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DEFENITION

The first category of electrical energy consumers - include power-consuming


equipment, power interruption which may entail: a danger to human life, considerable economic
losses, damage to expensive capital equipment mass marriage product, upset a complex process,
malfunction of critical elements of public utility.
An emergency - is a situation that poses an immediate risk
to health, life, property,or environment. Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent
a worsening of the situation, although in some situations, mitigation may not be possible and
agencies may only be able to offer palliative care for the aftermath.
Thermal energy -refers to the internal energy present in a system due to its temperature.
[1]
The average translational kinetic energy possessed by free particles in a system of free
particles in thermodynamic equilibrium (as measured in the frame of reference of the center of
mass of that system) may also be referred to as the thermal energy per particle.
A heat pump - is a device that provides heat energy from a source of heat to a destination
called a "heat sink". Heat pumps are designed to move thermal energy opposite to the direction
of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. A
heat pump uses some amount of external power to accomplish the work of transferring energy
from the heat source to the heat sink.
A transfer switch - is an electrical switch that switches a load between two sources.
Some transfer switches are manual, in that an operator ffects the transfer by throwing a switch,
while others are automatic and switch when they sense one of the sources has lost or gained
power.
Water heating -is a thermodynamic process that uses an energy source to heat water
above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning,
bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.
An electrical code -is a set of regulations for electrical wiring. The intention of an
electrical code is to provide standards to ensure electrical wiring systems that are safe and
unlikely to produce either electric shock or fires. Ways in which electrical codes ensure safety
include ways to prevent (or mitigate) short circuits, ground faults, and overheating from
inadequate current-carrying capacity (ampacity).
Emergency switchboard - A switchboard which in the event of failure of the main
electrical power supply system is directly supplied by the emergency source of electrical power
or the transitional source of emergency and is intended to distribute electrical energy to the
emergency services.
Environmental assessment (EA) - is the term used for the assessment of
the environmental consequences (positive and negative) of a plan, policy, program, or project
prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term
'environmental impact assessment' (EIA) is usually used when applied to concrete projects and
the term 'strategic environmental assessment' applies to policies, plans and programs.
Employment protection - all your employees are protected by the Employment Rights
Act 1996, as amended, against suffering any harm because of any reasonable actions they take
on health and safety grounds. This applies regardless of their length of service.
Interested party - a person or group of persons interested in the performance or success
of an organization.
Corrective action - action taken to eliminate the cause of a detected nonconformity or
other undesirable situation.
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Quality - the totality of characteristics of an object relating to its ability to satisfy stated
and implied needs.
Environment - according to GOST R 22.1.02-95
The collection of funds data and socio-productive activities of man, including the environment
and elements of cultural or socio-economic environment, together and directly affecting the
people and their economy.
Process - a set of interrelated resources and activities that transform incoming elements
into outgoing.
Risk - the combination of the probability of application and the severity of possible
injuries or other damage to health in a hazardous situation.
System - group of interacting objects that perform a general functional task. It is based on
a certain mechanism.
Customer satisfaction - perception of the degree of fulfillment of their demands.
notes
Consumer complaints are a common indicator of low customer satisfaction but their
absence does not necessarily imply high customer satisfaction.
Even when customer requirements have been agreed with them and fulfilled, this does
not necessarily ensure high customer satisfaction.

ACRONYMS
LLP limited liability partnership
CMA controlling and measure apparatus
TDC technical department control
ND normative documents
HABP high speed automatically backup power
ABP automatically backup power
ID - induced draught
FD - forced draught
ESP electrostatic precipitator
CEP - Condensate Extraction Pump
AEP - Air Extraction Pump
BFP - Boiler Feed Pump
HPT - high pressure turbine
IPT - intermediate pressure turbine
CHU - constant head unit
DP - differential pressure
FC - Flow Control
PA primary air
RST reheat steam temperature
IBT - inter bus transformers
CHP - coal handling plant switchboard
UAT - unit auxiliary transformers
OBMS - over band magnetic separator
MD - metal detector
MT - mobile tripper
ILMS - inline magnetic separators
RPG - rack & pinion gate
PCS - pull cord switches
BSS - belt sway switches
ZSS - zero speed switches
EC&I networks - electrical control & instrumentation networks
BG - barring gear
BCR - building codes and regulations
SG searching gear
HALP - high-speed automatic load transfer
ALT - automatic load transfer
RSD - reserve switching device
SS - security service
CEC - cable end connector
SC - short circuit
IDDA - Inductively dynamical device of accelerate
MHSSD - Microprocessor block of starting device
RMS - root mean square
NVRAM - nonvolatile random access memory
RNM - reinstallation of normal mode
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CB - central busbar
MTTR -mean time to recovery
IEC - international electrotechnical commission
Relevance of research
The relevance of the master thesis is related to the fact, that Kazakhstan has great
economic development of the growing demands and shortages of all types of energy are
increasing. The problem of the providing continuity of technological process during short
duration breach of electric power supply in industrial enterprises is becoming increasingly
relevant and particular in the current thermal power plants operating in the Republic of
Kazakhstan.
Moreover, at present reliability breach of electric power supply consumers of first
category by RED (the rules of electrical devices) and technological process breach, including
power plants and thermoelectric plants is a short circuit in schemas of internal and external
electrical power supply substation of the above mentioned objects.
Novelty
The novelty of the research is related to the fact, that in connection with marked
necessary during reconstruction of the thermal power plants in industrial facilities install modern
setting and devices REC (relaying emergency control), which can delegated with the device
HABP (high speed automatically backup power).
At the same time thermoelectric plants systems use the technology of HABP in industrial
electric power supply.

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Goals and objectives of research


The purpose of the masters thesis is to provide continuity technological process
thermoelectric
plants
through
the
use
of
technology
HABP
in
LLP
Almatyteplocommunenergo:
To achieve the masters thesis necessary the following tasks:
1. The review of the scientific technological literary sources on the development
HABP.
The analysis the mode of operation electricity with the automatic system REC (relaying
emergency control of power plants, using HABP.
Research and to make recommendation of HABP using in the electrical power systems of
Kazakhstan.
Research and issuing recommendation on the use of modern REC (the rules of electrical
devices), including the HABP in electrical power plants of objects.
Feasibility report of HABP installing in the Thermal energy equipment.
Expected results
The new technologies providing with reliability and continuity works of technological
process in LLP Almatyteplokommunenergo.
To develop recommendation for implementing the proposed technology in the regions and
industries.
Informational base of studying
Served as: statistic, review and analytical materials, published in mass media, scientific and
technical conference materials, seminars andinternational publishing, internet resources.
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Structure of dissertation
The goals and tasks of dissertation are determining his structure. The thesis consists from
introduction three units, conclusionand list of biography which consist of 35 resources. The main
text of dissertation published in 86 pages and consists of 15 tables and 35 figures.

Introduction
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Research on energy is relevant for whole wired. Much of this related with a lot of
electricity and thermal energy for humanity. Also, energy sector is reflection of the condition of
development economic countries.
Nowadays, economic development of Kazakhstan closely ties with energy. The economic
developments in the modern conditions are not possible without further development of electric
power base. Obviously, that the base of the that development will be a long time thermal energy,
which also close ties with heating of citizen and power plant objects that represented necessary
this further development.
Social economic importance thermal energy in the throughout the country which
determined consumers of power and hot water of dwellings and social domestic needs of
citizen. Especially importance of thermal energy are shows in the cold time of year when from
the provision of heating depend on country waste.
In accordance with Presidential decrees of December 2012 year approved by conception
to entire Kazakhstan among the core thirty countries in a world. One of the factors influence for
development and increasing competitiveness economic sectors. Republic of Kazakhstan where is
more efficient functioning of subjects thermal energy and electric power. That program provides
for volume investigation in an energy sector, also the reduction level of core funds of subjects,
normative losses in the networks through the moderation and development infrastructure,
increasing transparency of the committees subjects.
At present time, according to Low of the Republic of Kazakhstan of July 1998 year On
Natural Monopolies and Regulated Markets in the areas. Natural Monopolies in the Republic of
Kazakhstan include fifteen services (materials, works) including service increasingly, influencing
for development sectors as economic and livelihood for communities, including:
To transfer services and (or) distribution electric power;
Production, transfer, distribution and (or) supply thermal energy, except for the thermal energy,
generated with using thermal soil, soil water, river, water bodies, run off water from plants and
electric stations, sewerage;
Emergency situations as in a world whole pretty much like on earthquake, snow
avalanches and landslides, river spill and fire, strong wind and absence of rain, waves of hot and
cold, hail, snow and pouring with raining. In the category, unavailable wear of energy generation
devices and distribution of electrics and thermal networks.
For solving short term energy safety, where the main technical task of modern thermal
energy is reduction of energy using and costs linked with plants of thermal energy, increasing
efficiency of using fuel energy resources and creating conditions for economic transform to the
energy saving technology.
At the first time measures to increasing of efficiency aim at two base modern problems of
centralized energy. It is reducing enormous losses which generated energy when delivering to
consumers, also reducing losses linking with incomplete unburned fuel into force which has been
rendered obsolete and physical wear of equipment.
First task is putting in order to existing systems of heating and thermal consumers,
introduction to the order of new objects of thermal and energy supply for providing with thermal
energy of developing plants and increasing cities.
Within this addressing the challenges automatization management parts of boilers
primary measurement converters and static frequency vectors transformers that could to increase
economic efficient works not only his equipments it also equipments of steam consuming and
also electric engines of drives of smoke extractions and ventilations.
Installing of a new methods of management of burning process which continuity level in
drum of boiler, dilution in the fire of boiler. There were realized by supported the optimal
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measure process of burning also by keeping maximal possible Coefficient of efficiency boiler as
a installed as a in transitional modes which excluding the loses of fuel through re regulating all
the complex above activities were implemented allowed increase capacity of boiler by high
speed management of equipment and keeping accumulated contain it is energy on the maximal
level. Marked by above complex events allowed on the refurbishment of boiler quality reduced
unit costs of fuel for the purposes of heat and also realize economics of fuel before six percent.
Economics of energy after installing frequency transformer of management actuates of fans and
smoke extractions are consist 36 47 percent.
At the present time to deal with function and refurbishment of the current system
management realized several options of project solution to build Industrial Control of enterprise.
Purpose of creating an Industrial Control is replace existing obsolete engines owing to the
advances in technology by the most modern means of automation and creating their services a
highly secured, functionally and informatively systems which provided continuity and security
work of technological process and improving the conditions of work technological staff. The
object of atomization is common boiler equipment in consist of: networks and feed pumps.
Characteristic features of technological process are continuity of technological process in a
period of exploration and there is some overlap: fire hazard and explosion hazards which caused
by using highly flammable materials protected high pressure of steam; independent
technological nodes. According to this feature requirement for structure and functionally
systems, the system must consist with two trust systems: information management and local
government.
Information management system must provide: object management of boiler in all
exculpation modes; central control for an object condition; switch off parameters of normal
alarm; regulation of process parameters on standards of Law; management by individuals tones
of process with a special algorithm; hand emplaced and remotely management of process;
formulation of technological and emergency signals; the control of command execution;
differential access of operators to individual operations; project of systems from accidental
inspection damage; account technic economical rate; formulation records about productive
activities of boiler. Archiving dates about technological condition and about technological
process parameters.
Staff actions to manage equipment of boiler, also unauthorized access to manage of
information. It is necessary to meet the new challenges maximal using opportunity of modern
security equipment and systemic automatic which based on the main of microprocessor
computer equipment. In individual accidents communication equipment 0.4;6(10) kV.
Ultimate goal of program is a fully fledged automatic control system of technological
process of enterprise sector may also allowed released core capacity of energy conversation and
his destruction: thermal energy production 10 percent, thermal network of city 10 percent,
consumers of thermal energy (built) 30 percent.

I.

REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOURCE TO DISPATCH BY


SERVICE THESIS LINE
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I.1. Boiler room operation processtechnology


Introduction to LLP Almatyteplokommunenergo
According byelaw of Council of Ministers of the Kazakh USSR ( 1987 byelaw dated
14 November 1963) and according order of Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the
Kazakh USSR (294 dated 25 November 1963) was based Management of heating lines.
In pursuance of Resolution of the President of Kazakhstan in 30.05.1996 663 About
program of Electricity Restructuring Bill was changed JC Almatyteplokommunenegro.
Key activities of LLP Almatyteplokommunenergo are heat power generation. The second
activities of company are support heating supply in the regions of heat power engineer and
electro power engineer.
Growth of LLP Almatyteplokommunenergo installed capacity and generation
The mainly part of LLP is government. The state institution as Finance Division of Almaty
has 99.95 % capital. Certificate of State registration 1060061910 LLP dated 24 September
2010.
LLP Almatyteplokommunenergo has 72 boilers. Amount powers of boilers are 992.22
Gcal/hour. Available power is 848 Gcal/hour.
The large boilers (high power 100 Gcal/h) are Orbita, South East boiler, South boiler
and Akkent. Amount powers of boilers are 649.4 Gcal. Which range 65% on general installed
capacity of enterprise boilers. Main fuel is natural gas for 66 boilers. One of them burns on the
diesel fuel, two of them burns on the fuel oil and one of them burns on the electricity.
In service date of boilers facilities inside of 1961 - 2015. Deteriorations consist about 62%. It
needs change of big part of facilities [52].
Akkent boiler one of the new boilers which was built for regular heat supply to the city
population.
Introduction to Akkent.

Figure:-1.1 Akkent boiler room


Basic Theory of Thermal Power Generation
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Thermal power generation plant or thermal power stations the most conventional source of
electric power. Thermal power plants also referred as coal thermal power planted steam turbine
power plant. Before going into detail of this topic, we will try to understand the line diagram of
electric power generation plant. A power generation plant mainly consists of alternator which
runs with help of steam turbine. The steam is obtained from high pressure boilers. Generally in
Kazakhstan, bituminous coal, brown coal and peat are used as fuel of boiler. The bituminous coal
is used as boiler fuel has volatile matter from 8 to 33 % and ash content 5 to 16 %. To increase
the thermal efficiency, the coal is used in the boiler in powder form [34].
In coal fired thermal power plant, the steam is produced in high pressure in the steam
boiler due to burning of fuel (pulverized coal) in boiler furnaces. This steam is further supper
heated in a super heater. This supper heated steam then enters into the turbine and rotates the
turbine blades. The turbine is mechanically so coupled with alternator that its rotor will rotate
with the rotation of turbine blades [28].
After entering in turbine the steam pressure suddenly falls and corresponding volume of
the steam increases. After imparting energy to the turbine rotor the steam passes out of the
turbine blades into the condenser. In the condenser the cold water is circulated with the help of
pump which condenses the low pressure wet steam. This condensed water is further supplied to
low pressure water heater where the low pressure steam increases the temperature of this feed
water, it is again heated in high pressure [2].
For better understanding we furnish every step of function of a thermal power station as
follows,
1) First the pulverized coal is burnt into the furnace of steam boiler.
2) High pressure steam is produced in the boiler.
3) This steam is then passed through the super heater, where it further heated up.
4) This supper heated steam is then entered into a turbine at high speed.
5) In turbine this steam force rotates the turbine blades that means here in the turbine the stored
potential energy of the high pressured steam is converted into mechanical energy.
Line Diagram of Power Plant

Figure:-1.2 Line Diagram of Power plant

6) After rotating the turbine blades, the steam has lost its high pressure, passes out of turbine
blades
and enters into a condenser.
7) In the condenser the cold water is circulated with help of pump which condenses the low
pressure
wet steam.
8) This condensed water is then further supplied to low pressure water heater where the low
pressure
steam increases the temperature of this feed water, it is then again heat where the high pressure
of steam is used for heating.
9) The turbine in thermal power station acts as a prime mover of the
heated in a high pressure heateralternatored alternator.
Overview of Thermal Power Plant
A typical Thermal Power Station Operates on a Cycle which is shown below.

Figure:-1.3 Thermal Power Stations Operates on a Cycle


The working fluid is water and steam. This is called feed water and steam cycle. The
idealThermodynamic Cycle to which the operation of a Thermal Power Plant.
RANKINE CYCLE.
In steam boiler the water is heated up by burning the fuel in air in the furnace & the
function of the boiler is to give dry super heated steam at required temperature.
The steam so produced is used in driving the steam Turbines. This turbine is coupled
togenerator (usually three phase synchronous alternator), which generates electrical energy [70].
The exhaust steam from the turbine is allowed to condense into water in which creates
suction at very low pressure and allows the expansion of the steam in the turbine to a very low
pressure. The principle advantages of condensing operation are the increased amount of energy
extracted per kg of steam and thereby increasing efficiency and the boiler again reduces the
amount of fresh feed water.
The condensate along with some fresh make up feed water is again fed into the boiler by pump
(called the boiler feed pump).
In condenser the steam is condensed by coo tower. This constitutes cooling water circuit.
The ambient air is allowed to enter in the boiler after dust filtration. Also the flue gas comes out
of the boiler and exhausted into atmosphere through stacks. These constitute air and flue gas
circuit. The flow of air and also the static pressure inside called Forced Draught (FD) fan and
power station along with different circuits is illustrated below [7].
Power Station closely resembles is they steam condenser of turbines the condensate
which is fed into cooling water. Cooling water recycles through cooling the steam boiler (called
draught) is maintained by two fans Induced Draught (ID) fan. The total scheme of a typical
thermal power station along with different circuits is illustrated below.
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Figure:-1.4 Block Diagram


Inside the boiler there are various heat exchangers, viz. in the fig above, it is basically
the water tubes, i.e. (sometimes Reheated, air preheated).
In Economizer the feed water is heated to considerable amount by the remaining heat of
flue gas.
The Boiler Drum actually maintains a head for natural circulation through the water
tubes. There is also Super Heater which also takes heat from flue gas and raises the temperature
of steam as per requirement. There is also Super Heater which also takes heat from flue gas and
raises thetemperature of steam as per requirement [26].
Efficiency of Thermal Power Station or Plant
The overall efficiency of a thermal power station or plant varies from 20 % it depends on plant
capacity.

1.1 General layout of thermal power plants

Figure:-1.5 Layout of Thermal Power Plant


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LIGHT UP PROCESS
2 Akkent has direct firing system. In this system, a controlled quantity of
3 crushed coal is fed to each bowl mill (pulveriser) by its respective feeders and primary
4 air is supplied from the primary air fans which dries the coal as it is being pulverized
5 and transports the pulverized coal through the coal piping system to the coal burners.
6 There are six pulverizes out of which four are used and two remains in standby. The
7 raw coal feeders supply 74 TPH of coal to each mill.
8 The pulverized coal and air discharged from the coal burners is directed towards the
9 center of the furnace to form firing circle. There are 24 tilting, tangentially fired coal
10 burners fitted at the four corners of the boiler at six elevations.
11 The secondary air heating system supplies secondary air for combustion in the furnace
12 around the pulverized coal burners and through auxiliary air compartments directly [66].
MILLING SYSTEM
COAL BUNKER:
These are in-process storage silos used for storing crushed coal coming from the coal
handling plant through conveyor belts. There are six coalbunkers supplying coal to each mill and
are located at top of the mills to aid in gravity feeding of the coal. Each bunker can store coal,
which can be used for 12hrs.
COAL FEEDER: The purpose of coal feeder is to transfer coal at a pre- determined rate, from coalbunker
to the mill. The coal feeder comprises two continuous chains with L sections flight bars mounted
between the chains at every fifth link .The chains runs on sprockets mounted at each end of the
feeder to given an upper strand movement towards the driven ends and a lower strand movement
in the opposite direction. The drive shaft is supported on two self aligning bearing mounted in
the Plummer block on support outside the feeder casing, shaft sealing is achieved by the lip seals
in the sealing housing and mounted in board of the bearing to abut the feeder casing.
The tail sprocket shaft is mounted in adjustable bearing blocks adjacent to the feeder
casing with positioned which allow the feeder chain to be tensioned [23].
Both upper and lower strands run over full width carrying plates with the lower strands
located by angle section guides mounted on the feeder wall. The upper and lower carrying plates
and the inside wall are protected from wear by replaceable stainless steel panels, chains are kept
clean by rubber wiper.
Feeder input is achieved by roller chain drive to the conveyor via a fixed speed electric
motor driving a variable speed gear box, torque limiter and fixed output gear box the electric
motor is flanged mounted to variable speed gear box, coupled to the fixed output gear box by a
flexible coupling and torque limiter.
The principle of operation of coal feeder is that coal flows from the bunker into the chain feeder
via feed hopper and is conveyed to the mill, when the feeder is in the operation, the conveyor
chain drag a fixed head of coal towards the driven ends of the feeder. At the end of the carrying
plates the coal falls through the conveyor onto the bottom plate, where it is picked up by the
returning flight bars and dragged back along the feeder to fall into the mill.
PULVERISER MILL:
There are six mills located adjacent to the furnace at 0 m level .These mills pulverize coal
to desired fineness to be fed to the furnace for combustion.
The main structure of the pulverisering mill is fabricated from mild steel in three
cylindrical sections, the bottom section (the mill housing support )which support the entire unit
and encloses the mill drive gear unit, a center section (the mill housing)that contains the rotary
grinding element and upper section (the classifier housing )comprising an accommodate the gas
loading cylinders of the mill loading gear .A platform around the upper section provide an access
to an inspection door and to the top of the mill routine maintenance and is served by detachable
ladder .The grinding element comprises of 3 rotator rollers.
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The raw coal enter the mill through inlet and fall into the grinding zones, where rotating
bottom grinding and transport coal through the grinding element into the primary air stream.
The primary air enters through the inlet duct in the mill while goes to the furnace from
four outlet ducts at the top of the mill. The ground fuel particle are picked up by the primary air
stream after it is passed through the throat plates and carried upwards towards the classifier [22].
The larger particle are initially carried upwards by the air stream and circulate over the
upper grinding ring before falling back into the grinding zone by virtue of their weight .The coal
air mixture then passes into the classifier, where any remaining oversize particle are separated
out and fall down to the return skirt until their commutative weight is sufficient to deflect the
flaps and return them into the grinding zone.
The setting of the classifier vane controls the fineness of the ground product.
Heavy material such as pyrites and tramp iron which has passed through grinding zone without
being pulverized is carried around throat plate and discharged through a counter balance relief
gate into the space below the yoke.
Main Boiler Components
The major accessories of a steam-generating unit are listed as below:
Furnace.
Economizer.
Boiler drum.
Down comers.
Water walls.
Riser tubes.
Super heaters.
Repeaters.
Desupeheaters.
Furnace
A boiler furnace is the first pass of the boiler in which fuel is burned and from which the
combustion products pass to the super heater and second pass of boiler. The combustion process
is a continuous process, which takes place in first pass of the boiler and controlled by fuel input
through coal feeders. It is a radiant type and water-cooled furnace and enclosure is made up of
water wall. The furnace is open at the bottom to allow ash/clinkers to fall freely into the furnace
bottom ash hopper (through a furnace throat), and at the top of its rear wall, above the arch, to
allow hot gases to enter the rear gas pass [3].
The basic requirements that a furnace must satisfy are:
1. Proper installation, operation and maintenance of fuel burning equipment.
2. Sufficient volume for combustion requirements.
3. Adequate refractoriness and insulation.
Economizer
The function of an economizer in a steam-generating unit is to absorb heatfrom the flue
gases and add this as sensible heat to the feed water before the feed water enters the evaporative
circuit of the boiler. This additional heating surface in the path of the feed water increases the
efficiency of the steam generating cycle, saving in fuel consumption, thus this additional surface
was named as economizer.
The economizer is placed in the path of the flue gases leaving the boiler, in the boiler rear
gas pass below the rear super heater [17].
The economizer is continuous unlined loop type and water flows in upward direction
and gas flows in the downward direction. Since water flow is from bottom to top so if any steam
is formed during the heat transfer it also moves along with water and prevent the lock up steam
which will cause overheating and failure of economizer tube.

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A recalculation line with a stop valve and non return valve is incorporated to keep
circulation in economizer into boiler drum when there is fire in furnace but it prevents the feed
water flow into the boiler drum [20].
Boiler drum
The boiler drum is a cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical ends. It contains two
rows of cyclone separators, four rows of drier boxes, a perforated feed water distribution pipe,
and a chemical dosing pipe.
The boiler drum is located on the upper front of the boiler. It is suspended from roof steelwork
by two u-shaped slings.
It forms a part of the water circulation system of the boiler. The drum serves mainly two
functions:
I. The first and primary one is that it separates steam from the mixture of water and steam
discharged into it and to reduce the dissolved solid contents of the steam to below the prescribed
limit of 1 ppm.
II. Secondly, the drum houses all equipments used for purification of steam after being
separated from water. These equipments are known as drum internals.
Drum internals
These are the equipments, which are used to separate water from steam and to direct the
flow of water and steam to obtain an optimum distribution of drum metal temperature in boiler
operation. The drum internals consists of baffle arrangements, devices which change the
direction of flow of steam and water mixture, separators employing spinning action for removing
water from steam or steam purifiers as washers and screen dryers [5].
Down comers
Down comers provide a passage for water from the boiler drum to bottom ring header.
From bottom ring header the water goes to water walls for heat absorption and conversion into
steam heating.To achieve the circulation of water into water wall Boiler circulation pumps are
provided in down comers.
Water walls
Water walls are the necessary elements of the boiler. They serve as the means of heating
and evaporating the feed water supplied to the boiler from the economizers via boiler drum and
down comers.
In large boilers, water walls completely cover the interior surfaces of the furnace
providing practically complete elimination of exposed refractory surface. They usually consist of
vertical tubes membrane and are connected at the top and at the bottom to headers. These tubes
receive water from the boiler drum by means of down comers connected between drum and
water walls lower header.
Water walls absorb 50 percent of the heat released by the combustion of fuel in the furnace,
which is utilized for evaporation of feed water. The mixture of water and steam is discharged
from the top of the water walls into the upper wall header and then passes through riser tubes to
the steam drum.
The design and construction of the water walls depends upon the combustion and steam
conditions and the size of the boiler [29].
Riser tubes
A riser is a tube through which the mixture of water and steam pass from an upper water
wall header to the steam drum.
Super heater
The steam generated by the boiler is usually wet or at the most dry saturated because it is
in direct contact with water. So, in order to get superheated steam, a device known as superheater
has to be incorporated in the boiler.
The function of the super heater system is to accept dry saturated steam from the steam
drum and to supply superheated steam at the specified final temperature of 540 0C, by means of a
series of heat transfer surfaces arranged within the boiler gas passes.
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A superheated is a surface type heat exchanger generally located in the passage of hot
flue gases. The dry saturated steam from the boiler drum flows inside the super heater tubes and
the hot flue gases flows over the tubes and in this way its temperature is increased at the same
pressure.
The super heater consists of three sections classified as primary super heater, secondary
super heater and final super heater. In Akkent, there are 14 super heater coils which are divided
into above different sections where temperature is increased from approx. 340 0C to 540 0C.
Dry saturated steam from the drum passes through the three sections of super heater,
increasing the temperature to approx. 540 0C as it travels through each section.
Repeater
A repeater is a device that is incorporated in the upper arch of the boiler near the
gooseneck in the path of the outgoing flue gases. As the name indicates, it reheats the. Outlet
steam from the HP turbine and thus increasing its temperature up to the desired value.
The repeater accept cold reheat steam from the HP turbine exhaust and supply hot reheat
steam at the specified outlet steam temperature of 540oC by means of heat transfer surfaces
arranged within the boiler gas passes. The repeater consists of 2 heating coils which finally raise
the temperature of the steam to the required level.
Steam from the HP turbine exhaust enters the repeater system through two parallel
mounted spray water desuperheaters liners located in the cold reheat pipe work, then passes
through reheated, increasing the temperature as it travels through it. Reheated outlet temperature
is controlled by raising or lowering the angle of burner tilt. When this reheated steam enters the
IP turbine, the net efficiency of the cycle is increased [4].
Desuperheaters
Super Heater Desuperheater
The super heater desuperheater is fitted after 10th coil to control the superheated steam at
the specified terminal temperature of 540 0C. The maximum design temperature reduction at the
super heater desuperheater is from 446 0C to 388 0C.
The desuperheater comprises a spray nozzle shell and associated spray assembly
projecting into a section of the super heater steam line. This section of the steam line forms the
desuperheater shell. Steam assisted spray nozzle assembly provides a fine spray of water which
attemperates the steam passing through the desuperheater.
Spray water for desuperheater is taken from the boiler feed water pump discharge. In
addition, spray water regulating stations are provided further downstream in each line [30].
2.3.2 ReheaterDesuperheater
The reheaterdesuperheater is only brought into use when the reheater outlet temperature
rises above the normal temperature.
The reheaterdesuperheater comprises of a spray nozzle shell and associated spray nozzle
assembly projecting into a section of the steam line between the HP turbine outlet and the
repeater inlet headers. This section of the steam line forms the desuperheater shell. Water is fed
into the shell from the discharge side of the boiler feed pumps via a repeater desuperheater spray
water regulating station.
When the reheated desuperheater is called into service water is fed via the water tube and
through the desuperheater and thus decreasing the quantity of water in the boiler. Drum is
relatively small compared to the total steam output. So, the drum size is determined by the space
required to accommodate the steam separating and purifying equipments.
Electrostatic precipitator
The ash content in the Indian coal is of the order of 30% to 40%. When coal is fired in the
boiler, ashes are liberated and about 80% of ash is carried along with the flue gases. If this ash is
allowed to atmosphere, it is hazardous to health. So, it became necessary to incorporate an
electrostatic precipitator in the path of the flue gases going in the atmosphere. The electrostatic
precipitators are preferred to mechanical precipitators because they are capable of precipitating
particles from sub micron to large sizes of particles. The efficiency of the modern ESPs is of the
15

order of 99.9%.The electrostatic precipitator consists of a large chamber, which comprises of


parallel rows of sheet type collecting electrodes suspended from the precipitator casing with wire
type discharge electrodes arranged mid-way between them. At the inlet of the chamber, gas
distributor screens for uniform distribution of the gases in the chamber, are provided [8].
The collectors are connected to earth at positive polarity while the discharge electrodes
are connected to a high voltage dc supply at negative polarity. When dustladen gas flows
between the electrodes, the corona discharge causes the dust particles to become charged, the
particles then being attracted towards and, eventually, deposited on the collector electrodes.
This dust falls as the collecting electrodes are continuously rapped through a rapping
system and is collected into the pyramid type hoppers, located beneath each collecting
electrodes, from where it is removed by the ash handling system
Air heaters
Air heater is a heat transferring device in which air temperature is raised by transferring
heat from flue gases. Air heaters are capable of reclaiming heat from the flue gases at low
temperature levels and thus reducing the amount of heat rejected to chimney. This results in
increasing the boiler efficiency. For every 20 0C drop in flue gas exit temperature, the boiler
efficiency increases by about 1%. In Akkent, regenerative type of air heaters is mainly used. In
regenerative air heaters, the heating medium i.e. flue gases flows through a closely packed
matrix structure and then air is passed through the matrix to pick up the heat. There are two
regenerative types of main air heaters for heating up the air from fans.
TYPES OF FAN
A fan is a device by which the air is made to flow at required velocity and pressure in a
defined path imparting K.E of its impellers to air/flue gases. This pressure boost is used to create
a draught in the air and flue gas system. Fans mainly perform two functions:
i.
They supply air required for combustion in the furnace with required pressure &
flow.
ii.
ii. They evacuate the product of combustion i.e. flue gases into the atmosphere
via chimney.
Primary Air FAN
The primary air fan supplies heated air to the coal mills known as primary air, to give dry and
pulverized coal to the furnace for efficient combustion. There are two primary air fans per boiler.
The fan impeller is a double inlet, centrifugal wheel with backward curved plate blades. Ambient
air is drawn into the primary air fan duct by two 50% duty, motor driven centrifugal fans. The air
from each fan discharges into a hot air crossover duct via a steam air heater. This duct extends
around to each side of the boiler to supply the hot air to mills duct, both of which are branched to
supply hot air to four coal mills [5].
Forced Draught FAN
The forced draught fan system is provided to supply secondary air required for pulverized
coal combustion in the furnace, air for fuel oil combustion and over fire air to minimize No
production.
The forced draught fan system comprises of two single stage axial flow, constant speed,
and auto variable pitch fans per boiler. These fans provide pressurized atmospheric air to the
boiler for combustion. Ambient air is drawn into the secondary air system by two 50% duty;
motor driven, axial flow forced draught fans with variable pitch control. The air from each fan
discharges into a hot air crossover duct via a main air heater.
This duct extends around to each side of the boiler furnace to form two secondary airs to
burners ducts. At the sides of the furnace, each duct split to supply air to two corners.
Induced Draught FAN
The induced draught fan system comprises of three centrifugal double inlet fans per
boiler, two operating and one standby. Each fan unit consists of a backward curved plate bladed
impeller, which is driven by an electric motor through a variable speed hydraulic coupling. The
16

induced draught fan serves the purpose of evacuating the products of combustion or the flue
gases in the atmosphere via chimney.
The flue gases after being cleaned in the precipitators is directed towards the atmosphere
through the chimney.
TYPES OF PUMP
Condensate Extraction Pump (CEP)
The function of Condensate extraction pumps is to pump out the condensate to the
desecrator through, LP heaters. The steam from the LP cylinders exhausts into the condenser
shells where it is constrained to flow across the water tubes, through which cooling water is
circulated. The steam condensed on the tubes drain to the bottom of the shell and is collected in a
hot well .The condensate is retained in the hot well by means of the condenser level control
valve. The water in a condenser provides a head of water for the condensate extraction pump to
suppress cavitations in its suction impellers.There are two 100% duty extraction pumps, one
remains in duty and one remains stand by. With all the necessary instruments such as suction and
discharge valve isolating and dump valves to insure efficient operation.
The thrust bearings in the driving motors have temperatures sensor, which can trip the
motors automatically. The pump discharge the condensate to the LP heater system with a
pressure increased to approx. 18 kg/sq. cm from 70-75 mm of Hg.
Air Extraction Pump (AEP)
The function of the air extraction pump is to raise and maintain the vacuum conditions in
the turbine main condensers, and to remove air and other non-condensable gases vented to the
condenser from various parts of the turbine and feed water heating system.
Boiler Feed Pump (BFP)
Boiler feed pump is the most critical component of a power plant. It is a rotary machine,
which is coupled to a motor through variable speed coupling or turbo coupling.

Ler feed water pump sets. Under normal conditions two 50% boiler feed water pump sets
are run in parallel to undertake the complete load of feeding the boiler, while the third
50% pump set is on standby duty.
TYPES OF CYCLE
Steam Cycle

A thermal power plant is based upon the principle of conversion of heat energy (steam
energy) into mechanical energy. For this conversion of energy a power plant requires a turbo
machine. A turbo machine is a power producing thermodynamic machine.
17

It requires a suitable working fluid, a source of high-grade energy and a sink for lowgrade energy. In a thermal power plant water is used as a working fluid and it is converted into
steam. The steam turbine is a device that converts heat energy of the steam coming from the
boiler into the mechanical energy (kinetic energy) with the help of which we rotate our shaft.
Steam is formed in the rising tubes of water walls and is collected in the upper portion of
the drum which is separated by the water in the drum by the drum internals. This steam contains
some water droplets which is to be removed before reaching turbines.
This steam is heated in superheater (primary superheater, secondary superheater
& final superheater) which makes this steam free from water droplets.
Main stream is then 1st applied to high pressure turbine (HPT) at temp. approx. 540 0C &
pressure 138kg/cm2. The steam coming out from HPT has low temp. & pressure and required to
raise this temp. & pressure before applying to next turbine. Hence, it is passed through reheater
due to which its temp. & pressure is raised enough and is then applied to intermediate pressure
turbine (IPT) and steam coming out of this turbine is directly used to rotate the final low pressure
turbine (LPT).
Steam from this turbine has very low pressure & temperature and cant be further used to
rotate the turbine. So, it is condensed and converted to water before sending to the drum for
preuse.
WaterCycle

Water cycle starts from the condenser and ends to the drum.
Steam from the LPT is condensed in the condenser while condensed steam known as
condensate is collected in a hot well having temperature about 40 0C & pressure 70-75 mm of
Hg. The pressure of this condensate is increased to approx. 18 kg/cm2 by using CEP while the
temp. is increased to approx. 80 0C by using low pressure heater(LPH). To remove the dissolved
oxygen from condensate, deaerator is used and then it is passed through BFP to raise its pressure
approx. to the drum water. To further increase its temperature up to 130 0C, it is passed through
high pressure heater (HPH). Then finally before sending it to drum its temperature is raised to
approx. 250 0C by passing it through economizer. Hence, the extra steam is condensed and
reused.
Flue Gas Cycle
Furnace
S.H .
R.H
Economizer

ChimneyE.S.P.

A.P.H.

The fuel such as coal when heated in the furnace produces smoke and ash. This smoke
produced is known as FLUE GAS whose temperature is very high and so used to heat few
systems such as superheater&reheater.
The flue gas is produced in the furnace. It then heats superheater&reheater after which it
heats economizer and air preheater (APH). Since now also its temperature is quite high and also
18

contains some dust hence, it is precipitated in electrostatic precipitator (ESP)before leaving


chimney.
TYPES OF HEATER
High Pressure Heater (HPH)
In the water cycle, temperature of feed water from BFP is increased to approx. 130oC by
heating it in HP heater. As the heating of the feed water in HP heater is done by the extra steam
coming out of the High Pressure Turbine (HPT) hence, it is named as High Pressure Heater
(HPH).
Low Pressure Heater (LPH)
In the water cycle, temperature of condensate from CEP is raised to approx. 80oC by
heating it in LP heater. As the heating of the condensate in LP heater is done by the extra steam
coming out of the Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) hence, it is named as Low Pressure Heater
(LPH).
TYPES OF TURBINE
High pressure turbine
High pressure turbine is a single flow design with eight stages of balding .Each stage
comprises stationary and moving blades which are positioned into the rotor mounted on the
diaphragms, directs steam into the rotor mounted on the moving blades. High pressure turbine is
double shell construction comprising inner and outer casing. High pressure steam enters the high
pressure turbine inner casing through vertical inlet connection are mounted on the top and
bottom outer casing .The steam directed through the diaphragm expands through the rotor blades
and diaphragm towards the fronts of the cylinder. The steam exhausts through the two branches
in the bottom half casing and returns to the boiler to be reheated to increase the temperature of
the steam to 538 0C so that the efficiency of Rankin Cycle increases [8].
I.P. Turbine:
Intermediate pressure turbine is a double flow design with seven stage of balding on
either side of central steam inlet. Each stage comprises stationary and moving blades which are
positioned so that the stationary blades mounted on diaphragm, directs the steam into the rotor
mounted moving blades.
Turbine is double shell construction inner casing , two diaphragm carries the ring , and
outer casing .The first 4 stage of each flow are located within the inner casing and remaining
stage within the diaphragm carries the ring .The inner casing, diaphragm carrier ring and outer
casing are made in halves bolted together in the horizontal centre.
Low pressure Turbine:
Low pressure turbine is of double flow design incorporating six stages in each of its front
and rear flow paths. Each stage consists of number of stationary blades incorporating in the
diaphragm located in the casing and a set of rotating blades mounted on a rotor disc.
A spray water system design to operate automatically ,ensure that excessive temperature
are not produced in the exhaust flow during prolonged operation at low turbine load
lowcondenser vacuum.
ASSEMBLY OF TURBINE GENERAT OR
& EXCITER AND BARRING GEAR

19

FLAME SCANNERS
In a flame there are three zones.
1. Visible zone
2. UV zone
3. Infrared zone
The flame scanner consists of UV light sensitive tube and UV light sensitive element
filled inside the tube on which 700 DC Volt is supplied.
Initially there is no contact between the two Electrode on which 700 DC volt is supplied.
As there is UV light sensitive element present inside the tube, it scans the UV zone of the flame.
When it scans the UV zone, the UV element present inside the tube conducts and the two
Electrodes are in contact. Now, the supplied voltage is reduced to zero. Hence, whenever it scans
the UV zone, the supplied voltage becomes 0V otherwise it is 700V.
Therefore, on an average the scanner shows 400V 450V which confirms the presence of
flame inside the furnace. As there are two types of fuel which are the main source of burning.
Hence, basically there are two types of flame scanners depending upon the fuel used. So, to
sense the flame due to oil used in the furnace there are oil flame scanners and to sense the flame
due to coal used are known as coal flame scanners.
IMPORTANT CONTROL LOOPS IN A THERMAL
POWER PLANT
Basic

Block Diagram Of Any Closed Control Loop

Process: The equipment whose present level, pressure and other values is to be measured
is known as process.
Set Point:The required value of parameter is set by the manual which is to be maintained
in order to protect the process from damage.
Measurement:The present value of parameter in process is measured here.
Generally, capacitance type of measurement is used.
Two tapping from the process, one at high pressure & other at low pressure, is taken and
transmitted through isolating diaphragm and silicon oil fill fluid to a sensing diaphragm in the
centre of the differential pressure cell. The sensing diaphragm deflects in response to differential
pressure. The position of the sensing diaphragm is deflected by capacitor plates on both sides of
the sensing diaphragm. The differential capacitor between the sensing diaphragm and the
20

capacitor plate is converted electronically to a 4-20 mA signal and transmitted to comparator.


This measurement sometimes also known as transmitter [10].
Comparator:It compares the signal between set point and measured value. If the two
values differ from one another, an error signal is generated and sent to the controller.
Controller:It is an electronic card which, according to the error signal sent by comparator,
gives a current signal between 4-20 m A to final control element.
Final Control Element:It is that portion of the loop which directly changes the value of
the manipulated process variable and finally do some work to maintain the set point of the
process.
DrumLevelControl

Figure:-1.9 Drum Level Control


The required drum level is set at the set point. The present drum level is then measured
which is done by capacitor type transmitter. Two tapping, one at the bottom in water while other
at the top in steam, is made and allowed to flow to the transmitter. Since, the two elements are in
different states, steam is condensed and collected in a constant head unit (CHU) before going to
the transmitter where the present drum level is measured and converted to current signal between
4-20 mA. This set value and measured value are then compared in a comparator and an error
signal, if any, is generated and sent to controller which finally directs the final control element to
control the drum level. Here, the final control element is a control valve through which a fluid
passes that adjusts the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from controller to modify
the rate of flow of the fluid. Hence, the drum level is controlled [9].
Different pressure Across Feed Control Station

Figure:-1.10 Feed Control


In order to maintain the linear characteristics of the feed regulating valves under different
loads, the differential pressure (D.P.) control loops maintains a fixed differential across the
regulating valves and BFP discharge pressure is varied by changing BFP motor speed through
hydraulic scoop tube device which is the final control element here. The D.P. across feed station
(comparator) is sensed and is fed to the controller. The controllers are automatically adjusted as
function of steam flow to achieve stable condition. The reserve Boiler Feed pump scoop tube
automatically follows the running pump scoop tube and the changeover to the reserve BFP takes
place with the scoop tube in the same position of the scoop tube.
Combustion ControlThe combustion control proposed for this boiler comprises of the
following loops:
a. Master pressure control
b. Pulverized coal flow control
21

c. Combustion air flow control


d. Oxygen trim control
e. Mill temperature and air flow control.
Master Pressure Control
The turbine throttle pressure which is a measure of turbine and boiler mismatch is
maintained by proper fuel and air flow control to the burners. Actual steam pressure at turbine
inlet is measured and error against a set value is fed to the individual pulverize control loop
through controller [6].
Flow Control
In order to maintain an air rich furnace, air flow demand signal is superimposed over total
fuel flow signal through a high limiter unit. This way when master demand signal increases and
if air flow is low, fuel flow is not straightaway increased. Instead, main demand signal first
increases the air flow and only when demand signal is low as compared to air flow, tie selector
unit in the fuel control loop increases the fuel flow. When the master demand calls for a
reduction of combustion, fuel flow and air flow are reduced simultaneously with fuel flow
leading air flow, thus ensuring always an air rich furnace.
Combustion Air Flow Control
Total air flow signal is fed to control and this controller output adjusts the FD fan vanes.
Provision also exists to ensure a minimum air flow (30% of maximum) through a high signal
selector.
Oxygen Trim Control
To ensure some percentage of excess air for optimum combustion, Oxygen trim control is
employed. Oxygen contain in flue gas before air preheater is measured and error is fed to
controller. A maximum/minimum limiter is introduced so that should the oxygen supply fall, a
minimum disturbance is introduced in the flue/air control loop.
Mill Temperature and Flow Control
This control loop is envisaged to maintain constant air flow to the mills and also to
maintain constant mill outlet temperature. Primary air flow and mill outlet temperature signals
are measured and fed to the controller respectively. Output of the controllers are connected to
each of the two error modules, the output of which are going to coal and hot air dampers through
respective auto manual stations. The provision of variable air flow supply exists in the hardware
supplied and shall be adopted on site, if required.
Furnace Draft Control
The furnace draft is maintained by modulating the I D fan Hydraulic coupling (3 nos.).
Furnace draft at combustion chamber outlet is measured and the error is fed to the controller.
Output of this controller accordingly positions the vanes to maintain constant furnace pressure to
improve the system dynamic response. An anticipator total air flow signal is also added in the
loop.
Primary Air Header Pressure Control
A control loop always ensure sufficient primary air to the pulveriser hot air duct at the set
pressure and achieves the same by modulating the primary air fan vanes (2 nos.).
Superheat Steam Temperature Control
The super heater steam temperature control system makes use of three parameters,
secondary super heater outlet temperature, total steam flow and superheater inlet temperature.
The final super heaters temperature error is fed to controllers which positin spray control valves
left & right sides to maintain constant superheater outlet temperature.
Reheat Steam Temperature Control
Reheat outlet steam temperature is maintained by tilting the burner to increase/ decrease
heat absorption in the reheat section of the boiler. Additional emergency reheat spray is used to
maintain temp. When burner tilts are unable to reduce the temp. Sufficiently. Left and right
reheated temp. Signals are averaged and fed to controller.
22

Controller output is indexed with total steam flow signal and through an auto-manual
station drives nozzle tilt drive. In case of differential reheated temp. difference above allowable
limits, respective spray control valve left or right are used to bring balance in left and right side
reheat steam temperatures.
BFP Minimum Flow Recirculation Control
In order to ensure safety of the pump against overheating, the minimum flow is to be
maintained when the pump flow reduces below a preset limit. This is achieved by a reliable
pneumatically operated minimum flow recirculation control valve with built-in pressure
breakdown device. The control envisaged is an on-off control, the operation of which is initiated
by a low range DP switch sensing the boiler feed pump flow. Whenever the flow falls below 100
T/hr., the minimum circulation valve is opened and when the flow increases above 200 T/hr., this
valve is kept closed. Indication is provided on the UCB to indicate the operator the status of this
valve by open-close position indication lamp.
Hot well Level Control
Hot well level is maintained by recirculation of the condensate after steam jet air ejector
through a level controller and split-range control valves. Any excess condensate is, therefore, fed
to the desecrator.
Desecrator High & Low Level Control
The generator low level control acts on the condenser make-up control valve to add DM
water in the hot well and the high level control acts on the excess condensate to Unit condensate
floating tank. Two separate control loops have been provided for the above.
UNIT CONTROL DESK & PANELS
The operation of each unit is envisaged from the central unit control room. It is located in
the control bay at 9.0m TG floor. It is adequately illuminated and is centrally air conditioned. For
operational convenience, the control room front wall has complete two double doors for entry
from TG hall.
The control board has a special profile with three sloping surfaces for mounting a large
facias, instruments and controls. The automatic control station and drive controlswitcated on the
first sloping surface. The process indicators/recorders and ammeters are mounted on the second
sloping surface and the alarm annunciation window fascias are mounted on the top i.e. third
sloping surface. The unit control board is arranged in logical operating sequence from the left to
right starting with (i.)Air & Flue Gas, (ii.)Fuel oil, (iii)Bowl Mills, (iv)Steam & Feed glass
paneling for TG hall view and the switches & Indications are logical operating glass sequence
from the left to right starting with (i.)Air & Flue Gas, (ii.)Fuel oil, (iii)Bowl Mills, (iv)Steam or
Feed water, (v)Regenerative [19].

23

Plant auxiliary power distribution network


Figure:-1.11 Unit Control Desk 7 Panel
220KV/132 KV SUBSTATION:Akkent Substation Consists of 220KV & 132KV
Switchyard, with associated Control & Protection System and Power Transformers. 220KV and
132KV Switchyard are Double Main & Transfer Bus Scheme. Both Switchyards are
interconnected through three 100MVA, 220KV/132KV, Inter Bus Transformers (IBT).
Power generated from the 2 x 110MW Stage-1 Units are fed to the 220KV Akkent
Switchyard through 140MVA, 11KV/230KV Generator Transformers(GT-1&2).
POWER SUPPLY FOR PLANT AUXILIARIES:
Auxiliary Power for Plant Auxiliaries is taken from 220KV Switchyard through Two Nos.
31.5MVA, 220KV/7KV Station Transformers (ST-1 & 2). Power Supply to Unit Auxiliaries are
also taken from 20MVA, 11KV/7KV, Unit Auxiliary Transformers (UAT-1 & 2) when unit is in
service.
Both Station Transformers and UATs feed to 6.6KV Switchboards as shown in Single Line
Diagram.
6.6KV SWITCHGEAR: 6.6KV Switchgears supply the unit & common drives of 200KW or
more and 6.6KV/415V Distribution Transformers. It consists of following switchboards:
1. Two Unit Switchboards (1BA & 1BB) for Unit-1 Auxiliaries fed from UAT-1.
2. Two Unit Switchboards (2BA & 2BB) for Unit-2 Auxiliaries fed from UAT-2.
3. Two Station Switchboards (9BA & 9BB) for Unit-1 and Common Auxiliaries fed from Station
Transformer-1
4. Two Station Switchboards (9BC & 9BD) for Unit-2 and Common Auxiliaries fed from Station
Transformer-2
5. Two Coal Handling Plant Switchboard (9KA & 9KB) for Coal Crushers, CHP Auxiliaries and
Colony Transormer-1/2 fed from Board-9BB & 9BD respectively.
24

Unit Switchboards are interconnected to Station Switchboards (1BA-9BA, 1BB-9BB, 2BA-9BC)


&
(2BB-9BD) through tie breakers as shown in Single Line Diagram to cater its auxiliaries in case
of nonavailability of power from connected UAT. Station Switchboards are also interconnected
(9BA-9BC).
AC POWER DISTRIBUTION:
(9BB-9BD) to cater its auxiliaries in case of non-availability of power from connected
Station Transformer. Both the CHP Switchboards are interconnected by Bus-Coupler. All 6.6KV
Feeders are switched from 6.6KV Vacuum Circuit Breakers and are protected by numerical
relays.
Auxiliaries of 140KW or less are fed from 415V Switchgear. 415V Switchgear consists of
following:
Main plant
There are two types of LT supply system. One is station service which is common for
both the unit and other is for respective units service.
Station Service switchgear (415V)
It has two sections with bus coupler, charged through station service transformer having LT
breakers in each section. Important feeders are:
1. ACW pump-1 and 2
2. Outgoing feeder to compressor MCC
3. Outgoing feeder to station emergency board
4. Station lighting.
Unit service switch gear (415V)
It has two sections with bus coupler, charged through unit service transformer having LT
breaker.
Important feeders are:
1. Outgoing feeder to Boiler MCC Section-A & B
2. Outgoing feeder to Turbine MCC section-A&B
3. Unit lighting.
Boiler MCC
It has two section A and B with bus coupler mainly it provides power control to all the
LT drive in boiler area. Important drives are:
1. Mill Seal Air Fan A and B
2. Air preheater lub oil P/P-A and B
3. Hydrazine dosing pump A and B
4. Ammonia dosing pump A and B
5. Phosphate dosing pump A and B.
Turbine MCC
It has two sections with bus coupler; mainly it provides power to turbine aux. important
drives are:
1. BCW pump A,B,C
2. Starting oil pump A and B
3. Drip pump A and B
4. Oil centrifuge
5. Chimney exhaust fan-A and B.
Station emergency board
It has two sections A and B having bus coupler. One section charged from Stn. Service
PCC and other from Station DG set. Normally the board is charged through Stn. Service PCC
I/C. In case of power failure in station, DG set is started and the board is charged through DG I/C
breaker. Important feeders are:
1. Outgoing feeder to respective unit emergency board
2. Station Battery charger
25

3. Inst. Air Compressor-4.


Unit emergency board
It has two I/C one from Unit PCC and other from Stn. Emergency board. Initially it is
charged through Unit PCC. In case of power failure automatically it changes over to emergency
supply system. Important drives are:
1. AC seal oil pump
2. AC EOP
3. AC JOP
4. Turbine barring gear
5. AC scanner fan
6. Unit emergency lighting.
Turbine V/V and damper MCC
It has two source one from Turbine MCC and other from Unit Emergency board having
auto change over circuit. It mainly supplies power to all the valve in turbine areas.
Boiler v/v and damper MCC It has two source one from Boiler MCC and other from Unit
Emergency board having auto change over ckt. Mainly supply power to all the valve and
dampers in boiler areas.
OFF-SITE LT SWITCHGEAR:
Like main plant, in all the offsite area there are LT Switchgear .They are charged through
their respective transformer to provide power to electric drives of that area [25].
Offsite areas are:
1. DM PLANT
2. RAW WATER
3. COOLING TOWER
4. ASH HANDLING PLANT
5. FUEL OIL PUMP HOUSE
6. COMPRESSOR
7. COAL HANDLING PLANT
DC SYSTEM
DC supply in plant is used at three levels:
1. 220V DC:
a. As control power supply of HT/LT Switchgear/Switchyard &
b. For Emergency DC Drives e.g. DC Seal Oil P/P, DC Jacking Oil P/P, DC Scanner Fan.
c. For Plant Emergency Lighting
2. 24V DC : Used in C&I Control of DDCIMS etc.
3. 48V DC : For PLCC Communication of Overhead Lines (Under control of BSEB)
220V STATION DC SYSTEM
There are common DCDB of 220V DC system connected with two set of 1000AH
Station Batteries and two main chargers and one standby charger, supplying to DC Drives, DC
Control Power to Plant & CHP and Emergency lighting etc.

26

Figure: 1.12 220V Station DC System


Coal Handling Plant
In a coal based thermal power plant Handling. The huge amount of coal into the power
station and the coal is deli of delivery by means of wagon tippler site to dead storage by belt
conveyors
Coal handling Plant of LLP AlmatyteplocommunenergoAs shown in layout above
the system is intended to receive coal in railway wagons and deliver it after crushing either to
StackCoal Bunkers on top of the Unit-1/2 Boiler House through Coal Conveyor Belts. The
system consists of following:
1. Wagon Tippler-1/2: For Railway Wagon tippling to hopper.
2. 550 T/H Conveyor Belts-1A/1B (1400 mm width), 2A/2B (1200 mm width),
5A/5B, 6, 7, 8A/8B and 9A/9B (All 1000mm width): For raw/crushed coal transportation to Unit
Coal Bunkers or Coal Stack yard.
3. Coal Crusher-A/B (375KW): For crushing raw coal to crushed coal of size < 20 mm.
4. Vibrating Feeder with variable sp trolled quantity of coal from coal hopper to conveyor belt
and thus prevent overloading of conveyor.
5. Vibrating Screen (VS)-1/2: For screening raw coal of size > 20mm which is discharged to
Coal
Crusher-A/B. Raw coal of size <20 is passed through bypass gate to Conveyor plant, the initial
process in the power generation is Coal is usually supplied through railways. A railway siding
line is taken delivered in the storage yard. The coal is unloaded from the point tippler. It is rack
and pinion type. The coal is taken from the unloading conveyors. The belt delivers the coal to 0m
level to the further moves to transfer points.

27

Figure: 1.13 Coal Handling Plant


Coal handling Plant of LLP AlmatyteplocommunenergoAs shown in layout above
the system is intended to receive coal in railway wagons and deliver it after crushing either to
StackCoal Bunkers on top of the Unit-1/2 Boiler House through Coal Conveyor Belts. The
system consists of following:
Wagon Tippler-1/2: For Railway Wagon tippling to hopper.
550 T/H Conveyor Belts-1A/1B (1400 mm width), 2A/2B (1200 mm width),
5A/5B, 6, 7, 8A/8B and 9A/9B (All 1000mm width): For raw/crushed coal transportation
to Unit Coal Bunkers or Coal Stack yard.
Coal Crusher-A/B (375KW): For crushing raw coal to crushed coal of size < 20 mm.
Vibrating Feeder with variable sp trolled quantity of coal from coal hopper to conveyor
belt and thus prevent overloading of conveyor.
Vibrating Screen (VS)-1/2: For screening raw coal of size > 20mm which is discharged to
Coal
Crusher-A/B. Raw coal of size <20 is passed through bypass gate to Conveyor-3A/3B.
Suspended Magnet(SM)-2A/2B, 4A/4B: These high power electro-magnets are installed
over
Conveyor-2A/2B, 4A/4B respectively and remove tramp iron from the coal fed through
respective conveyor. Iron piece attracted and attached at the bottom of Magnet is
removed time to time stopping the belt, when its amount becomes high [37].
Over Band Magnetic Separator (OBMS)-1/2 : These high power electro-magnets fitted
with cross belt from the direction of coal feed are installed over Conveyor-2A/2B
discharge point respectively and remove tramp iron from the raw coal fed through
respective conveyor without stopping of conveyor.
Inline Magnetic Separators (ILMS)-4A/4B: These high power electro-magnets fitted with
running belt in direction of coal feed are installed over Conveyor-4A/4B discharge point
respectively and remove tramp iron from the crushed coal fed through respective
conveyor without stopping of conveyor.
Metal Detector (MD)-3A/3B, 4A/4B: These MDs with sandbag marker are installed over
Conveyor-

28

3A/3B, 4A/4B respectively and detect ferrous/non-ferrous metals of size 25 cubic feet or
greater passing in crushed coal. Respective conveyor belt is tripped if metal particles are
detected by MD.
Metals are removed by operator, MD is reset and conveyor is re-started.
Stacker: For stacking of crushed coal to stack yard when its feeding is not required in
coal bunker. It consists of Conveyor-6 and Boom Conveyor-7.
Mobile Tripper (MT)-1/2/3/4: Coal received through Conveyor-5A/5B is delivered
through horizontally moving motor operated tripper on rail to Unit-1/2 coal bunkers.
These trippers can travel in forward & reverse direction independent of conveyor
movement thus filling bunker evenly.
Rack & Pinion Gate (RPG)/Flap Gate: For opening of coal discharge from hopper to
selected conveyor belt.
Pull Cord Switches (PCS): These are installed along the conveyor belt for stopping the
conveyor by operator in emergency or as per requirement.
Belt Sway Switches (BSS): These are installed on both side of conveyor belts and stop
the conveyor belt if it sways beyond the limit.
Zero Speed Switches (ZSS): These are installed at trailing end of conveyor belt and stop
the conveyor if drive motor is running but conveyor is not moving (due to snapping of
belt etc.).
Belt weightier: It is used to keep an account of the tension on the belt carrying coal and is
moves accordingly to release tension on the belt.
1.2. Boiler Room Safety
Boiler room safety procedures must be exercised at all times by the boiler operator.
Accidents can occur as a result of not following safety procedures or because of boiler
equipment failure. If an accident occurs, the boiler operator must act quickly. Established
emergency procedures will reduce the possibility of additional injuries and or damage to
equipment. All boiler room accidents must be reported regardless of their nature [36].
Fuels used in the boiler room are combustible and present a fire hazard. The boiler
operator is responsible for fire prevention in the boiler room. Boiler room safety is achieved by
following safety rules.
Boiler Room Accidents
Boiler room accidents can occur at any time. Even though safety precautions are
followed, the possibility of an accident still exists. Injuries resulting from accidents must be
handled quickly and intelligently. A boiler operator who is familiar with the equipment and plant
will know how to react in an emergency.
All injuries no matter how minor should be treated promptly. Serious injuries require
notifying qualified personnel. All accidents should be reported regardless of their nature. Serious
problems can occur regarding insurance claims if complications arise as a result of an accident
that was not reported or put on file.
Accident reports include the following information: date, time and place of accident,
immediate superior, name of injured person, nature of injury, what injured person was doing at
the time of accident, and cause of accident. Accident reports are also used to document plant
safety records.
Boiler Room Fire Prevention
Boiler room fire prevention procedures are necessary because of the combustible nature
of the materials used in the boiler room. The boiler operator must know the procedure to be used
in sending for the fire department or sounding the fire alarm. The person who sends for help
should make sure another plant worker is available to direct the fire fighters to the right location
when they arrive. In addition, the boiler operator must know the location of the fire alarm boxes
and stations in or near the boiler room. Combustible materials burn readily and require special
29

handling by the boiler operator. The boiler operator must know what is necessary to start and
sustain a fire in order to know how to put the fire out.
Fuel (combustible material), heat, and oxygen are required to start and sustain a fire. The
fire will go out when any one of these is removed. Fuel may be fuel oil, wood, paper, textiles, or
any other material that burns readily. If the fuel supply is cut off or the fuel is burned up the fire
will go out. The fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature. If the burning material is cooled
below its ignition temperature the fire will go out. Oxygen is required to support the combustion
process. If the oxygen supply is cut off by smothering the fire will go out.
Since the main ingredient is the combustible material, waste or oil rags must be stored in
safety containers and volatile liquids in safety cans. By maintaining careful control of the
combustible materials in a boiler room, the danger of a fire hazard is reduced. Local fire
departments have trained inspectors that inspect buildings and factories for possible fire hazards
and required firefighting equipment. Many insurance companies also have inspection services
that can be useful for preventing fires in the boiler room.
Figure1.14. A fire requires fuel, heat, and oxygen to burn. The fire will go out when any one is
removed.
Classes of Fires
The class of fire is determined by the combustible material
burned. The three most common classes of fire are Class A, Class B, and
Class C. Class A includes fires that burn wood, paper, textiles, and other
ordinary combustible material containing carbon. Class B includes fires
that burn oil, gas, grease, paint or other liquids that convert into gas when
heated. Class C includes electrical, motor, or transformer fires [38].
Class D is a rare, specialized class of fires including fires caused
by combustible metals such as zirconium, titanium, magnesium, sodium,
and
potassium. A special powder is applied using a scoop or shovel to put out this class of fire.
Figure1.14. A fire requires fuel
The boiler operator must know where every fire extinguisher is located in the boiler room
and plant. The boiler operator must also know what type of fire extinguisher is used for each
class of fire and how to use different types of fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers are not meant
to take the place of the local fire department. Fire extinguishers are only meant to put out small
fires or help to contain larger ones until additional help arrives. The number and type of fire
extinguishers needed are determined by the authority having jurisdiction and are based on how
fast a fire may spread, potential heat intensity, and accessibility to the fire. Additional fire
extinguishers must be installed in hazardous areas. The National Fire Protection Association lists
these areas as light hazard (Low), ordinary hazard (moderate), and extra hazard (high) [1].
Light hazard areas include buildings or rooms that are used as churches, offices,
classrooms, and assembly halls. The contents in buildings and rooms of this nature are either
noncombustible or not anticipated to be arranged in a manner that would be conductive to the
rapid spread of a fire. Class B flammables (for example, fluid for duplicating machines) stores in
a light hazard area must be stored in closed containers. Ordinary hazard areas include shops and
related storage facilities, light manufacturing plants, automobile showrooms, and parking
garages. In addition, ordinary hazard areas include any location where Class A combustibles and
Class B flammables exceed those expected for light hazard areas. Extra hazard areas are those
locations where Class A combustibles and Class B flammables exceed those expected in ordinary
hazard areas. Extra hazard areas include woodworking shops, manufacturing plants using
painting or dipping, and automotive repair shops.
Safety Rules
The boiler operator is the person responsible for the safe and efficient operation of the
boiler. The boiler operator must develop safety habits to prevent personal injury, injury to others,
30

and damage to equipment. Safety rules vary depending on the type and size of the plant.
However, the basic safety rules listed are common to all boiler rooms.
Wear approved clothing and shoes in the plant at all times.
Wear gloves when handling hot lines or cleaning fuel oil burner tips.
Wear appropriate eye protection in all designated areas. Use hand shields when visually
inspecting the furnace fire.
Wear goggles and respirators when cleaning the fire side of the boiler, breeching, or
chimney.
Wear a hard hat when working where there is a possibility of head injury
Do not use hands to stop moving equipment
Store all oily rags or waste in approved containers to prevent fires caused by spontaneous
combustion.
Only use approved safety cans to store combustible liquids.
Check all fire safety equipment on a regular basis to be sure it is in proper working
condition.
Check fire extinguishers periodically for proper charge and correct location.
Do not use unsafe ladders or substitutes for ladders.
Ladders should never be used as bridges.
Do not leave loose tools on ladders, catwalks, tops of boilers, or scaffolds.
Do not carry tools in back pockets.
Do not throw a tool to anyone at any time.
Use the proper tool for the job.
Do not use defective tools.
Always secure and tag steam stop valves, bottom blowdown valves, and feedwater valves
when a boiler in battery is removed from service for cleaning and inspection.
Never start any equipment that has been tagged out for safety reasons.
Make sure the equipment has been secured and tagged out before attempting to clean or
repair.
Always use low voltage droplights when working in boiler steam and water drums.
Precheck all equipment for starting hazards.
Clean up liquid spills at once.
Move quickly and with purpose in emergencies but do not run.
Personally double check the plant and equipment before starting up or making repairs.
Make repairs on live equipment only in extreme emergencies.
Always report any unsafe condition in the plant to the immediate superior.
In a project of boiler room protection must be provided of equipment (automatically
safety), automatically regulation of control, alarm and management of technological process of
boiler rooms. In using of automation project should comply with the requirements of Building
Codes and Regulation II 35 -76 building rules and regulations to produce of approval of work
by automation systems and requirements of plants. In the builds and rooms of boiler are
permitted the central, groups or local controllers. Controllers should not locate with heater of air
of heat water also under aggressive substance pipelines (alkalis, acids) [39].
Protect equipments
For steam boilers which intended for burning gas or liquid fuels independent on pressure of
steam and capacity are should include for equipments, automatically disconnecting provided of
fuel to burners when:
a) Increasing or reduce of pressure gas fuel compared to burners;
31

b) Reducing of pressure liquid fuel compared to burners besides boilers, equipments of


burners;
c) Reducing burning on the fire;
d) Reducing pressure of air compare to burners for boilers, equipments of burners with air
provides;
e) Interruption torches of boilers, disconnection while boiler is working may not be;
f) Increasing pressure of steam while boiler is working without continuity staff;
g) Increasing or reduce of level water in the cylinder;
h) Failure within electrical circuits security, including the disappearance of voltage.
For water boilers burning gas or liquid fuels are should provide equipments which
automatically stopped proved of fuel to burners when:
a) Increasing or reduce of pressure gas fuel compared to burners;
b) Reducing of pressure liquid fuel compared to burners besides boilers, equipments of
burners;
c) Reducing pressure of air compared to burners for boilers, equipments with fresh air
supply;
d) Reducing burning on the fire;
e) Interruption torches of boilers, disconnection while boiler is working may not be;
f) Increasing temperature of water on getting out of boiler;
g) Failure within electrical circuits security, only for second category of boiler rooms.
Note. For boilerswith temperature of water 115 and less when the pressure of water is
reduced behind boiler and reducing water through boiler where automatically stopped of
providing fuel to burners may not be.
The need for additional conditions of security according to plants of boiler
equipments.For heaters of high pressure are should provide the automatically switching off in
an emergency situations. For systems of coal pulverizations should provide the automatically
devices:
a) Provide the water in the wipe mine in an increasing the temperature of wiper equipment;
b) Interruption of provide to wipe equipment when the temperature of coal air and coal gas
mixture behind the mill;
c) Opening tempering air valve (cold or air after the first steps of air heater) when the
pressure is reducing in primary air box;
d) Connection vibrations in an emergency situation the stopping provided of fuel in the mill.
In water treatment facilities in the schemes with connection should compare to automatically
disconnection of pumps providing sulphuric acid in the reducing of measure water pH.
Alarm
In the boiler rooms are works without constant of service staff for the dispatching office
should outputs the signals (lights and sounds);
Symptoms of equipments, in the boiler room have fixed all the reasons of call;
Signal works of main high speed moved shut off valve which provided with fuel the boiler
room;
For boiler rooms are working on the gas fuel, in achieving the gas in the room about 10%
from below limits;
In the boiler rooms with constant of service staff are provides for siren gives lights and
sounds indications:
a) stopping the boiler (in the working of security alarm);
32

b) the reasons of working alarm;


c) reducing of temperature and pressure of liquid fuel in the common pipeline in the boiler;
d) increasing or reducing pressure of gas;
e) Reducing pressure of water in each feeds highway (constant working of feeds pumps);
f) Reducing or increasing pressure of water otherwise in pipeline of thermal networks;
g) Increasing or reducing the level of water in tanks (deaerators, accumulator systems of hot
water supply, condensates of feeds, lighting etc ) also reducing level of washing water in
the tanks;
h) Increasing or reducing level of liquid fuel in reservoirs;
i) Increasing temperature liquids in the saving reservoirs;
j) Interruption of equipments for provided boilers with liquid fuels ( in this exploitations
without constant service staff);
k) Increasing temperature of electrical engines and technical equipments in the required of
plants;
l) Reducing measure pH in treated water (in the schemas of water with abate acidification);
m) Reducing pressure in the deaerator;
Automated regulation
Automated regulation of process burning should show for boilers with tunnel fired for
burning of solid, gas and liquid fuel. Also for boilers with grate mechanism fired which allow
to automate work.
Automated regulation of boilers which works without constant service staff are should
include automatic work of main and auxiliary equipments of boiler depending on measure
works and taking into automated heating uses equipments. Started boilers in an emergency
disconnection are must be made after eliminate all defects by hand.
Note. Atomization process of burning for work of boilers on the emergency fired are not
included.
For boiler rooms with water boilers, well equipment fired, not for automatically
regulation of burning process, automatically reaction of water temperature are allow not
included. For water preparing equipments should includes automatically regulations:

Reheating temperatures of water (when clarifies are installed);

The level in the tanks of lights water;

Consumption of reagents (automatically supply of nitrates are influent).


33

When installing filters with diameter 2000 mm and more therefore to automate the process of
recovery. In the project should include regulators of pressure gas fuel and temperature to
pressure of liquid fuel [31].
Control
For control of measure, monitoring therefore needs in the exploitations of boilers should
include shows devices for control of changes measure which can follow to emergency situations
of equipments like: signaling and shows equipments. Also for control measure records are
necessary for analyze works of equipments or operating accounts like registration or sum.
For water boilers with water temperature 115 are should include the show equipments
for measure:
a)

water temperature in a general pipelines before heat water boilers and on the
way out from each boiler;

b)

steam pressure in the tank of steam boiler;

c)

air pressure after group blow off ventilation;

d)

air pressure after regulation part;

e)

furnace pressure;

f)

gas pressure before burners;

For water boilers with water temperature over 115 are should include the show equipments
for measure:
a) water temperature on the way out in the boiler after stop valves (showing and
registrations only under conditions of plant);
b) water temperature on the way out from boiler to stop valves ( showing and registration
only under conditions of plant);
c) air temperature until and after air heater;
d) leave gas temperature (showing and registration);
e) water pressure on the way out in the boiler after stop valves and on the way out from
boiler to stop valves;
f) air pressure after blow off ventilation and each regulation organ for boilers which has
zone blow off before burners behind regulation organs;
g) the pressure of liquid and gas fuel in front of burners behind regulation organs;
h) furnace pressure;
i) water wastage via boiler (showing and registration);
34

j) consumption of liquid and gas fuel for boilers with capacity from 30 Gkal per hour and
more (simulation and regulation);
k) oxygen content in the leave gas (for boilers with capacity before 20 Gkal per hour).
1.3.

Modern technical resources to ensure continuity of power supply thermal


power plants by means of their switch to the backup power supply
Selecting the right of network pump
The network pumps are designed to provide for circulation of heat transfer agent in the
heat networks. The network pumps are installed on the entire from boiler room on the
return line of heat network before reheat system. Because the temperature of network
water in that point do not increase 70.
The quantity of installed pumps and their individual capacity are defined by conditions of
ensure the most cost effective work during the year. To achieve the necessary safety of
water provider of boilers, they should be taken at least two network pumps. Total
capacity of network pumps in the boiler room must be such that it on exit of any pumps
the remaining must provide of submits of maximal estimated cost of network water [52].
Consumption of one pump:
W = C*Q*(T1 T2)
where W energy, Vt;
C heat capacity of heat transfer agent of water, C = 1163 Vt/(cubic meter*) or C=
1.163 Vt/(liter*);
Q consumption, (cubic meter per hour) or (liter per hour);
T1 temperature of produce heat transfer agent;
T2 temperature of cold heat transfer agent;
W = 1163*630(130-70) = 43961.4 kVt
As we know the temperature of produce heat transfer agent is 130 and the temperature
of cold heat transfer agent is 70. As a result the energy of heat consist 43961.4 kVt.
where, the nominal consumption is 43961.4 kVt;
Q = W/C*(T1-T2) = 43961.4*103/1.163*(130-70) = 630*103 liter/hour.
As a network we apply two double based steps centrifugal pumps like 1D630-125. One
of them is main pump and another is reserve. The main characteristic of pump has shown
on the table:
Project sequencing
The basis for the technical- economic grounding or others pre- project documentation which
can confirm of economical validity of their building.The project on the build of boiler based
on designee of the building. It has to compose customer of project. In that situation, the
customer of project is Department of Energy.
Working draft Built of boiler by the address Almaty, Turksib district and microdistrict of
Akkent. That is project worked out according governmentstandards which functions on
Republic of Kazakhstan.
Surface of patch is smoothly and slickly. Absolutely marks on the patch is changed from
693, 0 m to 694, 6 m. Absolute elevation is 1.9m. The total area consist 2, 0984 ga.
Utilities
Utilities determine according technical conditions. Urthermore, a number of measures are
routing technological networks, networks of the water pipeline and sewage, rainwater sewages,
heating networks, electricity technical and low currents networks, gas pipers and EC&I networks
(Electrical Control & Instrumentation).
Water supply for external fire-fightingandcooling should be done with the help of hydrant of
water supply network.
35

At the platform of boiler for microdistrict Akkent located the followers builds and
constructions (according comprehensive plan of Almaty):
Boiler
o Water treatmentfacilities
o Deareator room
Flue pipe = 55 m, D = 1, 8 m
Accumulator tanks V = 1000 m3 (2 doodah.)
Fuel oil pump
Construction of surface water and flue oil reception
Narrow capacity for flue oil reception
Liquid warehouse
Storage tanks for fuel oil V = 1000 m3( 2 doodah. )
Reagents warehouse BG (barring gear)

Repair yard

Cleaning station of wastewater


Adopt tanks for wastewater
Cleared tanks for wastewater
Hydraulic fracturing (HF)
Checkpoint 1
Checkpoint 2
Checkpoint 3
Diesel power station
Production base for heating networks
In project covered the storage parks which consist at two storages as storage ground fuel
reserve V = 1000 m3 and as caricabatteries V = 100 m3.
Main thermo mechanical and technical solutions
The boiler is missions for cover heat loading of hear systems, ventilations and heat water
supply for multistory residential houses and infrastructures and service of builds as microdestrict
Akkent placed on the address Almaty, Turksib district.
According to tasks of project and heat loadings, in the boiler has envisages of installations
two steam boilers types as DSE-4-14GM and two water heating boiler as KV-GM-23,26(20)150. The steam capacity of every DSE-4-14GM is 4 t/h steams. The heat capacity of every KVGM-23,26(20)-150 is 23,26 megawatt (20 Gcal/h). Type of water heating boiler KV-GM-11,63
(10) has 11,63 megawatt heat capacity. And they have similar two.
All installed power of boiler is 75, 0 megawatt (64, 48 Gkal/h) and that includes:
by heat water 69,78 megawatt (60 Gcal/h);
by steam 5,21 megawatt (4,48 Gcal/h).
The steam boilers have projects for dearations and for steam provides of fuel oil pumps.
One of two is working and another one is reserve.
According to tasks for projects of heat transfers parameters for heat supply and heat water
supply have accepts:
temperature schedule of heat networks regulations (130 70) ;
system of heat supply open, double- tube piper;
boiler work regime noctidial and perennial;
36

category by reliability of heat supply second.


The same way, boiler has two doodah steam boiler DSE -4 -14 GM and two doodah water
heating boiler as KV-GM-11, 63 (10) 150. This connected to metallically chimney register. The
chimney register has height H = 55 m and diameter D = 1, 8 m.
For fully working boiler necessary to more economical and effective network and feed
pumps for makeup water. Also needs as recirculation pumps which designed with frequency
control of electric device. That device allows controlling set parameters of device as speed and
moments of motors. An exactly heat load on the boiler requires [52].
Introduction of frequency control of electric device for pumps allow:
Improving reliability works of boiler equipments and heat system;
Reduce current start of pumps;
Conserve fuel and electric power.
Thermal loads
Having based on the project and technical report of the boiler heat load. Thats report had been
claimed of the 21 February, 2013 by Construction Management of Almaty.
Thermal loads in the boiler, spaces heat systems, regime of heat consumptions by means of
table 1.1
Heatsystem,
Thermalloads
Consumera
parameters
ndconsump
unit
requir
perspectiv
gener
tionmode
kind

ed
e
al
Heatingsyst
em,

water

Heatingperi
od
Vinteletions
ystem,
heatingperio
d
Hot water
heating
(average
time),
notidical,
perennial

Heatdestrib
utionlosses

water

13070

13070

megawat
t
(Gcal/h)

megawat
t
(Gcal/h)

19,89

48,5
(42,0)

(24,9)

(17,1)

3,37

2,33

5,7

(2,9)

(2,0)

(4,9)

5,78

3,99

(4,97)

(3,43)

9,77
(8,4)

megawat
t
(Gcal/h)

water

70

water

28,61

megaw
att
(Gcal/h)

1,93
(1,66)

37

Auxiliary
Water
/

(13070)/

steam

174

megawat
t
(Gcal/h)

3,49

0,048

(3,0)

(0,041)

Amount

41,6

26,25

Megawatt
(Gcal/h)

(35,77)

(22,57)

2,54
(3,041)

69,78
(60,0)

Fuel
According to the tasks on the project, the mainly fuel for boilers has taken natural gas Q n=
33,52 MJ/nm3 (8000kcal/nm3).
The maximum hourly consumptions of natural gas for boilers by means of table 1.2
Table 1.2

Fuelconsumption
Boilerstype
Naturalgas, nm3/h
1
2
3
1
- 2DSE-4-14 GM (1 working, 1
616
reserving.);
5434
- 2KV-GM-23,26(20)-150;
2716
- 2KV-GM-11,63(10)-150.
Amount:
8766
Amountforworkingboilers:
8458
According to the tasks of project, by way of fuel reserve for boiler has taken fuel oil
M100 which equally Qn = 40,559 MJ/kg.
Fuel oil delivered on the area by tracking. Fuel oil keeps on the boiler area in the two
metallically above ground reservoirs. Which every have capacity V=1000m3.
The maximum hourly consumptions of fuel - oil for boilers by means of table 1.3
Table 1.3

Boilerstype
2

- 2DSE-4-14GM (1 working, 1
reserving.);
- 2KV-GM-23,26(20)-150;

Fuelconsumption
Fuel-oil, kg/h
3

514
4540
2270

- 2KV-GM-11,63(10)-150
Amount:

7324
38

Amountforworkingboilers:

7067

Technicalscheme
Boilersequipmentsandschemes
Boiler flow diagram delite into two sides:
mainly steam side;
auxiliary water heating side.
Steamsideofboiler
The steam boiler mission for deaeration and provide steam. Especially, the fuel oil
house. The one boiler is working and the next is reserve. One of the boilers produced steam
which equally Pwork=0,9MPa (9,0 kgs/sm2). The steam is supplying to the fuel oil house of
boiler. The same way used as receiver storage pot, trestle truck unloading area, fuel oil storage
tank.
The reduced steam supplied in the atmosphericallydeaerator for preparation feed water.
Which steam boilers feed. Also the steam boiler feeds reduced by chemical purified water which
goes feed water treatment, condensate which incoming fuel oil house after condensate
purifying.
Continuous slowdown flash box and heat exchanger have been rated to make the use of
heat. After, the separated steam from expander goes to atmosphericallydeaerator. And water goes
to heat exchanger for chemical purified water heating. Vent steam of atmosphericallydeaerator
use for chemical purified water heating. It is goes through vapor condenser. Then
noncondensables were vented to the atmosphere.
The hourly average steam flow on the fuel oil house consist 3,0 t/h. And the hourly
average steam flow on the atmosphericallydeaerator of feed water consist 0,4 0,5 t/h.
Water heater part of boiler
Heat scheme of water boiler envisages as supply heat for heat systems, ventilations and
hot water systems. As a general rule, the process goes from a plot of 130 70 temperature.
Return network water from network pumps goes to collector of return network water. From
collector the return network water goes to the boilers.
Heating network water from the boilers goes to trunk collector of heating network
water.After that it goes to the consumers from heat system. Heating network water with t=110
130 from boilers goes to the collector. From collector heating network water as heating goes
to heater network water. Also goes to the chemical purified water and vacuum deaerators.
For filling escapes in heat systems are realizes replenishment. And it is realized from the next
scheme:
Steam boilers
According to the tasks of project has been taken two steam boilers as DSE-4-14GM.
Steam boiler DSE-4-14GM made and deliverer by Bahia boiler plant from Russia.
Technicalcharacteristics:
steam output 4,0 t/h;
working steam pressure on the output 0,7 1,3 MPa or 7 13 kilogram - force/cm2;
feedwater temperature 50 104 ;
gas / fuel oil design efficiency 91% / 90%;
According project, the boiler is treatments as follows:
1. downstream DN-9X-1000;
Q=993,0 m3/h, H=80 daPa;
39

motor N=11,0 kVt, n=1000 rpm, U=380V and one complect;


2. blower fan VDN -6,3X 1500;
Q=5100,0 m3/h, H=138 daPa;
motor N=5,5 kVt, U=380 V and one complect.
3. cast iron economizer EP2 94I - one complect;
4. generator GUV38PMD one complect for two boilers;
As is clear to all, a generator uses for clean depositions on the surface boiler.
Water boiler KV-GM-23,26(20)-150
According to the tasks of project has been taken two water boiler as KV GM 23,26(20)
150 Water boiler KV GM 23,26(20) 150 made and deliverer by Bahia boiler plant from
Russia.
Technicalcharacteristics:
heat productivity 23,26 (20) MVt (Gcal/h);
water temperature at the input boiler 70 ;
water temperature at the outout boiler 150 ;
design air temperature at the input stoke fire box 20 ;
discharge through the boiler 247 m3/h;
boiler hydraulic resistance upon nominal water flowrate 0,25 MPa or 2,5 kgc/cm2;
air drag of gas circuit 2000 Pa or 200 kgc/m2;
boiler efficiency upon nominal load:
natural gas 92,5 %;
fuel oil -91,0 %.
The boiler standard equipments:
gas fuel single burner boiler as RGMG 20 P which has Q=25,9 MVt or Q=22,3
Gkal/h and one fuel nozzle;
primary air fan as 19ChS 63/3000 which has Q=2000,0 m3/h and H=635 daPa. Motor
N=11,0 kVt, n=3000 rpm one complect;
downstream as DN 1761 which has Q=73000 m3/h and H=280 daPa. MMotor N=160,0
kVt, n=1000 rpm, U=380 V and one compact;
blower fan as VDN 12,5 1500which has Q=39100 m 3/h, H=532 daPa. Motor
N=90,0kVt, n=1500 rpm, U=380 V and one complect.
As is clear to all, a generator uses for clean depositions on the surface boiler.
Water boiler KV GM - 11,63(10)-150
According to the tasks of project has been taken two water boiler as KV GM
11,63(10) 150 Water boiler KV GM 11,63 (10) 150 made and deliverer by Bahia boiler
plant from Russia.
Technicalcharacteristics:
heat productivity 11,63 MVt or 10 Gcal/h;
water temperature at the input boiler 70 ;
water temperature at the output 150 ;
desingn air temperature at the intup stoke fire 20 ;
discharge through the boiler 125 m3/h;
boiler hydraulic resistance upon nominal water flowrate 0,25 MPa or 2,5 kgc/cm2;
air drag of gas circuit 2000 Pa or 200 kgc/m2;
boiler efficiency upon nominal load:
natural gas 92,5 %;
fuel oil -91,0 %.
40

The boiler standard equipment:


gas fuel single burner boiler as RGMG 10 P which has Q=13,02 MVt or
Q=11,2 Gkal/h and one fuel nozzle;
primary air fan as 19ChS 63/3000 which has Q=2000,0 m3/h and H=635 daPa.
Motor N=11,0 kVt, n=3000 rpm one complect;
downstream as DN 12,5 which has Q=73000 m3/h and H=280 daPa. Motor
N=30,0 kVt, n=1000 rpm, U=380 V and one compact;
blower fan as VDN 12,5 1500which has Q=39100 m3/h, H=532 daPa. Motor
N=90,0kVt, n=1500 rpm, U=380 V and one complect.
As is clear to all, a generator as GUV38PMD uses for clean depositions on the surface boiler.
Electrical solutions
Prime power organization loads reliability electrorecievers of boiler applied to the II category
and pertain to I category.
Installed capacities consist - 3897 kVt.
Design capacity (wattage) consists 2348 kVt.
The mainly consumers of electricity are electrorecievers of technical equipment of boilers and
others treatments on the area.
Prime power organization
For prime power organization of boiler electrorecievers projected transforming substation
(TS) as 2KTP 2500/10/0.4 with dry type transformers. Transformation planned for boiler
house in the isolated space. Energy compensation is envisage on 10 kV and 0,4 kV voltage.
Transforming substation (TS) is fed from two different ways RC (relay control) 10 kV. Boiler
voltage RC 10 kV prescribed from different ways RC 10 kV of distribution point RP 2,
placed in the territory of school for 1200 persons.
In the project planned installation diesel generator without remote starting. Its for
reserve prime power organization of consumers of I category. DPS (Diesel power station) located
on the boiler area in the specific container. The capacity V= 3,0 m 3 of diesel flue are in that
container
Internal electro lighting
The voltage of electro lighting equally 380 V or 220 V with directly earthed neutral. They
have three kind of lighting:
1. Working in all accommodations;
2. Fault in the mainly industrial and administration spaces for safety reasons people and
continuing work.
3. Repair 12 V from step down transformer as YATPO 0,25.
According to BCR of RK 2.04 05 2002 (Building Codes and Regulations) was taking the
norms of lighting. Also, for mercury used fluorescent lamps and vapor lightings. In a
project planed as light mounted on top of barge high power line support V=55 m.
Electrical safety
Provision is made for safety earthling and nulling to protect labors from hit under
potentially lethal voltage. For the protective earthling device used steelwork grounds. Which
round steel has diameter 16 mm and steel is 40x4 mm and 25x4 mm.
Bonding resistance of earthling must not exceed 4 Om. Also in project has been a
performed equipotential terminal system. Electrical devices protects from direct and indirect
contact. To do this used differential emergency switch with voltage as 30MA.
According to BCR of RK 2.04 29.2005 (Building Codes and Regulations),
accommodations and boiler houses refer to III category of lightning deterrent.
41

Lightening protection of buildings produced by connecting of metallically roof of


building. And using of lightning arrester grids.
Intrasiteelectrictechnical systems
The project of intrasiteelectrictechnical systems includes:
cable nets 0.4 kV;
exterior lighting system.
Outside lights are subdivides as :
lighting boilers areas;
secure lightings.
By way of light fitting for outside and secure lighting has taken mercury lighting. Control of
secure lighting and lighting of area envisages from SHUNO cupboards. And automatically
depends on level of lighting.
Offsite electrictechnical systems
The project of intrasiteelectrictechnical systems includes:
fields two cable lines marks as ASB -10 which 10 kV.
Cables fielded according project on the 0.7 m deeps. And under motorway 1,0 m.
Table 1.4
The name Type
of Type of boiler
The year of The power Installed
Available
of boiler
fuel
installation
of boiler
capacity,
power
Gcal/hour
according to
parameter
chart
without
auxiliary
supplies
Akkent
gas
Steam boiler-4-14
2011
2,20
154,40
138,06
gaseous-masout
(SB-4-14GM)
Steam boiler-4-14
2011
2,20
gaseous-masout
(SB-4-14GM)
Hot water boiler2011
20,00
gaseous
masout
-23, 26 (20) (HWBGM-23, 26 (20))
Hot water boiler2011
20,00
gaseous
masout
-23, 26 (20) (HWBGM-23, 26 (20))
Hot-water boiler
2011
55,00
gaseous
masout
-55-150
(HWBGM-55-150)
Hot-water boiler2011
55,00
gaseous masout-5542

The
name of
device

150 (HWB-GM-55150)
appoint
mark
Producti
ment
vity
cubic
meter
per hour
(m3/hour
)

C
1

Network

Network

Network

Network

Network

1D630125
double
entry
pump
1D630125
double
entry
pump
1D630125
double
entry
pump
1D630125
double
entry
pump
1D630125
double
entry
pump

Electrica
l power
kilovolt
per hour

Frequen
cy
revolutio
n per
minute

The year
of
installati
on

Quantity

Number of m
hours worked
year, hours

600,0

400,0

1480

2010

winter s
1602 9

600,0

400,0

1480

2010

595

600,0

400,0

1480

2010

487

600,0

400,0

1480

2010

674

600,0

400,0

1480

2010

863

Centrifugal pumps
Table 1.5
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Performance
Series

Table1.6
Importance
1D
43

Pitch, cubic meters per hour


630
Pressure, m
125
Nominal power, kV
320
Maximal power, kV
353
Frequency of round, revolutions per minute
1450
Frequency of round, s-1
24,2
SYMBOL
1D-630-125 double entry pumps, where:
1 serial number of modification pump;
D double entry pumps;
630 - pitch, m3/h (in the nominal mode for the using);
125 - pressure, m (in the nominal mode for the main using).
Application
In hot and cold water supply system and heating system;
Into the water abxtractions;
For serving formation water in oil fields;
For seving ocean water in the firefightining systems;
For pumping water with a dash petroleum products on the oil producting and refining
facilietes;
In the chemical industry for pumping water which on it is charecteristics equales to
water;
For pumping water from heating power systems and according to Nuclear Power Plant
(NPP);
In the metallurgical industry;
In the firefightinig systems.
Specifics Advantages [54]
Several performances on materials of the impeller would allows to use pumps in the
several areas of industry and allows to use as which is stable to water as well as to stable
solt water, fossil water and chemical reactive non-toxic liquid.
Several performance by diameters of fan wheel, including according to requirement of
the costumers. Let to optimally adjust the parametrs of pumps depending on required
characteristics on ecpluatation site.
Application of fan wheel on the double entry pumps would allow to balance of the axil
power and to reduce of loads on the bearings.
Presence of the horizontal connector on the pumps hall and tops of the pumps allows to
effect perairs on ecpluatation site without dismeantal of the pipe line.

44

Figure1.15. Structural scheme of pump


A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

G.
H.

I.
J.

StuffingBox
Stuffing Box serves to prevent leakage in the area where the shaft penetrates the pump casing.
Packing
Packing is used to prevent and reduce the leakage of fluid from the pump casing through the
shaft. PackingisusuallymadeofasbestosorTeflon.
Shaft
Shaft serves to continue the torque from the drive during operation and the seat of the impeller
and other rotating parts.
Shaftsleeve
Shaft sleeve serves to protect the shaft from erosion, corrosion and wear of the stuffing box. In
multi-stage pump can be as leakage joint, internal bearings and inter stage or distance sleever.
Vane
Vane is blades of the impeller as a place of passage of fluid in the impeller.
Casing
Casing is the outermost part of pump that serves as a protective element that rotates, the seat of
diffusor (guide vane), inlet and outlet nozzle as well as a place to give flow direction from the
impeller and convert energy of fluid velocity into dynamic energy (single stage).
TheEyeofImpeller
The eye of impeller is the entrance side of suction direction of impeller.
Impeller
Impeller serves to convert mechanical energy of the pump into velocity energy speed of fluid
which is pumped continuously, so that the liquid on the suction side can continually fill the
empty caused by the displacement of fluid that entered previously.
WearingRing
Wearing the ring serves to minimize leakage of fluid passing through the front of impeller and
the back of impeller, by minimizing the gap between the impeller casing.
Bearing
Bearing serves to withstand the load shaft so it can rotate continuously, either in the form of
radial loads and axial loads. Bearing also allows the shaft to rotate smoothly and remain in place,
so that frictional losses become smaller[42].
Almost every cleaning system incorporates at least one pump. Understanding how that
pump works and how to treat it with the gentle, loving care it deserves is critical to the successful
operation and maintenance of a cleaning system.
Pumps are, in general, devices which impart added pressure to a flow of liquid. Although there
are a number of different kinds of pumps, centrifugal pumps make up the overwhelming majority
of those used in cleaning systems. Centrifugal pumps are simple, efficient, reliable, relatively
inexpensive, and easily meet the needs of most cleaning system requirements including spraying,
45

overflow sparging, filtration, turbulation and just moving liquids from one place to another using
pressure [32].
A centrifugal pump uses a combination of angular velocity and centrifugal force to pump
liquids. The illustration below describes, generally, how a centrifugal pump works.

Figure1.16 The scheme of pump


The pump consists of a circular pump housing shaped somewhat like a donut with an
inlet where the donut hole would be. The outlet extends tangentially from the diameter of the
pump housing. Inside the pump housing there is a device called an impeller which rotates
perpendicular to the central axis of the pump housing and is driven by a shaft secured to its
center of rotation. The shaft, frequently powered by an integral electric motor, enters the pump
housing through a liquid tight seal which prevents leaking. Liquid entering the pump through the
inlet is swirled in a circular motion and displaced from the rotation center of the impeller by
centrifugal force. The combination of the swirling action (angular velocity) and centrifugal force
(radial velocity) push the liquid being pumped out of the pump through the outlet [41].
Things to Know About Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps are relatively maintenance-free except for the seal on the rotating
shaft. These seals need to be replaced on a regular basis. The material of construction of the
pump and the pump seal need to be selected based on the liquid being pumped. Liquids
containing abrasives (particles shed from grinding wheels and lapping compound for example)
often require special consideration for the seal to prevent premature wear. In extreme cases, a
secondary supply of abrasive-free liquid is supplied directly to the wear surfaces of the seal.
Pump seals must be kept lubricated and cooled. Both lubrication and cooling are normally
provided by the liquid being pumped. Because of this, centrifugal pumps should not be operated
without liquid being present in the pump. Failure of the pump seal due to overheating as a result
of friction may happen in less than a minute of operation without liquid in the pump.
Centrifugal pumps must have a flooded inlet when liquid pumping starts. In simple
terms, liquid should arrive at the inlet of the pump as a result of gravity. The pump, which has
relatively large clearances between the impeller and the pump body, will not provide a vacuum to
lift liquid against the force of gravity. In some instances, once the pump is primed with liquid,
it can work against the force of gravity. Priming is accomplished by filling the pump and the
plumbing leading to the pump with liquid prior to turning it on. Operation in this mode is not
encouraged as the priming step is often overlooked.
The impeller in a centrifugal pump must rotate in the correct direction. In pumps
operating from a single phase electrical source, this is not a problem. In pumps operating from a
three phase electrical source, however, the proper phasing sequence of the three wires supplying
power to the pump must be correct. If any two wires are reversed, the three phase motor will
rotate in the reverse direction. Most centrifugal pumps have an arrow indicating the proper
rotation direction located either on the pump body or on the motor. If the pump motor rotates in
46

the direction opposite that indicated on the pump, reverse any two wires in the supply to change
the direction of rotation [40].
The basic centrifugal pump described above takes on many different configurations
depending on its intended use. Further description of these variations of the centrifugal pump as
well as other types of pumps will be provided in upcoming blogs.

Figure1.17 The scheme of centrifugal pump


General explanation: Like most pumps, a centrifugal pump converts rotational energy,
often from a motor, to energy in a moving fluid. A portion of the energy goes into kinetic energy
of the fluid. Fluid enters axially through eye of the casing, is caught up in the impeller blades,
and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until it leaves through all circumferential parts
of the impeller into the diffuser part of the casing. The fluid gains both velocity and pressure
while passing through the impeller. The doughnut-shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the casing
decelerates the flow and further increases the pressure [55].
Pump stopping
A. Stopping of pump first in should close the valve on the discharge line and then
switch off electrical engine.
B. In a cold time of year it is necessary from pump and pipe line is to flush of
transfer liquid [53].
Care of pump while work
In discharge lengthy work necessary to watch:
1. Keep the situation of fuel in the corpus of roller bearings.
2. Keep the situation of omentums. In a normal situation should be missing (15 20 drops
per minute).
3. Keep the situation of monitor statement and vacuum meter.
Disassembling and assembly of pump
With the full or partial deconstruction of pump necessary guided by:
1. Before starting work of any links it should carefully to clean and wipe.
2. While the disassemble each of detail pump it should carefully clean and wipe or blow off.
3. Use of specific instruments which relevant keys, copper punch and etc.
4. Lying should do as do not damage.
5. Disassembling of detail pump which enshrined with several nuts, at the first time should
smoothly let go all nuts then canceled.
6. After disassembling all nuts, it should to close on the own places.
7. While disassembling details are must be carefully watch for determine their suitability for
installation without replacing or repair.
8. Disassembling of pump necessary start with disconnected pipelines.
In full disassembling of pump necessary guided by:
1. To take the lid of pump corpus.
2. To take the work wheel.
47

3. Disassemble of omentum.
4. To take corpus of pump with bracket.
5. To take lid of bearings.
After watching repair and disassembling of details, the assembly should make like that but only
vise versa.

Figure 1.18. Scheme of working ABP


Table 1.7
CRITERIA
FOR
DETERMINE
OF
EMERGENCY
SITUTIONS

BE 8302
MEI (the
staff of
scientists)
Moscow

APSSH
Saint
Petersburg

TAVR
Saint
Petersburg

SUE3000
ABB
Company
Germany

M-4272
BeckwithElectricC
USA

HABP
Kazakhstan

Umin

12

P+j
Q

Imin

Starting
equipment
from output
Determining of
moment
realization of
synchronized
switching

Recording
events
Duration of all
HABP system,

100-120

200

150

50-300

104

40-80
48

ms
Availability of
high voltage
loads

necessary

necessary

necessary

necessary

necessary

necessary

Work by
asymmetrical
+
short circuit
All traditional ABP based on the many channel algorithms which determines damage of normal
electric supply to one of inputs and many others emergency situation which influence the process
of working electricity.
So, installation of HABP is corrected this situation.

Figure1.19 The proportion of producers


1.4.
Conclusion
According to set out above the purpose of thesis work is development of science based
on methods installing of HABP in the system of heating LLP Almatyteplocommunenergo.
Achieving this objective must be tied to a decision of the following tasks:
The lab tested and assessment constituent equipment of thermal energy enterprises.
Determining costumers of the first category in electric supply reliability according to
Electrical installation code, etc.
Conception were compared methods and instrumentation which allowed to do
conclusions:
Operationally concept of technological process of boiler is equipment complex which located in
special rooms or staff for transformation from chemical energy fuel to thermal energy of steam
or heating water. Basically elements of boiler equipment boiler, burning, feeding pumps and
ventilation equipment.
New approaches to determine zones of effective heating for existing sources of thermal
energy through automatically system presented. The lab tested modern technical means of
ensuring the continuity of technical process of thermal energy devices which used by Relay
protection and emergency controls SG 0,4 -6,10 kV substation. Using modern smart system
based on automatic Relay protection and emergency controls allowed to increase reliability
electric supply through effective thermal energy devices in meeting the challenges of engineer
planning. Assessment of effective heating supply zones implementation in practice of the
Akkent boiler room.
49

II DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH SPEED AUTOMATIC INPUT OF RESERVE POWER


SUPPLY TO INCREASE RELIABILITY FOR BOILER ROOM
2.1. Development of the device microprocessor high speed automatic input of reserve
Automatic switching on device of reserve power electrical engines of own needs
In the system of heating electrical power plants with a view to provide of continuity work
boilers, turbines and others devices. This provided for installation of working and reserving
mechanisms. The backup mechanism is intended for replacement of working mechanism at
repair or failure system. Apart from he is used for supported of requirement signs of technical
parameters in that situation like the working mechanism can not to provide purity of technology
modes. And since for working and reserving mechanisms as a drive which used to asynchronous
electrical engines with short circuit rotors. Which probably has significantly improved the
reliability and efficiently of reservation. If providing the automatic switching on reserve
mechanism. By the way on the electric power plants has extensive use of device automatic
switching on reserve power mechanism (automatically backup power). That device must provide
of quickly automatic introduction to working electrical engine of reserve mechanism in case of
error, spontaneous or emergency (switching off) disconnection electrical engine of working
mechanism. Also it is must to implement the automatic switching on of electrical engine of
reserve mechanism to help the working mechanism for creation of necessary conditions reliable
establishment of technological process [11].
Particularly prevalent in electrical power plants has automatically backup power (ABP)
of feed pumps and condensate pumps. While, the scheme of automatically backup power (ABP)
must be built that any of establishment pumps able to serve as working as reserve pumps. If there
are three or more pumps and if the pressures are dropped in pressure force in any one of them.
Necessary to note that if the pressure is dropped the working pump must not disconnected from
automatically backup power (ABP). Vise versa additional to him from automatically backup
power (ABP) must connect the reserve pump. For all established feed pumps or condensate
pumps provides for overall device of automatically backup power (ABP) with application
switches. This allows choosing relevant pump as a reserve. And also it is necessary to disable the
automatically backup power (ABP).
The scheme of ABP mechanisms to come in motion also when the voltage is disappears
in the electrical engine of working mechanism. For this chain has shown disconnection of
responsible electrical engine from security minimal voltages that supported starting from ABP
device of electrical engine reserve mechanism that as roles, feeds from the protection of short
50

circuit voltages which provides switching a device to ABP electrical engines of reserve
mechanism which as a rules are powered by other tyre section 3 6 kV. In the case, when the
device ABP mechanisms are inferred from actions, the disconnection of electrical engines of
feeds and condensation pumps there should be no reductions from supported minimal voltages.
Because the responsible electrical engines without reserves must be stands as switching on when
the voltages are disappeared on them whatever to turn around in the modes independently to
boot, upcoming when voltages comes.
The scheme of ABP electrical engine is given below. It has been developed in the
combined heat and power project and applicable in the electrical power plant [12].

Figure 2.20 The scheme of ABP 3-6 kV pumps


In the figure 2.20 the scheme has shown ABP of two electrical engines 3-6 kV pumps
with starting ABP according to drop in pressure in overall highway. Lets see that work, so the
first pump is working, the second pump is reserve. When working first pump and in a normal
pressure in an overall highway from electrocontact manometer which controlled pressure in an
overall head of highway. The contact of EKM1 is closed up and the contact of EKM2 is opening.
The contact of EKM1 is intended for automatic preparation device of ABP to action after the
appearance of pressure in an overall highway. Also for control repair of electrocontact
monometer. In the case of neither failure within the last nor work on relay 1P. Thus his contact
becomes closed in the circuit of alarm about failure of ABP (the circuit alarm on the scheme has
not shown). According to closed up contact EKM1 interim relay 1P of type RP-252 which has
got deceleration on the breaking contact while making newly elected get off him. His contact
1P1 is worked on and 1P2 is closed up. In the scheme of ABP on the application of switches 1V
and 2V contact relay are participate closed up on the place of 1RPV and 2RPV. And block
contacts of switches 1V and 2V are closed up when they are disconnected. In that scheme at
working pump is closed up the contact 1V1. And the contact 2RPV is breaking on the reserve
pump and the contact 2V1 is closed up [56].
In the normal or emergency disconnected of switches electrical engines working pump is
closed up the 1V1 contact. Although the relay 1RPV type of RP-252 is ceases at the
disconnected switches. But his 1RPV1 contact stand still for a several time like closed. As a
result it is formed circuit on the starting relay 2P (through consistently connecting contacts like
1RPV1, 1V1 and 1P2). When the relay 2P is working as a result his 2P4 contact started closed in
51

the circuit starting of switch 2V. And the last is automatically started without timing instead of
disconnecting switches 1V. After connecting electric engine of reserve pump is contact breaking
2V1. Momentariness action of ABP device is provided by 1RPV1. It is happened as a
consequence of contact breaking 1RPV1 after disconnecting of switches 1V. Likewise operates
scheme ABP, if the second pump is used as a working but the first is stand as a reserve. Thus in
the case of disconnected of switches 2V the breaking contacts of 2RPV1 and 2V1 operated relay
2P and 2P3 are closed in the circuit starting of switches 1V [13].
While reducing of pressure in an overall highway the EKM1contact is breaking and the
EKM2 contact is closed. Therefore there are operated interim output relay ABP 2P (via
consistently connecting contacts EKM2 and 1P2), which connected the disconnecting of reserve
pump for the addition to working pump. The momentariness of operations scheme ABP, when
EKM2 contact stands closed and the pressure in an overall highway has not stranded normal.
This provided by breaking on the circuit relay 1P with the help contact 2P1, according to that it is
breaking with timing after starting relay 2P. And in turn relay 2P comes back on the starting
position in connection with contact breaking 1P2 after starting relay 1P.
To begin with, should take note that the relay type RP-252 as built has got five closed up
contacts which while making newly elected from relay are breaking with timing. It is regulated
until 1, 4 second and sufficiently for provider of impulsive actions of ABP. One of the contacts
(2P1 contact) needs to repair for breaking.
For action fixed of scheme ABP has shown shunt relay 1U types of SG -21/220, which
starting while operating of output relay 2P. Contracts of index relay are closed up circuit sign
about ABP device working [15].
For providing fail full operation of disconnection electric engine which located in the
reserve. Provides for a control of repair circuit connecting of these switches with the help a relay.
The status is disconnected 1RPO or 2 RPO (figure 22a and 22b). While the end of broken circuit
connection switches are worked a warning alarm. It is allowed the weekend standby can prepare
to necessary measures to recovery repair circuits. In that scheme ABP are used from one of the
all commentator PB with three fixed places. When it installed in status like 1work the first
mechanism becomes working and the second becomes reserving. When commentator installed in
the 2work status the second mechanism becomes working and the first is reserve. The commentator
PB installed in place like O (switch off). According to repair one of the pumps, in that case the
scheme of ABP vented from the stay. It should noted that after connecting the reserve pump
instead of reserve ABP device must be output from application. It is necessary for prevent the
recurrence connection while loss of pleasure in an overall highway of reserve pump. In the case
disconnect electric engine from protection according to damages. In the scheme 22 has shown
two or more pumps with starting ABP while the pressure is dropped in an overall highway. But
using the individual commentators on the tree fixed status: working, reserve and disconnecting.
This allowed choosing relevant modes of working for any pumps. The device ABP installed in
the work one of the pumps which intended as a reserve for replacement any of the working
pumps [48].
The starting ABP device while feeding is disappeared on the electric engine of working
mechanism has shown disconnecting switches from group protections of minimal voltage section
3 6 kV. From that feeds electrical engine of working mechanism. The disconnection circuit
comes via the switching contact interim contact 3P which placed under the voltage while the
starting commentator PB in the scheme of ABP. Selected from operation of ABP device relay 3P
52

is not under voltages and disconnected from responsible electrical engine from protection of
minimal voltage do not action. It is provided their turn when the voltage comes to their findings.
In the figure 2.21 has shown the scheme of ABP electrical engine 3 6 kV two pumps
with starting ABP on the highway each pumps.
The scheme of ABP automatically entry in the act while connecting the commentator
after connecting working pump and appearing the normal pressure on the highway of pump.
When the first pump is working then the commentator PB is switching on in the status like 1work.
According to electric engine of contact manometer 1EKM1 is closed and 1EKM2 is opened. The
first pump 1B1 of electric engine contact is closed. And the 1EKM1 contact which uses for
discharging low yield contact. In any disconnecting of switches electric engine the first pump
is closed and his 1V2 contact and via the closed 1P3 contact plus comes to the output relay ABP
on the 2P types relay [14].

Figure 2.21 The scheme of ABP electrical engine with 3-6kV


When this relay is starting his 2P1 contact is breaking in the circuit of relay 1P types RP252, that provided momentariness of operation ABP. But for the reasons the relay 1P has got
deceleration from come back. His contact 1P3 in the circuit of relay 2P for several times stands
still closed. All this factors add to the time stand relay 2P under the voltage. Thus 2P4 contact in
the circuit connecting of switches 2V remains closed for a while. It is necessary for connecting
of switches [51].
Likewise works the scheme of ABP, if the second pump is working. In that case, the
commentators PB is connecting in the 2work place, 2B1, 1P2 and 2EKM1 are closed and 2V2 and
2EKM2 are contact breaking. The switch of electrical engine of the second pump is disconnected
in any case closed up 2V2 and via the breaking contact 1P3 plus goes to relay 2P. This produced
automatically connecting of switches electrical engines of reserve pump. The action of scheme
ABP is fixed starting shunt relay U type of RU-21/220.
Obviously the fall of pressure on the highway of the first pump when it is working thus
1EKM1 contact is breaking and 1EKM2 contact is closed. While output relay ABP 2P is starting
the electric engine of relay pump (the second) with the help to the first pump, which in this case
do not disconnected.
53

Figure 2.22 The scheme of ABP electrical engine with 380V


Likewise work the scheme ABP when the pressure is lower by the head highway of the
second pump. It can provide of connecting the first pump for working together with the second
pump.
In the scheme of ABP installed one of general commentator PB with three fixed
provisions which allowed to choose any pump as a working or reserve and to disable ABP. In the
scheme installed interim relay 3P which controlled of commentator PB. It is located under the
pressure when the device ABP is working. And it is allowed to switch off the electrical engine of
pumps from secure of minimal voltage section 3-6 kV. It is necessary to connect the electrical
engine of reserve pump.
In the figure 2.22 has shown the scheme of ABP electrical engine with 380 V two pumps
which with startup of ABP. Where installed the electrocontact manometer EKM. That scheme
was done on the alternating current [50].
If the working pump is the first pump, that the commentator PB with three fixed places
starting on the place 1work. After starting the electrical engine of the first pump and an appear of
pressure in general highway contacts 1V1 and EKM1are closed up and contacts 1V2 and EKM2
are breaking. At the same time consistently joined contacts 1V1, EKM1 and 2P1 closed up the
circuit of coil provided working of interim relay 1P type RP-256. This designed to prepare of
circuit ABP. Staying under the voltage, the relay 1P with their contact 1P1 made shunt low power
contact EKM1 for his discharge. 1P2 contact prepared the circuit to starting output relay device
ABP relay 2P type of RP-256 which has deceleration when his comes back.
When it has been disconnected from any reasons electrical engine of working pump
become contact breaking 1V2 and comes to acting of relay 2P. His contact 2P1 is breaks that
provide momentariness action of scheme ABP. Then his contact 2P2 is closed up in the circuit
starting of relay electrical engine. As a result he automatically turn on instead the working
electrical engine is switch off. Likewise action of ABP scheme when choosing the second pump
as a working. When the pressure is dropped in a general head highway 2EKM2 contact is closed
up and EKM1 contact is breaking. It is all leading to commanded relay 2P (via consistently
joined closed contact acts 1V1 or 2V1, 1P1 and EKM2) and automatically starting electrical
engine of reserve pump. In addition to working pump. The action of scheme of ABP is
determined by indicial relay type RU-21/0.05. It should take note that 2P1 contact in the relay
RP-256 with reconstructed when adjustment are schemes from closed up in the breaking.
2. High speed automatic backup power
54

Traditionally in electricity grids for struggle breaks of electric power supply uses the
device of automatically turning ABP (Automatic backup (transfer) power). As starting in this
devices typically uses of the minimally voltage elements.
Despite there is need to get the power supply for electricity consumers as fast as possible,
it is required to introduce a deliberate slowing action of an automatic load transfer trigger. The
referred above is produced to prevent the excessive action of ALT trigger. Such actions occur at
SG in adjacent parts of a network and at the action of AR devices feeding lines.
Thus, it is required to produce a deceleration time longer than the maximum delay of RP
in adjacent areas of the network, or more time than the time delay of AR devices.
As a result of the time delay of the ALT device action may be reached for several
seconds.
This amount of time delays of ALT actions is unacceptable. In the task formulation of the
continuity preserving of industrial enterprises complex processes, for instance: synchronous
motors loss synchronism; rollover of induction motor; turning off contactors; turning off 380V
starters; turning off frequency - regulated drive units of electric pumps of other critical load
[16].
More technically advanced than the traditional ALT unit has been developed. That device
is designed to prevent damages and ensure the continuity of technological processes of industrial
enterprises. It is characterized by excess speed - high-speed ALT (HALT) devices. Traditional
high-speed ALT is based on the multi-channel algorithms, which define disruption of power
supply according to one of the inputs. Since different types of disorders significantly affect the
various parameters of power supply system mode [1].
To control these parameters in the starting device of HALT, it is stored a significant
number of installations such as:
At minimum current at the input Idevice,
At minimum voltage on the sections Udevice,
At minimum voltage of phase on the adjacent sections 12devices, and several others. Checking
which in some cases leads to the increase of the total cycle time HALT. A single-channel
algorithm for determining power disturbance is deprived of these drawbacks. In this connection,
a new generation of HALT has been developed with improved transient response performance
[2, 3, 4].
The trigger of HALT works on a new algorithm, which works to identify a violation of
the normal power supply. It can be implemented in two ways.
The first method is based on determining the sign of the following special powers in the
phases of inputs to the sections of SG (switching gear):
Ta = Re (UbcIae-j)
Tb = Re (UacIbe-j)
Tc = Re (UacIce-j)

(1)

That provides a product of vectors of line voltages be vector of opposite phasecurrent in a


view of the angle of maximum sensitivity (ov).
Powers Ta, b, c are a linear combinations of active (P) and reactive (Q) powers in these phases.
Due to the angle of maximum sensitivity ( ov), it can be changed a share of
representation of these powers in the linear combinations.
Optimum value of angle is a nearly by ( ov = 45). A positive value of power corresponds
to direction from the source to the load. A negative value is from the load to the source.
A working of this starting device high speed ABP at various kinds of violations of the
normal power is on the first section ( SG) (figure 2.23). In the case of short circuit in the power
supply circuit (points of short circuit K1, K5). In the case closely to the external short circuit
(points K3 K2) [81].
55

In these cases happen a changing of direction of powers Ta, b, c though prefatory switch
BB1.In the case of threephase short circuit a changing happens in all three phases. In the case of
interphase short circuit in two phases.In the case of a single phase short circuit in one phase.
Changing the direction of power at least in one phase inures a signal for trigger high speed ABP.
In the case in electrical circuit of the switch BB1(points K3 K3,K4) changing the directions of
power through BB1 is not happened and high speed ABP is close.

Figure2.23. Schematic drawing of electrical supply of an industrial plant with high speed ABP
device
To improve the reliability of the device must be built up from the cases such as: when Ia
= Ib = Ic = 0 or when Uab Ubc Uca or equal to zero, also when the sign of power Ta.Tb.Tc
become uncertain.For this we first compared.
To improve the reliability of operation is necessary to avoid the cases when Ia = Ib = Ic
=0. Also, when Uab or Ubc or Uca equals zero and the sign of power Ta, Tb, Tc becomes
uncertain. For this we first compared.
Ia Ib Ic<Iset, (2)
Where, Iset is a set point minimum current. If this condition is met, then an unauthorized
circuit breaker in the power circuit. It is necessary to switch to a backup power source. In
particular, when the switch is turned off BB1 (Figure 1) so Ic<Iset and HABP work.
If you turn off the circuit breaker MS1(mean switches), HABP is activated due to changes
in the direction of power Ta, b, c., when electric motor is powered by load (1, 1) in
running-out. And if the power of the electric motor load is not enough, then by the data Ic<Iset.
If at least one of the linear voltages on the section is zero, the condition is tested
Uab or Ubc or Uca <Uset,

(3)

Where Uset set point minimum voltage.Then for the corresponding line voltage applied
line voltages of the backup section. For example, if Uca < Uset then Uca = Usec. In particular, line
voltage on the first section equals zero at the three-phase short-circuit at K4 (Figure 2.23). As
their values are accepted line voltages of the second section.
Thus, the method of automatic backup power supply switching, based on a change in the
direction of special facilities in phases (1). Taking into account the boundary conditions (2) and
(3) it allows to realize a single-channel control principle HABP. And thereby it increases the
speed of response to violation of the normal power supply. The circuit diagram of the proposed
automatic backup switching of consumers power is depicted in (Figure 2.24). The apparatus
comprises: primary (1) and backup (2) power source; main switch of operation input (3) and (4);
56

section switch (5);bus sections of substation (6) and (7); three-phase current transformers (8), (9)
on the inputs of the main and backup power supplies; voltage transformers (10), (11) on the tires
of primary and backup power supplies; microprocessor-speed triggers (12); microprocessorspeed trigger (12) comprises: blocks forming phase vectors (13), (14); line voltage (15), (16) of
direct sequence; blocks (17) and (18) checks the value of the currents phase to meet the
minimum value (Iset); blocks of the minimum values determining of line voltages on the sections
of the main and backup power sources (19) and (20); blocks of power direction determining on
the input phases of the main and emergency sources (21) and (22); logic elements "AND" - 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32; logic elements "OR" - 33, 34, 35, 36; the control switches units
37; signal relay protection and automation blocks 38 and 39[82].
The inputs of the current transformers (8), (9) are connected to the input blocks (17), (18)
and (21), (22). Inputs of voltage transformer windings (10), (11). United in a star on the sections
of main bus (6) and backup (7) power sources. Connections are provided respectively to the
inputs of the blocks (19), (20) and (21), (22). The outputs of the blocks (17) and (18) are
connected to the logic elements "AND" (23) and (24). The outputs of the blocks (21) and (22)
are connected to the logic elements "AND" (25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30). The outputs of that are
connected to the logic element "OR" (33), (34).
The outputs of elements (23) and (33) and respectively the elements (24) and (34) are
connected to inputs of logical elements "OR" (35) and (36). The outputs of which together with
blocking signals (38) and (39) are connected to the invert output which are connected to the logic
elements "AND" (31) and (32). The outputs of the latter are connected to the control switches
unit (37).
The device operates as follows. The complex values on the first line voltages (U1ab,
U1bc, U1ca) and second (U2ab, U2bc, U2ca) mutually redundant power sections of the
switchgear are measured by the voltage transformers (10), (11) and (15), (16) blocks. The
complex values of the phase currents (I1ab, I1bc, I1ca) on the first and the second (I2ab, I2bc,
I2ca) inputs are measured by the current transformers (8), (9) and blocks (13), (14).

Figure 2.24 Structure schema of ABP with the single canals principle works
The algorithm of device work HABP is following: if the powers (signals blocks direction
of voltage power 21 and 22) on the input from the main source in at least one phase of the
changed sign to negative, powers on the input at backup source all over the phases positive. Then
57

through the logical elements 23, 25, 31 (or 24, 36, 32) in control unit switch 37 receives a signal
on switch of first 3 (the second 4) input and on the turning of section switch 5.
For improving reliability works of device has been suggested to rebuilt from the cases, when Ia=
Ib=Ic=0, and when Uab or Ubc or Uca equal the zero and the signal of powers T1a, T1b, T1c to become
undefined.
For this preliminary comparisons compare Ia, Ib, Ic Ifound where Ifound adjusting minimum
current, and if that condition be going on, unauthorized disconnection of switching in the chain
supply circuit and necessity shifting of the electric supply power to the backup source. If [Uab] or
[Ubc] or [Uca] Ufound, where Ufound minimal voltage. As significantly liner voltages takes of
liner voltages reserve section.
In that ways the device of automatically turning of backup electric supply power
customers released on the single channel principle. Which can help of determining damage of
normal electric supply power at meanly source for changing sign of powers in inputs fazes [35].
The second way of single-channel definition of the fact of violation of normal power
supply is based on definition of a sign of special capacities of direct sequence on inputs to
sections SG.
p=Re[UPIP e ov]

(4)

Where Up vector of tension of direct sequence on sections SG;Ip the interfaced vector
of current of direct sequence on inputs to sections SG.
Capacities of Tp represents a linear combination of active (RP) and jet (QP) of capacities
of direct sequence on inputs to SG. In particular in the symmetric modes
p=p sinov+ QPcosov (5)
At the expense of a corner of the maximum sensitivity it is possible to change a share.
A share of representation of these capacities in linear combinations. At positive value power has
the direction from a source to loading. And at negative value from loading to asource.
Functioning of algorithm is provided. The basic on Tp power sign in boundary cases.
When current of Ip =0 or tension Up=0 and a sign of expression (4) becomes uncertain.
Comparison is for this purpose made
IP<Iset (6)
And if this condition is satisfied, switching of power on a reserve source is necessary.If
Up tension on one of phases of sections SG closely to zero value, i.e.
UP<Uset (7)
That Up value is accepted by the equal
UP= UP res.sec (8)
We will consider operation of the HABP starting arrangement on the second way. After
measurements and calculations of linear tension on sections (Uab, Ubc, Uca) make calculation of
tension of direct sequence of UP. Similarly on values of phase currents (Ia Ib Ic) of direct
sequence of UP on inputs to sections SG. If the condition (6) is satisfied, there is an operation of
HABP. Otherwise according to (4) TP power is defined. If the sign at this power positive on
HABP remains closed. And if negative, HABP works.
Thus, the way of atomic inclusion of reserve power supply based on change of the direction.
Special power of direct sequence on inputs of SG. Also allows to realize the single-channel
principle of management of HABP [5].
58

In compliance with the schematic diagram of HABP (Figure 2.24) prototypes of the
microprocessor starting device are developed. For further ex-rementalresearches [82].
Findings of investigation
Advantages of the developed microprocessor the starting arrangement consists in
the following:
1. The HABP starting device is based on digital systems of processing of values of entrance
signals.
2. Lung HABP (at the program level) adapts for various schemes of the distributing device.
3. Switching time for a reserve source is reduced. At three-phase KZ and a power-supply
circuit of section of the distributing device to 22 - 44 ms (for example, when using VW1
switches - T ABB CalorEmag or BB/NELLShell firms).
4. Has possibility of record and display of transition processes at any operation PU HABP.
5. Values of installations of blocks of the relay of the starting arrangement in non-volatile
memory remain. At removal of tension of expeditious power.
6. There is a possibility of automatic return of the scheme of the normal mode of power
supply on the damaged input.
7. For management of inclusion and shutdown of switches in PU HABP besides dry
contacts it is offered to use high-speed IGBT. IGBT - the transistors capable to switch
currents of great values.
Conclusion
High-Performance Reserve Switching Device (RSD) contains a set of starting elements,
which interact with each other in accordance with above mentioned algorithms; they allow
correctly identify emergency mode, where input of the backup powering station is necessary (in
a power system), and the switch to the backup powering station is not required (in collecting busbars of the indoor switchgear);
Starting elements of High-Performance RSD allow resolvedenoted tasks for the minimum
period of time, not requiring the time harmonisation with relay equipment and automatics of
adjacent network elements.
Use of the proposed algorithm in launching set of High-Performance RSD control allows
time for the emergency response appeared between 5 and 12 ms (depending on the type of
failure). Full cycle of switch to the backup power will amount in 27-34 ms in the combination
with ultraspeed vacuum circuit breaker BB/TELL of theQ series. Given time indicators of the
full cycle of High-Performance RSD are tested by thousands of accomplished projects around
the world, including Russian Federation and Kazakhstan.
The introduction of the High-Performance RSD complex will present the following results:
It will provide safe and continuous power supply of main pipelines, electrifying railroads,
industries of continuous technologies and etc. by providing daily schedules made by the fulltime switch to the backup power for the time of 0,034 sec.
Considerably increase electric motor and pumps resource due to lack of necessity of
repeating launch of aggregates as well as oil preheaters by reducing the possible overheating.
Reduce of energy consumption by reducing losses inrestarting and restoring general flow rate
of the pipelines filled up to 200 km. Reduce of losses of preheating furnace after blowing.
Prevent costly breaks of work of technology equipment; reduce risks of environmental
disasters in failure of power system.
Increase of the level of automation. Increase of productivity.
High-Performance RSD industrial models conducted are based on the proposed algorithm of
the operation of single-canal device, made by the creative team consisted of the members of the
Department of Industrial Power MEI (Moscow), the Department of Power of Kazakh Academy
of Transport and Communications named after M. Tynyshpayev (Almaty) and LLP NPK
Promir. Installation and testing of the models were conducted in 2013 at JSC Ozenmunaigaz
in CRUN 6 kV for PS 110/6 UPSV Vpadina.The time of switch to the backup power
59

0,032 sec. was identified during the process of natural load testing. Given time allowed save
100% consumer load among which high-voltage motor STD 1250 BKNS.High-voltage and
low-voltage motors initial water (removal unit), electric tools - rocking (SKN) oil wells were
found.
It is also in the process of setting up a block HABP revealed unstable single phase fault in the
network on ground. The subsequent discovery in the motor UPSV, which will reduce the impact
and cost of repairs [6].
High speed ABP, as a tool to increase the reliability and continuity of technological process
(HABP)
Until recently, the successful implementation of HABP and electrical and mechanical
device, this kind of in this seats 6 10 kV. This has been constrained by the scarce of high speed
communication equipments. With advent of high speed vacuum and elegas communication
equipments. The practical application of this device finds support in office employ of gas energy.
It is alloys that tasks which cause big losses or defect of productions.
In an easy ABP according to starting authority is used to relay of minimal voltages. If
there are in a system of electrical synchronic engine times actions that SS (security
service)connected to section. Which losses supply and to continue rotate on inertia that go over
to generation mode and the several time 2 8 second supported to that section SG voltage, which
similar to nominal. Starting authority of ABP is not work immediately and starts of ABP mode
are draw down.
Application to switch section spool 6 10 kV of substation ABP of bilateral actions in
traditional performance has supported minimal time of automatically mean work 0,4 0,5
second. The break of electrical supply after cable end connector (CEC)for consumers is
consisting at least 1 second. According to date technologic and worker of mean energetic staff is
a big. It is not supported continuity of technological process which goes over to damage of
products [47].
Improve the reliability of electrical supply engines 6 10 kV and provided of their
stability by the short time damages of electrical supply. Invited complex on the basic of
microprocessors device HABP with time of switching for the reserve source 22 100
nanosecond (figure 3.1.). That device supported two ways action of disconnect switch for
damage input and disconnect of section switch.

Figure 2.25. The appearance of microprocessor starting HABP device


60

As the same time, the device maybe as when the supply has passed from mean source as
in case an arise all of kind of between the phases short circuits in the circuit supply lines (figure
2.25). For efficiency work HABP is necessary electrical supply of consumers that based from
two independent sources like E1 and E2. The main part of security HABP is part of electrical
supply from main switch MS1 (MS2) to switch on the input BB1 (BB2). If the (SG) short circuit is
distribution device MSD (main step down substation)that mean switches MS are placed on the
side of voltage 35,110,220 kV. The inputs (BB) on the side of voltage 6 10 kV.If (SG) short
circuit is distribution device the second degree, that the MS and BB are placed on the voltage 6
-10 kV.
If the three phases of short circuit (SC) in a circuit voltage (point K1) the power P1 is
changed direction. It is means that the voltage is reduced and the starting authority gives sign on
a disconnect of switch BB1. Full cycle of HABP complex working, in this case consist 22 40
nanosecond (according to connect of vacuum switch time 15 20 nanosecond) [16].

Figure2.26. Schematic drawing of electrical supply of an industrial plant with high speed ABP
device
Turning off the main switch MS1 the power P1 has changed of direction and when the
vectors are difference of starting authority gives the sign for disconnect of switches BB1. Full
cycle working HABP in this case consists at least 0,115 second. When unsymmetrical short
circuits (SC) in circuit supply (K1) the voltage of direct consistency of short circuit place (SC) is
reduced. The power P1 in so doing not changed his direction to disconnect switches MS1 of relay
security from short circuit (SC). So that the time of HABP cycle in this case not exceed tswitch2 =
tswitch m.+ (22 100) nanosecond. The time will disconnect of switch MS1 at least 300 nanosecond.
For any type of appearance short circuit (SC) in a circuit voltage 6 10 kV (point K3; K4)
HABP are not worked. Because the direction of power P1 is not changed.
Additional area of security HABP is short time damage of electrical supply which has been
by three phases short circuit (SC) with connecting of neighbor to source of electrical supply
(point K2). Or in a circuit supply of main switch (point K3). In this change of direction (SC) short
circuit of power P1 and time of cycle HABP consist at least 22 100 nanosecond. Taking into
consideration a new algorithm of HABP which will work in any unsymmetrical short circuit
(SC) cases in the point K1, K2, K5.
Composition of microprocessor HABP ant his characteristics
The complex HABP includes:
Three high speed vacuum switches types like vacuum switches VE, V, VE produced
by FGUP NPP Contact (Saratov town), VVE , VVE M produced by JSC ELCO
(Minusinsk); BB/TEL produced by LTD Tauris Electric (figure 3.3. and table 3.1), VD4/P
and others produced by ABB Color Emag or ABB SACE, Evolis 7P produced by company
Schneider Electric or others.
61

Figure 2.27. The appearance of vacuum switches for HABP 6-10 kV deice.

a) 10 -20 /630 1600;


b) -10 -20/800 -1000;
c) -10 -20/630 -1600;
d) -10 -20/630 -1600;
e) Evilis 7P1 -1250;
f) VD4/P 12.16.25;
g) /TEL -10-12,5(20)/1000.
- Inductively dynamical device of accelerate (IDDA) device (for the several from
produced switches above);
- Control cable the secondary switching of type KVGE -1,519;
- Communication lines (upon request of Consumer) for organization ASDUand remote
transmission of data;
- Microprocessor block of starting device ABP (MHSSD ABP) that placed in the cupboards
KRU the series of K-104 m, K -113, KPY 2-10 and etc, in the cupboards KCO and others
types of cells SG 6(10)kV (upon request of Consumer) or in a separate shield;
Software according to assilogram analyze of alarm events and personal computer (upon request
of Consumer).
Table 2.8
Technical characteristics of vacuum switches
Nominal voltage, kV
10
Nominal current, A
630,1000,1600
Nominal frequency, Hertz
50-60
Nominal current of switch, kA
20
Switching resource, BO
50
Mechanical resource of cycles, BO
50000
Full time of switch off, second, at least:
-VBE-10-31,5/2000-3150
0,030
-VBM-10-20/630-1600
0,045
-VBEM-10-20/800-1000
0,055
-VVE-10-20/630-1600
0,045
-VVTE--10-20/630-1600
0,045
-Evolis 7P1-1250
0,050
62

- VD4/P 12.16.25
- BB/TEL-10-12.5(20)/1000
Own time for connected, second, at least:
-VBE-10-31,5/2000-3150
-VBM-10-20/630-1600
-VBEM-10-20/800-1000
-VVE-10-20/630-1600
-VVTE--10-20/630-1600
-Evolis 7P1-1250
- VD4/P 12.16.25
- BB/TEL-10-12.5(20)/1000
Overall dimensions: width height depth, mm
-VBE-10-20/630-1600
-VBEM-10-20/800-1000
-BBE-10-20/630-1600
-BBTE--10-20/630-1600
-Evolis 7P1-1250
- VD4/P 12.16.25
- BB/TEL-10-12.5(20)/1000

0,050
0,080
0,150
0,100
0,150
0,150
0,150
0,065
0,050
0,100
600-568-340
390-390-460
613-828-593
560-652-432
702-965-1140
570-599-424
740-474-265

At the same time vacuum switches entries and section cells with inductively dynamical
device of accelerate (IDDA) which can placed as in a new as in existing cupboards KSG and
by developing and delivering retrofits [16].
IDDA can be stands for vacuum switches with electromagnetic drives. Which has
electromagnetic switch cells with amount of active resistance at least 2,5Om. In composition
IDDA (table 1.9) includes of electrical and power blocks and tie between switching circuits
the second of vacuum switches and IDDA constituents and it is carries out by electrical
tourniquets.
Table 2.9
The main technical data of IDDA
Nominal voltages:
- alternating current, 50 hertz, V
220
- continuous current, V
220
Operating voltages:
-alternating current, V
143-250
-continuous current, V
187-290
Capacity of battery condenser canal of connecting, mcF
200
Capacity of battery condenser canal of disconnecting, mcF
100
Voltage of charge battery of condenser, V
960
Maximum current electromagnetic of connection switches, A, at least
150
Time connection of vacuum switch with IDDA
0,020 0,025
Time disconnection of vacuum switch with IDDA
0,018 0,020
Cycles :
By GOST 687 -78
Climatic modification and category of placed
UXLZ
Overall dismissing: width height length, mm
410 220 - 210
63

Weight of power and electronically blocks of IDDA


25
2.2. The algorithm of device work HABP
The HABP microprocessors are provides two modes of reserved inputs:
- Without excerpt of time (high speed ABP or HABP),
- With excerpt of time (staff of ABP or SABP).
Complex HABP, due to high speed of inputs and sections switchers that allows provided
smooth electricity supply of synchronous engines. And which responsibilities of mechanisms
when lots of emergency situations in the energy systems. It is also envisaged of common
mode inclusion of synchronous engines loads [21].
MBSD ABP represents device of relay security, automatically anti-damage and ensure of
twice shapes of act on the circuit of input switchers. Also for the circuit section switchers of
backup feeds. Capability of Starting Device ABP are represents as device of relay support
and automatically anti damage and compose of two subunits on the disconnect switches of
two inputs. Also for the section switch on of backup feeds. Opportunity of ABP PU provides
his turning for a several types of ABP:
- At the same time ABP or with control at the block contacts of disconnect input
switchers (on a feeds loss by short circuit (SC) in the feeds lines). With control
synchronous ABP on the sections switchers or without him (figure 2.28).
High speed ABP

Figure 2.28. The algorithm of device work PU HABP


In the presence of sign about voltage which takes before inputs switch. That
device allows providing for automatically restoration of normal mode of ABP feeds [78].
ABP with excerpt time is intending for objects where the momentary interruption
of consumers or objects and not facilities high speed inputs and sections switchers can be
here.
Conventional vacuum switch with electromagnetic drives are have next
characteristics:
The properly time of switch on tcv = 0.06 0.15 second,
The properly time of switch tco = 0.03 0.06 second.
There are work times deficiency for saves of engine stability loads ( the efficiency
of HABP functioning). Therefore the switches are complements which allows reducing of
switch proper time and allows switching it twice or more. So, what is the? For instance,
according to base of capacitor banks which records of energy on the normal work mode
of substations. And then by means of manages thyristor at the command of HABP
starting authority. And it is switch on the spool of disconnect (switch on) switches
which gives an additionally value (= 800 V) for that spools. At the expense of proper time
64

of disconnect is reduced to tco = 0,018 second and proper time of starting is reduced to tcv
= 0,022 second.
HABP microprocessor starting devices are measure in the current mode of time.
The phases voltages on the two types spool of distribution device (SG) and phase
currents on the inputs of SG (Searching Gear) which transformed them on the RMS
(Root mean square) U1, (U 2) and currents I1 (I2) direct order. Further work of HABP
starting authority ( at the expense of) by the software processing results of measurement
[76].
Blocking sign for HABP works are direction of forward power sequence. If the
power P1 = U1I1cos1 (or P2 = U2I2cos2) is directed from source to loads, that HABP do
not work. To the system of electrical supply do not happened. If the power P1 (or P2)
changed direct (from loads to source) and the voltage on the input U1< Uset(or U2< Uset)
that switch device feeds the sign for the last disconnected switch of the first (the second)
input. And from the last block contact feeds sign for the disconnected of sections
switch. If the power P1 (or P2)change the direct (from loads to source) that the angle 12
(21) through the vectors of voltages direct order on the first U1(the second U2) and trough
the second U2 (or the first U1) significant conditions like 12>set (21> set ) that the
starting device feeds the sign on the disconnect of the first (the second) inputs switch and
from the last block contact feeds sign for the disconnect of section switch.
To identify and localization of all kind of electricity supply violation which can be
directly or indirectly reasons of violations buckling load motor in ABP. As the control
parameters are uses:
- positive sequence voltage on the sections (SG);
- the angles between vectors of positive sequence voltage sections;
- the voltage positive sequence active power.
The structure scheme of distribute substation with HABP device (for
demonstration uses the figure 2.28).

Figure 2.29 Structure scheme of distribute substation HABP


-

In the normal mode, the feeds of consumers in an each sections of spool


implemented from own source. The main switch B1 and B2 are switch on that section
65

switch B3 is disconnected. Inputs sign of control blocks of positive sequence voltage


U1and the angles positive sequence the first and the second sections suitable to normal
modes. And on the output that blocks the sign are equal to zero. The active power
directed from source feeds to spools. At the output block control P the sign also equal to
zero. Receptively at the output logical elements 2 OR LE 1 and 2E LE 2 (logical element)
sign also are absent. And the input canals of microprocessors blocks of starting devices
are do not work [44].
In case of electrical violation supply spool section of source which was
summoned by the three phases and unsymmetrical (SG) short circuits or disconnected
switch on the supply chain. After that it begins to run out of the motor load 0.4 and 6 kV
and blocks U1 or is working. The active power changes own sign and at the output of
block P appearance the resolution signal. On the output logical of elements LE1 and LE2
formed signal of logical units. Which leads to the switching section of the spool from the
main source feeds to resource.
In case of appearance of short gear (SG) on the incoming lines or spool of mean
supply source in the input moods of engines distribution substation actions ABP which
boned of blocks P and I1p. By the way, active power and research power are consist
positive sequence which directed from source to spools [77].
2.3. The main functional blocks of HABP microprocessor
Microprocessing High Speed Automatic Load Transformation MBSD is represented as
multi element device of relay security and anti emergency control which can provide
bilateral actions for the disconnected switch of two inputs. And for disconnection of
section switch of reserve supply (figure 2.29).
The blocks of starting device includes the follow parts:
- blocks of minimal voltages (reacted to short circuit (SC));
- control blocks of angles between the voltage of the same name the first and the second
spool section of direct order (reacted to loss of power associated with unauxiliary trip
feeds);
- direction blocks of direct order active power (defined short circuit (SC) place before
input switches of section or after it).

Figure 2.30.Schematic drawing of the bilateral action HABP.


As we can see through drawing of logical part HABP included the following factional
blocks (figure 2.7, 2.8):
66

Six starting relay of minimal voltages that included on the voltage of the first and the
second spool section;
Two blocking relay which directed power. Each of which controlled direction of direct
order power transmission inputs;

Figure 2.31. Easy scheme of HABP logical parts


-

Starting and blocking control unit of angles between the voltage of the same name of the
first and the second spool section of direct order;
- The control unit fuse failure voltage;
- A direction unit of spontaneous switch of input switch or disappear of supply;
- Logic unit;
- Input relay unit;
- Receiving relay unit;
- Diagnostic element;
- Registration unit;
- Power supply;
- ABP allow unit.
Additional functions of HABP microprocessor.
The device of provided clock of relay time with an accurate travel of better than three
seconds per days. The clock has ability to adjust. The fiction of really time, at that time of start
up registration unit of ABP device is made in increments of no more than one second [43].
HABP device allowed to registrate and analyzed status of analogue and increment
signals. It is happened as in a normal as in an emergency work modes of object which able to
save record information in NVRAM (Non Volatile Random Access Memory). Which compatible
with PECM (personal electrical calculating machine)types IBM formats [75].
Since it guarantees safety devices and characteristics in the non volatile random access
memory (NVRAM) on the stress relieving of operative supply.
Induction current values of registration magnituates and exhibits devices realized on the
terminal with the built in display or on the PECM. It is realized when MBSD connected to sets.

67

Figure 2.32.Schematic of HABP logical part of bilateral actions.


-

With PCEM which connected by the link to MBSD HABP. We can do the next funtious:
View the current status of analogue and increments canals of device as a table forms as a
structure schema of substations;
View settings of device;
Synchronize device according to time;
Checking filling level of electronically memory;
Calculating recorded waveforms from electronically memory and automatically delayed
the electronically memory;
Automatically asked device for the appear a new fails;
In the relay time to show the inputs current and voltage of section (SG);
Perform the control record.
The scroll of input (output) chain, size and standard tests of HABP starting device

According to table 2.10 provided nominal parameters of input analogue singles that pulled off from spool
the first (the second) section SG 6 (10) kV [74].

Table 2.10.
The nominal parameters of input signals
Parameter name
Nominal voltage of operative permanent (temporary) current, V
Nominal temporary current of metering circuit, A
Nominal liner voltage of temporary current of metering circuit, V
Nominal frequency, Hertz

Value
110 or 220
5
100
50

68

Upon request of the customer the nominal voltage of operative permanent current
Usupply can be changed within from 24 to 300 V. If it is necessary for the realized exactly
project [45].
Supplying device provided from chains of auxiliary operative voltage.
Electronically part of device is galvanic separated from the source of operative auxiliary
voltage. The device will be right function when changing operative auxiliary voltage in
the region of 0,8 1,1 Usupply . It admitted within sinusoidal component with amplitude to
6 % from medium sign. This has the second harmony plants of frequency. The scroll of
input and output of signals has shown in the table 2.11.
Table 2.11.
The scroll of input and output of chains
1. Supply of terminal

Contacts
E1 block
1 XT1:1
XT1:6
XT1:3
XT:4
2 Clamp on the
terminal

Symbol

Destination

+ Usupply

Power supply

-Usupply
PE

Protective earth

2. Transformation blocks

Contacts
Symbol
Destination
E3 block
1 XT7:1
UAB,1*
Line voltage between phase
XT7:3
of A and B section 1
2 XT7:3
UBC,1*
Line voltage between phase
XT7:5
of B and C section 1
3 XT7:5
UCA,1*
Line voltage between phase
XT7:1
of C and A section 1
Remarks* For task force of windings voltage transformer in triangle, it is necessary to
collect jumpers between terminals like XT7:2 and XT7:3, XT7:4 and XT7:5, XT7:6
and XT7:1. When it loss opportunity to get design voltage of zero sequences that it
is results to deduce from work tripping in changes of voltage circuit.
4 XT7:1
UA,1**
Phase voltage of phase
between A section 1
5 XT7:3
UB,1**
Phase voltage of phase
between B section 1
6 XT7:5
UC,1**
Phase voltage of phase
between C section 1
**
7 XT7:2, XT7:4,
UN,1
Generic point (neuter)
XT7:6
section 1
Remarks* For task force of windings voltage transformer in the star, it is necessary to
collect jumpers between terminals like XT7:2, XT7:4, XT7:6.
8 XT7:7
U0,1
Zero sequence voltage of
XT7:8
section 1
9 XT7:9
IA,1
Phase current A input 1
XT7:10
1 XT7:11
IB,1
Phase current B input 1
69

0 XT7:12
11 XT7:13
IC,1
Phase current C input 1
XT7:14
1 XT7:15
UAB,b1/UBC,b1/UCA,b1
Line voltage between two
2 XT7:16
phases before input 1
E4 block
1 XT8:1
UAB,2***
Line voltage between phase
3 XT8:3
of A and B section 2
***
1 XT8:3
UBC,2
Line voltage between phase
4 XT8:5
of B and C section 2
***
1 XT8:5
UCA,2
Line voltage between phase
5 XT8:1
of C and A section 2
Remarks * For task force of windings voltage transformer in triangle, it is necessary
to collect jumpers between terminals like XT8:2 and XT8:3, XT8:4 and XT8:5,
XT8:6 and XT8:1. When it loss opportunity to get design voltage of zero sequences
that it is results to deduce from work tripping in changes of voltage circuit.
1 XT8:1
UA,2****
Phase voltage of phase A
6
section 2
****
1 XT8:3
UB,2
Phase voltage of phase B
7
section 2
****
1 XT8:5
UC,2
Phase voltage of phase C
8
section 2
****
1 XT8:2, XT8:4,
UN,2
Generic point (neuter)
9 XT8:6
section 2
Remarks* For task force of windings voltage transformer in the star, it is necessary to
collect jumpers between terminals like XT8:2, XT8:4, XT8:6.
2 XT8:7
U0,2
Zero sequence voltage of
0 XT8:8
section 2
2 XT8:9
IA,2
Phase current A input 2
1 XT8:10
2 XT8:11
IB,2
Phase current B input 2
2 XT8:12
2 XT8:13
IC,2
Phase current C input 2
3 XT8:14
2 XT8:15
UAB,b2/UBC,b2/UCA,b2
Line voltage between two
4 XT8:16
phases before input 2
3. Discrete entry block

Contacts
E2 block
1 XT6:1
XT6:3

Symbol

Destination

Connect control block Q1

Normally open contact unit


condition of switch input
1
Normally close contact unit
condition of switch input
1
Normally open contact unit
condition of switch input
2

XT6:2
XT6:3

Disconnect control block Q1

XT6:4
XT6:6

Connect control block Q2

70

XT6:5
XT6:6

Disconnect control block Q2

XT6:7
XT6:9
6 XT6:8
XT6:9
7 XT6:10
XT6:12
8 XT6:11
XT6:12
9 XT6:13
XT6:15
1 XT6:14
0 XT6:15
11 XT6:16
XT6:18

CL Q1Starting time regulators


(cable line)
CL Q1Ending time regulators
(cable line)
CL Q2Starting time regulators
(cable line)
CL Q2Ending time regulators
(cable line)
Automatic Voltage transformer
1CB (central busbar)

1
2

Automatic Voltage transformer


2CB (central busbar)

XT6:17
XT6:18

E5 block
1 XT9:2
3 XT9:1
1 XT9:3
4 XT9:1
1 XT9:4
5 XT9:1
1 XT9:5
6 XT9:1
1 XT9:6
7 XT9:1
1 XT9:7
8 XT9:1

Connect control block Q3


Disconnect control block Q3

Input RP (relay protection) 1


Input RP (relay protection) 2
Relay protection spool
Prohibition HABP
Prohibition wardrobe of
automatic load transfer (ALT)
Prohibition reinstallation of
normal mode (RNM)

1
9

XT9:8
XT9:1

Key of HABP

2
0

XT9:9
XT9:1

Key of wardrobe of automatic


load transfer (ALT)

2
1

XT9:10
XT9:18

Key of reinstallation of normal


mode (RNM)

2
2

XT9:11
XT9:18

Reset

Normally close contact unit


condition of switch input
2
Normally open contact unit
condition of section switch
Normally close contact unit
condition of section switch
Open position relay of
input switch 1
Close position relay of
input switch 1
Open position relay of
input switch 2
Open position relay of
input switch 2
Normally close contact unit
of circuit breaker measuring
voltage section 1
Normally close contact unit
of circuit breaker measuring
voltage section 2
Starting relay protection on
the input 1
Starting relay protection on
the input 2
Starting relay protection on
the section switches
Prohibition of starting
Prohibition of starting staff
ABP
Prohibition of starting
reinstallation of normal
mode (RNM)
Clarence of starting HABP
when the key is stand on a
normal position
Clarence of starting staff
ABP when the key is stand
on a normal position
Clarence of starting
reinstallation of normal
mode (RNM) when the key
is stand on a normal
position
Reset process command

4. Discrete output blocks


71


Contacts
E1 block
1
XT2:14
XT2:15
2

Connect of switch input 1

Disconnect Q2

Disconnect of switch input


2
Connect of switch input 2

Disconnect SD 2 CB (central
busbar)

XT2:13
XT2:14

10

XT2:15
XT2:16
XT2:15
XT2:17

11

Connect Q1

XT2:1
XT2:2

Disconnect of switch input


1

Disconnect Q1

Disconnect SD 1CB (central


busbar)

Destination

XT2:12
XT2:13
XT2:10
XT2:11
XT2:8
XT2:9
XT2:7
XT2:6
XT2:4
XT2:5
XT2:16
XT2:17

Symbols

Connect Q2
Disconnect Q3
Connect Q3

Disconnect of switch
section
Connect of switch section
Disconnect of synchronic
engines 1CB (central
busbar) starting device ABP
Disconnect of synchronic
engines 2CB (central
busbar) starting device
ABP

Microprocessor high speed


Alarm gives command for
starting device (MHSSD) work disconnect / connect to
input or output of section
switch
Call
Signal Call
defect

Signal terminal defect

Contacts of outputs relay device do not become reserved false when applying or
removing voltage of operative permanent current with a break of any length [49].
The length of single breaks supply device over the next his reductions. In
conditions are an absence requirements to alarm works:
- to 300 ms without restart of security device;
- over 300 ms with restart of security device for a time no more than 12 second.
Contacts of outputs relay terminal do not become reserved false, that equipment
do not damage when operative permanent current of backward pole to get voltage. The
terminal of HABP device is stable:
- for reported die swinging frequency 1Mherdz according to GOST 51317.4 12-99 (IEC
(International Electrotechnical Commission) 61000-4-12-95) when the degree of fixity
tests are equal to 3. Performance criteria of device jamming in clutter - A to GOST R
51317.4.12-99 (IEC 61000-4-12-95);
- for nanoseconds impulsive noise according to GOST R 51317.4.4-99 (IEC 61000-4.1295) when the degree of fixity tests are equal to 4. Performance criteria of terminal
jamming in clutter A to GOST R51317.4.4-99 (IEC 61000-4-4-95);

72

- for electrical discharge according to GOST R 51317.4.2-99 (IEC 61000-4-2-95) when


the degree of fixity tests are equal to 4. Performance criteria of terminal jamming in
clutter A to GOST R 51317.4.2-99 (IEC 61000-4.2-95);
- - for nanoseconds impulsive noise of big energy according to GOST R 51317.4.5-99
(IEC 61000-4-5-95) when the degree of fixity tests are equal to 4. Performance criteria of
terminal jamming in clutter A to GOST R 51317.4.5-99 (IEC 61000-4-5-95);
- - for magnetic field effect of plant frequencies to GOST R 50648 -94 (IEC 1000-4-8-93)
according to degree of fixity is equal to 4.
- 30 A/m for continuous magnetic field;
- 300 A/m for short term magnetic field;
- for expose impulsive magnetic pole 300 A/m according to GOST 29280-92 when the
degree of fixity tests are equal to 4. Performance criteria of terminal jamming in clutter for
magnetic impulsive pole resistance A to GOST 29280-92 [16].
Communicative ability of contact outputs relay according to GOST 14312-79. Operating
for turn on and disconnect of switches circuitry current with inductive load permanent time.
Which accordingly continuity 0.04 second, 1/0,4/0,2/0,15 A.
Contacts admitted turn on circuitry with current:
- before 10 A during 1,0 second,
- before 30 A during 0,2 second,
- before 40 A during 0,03 second.
Contacts endurance of communication is at least 200 cycles.
Contacts ability of communication outputs relay which operating to outwardly circuits of
direct current with inductivity voltages with permanent time t. Which continuity 0,02 second not
less than 30 Vt accordingly when current consist from 1/0,4/0,2/0,15 A and 48/110/220/250 V of
voltages.
Contacts endurance of communication at least:
10000 cycles when inductivity voltage with permanent time T = 0,005 second.
6500 cycles when inductivity voltage with permanent time T = 0,02 second.
Contacts relay communication ability which operating to outwardly circuits of alarms not
less than 30 Vt in the circuitry of direct current with inductivity voltage of direct current no more
than 0,005 second. When voltage from 24 to 250 V or when current to 2 A.
The power of using device when wiring for him of current nominal value and voltage
[59].
Elements of device terminal in normal mode must be protractedly pass a 200 % nominal
design center of alternating current and 120 % voltage of operative permanent current, 150 %
nominal center of alternative voltage. Combine with blocks which established in the package of
device terminal . It must be achieved with the aid of starting connection voltages and
bracket in the current circuit.
The nominal wire sections must be no more than 1,5 mm2 for current circuits and no
more than 0,75 mm2 for other circuits. Allowable error from the shown requirement of
conditions securing to thermal and mechanical strength [60].
Termination security of device must be corresponds to class 2 according to GOST 1043482.
The mean useful time of device must be consisting at least 20 years according to
conditions holding requirement technical arrangements maintained with change. If it is necessary
to change materials and complements which has least term.The mean life term no more 25000
73

hours according to GOST 27.402-95. Mean time to recovery (MTTR) working capacity device
security conditions in the presence of full completes of spare blocks are no more than 2 hour.
The size of terminal HABP (figure 2.33) 270x265x238 mm. Mounting dimensions :
252x190 mm, weight no more than 9 kg.

Figure2.33. Overall dimensions of HABP


Mean warranty term safety of device equal to 2 years according to GOST R 51910
2002.
The work time of alarm HABP (adjusted for outputs relay) no more than 0,022 second
when the current is absence and becomes undergo great leaps of output voltages from 1,6 to o,8
value of voltages (choosing ABP mode with time delay it can be without notes of time on the
operating) [58].
The work time HABP no more than 0,022 second when the current is absence and
undergo great leaps of emergency voltage modes of nominal value relatively reserve from 00 to
1800 (choosing ABP mode with time delay it can be without notes of time on the operating) [79].
The time of refund SD HABP (starting device) no more than 0,01 second when it is
turning on of contact blocks of section switch.
2.4. Oscillogram works of HABP
Oscillogram changeable of network parameters when failure to switch of entry feeders of
46 substation 31 Novokuibyshev plant of synchronic alcohol (figure 2.33) drawing on the
figure 2.34.

74

Figure 2.34. Electrical supply substation 31 Novokuibyshev plant of synchronic


alcohol scheme
For the basic of a technical requentivety to device complex HABP are held calculation
research and analyze of accidents and after accident modes of substation work to 6 kV. Also
identifies a dependence of critical time breaking supply from mean parameters of synchronically
high voltages and asynchronically engines and voltage hubs [61].

Figure 2.35. Changes of oscillagram parameters of sets when the device HABP are complex
working
On the oscillegram has fixed the follow parameters;
The first line line voltage UAB of the first sections;
The second line line voltage UAB of the second section;
The third line beat voltage between phases of A the first and the sections;
The fourth line A current phase of research input spool sections;
The fifth line A SD1 current phase;
The sixth line the sign of entry device ABP for the disconnected inputs of emergency sections;
The seventh line the sign of entry device ABP for the turn on section switch.
Experience has affirmed the central importance of theoretical and practical position
underlying cause of elaboration complex device HABP which it has shown the efficiency his
works.

75

The complex works of device HABP was successfully wed on the plants LTD
Togliattikauchuk, AK Transneft, Novokuibyshev synthetic alcohol plant Synthesisrubber
Sterlitamak town, JD Salavatnefteorgyntez, New Ufa Oil Refinery and others.
Main advantage of the HABP
1. More than an order of magnitude time cycle of HABP are shortens. In the normal time cycle
of ABP switching to a reserve source are consist t 4 = 0,7 5,0 second, when high speed ABP t4
= 0,04 0,15 second.
2. In the normal ABP for the starting can let engines with surmise power Pg no more than 0,3
SH (nominal power of supply transformation). In the high speed ABP, all engines are losing
section supply stands in the work.
3. HABP operation in contrast to easy ABP, the synchronic engines are not loosing synchronism,
throat it is not necessary put out the line and resynchronition.
4. Engine turn on currents which supplied from damaged inputs are not increase 2 2,5 IH. By the
way, it is increased resource of electrical engines and mechanisms.
5. Transition process after operating HABP are ends at ten per seconds.
The operating experience designed and implemented HABP by us device for the many oil
chemical plants has shown the high efficiency works in the short damage engines of electrical
supply voltages 0,4 -6 10 kV. For instance, in one of the oil chemical plants for the period
2000 year. The device of HABP has a good worked over 60 times and ensured continuity saves
of technical process [62].
2.5. Specification and estimated cost of device
Amount of delivery of equipments and service for implemented HABP.
The amount of the delivery are consist the next components:
blocks of entry device MBSD HABP
introduction and section vacuum switches on the voltage 10 kV, the nominal current is
1000 A and the nominal current of switch is 20 kV.
Electronics and power blocks of individual dynamical control device with vacuum
switch gears.
Time schedule of works:

stag
e
1

Table 2.12

Name of works

Target date
week

Data collection for types of cells, nominal switch


currents, input currents PS , characteristic and power of
loads, plan of location of device PS.
1.2. Excitement of calculations for definition of critical
times of electrical supply breaks for each substations.
1.3. Designed and concordance of the project documents.
1.4. Delivery switches with finalire sets for defined set of
cells.
2.1. Installations of high voltage vacuum switches.
2.2 Manufacture of entry devices of high speed ABP.
2.3. Delivery of high speed ABP microprocessor, monitors
performance of the electricity quantity and electricity
consumption on the SG 6(10).
3.1. Trial operation switches.
3.2. Operating

2 weeks

1.1.

5 weeks
4 weeks
10 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks
2 weeks
76

3.3. Commissioning HABP in the commercial exploitation.


4 weeks
Total
32 weeks
In addition, that committee to gather information, projects, determine the critical
time of electrical supply break for SG taking into account actually connecting loads,
doing the project of HABP, delivery of power equipments, installations and adjusting
complex device HABP on the substations consumers, arrangements experienced and
industrial exploration of HABP [65].
Device formulation and services
Name of works and equipments
Block of starting device HABP kV with Zip set
Vacuum switches on the 10 kV, IH = 1000 A,
Iswich = 20 kA
Electronic and power blocks of inductive
dynamical control device with feeder of
vacuum switch
Control cable of the second communication
type of KVVGE 191,5
Services
Committee to gather information according
types of cells, nominal currents of switches,
entry current PS, characteristics and powers of
loads, plan locations of device on the PS.
Calculation research with determine purpose of
breaking supply critical time for practical loads
of consumers SG 6, 10, 35 kV.
Doing the HABP project for exceeding scheme
and equipments RP -11
Delivered switches with modification set for
cells, microprocessor of high speed HABP
Mounting of switching equipment
Monitoring analysis of equality electricity and
electrical power consumption on the SG.
Chef mounting and commissioning activities
of device HABP
Operation and maintenance phase of HABP

1
2
3
4
5
6

Type of equipments
MBSD

Table 2.13
quantity
1
3
3

KVVGE 191,5

250 m

Detritions of data for elaborate project


of linking HABP and scheming
electrical supply systems.
Determine of critical time breaking
electrical supply for ensuring
continuity of technical process of plant
Development of project documents
Switches 3 thing
IDUU 3 thing, MBPU 1 thing
Mounting of switches the second circuit
switching
Determine parameters of setting and
lining of Starting device HABP
Chef mounting and lining of
switches, set of HABP

Estimated cost of devices and servicesTable 2.14


Name of works and equipments
Block of starting device MBSD
Vacuum switch -10 to 10kV, IH = 1000A, Iswitch =
20kA
Electronic and power of control block with vacuum
switch feeders together lighting switch
Control cable the second communication of type
KVVGE 191,5
Calculation investigation to find determine of critical
time breaking supply for consumers SG 6(10) kV
Designing

quantit
y
1
3

Cost, thousand
tenge
300,00
*

289,00

250 m

25,00
400,00
276,30
77

7
8

Installation of communication and electrical devices


122,80
Chief installation and testing - commissioning works
1413,10
of device HABP
Summery
22,10
Added value tax 18%
1435,20
Total
*Vacuum switch VBM 10 to 10 kV IH = 1000A, Iswitch = 20 kV with set revision
which needs 3 pieces. The cost of thing is increasing to 540 thousand tenge.
Vacuum switch VM 1T 10 to 10 kV IH = 1000A, Iswitch = 20 kV with set
revision which needs 3 pieces. The cost of thing is increasing to 1540 thousand
tenge.
Vacuum switch Evolis 7P1 1250 to 10 kV IH = 1250A, Iswitch = 20 kV with set
revision which needs 3 pieces. The cost of thing is increasing to 1140 thousand
tenge.

2.6. CONCLUTION
The possibility of producing implementation HABP on the LLP
Almatyteplocommunenergo and which necessitates to increase energy efficient of company.
The algorithm or method of automatic switching on reserve electric supply is developed. Which
based on changing power location direct sequential on the entire SG. Also it is allowed relied
single channel principle of manage HABP.
According to principle scheme of HABP (figure 2.24) the laboratory sample of
microprocess trigger unit SG 0,4 kV for the next experimental research.
The algorithm which liaises with technical process with systematical automatic starter
ofHABP on the distribution devices SG of boiler. Which increase the reliability of electric supply
and effective of technical process of Akkent boiler room.

IIITECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF


HABP IN THERMAL POWER INDUSTRIES
78

3.1. Boiler stop


The boiler stop can be scheduled outage, short term and emergency stop.
The scheduled stop of boiler produced on schedule in any specific sequence. Stopped the
supply of fuel, in a coal ram stinging his remnants on the grid and stopped the air (stopped fan)
within 10 minutes ventilated flue, then stopped the exhauster and closed the damper boiler outlet.
After stopping burning in the furnace and formulation steam of boiler the boiler disconnected
from steam highway and opened venting steam superheater for 30 50 minutes for his cooling.
Then cleans the furnace from the rest of fuel, ash, slug and unloading ash bunker. During the
stop of boiler non stop closely monitor the level of water in the boiler and his feeds. After
disconnecting boiler from steam highway his fuel to a required of the upper limit. Within 4
hours the boiler slowly cooling, and furnace doors and damper boiler outlet must be closed. In a
4 6 hours after stopping there is vented the flues with the help natural thrust and venting of
boiler. Later 8 10 hours after stop the boiler to accelerate cooling they are opened damper
boiler outlet and turn on exhauster, the venting is return. Fully water very slowly, at the same
time opening air tap or safety valves. After that boiler disconnected from others boilers
instigating metal cap between bosses on the steams, feeds, bleeders and blasting lines. Since then
inspected flue, boiler and auxiliary devices. Staff keeps records all about failures on the dairy.
During stopped boiler all that failures will removes [57].
Short term stopping boiler unit can be caused by destroying his normal work due to
failure of equipments or others reasons. This can cause by emergency. Following operations in
this situations like that, the same as schedule stopping boiler. After disconnection boiler from
steam highway and opening venting steam superheater monitoring to monometer, water gauges
devices and general situation of boiler and furnace.
Emergency stopping of auxiliary devices can be the following situations:
- When pressure of steam in the boiler over required (despite reduction feeding fuel,
venting and thrust and a high level feeding water);
- When the leak of water and over flow water of boiler;
- Failure of both safety value;
- Due to the failure of manometer and all the water gauge devices;
- Failure all the feed pumps and stopping feeded the boiler by water;
- having a significantly damages of boiler elements (gap the pipe, appear the fractures
and leak etc);
- detection anomaly in the working of boiler (hits, bites, noises, vibrations);
- destroying of masonry, heating, sheeting of boiler;
- in the faire which threatens boiler.
When emergency stopping boiler, immediately disconnected from mean steam highway
and stopped feeding fuel and air, sharply reduced thrust;
Heating fuel covered by water or throw away immediately [18].
3.2.
The order of actions of servicing staff of boiler must:
In the emergency situation the servicing staff got to go file a report with the main
engineer of boiler or responsibility worker:
- the pressure of steam increasing over than normal more than 10 % and to continue
increase. Despite to reducing of fuel, venting, thrust and feeding by water;
- occurred descent of water is prohibits;
Servicing staff in the case of emergency stopping of boiler must:
79

stopped fuel and air inside of furnace, sharply weaken. When the boiler works with
gas, immediately closed tap on the gas pipeline to boiler;
Boiler disconnected from main stream pipes. The steam throws away via emergency valve.
When temperature is sharply increase of leave gas outside of boiler over 2400C. It is necessary:
- closed valves on the boiler and closed taps on the burner;
- opened tap on the candle;
- switched off venting fan and closed scraper;
- switched off exhauster and closed directing apparatus;
- regulate pressure of gas on the GRU watch for emergency boiler.
According to tasks of project and heat loadings, in the boiler has envisages of
installations two steam boilers types as DSE-4-14GM and two water heating boiler as KV-GM23,26(20)-150. The steam capacity of every DSE-4-14GM is 4 t/h steams. The heat capacity of
every KV-GM-23,26(20)-150 is 23,26 megawatt (20 Gcal/h). Type of water heating boiler KVGM-11,63 (10) has 11,63 megawatt heat capacity.
Water boiler KV-GM-23,26(20)-150
According to the tasks of project has been taken two water boiler as KV GM 23,26(20)
150 Water boiler KV GM 23,26(20) 150 made and deliverer by Bahia boiler plant from
Russia.
Technical characteristics:
heat productivity 23,26 (20) MVt (Gcal/h);
water temperature at the input boiler 70 ;
water temperature at the outout boiler 150 ;
desingn air temperature at the input stoke fire box 20 ;
discharge through the boiler 247 m3/h;
boiler hydraulic resistance upon nominal water flowrate 0,25 MPa or 2,5 kgc/cm2;
air drag of gas circuit 2000 Pa or 200 kgc/m2;
boiler efficiency upon nominal load:
natural gas 92,5 %;
fuel oil -91,0 %.
The boiler standard equipment:
gas fuel single burner boiler as RGMG 20 P which has Q=25,9 MVt or Q=22,3
Gkal/h and one fuel nozzle;
primary air fan as 19ChS 63/3000 which has Q=2000,0 m3/h and H=635 daPa. Motor
N=11,0 kVt, n=3000 rpm one complect;
downstream as DN 1761 which has Q=73000 m3/h and H=280 daPa. MMotor N=160,0
kVt, n=1000 rpm, U=380 V and one compact;
blower fan as VDN 12,5 1500which has Q=39100 m 3/h, H=532 daPa. Motor N=90,0
kVt, n=1500 rpm, U=380 V and one complect.
As is clear to all, a generator uses for clean depositions on the surface boiler.
Water boiler KV GM - 11,63(10)-150
According to the tasks of project has been taken two water boiler as KV GM
11,63(10) 150 Water boiler KV GM 11,63 (10) 150 made and deliverer by Bahia boiler
plant from Russia.
Technical characteristics:

heat productivity 11,63 MVt or 10 Gcal/h;

water temperature at the input boiler 70 ;

water temperature at the output 150 ;


80

design air temperature at the input stoke fire 20 ;


discharge through the boiler 125 m3/h;
boiler hydraulic resistance upon nominal water flowrate 0,25 MPa or 2,5 kgc/cm2;
air drag of gas circuit 2000 Pa or 200 kgc/m2;
boiler efficiency upon nominal load:
natural gas 92,5 %;
fuel oil -91,0 %.
The boiler standard equipment:
gas fuel single burner boiler as RGMG 10 P which has Q=13,02 MVt or
Q=11,2 Gkal/h and one fuel nozzle;
primary air fan as 19ChS 63/3000 which has Q=2000,0 m3/h and H=635 daPa.
Motor N=11,0 kVt, n=3000 rpm one complect;
downstream as DN 12,5 which has Q=73000 m3/h and H=280 daPa. Motor
N=30,0 kVt, n=1000 rpm, U=380 V and one compact;
blower fan as VDN 12,5 1500which has Q=39100 m3/h, H=532 daPa. Motor
N=90,0 kVt, n=1500 rpm, U=380 V and one complect.
As is clear to all, a generator as GUV38PMD uses for clean depositions on the surface boiler.
Steam boilers
According to the tasks of project has been taken two steam boilers as DSE-4-14GM.
Steam boiler DSE-4-14GM made and deliverer by Bahia boiler plant from Russia.
Technical characteristics:
steam output 4,0 t/h;
working steam pressure on the output 0,7 1,3 MPa or 7 13 kilogram - force/cm2;
feed water temperature 50 104 ;
gas / fuel oil design efficiency 91% / 90%;
According project, the boiler is treatments as follows:
5. downstream DN-9X-1000;
Q=993,0 m3/h, H=80 daPa;
motor N=11,0 kVt, n=1000 rpm, U=380V and one complect;
6. blower fan VDN -6,3X 1500;
Q=5100,0 m3/h, H=138 daPa;
motor N=5,5 kVt, U=380 V and one complect.
7. cast iron economizer EP2 94I - one complect;
8. generator GUV38PMD one complect for two boilers;
As is clear to all, a generator uses for clean depositions on the surface boiler.
3.3. Baselines date for Technical and economic calculation of Akkent boiler room
Tariffs on the heating:4124.39 tenge/Gkal

The average heating consumption:14465.025 Gkal

The most could month in year:January

The amount of boiler capacity, capacity 38 Gkal per hour.


2.1.Heating flow per day:
14465.025 Gkal / 31 days= 466.613 Gkal.
2.2.Heating flow per hour:
466.613 Gkal /24 hour = 19.442 Gkal
81

2.3.Heating flow per 15 hour::


19.442 Gkal*15 = 291.633 Gkal.
2.6.Material damages in the boiler room:
291.633 Gkal * 4124.39 = 1202810.573 tenge.
The conclusions of calculation
When emergency situation like stopping boiler in the boiler room for fifteen hours, the damages
consist about 1202810.573 tenge.
3.4. Economic efficiency interstitial of HABP
Economic potential was doing on the ground of data which has been 2004 year.
According to that results of monitoring audit, materials of technical meeting in office of
general engineer.
Economic potential when HABP is installation on the plant, it can be as:
E economic p. = E1+E2+E3
Where,
E1 forward losses from production unserved in connection with damages of electrical
supply in the 2004 year,
E2 collateral losses to blow, backwashing, removal of remaining of starting modes,
E3 restoration of the ground funds. It is becomes as changing oil switch to vacuum.
1. Forward losses from production unserved in connection with damages of
electrical supply.
Table 3.15
The lost productions and their cost on account of electrical supply
Production view
Amount of unserved
Cost, tenge
Total unserved,
milliontenge
Heat, Gkal
466,613
4124,39
1,93
Hot water, cube meter
4,5
7043,14
0,032
Fuel (gas), Gkal
665,68
21725,78
14,46
Capital consumption:
1
1200000
1,2
1. Pump, thing
2. Boiler, thing
1
42000000
42
Summary
59,622
2. Collateral losses (blow, backwashing, removal of remaining, starting modes) consist of 3 %
from losses from production unserved. Which connected with damages of electrical supply,
that consist of:
Ccollateral = 0,03*Cforward= 0,03*59,622=1,789 milliontenge
3. Restoration of the ground funds consist of changing oil switch to vacuum. The total cost is:
Crestoration= 5,5 milliontenge
Economic potential, this is technical solutions consist of:
CEconomic p. = Cforward + Ccollateral + Crestoration = 59,622 + 1,789 +2,25 = 63,661
milliontenge.
Joint costs to increase of safety electrical systems establishing an effective system HABP
are consist of 177000000tenge.
Paybacks of establishing device HABP in the electrical systems of plants are consist of:
C HABP
177
Tpayback = C joint cost = 63,661 =0,027 year =33,3 months.

82

3.5.

Conclusion
The best interests of the economical reliability of enterprise are necessary related
resources for the implementation. Which was impressing determine requirement to increase the
economical temp in a common and his base level industry.
The economic security of industry must supply the necessary Law bases and is carried
out in accordance with economic plan.
Reaching of specificities thermal energy which influences to provide of economic safety
industry which allowed influence of constituent economical security LLP
Almatyteplocommunenergo and assess critical situation in the industry.
Main causes of emergency in the operation of boilers are:leaking water, increasing of
pressure, violation of water modes, production faults and retires.
Analyzes the causes of accidents has shown that obsolete of electric technical equipment
SG which do not supply continuity of technical process of thermal energy devices.
The starter of HABP allowed containing the continuity of technological process any difficulty
emergency situations in the systems of electric supply.
Thus, installing complex of HABP allowed bringing the next effects:
Ensuring reliability and continuity of electric supply in the boiler room LLP
Almatyteplocommunenergo. By providing regular schedule achieve through plenty of time for
diversion to reserve power supplies during 0.034 second, also to eliminated material damage to
the company for 1202810.578 tenge.
Recommendation
Advantages of the developed microprocessor the starting arrangement consists in
the following:
The HABP starting device is based on digital systems of processing of values of entrance
signals.Lung HABP (at the program level) adapts for various schemes of the distributing
device.
Switching time for a reserve source is reduced. At three-phase KZ and a power-supply
circuit of section of the distributing device to 22 - 44 ms (for example, when using VW1
switches - T ABB CalorEmag or BB/NELLShell firms) in the boiler room Akkent.
Technical mode may more reliably work for every occasion of emergency
situation.Almost eliminated break down of technical mode at different intimal and
external short current of electrical network in the boiler room Akkent.
Damage from products delivery reduces 1202810 with HABP at the boiler room LLP
ATKE.

83

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