WRE 404 Lab - Lec1 To Lec12

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE
Department of Water Resources Engineering

BUET, Dhaka-1000
Dr. Md. Mostafa Ali, Associate. Prof., WRE Dept, BUET, Dhaka

Course Credit Hour: 1.5
Course Teacher:
1) Dr. Md. Mostafa Ali, Associate Professor, Dept. of WRE, BUET; Room: 748 (CE);
email: amostafa@wre.buet.ac.bd ; mobile: 01682308323; and
2) Mr. Raiful Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of WRE, BUET
Marks distribution:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Attendance: 10%
Assignments and Daily performance: 30%
Midterm quiz: 20%
Final quiz: 20%
Term project: 20%
Reference Books:
1) HEC-RAS Users Manual (2010)
2) HEC-RAS: Hydraulic Reference Manual (2010)
3) HEC-RAS: Applications Guide (2010)
Lecture distribution:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Lab # 1: Introduction to Modeling and HEC-RAS: Modeling uniform flow

Lab # 2: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling three slopes
Lab # 3: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling sinusoidal bed
Lab # 4: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling Broad crested weir
Lab # 5: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling Venturi Flume
Lab # 6: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling Natural River with Junction
7) Midterm Quiz Lab # 1 to 6
8) Lab # 7: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling Afflux due to Bridges
9) Lab # 8: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling Local scour due to Bridges
10) Lab # 9: Unsteady Flow Modeling: Flood routing with a dam/sluice gate
11) Lab # 10: Water quality Modeling: Modeling Triangular Distribution
12) Lab # 11: Morphological Modeling: Modeling knick point migration
13) Lab # 12: 2D Flow Modeling with River2D: Modeling Groin
14) Final Quiz Lab # 7 to 12 /Term Paper Submission
Course Ethics:
1) Copying Assignments from someone else will be considered as a copying in an
exam and will be handled as per university ordinance.
Lab # 1: Introduction to Mathematical

Modeling and HEC-RAS: Modeling
Uniform Flow Depth
Mathematical Modeling:
A model is a simplified representation of a complex process or phenomenon. Since
studying the real world processes could be extremely time consuming, expensive and
even dangerous, models are constructed to study pertinent system responses. Models
are broadly classified into two major groups: scale models and mathematical models. In
a scale model, the actual system is reproduced in a reduced scale with the same
essential features to be studied. The scaled down model of a dam spillway is an
example of a physical model.
When a model uses quantitative or mathematical expressions to describe the system
behavior, it is called a mathematical model. A mathematical model always contains
three important components: variables, governing equations and parameters. A variable
is an entity which has no fixed value. It may change with both time and space, and may
be dependent or independent. A governing equation (also called the state equation) is a
mathematical description of the physical process being modeled. This equation is
formulated on the basis of conceptualization of the physical process based on actual
observation and existing proposed theories. A parameter, which usually appears in the
governing equation, is a constant. However, it may assume different values if the
circumstances change.
In water resources engineering, the governing or state equation of a system may be
empirical or hydrodynamic. Empirical equations are usually based on field observations,
experiments, and statistical analysis of the relationship between inputs and outputs.
Hydrodynamic equations are derived from the conservation laws of physics such as the
conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Typically hydrologic models (e.g., a
rainfall-runoff model) have empirical state equations and hydraulic models (e.g., a flood
routing model) have hydrodynamic state equations. Some model known as composite
or hybrid models may have both the empirical and hydrodynamic elements.
Governing equations of Open Channel Flow:

The flow in an open channel or in a closed conduit with a free surface is referred to as
free-surface or open channel flow. Some examples of open channel flow are the flow in

natural streams and rivers, and the flow in man-made channels, including irrigation and
navigation canals, drainage pipes, culverts, and spillways. The study of the flow
behavior in open channels is known as open channel hydraulics and this knowledge is
essential in many water resources problems. For example, flood forecasting, hydraulic
structures designing, morphological modeling, fish habitat modeling, ice process
modeling, and contaminant transport modeling all require knowledge of the velocity and
depth of an open channel flow. The numerical solution of an open channel flow problem
is known as Computational Hydraulics and has become an important subfield of Open
Channel Hydraulics.
Saint-Venant equations: The Saint-Venant equations provide the fundamental
mathematical description governing the depth and average velocity in one-dimensional
(1D) and two-dimensional (2D) open channel flows. The Saint-Venant equations for
unsteady flow in an 1D open channel flow are given by
Continuity equation:
Momentum equation:
( )
= 0 and
= (0 )
Where x and t are the special and time variables, A= cross-sectional area, Q=
discharge, u = cross-sectional average velocity, g = gravitational acceleration, S 0 = bed
slope, and Sf= friction slope.
For a steady state case:
= 0 and
= 0, therefore:
= 0 and
(0 )
= (1 2 );
This equation is also known as gradually varied flow equation

Numerical solution of steady state gradually varied flow equation:
Using a simple forward finite difference formula, the above equation can be
discretized as follows
+1
=
+1
0
=(
)
1 2 +1
= +1 (
0
)

1 2 +1
J+1
Figure 1: A general descritization of a channel
Introduction to HEC-RAS:
HEC-RAS is an acronym for Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis
System. HEC-RAS, developed by US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), is an
integrated system of software, designed for interactive use in a multi-tasking
environment. The system is comprised of a graphical user interface (GUI), separate
analysis components, data storage and management capabilities, graphics and
reporting facilities (HEC-RAS, 2010).
Capabilities of HEC-RAS:
The HEC-RAS System contains four one-dimensional river analysis components (HECRAS, 2010):
1. Steady flow water surface profile computations

2. Unsteady flow simulation
3. Movable boundary sediment transport computations
4. Water quality analysis.
A key element is that all four components use a common geometric data representation
and common geometric and hydraulic computation routines. In addition to the above
four river analysis components, the system contains several hydraulic design features,
such as channel modification, flood inundation mapping, hydraulic design functions etc
(HEC-RAS, 2010).
Tools and Components of HEC-RAS:

The HEC-RAS has the following different tools and components (HEC-RAS, 2010):
Pre-processing tool:
o Geometry editor
o Flow data editor
o Sediment data editor
o Water quality data editor
River Analysis Components:
o Steady Flow Module
o Unsteady Flow Module
o Sediment Analysis Module
o Water Quality Analysis Module
o Hydraulic design module
Post-Processing tool:
o Cross-section viewer
o longitudinal profile viewer
o General variable profile viewer
o 3D plot viewer
o Stage and flow hydrograph viewer
o Table viewer
General steps to build a model in HEC-RAS:
Creating a schematic of a river

Assigning all the geometric variables and parameters
Assigning all the initial conditions and boundary conditions
Performing an analysis
Viewing the results

Objectives of This Lab:
In this lab, our objective is to understand the basic concepts of mathematical modeling
and to be familiar with different components of HEC-RAS. In this lab we will model
uniform depth for a given flow and slope and we will compare it with a uniform flow
formula, such as Manning's uniform flow equation. Manning's uniform flow equation is
given as follows:
1
1
3 2
(1)
Where Q = Discharge (m3/s), A= Area (m2), R= Hydraulic radius (m), Sf = Frictional

Slope and n = Manning's roughness parameter (s/m1/3).
Specific Tasks:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Create a new project

Draw a schematic of a hypothetical channel
Assign cross-section data
Assign boundary data
Perform a steady flow analysis
View the results
Following information will be needed for this project.
The channel is rectangular

The channel length is 1000 m.
The channel width is 100 m.
Manning's n can be assumed as 0.025 s/m1/3.
The discharge in the channel is 200 m3/s.
The channel slope is (Last two digits of your student number + 50)/100,000.
Downstream depth is = normal depth.
Submissions:
1. Calculate uniform depth for your case using Manning's equation and compare it
with your model result.
2. Take a print of longitudinal profile of water surface for your model result.
3. Take a print of longitudinal profile of Froude number for your model result.
4. Derive 1D Saint-Venant equations and write down its assumptions.
5. What would be a reasonable value of Manning's n for flood plains with dense
grasses.
6. What will happen if downstream depth is higher than the normal depth? Explain.
7. Discussions.
Lab # 2: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling

Backwater and Drawdown Curves using
Three Slopes
Introduction:
Open channel flow is characterised by two major non-dimensional numbers. The first
one is the Reynolds number (Re). The Reynolds number is defined by the ratio of
viscous and inertial force (Chaudhry, 1994). If the viscous forces dominate the flow
is laminar and if the inertial forces dominate, the flow is turbulent. The transition from
laminar to turbulent in the open channel flows occur for Re of about 600.
Mathematically, Reynolds number is calculated as
=
Where U=mean velocity, R = hydraulic radius, and = kinematic viscosity of water.

The second non-dimensional number is the Froude number (Fr). The Froude number
is defined as the ratio of inertial force and gravitational forces. A flow is said to be
critical if the flow velocity is equal to the velocity of a gravity wave having small
amplitude. A gravity wave may be produced by a change in the flow depth. If the
flow velocity is less the critical velocity, then the flow is called subcritical flow. If the
flow velocity is greater than the critical velocity, then the flow is called supercritical
flow. Therefore, if Fr < 1, flow is subcritical and if Fr > 1, flow is supercritical.
Mathematically, Froude number is calculated as
=
Where g = gravitational acceleration and h = mean depth.

In natural river flow is normally turbulent and subcritical. Supercritical flow occurs if
the slope is steep and if flow past a hydraulic structure. Flow in natural river is also
non-uniform and unsteady. However, if flow changes slowly, for simplicity flow can
be assumed as steady and uniform flow. Uniform flow depth can be calculated using
any uniform flow formula as we did in Lab # 1. Non-uniform flow is occurred due to
changes in bed elevation or width. Moreover, presence of any hydraulic structure
also generates non-uniform flow. If the rates of changes are not rapid, the flow is
considered as Gradually Varied Flow.

Gradually Varied flow is described mathematically by the following ordinary
differential equation:
(0 )
=
(1 2 )
Where S0 = bed slope, Sf = frictional slope, Fr = Froude number.
The above ordinary differential equation can be derived from the 1D Saint-Venant
equation (assignment # 4). A numerical method is needed to solve this equation.
The equation describes the depth profile due to the differences in S0 and Sf, which
produces different water surface profiles. For example, if Sf < S0, a positive gradient
will occur and that will produce a backwater curve which is also known as M1 curve.
Again, if Sf > S0, a negative gradient will occur and that will produce a drawdown
curve which is also known as M2 curve. Similarly, due to different transition of slopes
(e.g., mild to steep, steep to mild, steep to steeper, mild to horizontal etc.) different
water surface profiles are generated in open channel flow. For other water surface
profiles, please see your open channel flow text book.
Objective of this lab:
In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the fundamentals of gradually
varied flow and to be familiar with different components of HEC-RAS. Therefore, in
this lab we will simulate two water surface profiles (backwater and drawdown) for a
subcritical flow by using two transitions of slope. This problem is also known as a
three-slope problem. A Typical profile for a three-slope problem is shown in figure 1.
ThreeS lope_Subcritical
P lan: Plan 01
28/01/2015
ThreeSlope Test1
101.0
Legend
WS PF 1
Ground
100.5
Elevation (ft)
100.0
99.5
99.0
98.5
98.0
97.5
2000
4000
6000
8000
Main Channel Distance (ft)
Figure 1: A Typical water surface profile for a three-slope test case

10000

Specific Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Create a new project.

Draw a schematic of a straight river.
Assign cross section data.
Assign boundary condition data.
Perform the analysis
View and present the results.
Following information are needed for this lab:
The channel is rectangular.

The channel slope for the first and last third parts of the channel is = (Last two
digits of your student number + 50)/100,000.
The channel slope for the middle part is = twice the slope of the first or last
part of the channel.
Downstream boundary condition is = (normal depth+0.3) m
Submissions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculation of your downstream boundary condition.

Printing of longitudinal profile of water surface elevation.
Printing of longitudinal profile of velocity magnitude.
Derivation of Gradually Varied Flow equation from 1D Saint-Venant equation.
Do you expect to see a hydraulic jump for this simulation? Justify your
answer.
6. What is the Reynolds number in your case? State whether the flow is laminar
or turbulent.
7. Discussions.

Water Surface Profile with a Sinusoidal
Bed
Introduction:
Because of continuous sediment movement in river beds, bed levels are changed
and formed into different shapes depending on the flow states. These are known as
bed forms. Typical bed forms are: a) Ripples b) Dunes c) Plane bed d) Anti dunes
and e) Chutes and Pools. These bed forms are shown in figure 1.
Ripples (figure 1a) are the bed forms of having small amplitudes and wavelengths.
They are nearly sinusoidal and have gentle upstream slope with a relatively higher
downstream slope. Dunes (figure 1c) are larger than ripples but smaller than bar or
island. Water surface profile is out of phase with the bed level profile. Both ripples
and dunes are developed during low flow regime, i.e, subcritical flow.
Figure 1: Different bed forms in alluvial channels (after Simons et al., 1966)

As the flow moves towards higher flow regime, bed forms are washed out and
formed plane bed (figure 1e). As flow increases and sediment transport continues,
antidune bed forms are formed. For this bed form, water surface profile is in phase
with bed elevation profile (figure 1f). For rivers with steep slope, such as mountain
rivers, alternate deep pool and steep chutes are observed (figure 1h).
Presence of bed forms effect the flow resistance, i.e., roughness. Moreover, water
surface profile is also affected by the types of bed forms. For example, in subcritical
flow regime, water surface elevation becomes out of phase with bed elevation
profile. If flow becomes supercritical, hydraulic jump is formed. These phenomenons
can be simulated with the Gradually Varied Flow equation as described in the Lab #
2.
In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the effects of bed forms on flow
and to be familiar with different components of HEC-RAS. Therefore, in this lab we
will simulate water surface profiles due to a sinusoidal bed for a subcritical flow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Generate a sinusoidal bed profile using the given information.


Use 50 m interval
Bed profile = Amplitude*Cos(PI*distance/625)
Amplitude is = (Last two digits of your student number + 50)/100.
Downstream boundary condition is = (Amplitude+0.3) m

Submissions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculation of your longitudinal bed profile.

Calculation of your downstream boundary condition.
Printing of longitudinal profile of water surface elevation.
Printing of longitudinal profile of Froude number.
Does your water surface elevation is out of phase with bed elevation profile?
Justify your answer.
6. What is a bar/island? How does a bar/island different than other bed forms?
7. Discussions.

Water Surface Profile with a Broad
Crested Weir
Introduction:
Broad crested weir, a hydraulic structure, is widely used in open channel flow as a
discharge measuring structure. Flow is obstructed by the structure and a critical
depth is attained on the structure. Based on the upstream depth above the crest
level, flow over a broad crested weir can be calculated based on the following
formula:
= (2/3)
(1)
Where Q = discharge, B = channel width, g = gravitational acceleration, and H =

upstream flow depth above the crest.
Depending on the downstream depth, a hydraulic jump may form at a downstream
section of the channel. A typical water surface profile for a broad crested weir is
shown in figure 1. When both subcritical and supercritical flows occur in a channel,
the flow is known as a mixed flow or transcritical flow.
broad crested wier
P lan: Plan 01
28/01/2015
xc
0.5
Legend
WS PF 1
Ground
Elevation (m)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
10
Main Channel Distance (m)
Figure 1: A typical water surface profile for flow over a broad crested weir
12

To simulate a mixed flow is a challenging task in the Computational Hydraulics.
Many popular numerical schemes cannot handle sharp discontinuity during the
simulation. Special techniques or measures are needed to capture shock or jump in
a numerical simulation. HEC-RAS uses popular Box Finite Difference Scheme which
alone cannot handle mixed flow. Special codes are employed to handle hydraulic
jumps. Therefore, if there is any possibility to form any jump, mixed flow module
should be turned on. Otherwise model will give erroneous result or model will face
stability problem.

In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the effect of transcritical flow and
to be familiar with different components of HEC-RAS. Therefore, in this lab we will
simulate water surface profile with a broad crested weir.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Generate a broad crested bed profile in excel using the given information.

Use 0.1 m interval
The discharge in the channel is 0.2 m3/s.
Hump height = (Last two digits of your student number + 10)/100
Downstream boundary condition is = (Hump height +0.05) m
Upstream boundary condition is = (Hump height +0.05) m

Submissions:
1. Calculate upstream depth using the equation 1 and compare it with your
model result.
2. Calculate the analytical critical depth for your case and compare it with your
model result.
3. Printing of longitudinal profile of water surface elevation.
4. Printing of longitudinal profile of Froude number.
5. What will happen if downstream depth is increased? Explain with model
simulation results.
6. Discussions.

Water Surface Profile with a Venturi
Flume
Introduction:
Venturi flume, a hydraulic structure, is also commonly used in open channel flow as a
discharge measuring structure. In Venturi flume width of the channel is reduced
gradually and then width is increased gradually again. A typical plan view of a Venturi
flume is shown in figure 1. Flow is obstructed by the reduced width and critical depth is
attained on the minimum width section. Based on the upstream depth, flow over a
Venturi flume can be calculated based on the following formula:
= (2/3)
(1)
Where Q = discharge, B = Width of the flume at throat section, g = gravitational

acceleration, and H = upstream flow depth above the crest.
Depending on the downstream depth, a hydraulic jump may form downstream of the
Venturi flume. A typical water surface profile for a Venturi flume is shown in figure 2.
Like Broad crested weir flow case, transcritical or mixed flow also occurs for Venturi
flume flow case. To simulate mixed flow case, one must use mixed flow module in HECRAS.
Figure 1: A typical plan view of cross sections for flow through a venture flume

venturi flume
Plan: Plan 01
28/01/2015
xc
0.4
Legend
WS PF 1
Ground
Elevation (m)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
10
12
Figure 2: A typical water surface profile for flow through a venture flume
In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the effect of transcritical flow and
to be familiar with different components of HEC-RAS. Therefore, in this lab we will
simulate water surface profile with a Venturi Flume.
1. Generate a Venturi flume cross section profile in excel using the given
information.
2. Create a new project.
3. Draw a schematic of a straight river.
4. Assign cross section data.
5. Assign boundary condition data.
6. Perform the analysis
7. View and present the results.

The channel width is 1 m except in the flume.
The channel width is 0.5 in the constricted zone.
Use 0.1 m interval
The discharge in the channel is 0.2 m3/s.

Downstream boundary condition is = 0.3 m
Upstream boundary condition is = 0.4 m
Submissions:
1. Calculate upstream depth using the equation 1 and compare it with your
model result.
2. Calculate the analytical critical depth for your case and compare it with your
model result.
4. Printing of longitudinal profile of Froude number.
5. What is a shock capturing scheme? Give examples of three shock capturing
schemes.
6. Why do we need shock capturing scheme to model Transcritical flow?
Explain.
7. Discussions.

Water Surface Profiles for Natural Rivers
with a Junction
Introduction:
In previous five labs, five hypothetical test cases (i.e., constant slope, three-slope,
sinusoidal bed, broad crested weir and venture flume) have been modeled. By modeling
hypothetical test cases, basics of steady flow modeling using Gradually Varied Flow
equation have been described. Moreover, Different components of HEC-RAS also have
been covered. We will use these understandings now for Natural Rivers.
Natural rivers have variations in bed elevation as well as in cross-sections. These
variations produce variations in water surface elevation and depending on the
magnitudes of variation a jump or vertical fall may form. In addition, natural rivers have
tributaries, branches, confluences and bifurcations which produce a network of rivers
with one or more junctions. A typical river network has been shown in figure 1.
A confluence is a junction where two or more rivers are met at one point, and a
bifurcation point is a junction where one river is divided into two or more rivers. To
simulate a junction, one needs two extra boundary conditions. The first condition comes
from the continuity equation. For a confluence, the continuity equation becomes:
Q1+Q2=Q3 where Q1 and Q2 are the discharges of two upstream rivers meeting at a
junction and Q3 is the total downstream discharge. For a bifurcation junction, the
continuity equation becomes: Q1=Q2+Q3 where Q1 is the upstream discharge and Q2
and Q3 are the discharges of two bifurcated rivers. Distribution of Q 2 and Q3 depends on
the conveyance of those bifurcated rivers. The second condition at a junction comes
from the momentum or energy condition. This states that energy levels or water surface
elevations for all rivers meeting at a junction should be equal. Therefore,
mathematically, WSE1= WSE2 =WSE3.
In previous labs, model results are verified and compared with the analytical uniform or
critical depths. Verification of a model result is an important part of mathematical
modeling. Without verification, any model result is ineffectual. Similar to the modeling of
hypothetical test cases, simulation with natural rivers must need to be verified. In natural
rivers, this verification is done with the observed or measured data at one/more
locations those are located within the model boundaries.

Verification of model results is done in two parts: Calibration and Validation. Calibration
means tuning of model parameters with one set of data and Validation means further
verification of calibrated model results using another set of data. In both processes,
comparisons are done using visual inspection normally. Beside visual inspection,
different statistical parameters, such as correlation parameter, NSE () etc. can be
calculated.
10
0.2
Tributary
e
iv
Fa l l R
Upper Reach
Cr
0.1
But t
e
9.9
9.8
9.79
0.0
Sutter
Fa
ll
9.7
R
iv
er
Lower Reach
9.6
9.5
Figure 1: A plan view of a river network

In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the hydraulics of natural river and
to understand the calibration and validation processes in mathematical modeling.
Therefore, in this lab we will simulate water surface profiles with a natural river
network.

8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Draw a schematic of a river network using the given data.
Calibrate and Validate the model.
The channel is irregular. Cross section data will be given in an excel file
The channel length data will be given in an excel file.
Manning's n needs to be adjusted.
The discharge data will be given in the class.
Boundary condition will be given in the class.
Submissions:
1. Adjust Mannings n to calibrate the model results with the observed data.
3. What is calibration and validation? Why these two processes are important in
mathematical modeling?
4. What is a junction? How a junction is handled in HEC-RAS?
5. Discussions.

Afflux due to a Bridge
Introduction:
Bridge is an important hydraulic structure which is needed to connect two roads over a
river. In Bangladesh, bridges are designed and constructed under Roads and Highway
department of Roads and Communication ministry. Design of a bridge has two parts:
structural and hydraulic designs. Structural design of a bridge is covered in your
structural courses. Hydraulic design of a bridge is done by a water resources engineer.
In the hydraulic design part, Afflux and Local Scour due to a bridge are estimated for a
given design flow. Presence of bridge piers and abutments reduces rivers actual
width. Because of this width reduction, water level at upstream of a structure is raised
due to backwater effect. This raised water level is known as Afflux. A typical longitudinal
profile of water surface elevation with a bridge is shown in figure 1.
How a bridge is modeled in HEC-RAS? See Chapter 5 of Hydraulic Reference manual.
Single B ridge - Example 2
Plan: P ress/Weir Method : New Le, Lc
10/04/2013
Beaver Creek Kentwood

225
Legend
EG 100 yr
WS 100 yr
220
Crit 100 yr
Ground
Left Levee
Elevation (ft)
215
Right Levee
210
205
200
195
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Figure 1: A longitudinal profile of a simulation with bridge

HEC-RAS has capabilities to study and compare different scenarios under one project.
This is done by using multiple plans. A plan consists of a set of geometry and flow data.
Any changes in either geometry or flow data can be done and saved as a new plan. For
example, a simulation without any hydraulic structure can be considered as a first

scenario or plan1. A second scenario or plan2 can be taken for a simulation with a
bridge. Both plans can be run and compared under one project using multiple plans
feature of HEC-RAS.
In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the bridge hydraulics. Therefore, in
this lab we will simulate a simple natural river with a bridge.
1. Create a new project and draw a schematic of a river.
2. Assign cross section and boundary condition data
3. Perform the analysis without a bridge.
4. Save the plan as a Plan01.
5. Open the geometry editor and save as a new name.
6. Modify the geometry to add a bridge.
7. Save the plan as a Plan02.
8. Perform the analysis with a bridge.
9. View and compare the results.
The channel is irregular. Cross section data are given in an excel file
The channel length data are given in an excel file.
Bridge data will be given in the class.
Submissions:
1. Calculate the approximate Afflux using any simple method and compare it with
your model results.
2. Printing of longitudinal profile of water surface elevation for both plans..
3. What is a pressurized flow?
4. What is ineffective flow in HEC-RAS? Why do we need to use ineffective flow in
HEC-RAS?
5. What is Length of contraction and expansion? How they are estimated in HECRAS?
6.
Discussions.
Lab # 8: Steady Flow Modeling:

Modeling Local scour due to Bridges
Introduction:
Local scour is an important aspect of sediment transport. When flows are obstructed by
any object (e.g., bridge pier, abutment, groin etc.), velocity head is converted into the
pressure head. This increased pressure head creates a downward flow which generates
a vortex that is perpendicular to the flow direction. This vortex is called as Horseshoe
vortex. Because of this vortex, sediment materials are continuously removed from the
toe of that object. A schematic diagram of local scour processes is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: A schematic diagram of local scour processes
Actual processes of local scour are three-dimensional and a full 3D model is

required to model the whole processes accurately. However, in a 1D model, like in
HEC-RAS, local scour is estimated using empirical formula by relating scour depth
with the objects dimension and the approaching velocity. There are many empirical
formula available in literature to estimate local scour in bridge piers and abutments,
such as CSU equation, Froehlich's equation etc.

In this lab, our main objective is to understand the hydraulics of local scour
Therefore, in this lab we will simulate local scour due to a bridge.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Create a new project. and draw a schematic of a river.

Assign cross section data and bridge data.
Perform the hydrodynamic analysis.
Perform the local scour analysis.
Bridge data will be given in the class.
Submissions:
1. Calculate the local scour using an empirical formula and compare it with your
model results.
2. Printing of x-section view of local scour with a bridge.
3. Among two types of piers: round nose and square nose, which one will have
higher local scour and why?
4. Among two types of scours: pier scour and abutment scour which one is
higher and why?
5. Discussions.
Lab # 9: Unsteady Flow Modeling: Flood

Routing with a Dam/Reservoir
Introduction:
Though we have done steady flow modeling mostly, in natural rivers flow are unsteady.
Unsteady flow means where flow/depth changes with respect to time. For example,
flow are low during winter periods and increases during monsoon periods. A plot of flow
with respect to time is known as a hydrograph. A typical hydrograph of a perennial
natural river is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: A typical view of a hydrograph of a river

For a short period of time, flow can be assumed as a steady flow and steady flow
modeling can be used for that period. Moreover, if we are interested on only extreme
low or high flow or any design flow, steady flow simulation would be done for that case.
However, if we need to know the simulation for long periods (e.g., one full monsoon
periods, one or more full hydrographic years), one has to do the unsteady flow
modeling. Moreover, simulations like flood routing, morphological modeling, tidal flow
modeling, water quality modeling, salinity modeling, dam break flow modeling, levee
breach modeling etc., are needed to use unsteady flow simulation.
In an unsteady flow modeling, full 1D Saint-Venant equations are solved numerically.
The Saint-Venant equations are given as follows:
Continuity equation:
Momentum equation:
( )
=0
= (0 )

Two boundary conditions are needed to solve these equations. Normally, upstream
discharge and downstream depth/water surface level are given as those two boundary
conditions for a subcritical flow. For a supercritical flow, both upstream discharge and
depth/water surface level are given as boundary conditions. In addition to the boundary
conditions, one initial condition is needed to start the simulation. This initial condition
can be given from a previous unsteady or steady simulation. However, normally, a zero
discharge and constant water depth/water surface elevation are taken as an initial
condition.
In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the basics of unsteady flow modeling.
Therefore, in this lab we will simulate unsteady flow due with and without a reservoir.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Create a new project and draw a schematic of a river.

Assign cross section data and boundary condition data.
Perform the analysis without any reservoir.
Create another plan.
Modify geometry to add a reservoir and save as a new geo file.
Perform the analysis with a reservoir.
View and compare the results.
Reservoir data will be given in the class.
Manning's n can be taken as 0.025 s/m1/3.
Submissions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Printing of longitudinal profile of water surface elevation and flow for both plans.
What are the difference between steady flow and unsteady flow?
When should you use unsteady flow simulation? Describe.
Describe the flowing phenomena: a) Levee breach b) Dam break case
What are the different structural measures for flood control?
Discussions.
Lab # 10: Water Quality Modeling:

Modeling diffusion of a triangular
distribution
Introduction:
Spill of oil or any contaminant in a river is transported by the velocity of water and also
spread due to the diffusion process. These two processes are called in together as
advection-diffusion processes. The advection is defined as the transportation of any
particle due to the velocity of water and the diffusion process is defined as the
spreading of particles due to molecular or turbulent diffusion. Advection-diffusion
processes are described mathematically as follows:
2
+
= 2
HEC-RAS can simulate arbitrary contaminant transport as well as different pollutant

transport. A typical longitudinal profile for diffusion of a initial triangular distribution of a
contaminant concentration is shown in figure 1. For more details about water qulaity
modeling in HEC-RAS, see Chapter 19 of User Manual.
C:\Mostafa\Dro pbo x\A ca demi c\Course o ffered i n B UE T \B UET \BS c\WRE 4 04 HEC-RA S Mod el in g\Hyp otheti cal Mo del Exa mpl es\1D Fl ow Mod el in g\Water Qu al ity\Tri ang ul ar_Conc n.wq 01
Burigonga-Burigonga
1.0
Legend
01JUN2013 00:00:00-Tracer1 (mg/L)
01JUN2013 00:45:00-Tracer1 (mg/L)
01JUN2013 01:30:00-Tracer1 (mg/L)
0.8
01JUN2013 02:30:00-Tracer1 (mg/L)

01JUN2013 03:15:00-Tracer1 (mg/L)
Tracer1 (mg/L)
01JUN2013 04:15:00-Tracer1 (mg/L)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Figure 1: A longitudinal profile for diffusion of a initial triangular distribution of a

contaminant concentration

In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the mechanics of contaminant
Transport. Therefore, in this lab we will simulate a water quality simulation of a
triangular initial distribution.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Assign cross section and boundary condition data.
Perform the hydrodynamic analysis
Assign water quality data
Perform the water quality analysis
Water quality data will be given in the class.
Diffusion coefficient can be assumed as 0.01 m2/sec.
Submissions:
1. Printing of longitudinal profile of contaminate distribution for different time
periods.
2. Derive 1D advection-diffusion equation.
3. Distinguish between molecular diffusion and turbulent diffusion.
4. What is diffusion coefficient? What are the importance of diffusion coefficient?
5. Discussions.
Lab # 11: Sediment Transport Modeling:

Introduction:
Rivers carry sediment along with water. A regime channel is said to be when the river
cross-section does not change with time. However, in reality, such regime channel
never exists. Natural rivers always go through continuous erosion/deposit processes.
During rising stages of a flood, due to increasing discharges, erosion takes place and
during the receding stages, deposition takes place. In addition to erosion/deposition of
bed material, erosion/deposition at banks also occur. A typical longitudinal profile of
morphological changes in a river is shown in figure 1. Modeling of sediment transport is
done by solving sediment continuity equation as follows:

+
=0
C:\Users\mmali\Documents\HEC Data\HE C-RA S\Mobile Bed E xamples\EuclidExample.sed08

Euclid-Euclid
Legend
01AUG1985 01:00:00-Ch Invert El (ft)
30OCT1985 14:36:00-Ch Invert El (ft)
06JAN1986 21:24:00-Ch Invert El (ft)
580

Ch Invert El (ft)
09MAR1986 10:40:48-Ch Invert El (ft)

22JUL1986 19:28:48-Ch Invert El (ft)
575
570
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Figure 1: A typical longitudinal profile of morphological changes in a river

In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the mechanics of sediment transport.
Therefore, in this lab we will simulate sediment transport modeling of a knick point
migration.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Perform the hydrodynamic analysis
Assign sediment data
Perform the sediment transport analysis
Manning's n can be assumed as 0.025.
Sediment data will be given in the class.
Submissions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Printing of longitudinal profile of bed elevation after morphological simulation.

What is the meaning of a Regime Channel?
Write down a simple equation to calculate Qs.
What are the differences between general scour and local scour?
Discussions.
Lab # 12: 2D Flow Modeling with

River2D/CCHE2D: Flow Past a Groin
Introduction:
In reality flows are three dimensional in nature. However, if depths are small compared
to width, we can assume a depth average velocity and depth which will lead us to a 2D
depth averaged flow. In many cases, 2D depth averaged flow simulation are required in
decision making. For example, flow distribution around a bend or a hydraulic structures
such as flow past a groin. A typical 2D flow pattern is shown in figure 1. 2D flow
modeling is described with 2D Saint-Venant equations.
Figure 1: A typical 2D flow simulation in a river

In this lab, our main objectives are to understand the hydraulics of 2D flow. Therefore,
in this lab we will simulate a hypothetical 2D flow test case: flow past a groin using
River2D/CCHE2D model.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Create bed file.

Create mesh file
Create cdg file
The bathymetry data will be given in the class

Manning's n can be used as 0.025.
Submissions:
1. Print the 2D velocity vector.
2. When can we use 1D flow simulation and when do we need 2D flow simulation?
3. Write down the names of three open source and three commercial 2D flow
models.
4. What are the advantages of finite element models compared to finite difference
models in 2D flow modeling?
5. Discussions.

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WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Department of Water Resources Engineering

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Lab # 1: Introduction to Modeling and HEC-RAS: Modeling uniform flow

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Lab # 1: Introduction to Mathematical

Governing equations of Open Channel Flow:

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

This equation is also known as gradually varied flow equation

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Figure 1: A general descritization of a channel

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Tools and Components of HEC-RAS:

General steps to build a model in HEC-RAS:

Creating a schematic of a river

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Where Q = Discharge (m3/s), A= Area (m2), R= Hydraulic radius (m), Sf = Frictional

Create a new project

Following information will be needed for this project.

The channel is rectangular

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Lab # 2: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling

Where U=mean velocity, R = hydraulic radius, and = kinematic viscosity of water.

Where g = gravitational acceleration and h = mean depth.

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Main Channel Distance (ft)

Figure 1: A Typical water surface profile for a three-slope test case

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Create a new project.

Following information are needed for this lab:

The channel is rectangular.

Calculation of your downstream boundary condition.

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Lab # 3: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Generate a sinusoidal bed profile using the given information.

Following information are needed for this lab:

The channel is rectangular.

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Calculation of your longitudinal bed profile.

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Lab # 4: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling

Where Q = discharge, B = channel width, g = gravitational acceleration, and H =

Main Channel Distance (m)

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Objective of this lab:

Following information are needed for this lab:

The channel is rectangular.

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Lab # 5: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling

Where Q = discharge, B = Width of the flume at throat section, g = gravitational

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Main Channel Distance (m)

The channel is rectangular.

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

The discharge in the channel is 0.2 m3/s.

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE

Lab # 6: Steady Flow Modeling: Modeling

WRE 404: Computer Applications in WRE