAL CONSIDERATION

The selection of elevators requires simultaneous consideration of several factors:

Adequate elevator service for the intended building usage

The economics of elevator selection
The architectural integration of spaces assigned to elevators (lobbies, shaft and machine
rooms)

The selection of an optimum system for a large building is most practical and accurate with the aid of
computer or simulator.
The criteria usually used in determining elevator service quality are:

Interval and average waiting time

Handling capacity
Travel time

C) You are required to determine the number of lift :

Handling capacity 12%

Floor area 1500 sqm
1 lift cater 10 people
The number of lift required?
Resolution:
Population at 12%

Lift required is

Criss cross, spiral

Criss coss, walkaround

QUESTION 3
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
A) Active and Passive system
PASSIVE SYSTEM

fire control by systems that are built into the structure or fabric of the premises, not requiring
operation by people or automatic controls. Examples, fire resistance wall, fire doors, smoke
doorsetc.
is always ready and waiting for fire even if fire is not detected.
allows the fire service rescue to be taken place, provides life safety and protect properties.
Include of:
Design of buildings
Structure
Fabric
Components & their installation
Role of passive fire protection
Ensure the safe escape of building occupants
Give fire fighters the time to rescue occupants
Property protection
Preventing economic damage
Standards used for passive protection
1. Fire Door
2. Fire Damper
3. Fire Roller Shutter
4. Bricks: Clay/Cement Sand Brick/Block
5. Linings material (Class O): Ceiling Board, Cladding, Insulation Material
6. Fire stop: Mortar/Pillow
7. Drywall Construction: Partition/Wall System
8. Hollow Concrete Block
9. Fire Rated Lift Landing Door
10. Fire Resistant Cable
11. Fire Rated Duct

ACTIVE SYSTEM

Active fire protection: Action taken by a person or automatic device to control or suppress the fire.
Example sprinklers, gas flood system, foam system, fire hose reel systemsetc.
Fire safety measures:
Control the fire or fire effects by some action taken by an automatic and manual device.
Functions are to:
1. To detect fire and initiate alarm to occupants.
2. To control or suppress the fire.
3. To prevent and control spread of smoke and fire to other areas.
4. To provide luminance during an emergency.

Device to detect and warn people of fire:

Heat (thermal detectors)
Smoke detectors
Alarm sounders
Manual call point (manual alarm system)
Sprinkler heads
Standards used for active protection
1. KELUAR sign
2. Emergency Light
3. Smoke Detector
4. Heat Detector
5. Manual Fire Alarm: Break Glass
6. Alarm Bell
7. Hose Reel
8. Sprinkler Head
9. Smoke Curtain
10. Smoke Extraction System
11. Fire Alarm Control Panel
12. Fire Suppression System (Halon Alternatives):
Aerosol,CO2,FM 200
13. Fire Extinguisher

Clean

Agent,

Inert

Gases,

B) Terminologies:

Travel distance is the distance measured along the floor from the remote point to the
nearest exit.

Dead end is area from which escape is possible in one direction only and point from which
the direction routes to alternative exit subtend an angle of less than 45.

Smoke detector is the device that sense smoke. It automatically detects and warns people.

Party wall, 230 mm. Party walls in single storey may be in load bearing 100mm solid
masonry or in-situ concrete. A dividing partition between 2 adjoining building that is shared by
tenants of each residence. Non-combustible materials. Can be fire wall. Wall starts at
foundation and continue up to parapet.

Protected staircase is a stairway which is adequately protected from fire in avoiding

accommodation by fire resisting construction. Discharge through a final exit. A protected
route leading to final exit.

C) Recommend the type of firefighting system for

2 storey of school building, 100 occupants

Active system
- Hose reel system:
Near to fire exit
- Sprinkler system:
Sprinkler head
Valve and flow switch
Alarm valve
Sprinkler pump
Water storage
- Pressurized fire hydrant
Passive system
- Party wall, fire resisting wall
- Protected staircase
- Fire resisting door

15 units 2 storey shop houses

Active system
- Hose reel system:
Near to fire exit
- Sprinkler system:
Sprinkler head
Valve and flow switch
Alarm valve
Sprinkler pump
Water storage
- Pressurized fire hydrant
Passive system
- Party wall, fire resisting wall
- Protected staircase
- Fire resisting door

QUESTION 4
AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM
A) Understand the term of thermal comfort (relative humidity, heart gain etc...)
-

Heat gain: increase of heat in one spaces because of the solar radiation and other sources such
as light, equipment and people
Thermal comfort: state of mind where people express their satisfaction toward the surrounding
temperature
Relative humidity: a ratio between the water vapour in the air and maximum water vapour in the
air based on current temperature of the surrounding

B) Make recommendations of building type of air conditioning

Type of AC System

Centralized

Unitary
-window
-split
-RVR/VRV

-Air
Portable

-Water
-Fan coiled unit
-Air Handling Unit (AHU) room