Ciclo de Refrigerao por

Compresso de Vapor

Carnot refrigeration system

COPCarnot


Q
TL
L
=
=

Wideal TH TL

Temperature-entropy and pressure-enthalpy diagrams for vapor compression cycle

Process 1 2:
Process 2 3:
Process 3 - 4:
Process 4 - 1:

Adiabatic compression of saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure

to the higher pressure of the condenser.
Condensation at constant pressure
Adiabatic throttling of the refrigerant from the condenser pressure
to evaporator pressure in which the enthalpy remains constant.
Evaporation at constant pressure.

Energy balances on components

Compressor work

 =m
 ( h2 h1 )
W
c

Isentropic work

 =m
 ( h2s h1 )
W
s

Isentropic efficiency


W
s =  s
Wc

Energy balances on components

Condenser heat transfer

 =m
 ( h2 h3 )
Q
c

Evaporator heat transfer

 =m
 ( h1 h4 )
Q
e

Expansion valve

h3 = h4

Refrigeration system

 +W

 =Q
Q
e
c
c

System COP


 ( h1 h4 )
m
Q
e
COP =  =
 ( h2 h1 )
Wc m

Example 15.1 A vapor compressor cycle uses R-134a as the working

fluid and operates between a cold fluid at a temperature of 55 F and a
warm fluid at a temperature of 95 F. Determine the cooling produced,
work required, and COP for
a) a compressor efficiency of 100 % and no temperature difference
between the source or sink fluid and the refrigerants in the heat
exchangers,
b) for a compressor with a 70 % efficiency,
c) a 10 F temperature difference for heat transfer in both the condenser
and the evaporator,
d) all of the effects taken together
e) replacing the expansion valve with a turbine.
f) Determine the COP of a Carnot cycle for these temperatures.
Carnot COP = 12.9.

States for ideal cycle case a)

State

Pressure
(psia)

Temperature
(F)

Enthalpy
(Btu/lb)

Entropy
(Btu/lb-R)

Quality

66.0

55

110.8

0.2210

1.0

128.7

99

116.8

0.2210

---

128.7

95

43.4

0.0887

0.0

66.0

55

43.4

0.0900

0.17

Performance for different cases

Case

Te
(F)

Tc
(F)

Cooling
(Btu/lbm)

Work
(Btu/lbm)

COP

67.4

6.0

11.3

0.7

67.4

8.5

7.9

10

66.1

7.6

8.7

10

63.9

7.3

8.8

0.7

10

10

62.6

12.8

4.9

67.4

6.0

11.3

Vapor Compression System Performance

Capacity: rate of cooling (or heating) energy supplied by the system
Power is the amount of electricity required to run the system
COP is the ratio of the capacity to the power

1 12,000 Btu / hr kWh 3.52

kW / ton =
*
kW / ton
=
*

COP
ton
3413Btu COP

3.413Btu / hr
EER = COP *
= 3.413* COP Btu / W hr
W

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER): integrated measure, the

ratio of the total cooling energy provided divided by the total electrical
energy input over a cooling season.

Process representations for two different evaporator temperatures

4
4a

1a

2a

Process representation for two different condenser temperatures

3a

2a

3
2

4a

Part load factor (PLF)

Ratio of the COP at part load to that at full load for the same
operating conditions.


Q

e




W
W
Q
COP
c , FL
c

e
=
= 
PLF =


COPFL
Qe

Qe,FL W
c


W
c FL

Part Load Ratio

Compressor work


Q
PLR =  e
Qe,FL

W
 = c ,FL
W
c
PLF

PLR

Part Load Factor representation for cooling equipment

Typical
variation

PLF

0
0

PLR

Example 15.2 Determine the power required for an air conditioner that has
a full load capacity of 10 tons and a COP of 3.6 that is operating at a part
load of 6 tons. For this unit the part load factor is given in terms of the part
load ratio (PLR) as

PLF = 1.00 0.25* (1 PLR )

6 (tons)
= 0.6
10(tons)

Part Load Ratio

PLR =

Part Load Factor

PLF = 1.00 0.25* (1 0.6 ) = 0.9

Full load power


W
c , FL =


Q
e,L

COPFL

Part load power

10(tons) 12,000(Btu / ton hr )

= 9.76 kW
*
3.6
3413(Btu / kWh)

9.76 (kW )

Wc =
*0.6 = 6.5 kW
0.9

If PLF not accounted for, power would be calculated as 5.9 kW

Alternate Vapor Compression System Concepts

Two-stage compression with intercooling

High pressure
compressor

To condenser
4
3

Intercooler

2
From evaporator

Low pressure
compressor

2
1

Optimum intercooling pressure

p2
p
= 4
p1
p2

or

p2 = ( p1 p4 )

0.5

Example 15.3 Determine the compressor discharge temperature and work

requirement for an ammonia system with a single stage compressor
compared to one with two compressors and intercooling. The evaporator
temperature is -20 F, the condenser temperature is 120 F, and compressor
efficiency is 75 %.
The optimum pressure for the intercooler is 73.4 psia.

Two stage system:

Total work is 224 Btu/lbm
Discharge temperature of the second stage compressor is 268 F.
Single compressor:
Total work is 253 Btu/lbm
Discharge temperature is 461 F.

Effect of intercooler pressure on performance

Two-stage vapor compression system with a flash intercooler

Energy balance on intercooler

 6 h6 + m
 2 h2 m
 7 h7 m
 3 h3 = 0
m

Example 15.4 Determine the work requirement and COP for an

ammonia system using a flash intercooler. The conditions are the same
as for example 15.3, with an evaporator temperature of -20 F, a
condenser temperature of 120 F. The intercooling pressure is the
optimum value of 72.4 psia. Both compressors have efficiencies of 75 %
and the system supplies 10 tons of cooling.

Two stage system with intercooler

Total power is 62,494 Btu/hr.
COP is 1.92.
Compressor discharge temperature is 268 F
Single stagesystem
Total work is 71,328 Btu/hr
COP is 1.68
Compressor discharge temperature is 490 F

Two stage vapor compression system with a flooded heat exchanger intercooler

Subcooling of the liquid and superheating of the vapor

using a suction line heat exchanger

Subcooling of
liquid refrigerant

Superheating of
refrigerant vapor

Vapor compression system with two temperature levels

Nomenclature
COP
COP
EER
GWP
h

m
p
PLF
PLR

Q
Q

Q
L
s
T
TH
TL
TEWI
UA

coefficient of performance
seasonal coefficient of performance
Energy Efficiency Rating
Global Warming Potential
specific enthalpy
mass flow rate
pressure
part load factor
part load ratio
heat flow rate
heat flow per unit mass
heat flow to low temperature sink
entropy
temperature
high temperature source
low temperature sink
Total Environmental Warming Impact
overall heat transfer coefficient

V

W

W
c

W

volume
power
compressor power

c
s

difference
compressor efficiency
isentropic efficiency

isentropic power

Subscripts
c
condenser
d
discharge
disp
displacement volume
e
evaporator
FL
full load
max
maximum
s
isentropic
sys
system

Refrigerants

Refrigerant composition and environmental impact

Refrigerant

Chemical

Pressure
(atm)

O. D. P

G. W. P

Life span
(years)

CFC - 11

C Cl3 F

3800

65

CFC - 12

C Cl2 F2

0.9

8000

120

CFC - 114

C Cl F C Cl F3

0.4

9000

200

HCFC - 22

C H Cl F2

10

0.05

1600

20

HCFC - 123

C H Cl2 C F3

0.01

HFC - 134a

C F3 C H2 F

1100

0.3

R - 290

C3 H8

R - 717

N H3

R - 718

H2 O

0.03

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP):

Indicator of the impact of released refrigerant on the depletion of the ozone layer
relative to that of CFC-11
Global Warming Potential (GWP):
Indicator of the impact of released refrigerant on increased global temperatures
relative to that of carbon dioxide.
Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI)
Indicator of the total effect of the combination of refrigerant and vapor
compression systems on global warming than the GWP.
Direct effect - release of the refrigerant
Indirect effect impact of energy required to drive the refrigeration system.

Relationship between refrigerant properties

Hydrogen
Flammable

Toxic

Potentially
desirable

Long life
Chlorine

Fluorine

Refrigerant properties for a vapor compression cycle

Refrigerant

pe
(psia)

pC
(psia)

Td
(F)

Refrigeration
Effect
(Btu/lbm)

Volumetric
Capacity
(Btu/ft3)

COP

R-11

26

117

68

14

7.6

R-12

56

141

113

50

70

7.1

R-22

90

225

132

68

112

7.0

R-114

17

50

105

43

24

7.1

R-123

23

105

62

12

7.5

R-134a

54

150

112

62

72

7.0

R-290

86

200

108

118

94

6.8

R-717

81

230

180

462

128

7.3

R-718

0.15

360

1008

0.5

7.1

Transport properties of refrigerants

Refrigerant

Conductivity
of fluid
(Btu/hr-ft-F)

Conductivity
of vapor
(Btu/hr-ft-F)

Viscosity of
fluid
(lbm/hr-ft)

Viscosity of
vapor
(lbm/hr-ft)

R-11

0.048

0.0072

0.87

0.025

R-12

0.037

0.0052

0.49

0.029

R-22

0.046

0.0060

0.46

0.030

R-114

0.035

0.0054

0.62

0.027

R-123

0.045

0.0050

0.94

0.024

R-134a

0.046

0.0074

0.50

0.027

R-290

0.052

0.0096

0.22

0.019

R-717

0.250

0.0140

0.29

0.023

R-718

0.360

0.0100

1.56

0.023

Vapor Compression System

Compressors
Range of capacity applications for compressor types

Compressor configurations

Hermetic compressors
Motor and compressor contained in a leak-proof shel
Semi-hermetic compressors
Housing containing the compressor and the motor are bolted together
Open drive compressors
Motor external to the compressor housing

Reciprocating compressor

Refrigerant flow in from evaporator

Intake valve

Discharge valve
Refrigerant flow out to condenser

Piston

Rotary compressors

Scroll compressor

Twin screw compressor

Centrifugal compressor

Refrigerant flow
to condenser

Impeller
Diffuser vanes
Inlet guide vanes

Refrigerant flow
from evaporator