Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quality - the totality of characteristics of an object relating to its ability to satisfy stated
and implied needs.
Environment - according to GOST R 22.1.02-95
The collection of funds data and socio-productive activities of man, including the environment
and elements of cultural or socio-economic environment, together and directly affecting the
people and their economy.
Process - a set of interrelated resources and activities that transform incoming elements
into outgoing.
Risk - the combination of the probability of application and the severity of possible
injuries or other damage to health in a hazardous situation.
System - group of interacting objects that perform a general functional task. It is based on
a certain mechanism.
Customer satisfaction - perception of the degree of fulfillment of their demands.
notes
Consumer complaints are a common indicator of low customer satisfaction but their
absence does not necessarily imply high customer satisfaction.
Even when customer requirements have been agreed with them and fulfilled, this does
not necessarily ensure high customer satisfaction.
ACRONYMS
LLP limited liability partnership
CMA controlling and measure apparatus
TDC technical department control
ND normative documents
HABP high speed automatically backup power
ABP automatically backup power
ID - induced draught
FD - forced draught
ESP electrostatic precipitator
CEP - Condensate Extraction Pump
AEP - Air Extraction Pump
BFP - Boiler Feed Pump
HPT - high pressure turbine
IPT - intermediate pressure turbine
CHU - constant head unit
DP - differential pressure
FC - Flow Control
PA primary air
RST reheat steam temperature
IBT - inter bus transformers
CHP - coal handling plant switchboard
UAT - unit auxiliary transformers
OBMS - over band magnetic separator
MD - metal detector
MT - mobile tripper
ILMS - inline magnetic separators
RPG - rack & pinion gate
PCS - pull cord switches
BSS - belt sway switches
ZSS - zero speed switches
EC&I networks - electrical control & instrumentation networks
BG - barring gear
BCR - building codes and regulations
SG searching gear
HALP - high-speed automatic load transfer
ALT - automatic load transfer
RSD - reserve switching device
SS - security service
CEC - cable end connector
SC - short circuit
IDDA - Inductively dynamical device of accelerate
MHSSD - Microprocessor block of starting device
RMS - root mean square
NVRAM - nonvolatile random access memory
RNM - reinstallation of normal mode
3
CB - central busbar
MTTR -mean time to recovery
IEC - international electrotechnical commission
Relevance of research
The relevance of the master thesis is related to the fact, that Kazakhstan has great
economic development of the growing demands and shortages of all types of energy are
increasing. The problem of the providing continuity of technological process during short
duration breach of electric power supply in industrial enterprises is becoming increasingly
relevant and particular in the current thermal power plants operating in the Republic of
Kazakhstan.
Moreover, at present reliability breach of electric power supply consumers of first
category by RED (the rules of electrical devices) and technological process breach, including
power plants and thermoelectric plants is a short circuit in schemas of internal and external
electrical power supply substation of the above mentioned objects.
Novelty
The novelty of the research is related to the fact, that in connection with marked
necessary during reconstruction of the thermal power plants in industrial facilities install modern
setting and devices REC (relaying emergency control), which can delegated with the device
HABP (high speed automatically backup power).
At the same time thermoelectric plants systems use the technology of HABP in industrial
electric power supply.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Structure of dissertation
The goals and tasks of dissertation are determining his structure. The thesis consists from
introduction three units, conclusionand list of biography which consist of 35 resources. The main
text of dissertation published in 86 pages and consists of 15 tables and 35 figures.
Introduction
5
Research on energy is relevant for whole wired. Much of this related with a lot of
electricity and thermal energy for humanity. Also, energy sector is reflection of the condition of
development economic countries.
Nowadays, economic development of Kazakhstan closely ties with energy. The economic
developments in the modern conditions are not possible without further development of electric
power base. Obviously, that the base of the that development will be a long time thermal energy,
which also close ties with heating of citizen and power plant objects that represented necessary
this further development.
Social economic importance thermal energy in the throughout the country which
determined consumers of power and hot water of dwellings and social domestic needs of
citizen. Especially importance of thermal energy are shows in the cold time of year when from
the provision of heating depend on country waste.
In accordance with Presidential decrees of December 2012 year approved by conception
to entire Kazakhstan among the core thirty countries in a world. One of the factors influence for
development and increasing competitiveness economic sectors. Republic of Kazakhstan where is
more efficient functioning of subjects thermal energy and electric power. That program provides
for volume investigation in an energy sector, also the reduction level of core funds of subjects,
normative losses in the networks through the moderation and development infrastructure,
increasing transparency of the committees subjects.
At present time, according to Low of the Republic of Kazakhstan of July 1998 year On
Natural Monopolies and Regulated Markets in the areas. Natural Monopolies in the Republic of
Kazakhstan include fifteen services (materials, works) including service increasingly, influencing
for development sectors as economic and livelihood for communities, including:
To transfer services and (or) distribution electric power;
Production, transfer, distribution and (or) supply thermal energy, except for the thermal energy,
generated with using thermal soil, soil water, river, water bodies, run off water from plants and
electric stations, sewerage;
Emergency situations as in a world whole pretty much like on earthquake, snow
avalanches and landslides, river spill and fire, strong wind and absence of rain, waves of hot and
cold, hail, snow and pouring with raining. In the category, unavailable wear of energy generation
devices and distribution of electrics and thermal networks.
For solving short term energy safety, where the main technical task of modern thermal
energy is reduction of energy using and costs linked with plants of thermal energy, increasing
efficiency of using fuel energy resources and creating conditions for economic transform to the
energy saving technology.
At the first time measures to increasing of efficiency aim at two base modern problems of
centralized energy. It is reducing enormous losses which generated energy when delivering to
consumers, also reducing losses linking with incomplete unburned fuel into force which has been
rendered obsolete and physical wear of equipment.
First task is putting in order to existing systems of heating and thermal consumers,
introduction to the order of new objects of thermal and energy supply for providing with thermal
energy of developing plants and increasing cities.
Within this addressing the challenges automatization management parts of boilers
primary measurement converters and static frequency vectors transformers that could to increase
economic efficient works not only his equipments it also equipments of steam consuming and
also electric engines of drives of smoke extractions and ventilations.
Installing of a new methods of management of burning process which continuity level in
drum of boiler, dilution in the fire of boiler. There were realized by supported the optimal
6
measure process of burning also by keeping maximal possible Coefficient of efficiency boiler as
a installed as a in transitional modes which excluding the loses of fuel through re regulating all
the complex above activities were implemented allowed increase capacity of boiler by high
speed management of equipment and keeping accumulated contain it is energy on the maximal
level. Marked by above complex events allowed on the refurbishment of boiler quality reduced
unit costs of fuel for the purposes of heat and also realize economics of fuel before six percent.
Economics of energy after installing frequency transformer of management actuates of fans and
smoke extractions are consist 36 47 percent.
At the present time to deal with function and refurbishment of the current system
management realized several options of project solution to build Industrial Control of enterprise.
Purpose of creating an Industrial Control is replace existing obsolete engines owing to the
advances in technology by the most modern means of automation and creating their services a
highly secured, functionally and informatively systems which provided continuity and security
work of technological process and improving the conditions of work technological staff. The
object of atomization is common boiler equipment in consist of: networks and feed pumps.
Characteristic features of technological process are continuity of technological process in a
period of exploration and there is some overlap: fire hazard and explosion hazards which caused
by using highly flammable materials protected high pressure of steam; independent
technological nodes. According to this feature requirement for structure and functionally
systems, the system must consist with two trust systems: information management and local
government.
Information management system must provide: object management of boiler in all
exculpation modes; central control for an object condition; switch off parameters of normal
alarm; regulation of process parameters on standards of Law; management by individuals tones
of process with a special algorithm; hand emplaced and remotely management of process;
formulation of technological and emergency signals; the control of command execution;
differential access of operators to individual operations; project of systems from accidental
inspection damage; account technic economical rate; formulation records about productive
activities of boiler. Archiving dates about technological condition and about technological
process parameters.
Staff actions to manage equipment of boiler, also unauthorized access to manage of
information. It is necessary to meet the new challenges maximal using opportunity of modern
security equipment and systemic automatic which based on the main of microprocessor
computer equipment. In individual accidents communication equipment 0.4;6(10) kV.
Ultimate goal of program is a fully fledged automatic control system of technological
process of enterprise sector may also allowed released core capacity of energy conversation and
his destruction: thermal energy production 10 percent, thermal network of city 10 percent,
consumers of thermal energy (built) 30 percent.
I.
Thermal power generation plant or thermal power stations the most conventional source of
electric power. Thermal power plants also referred as coal thermal power planted steam turbine
power plant. Before going into detail of this topic, we will try to understand the line diagram of
electric power generation plant. A power generation plant mainly consists of alternator which
runs with help of steam turbine. The steam is obtained from high pressure boilers. Generally in
Kazakhstan, bituminous coal, brown coal and peat are used as fuel of boiler. The bituminous coal
is used as boiler fuel has volatile matter from 8 to 33 % and ash content 5 to 16 %. To increase
the thermal efficiency, the coal is used in the boiler in powder form [34].
In coal fired thermal power plant, the steam is produced in high pressure in the steam
boiler due to burning of fuel (pulverized coal) in boiler furnaces. This steam is further supper
heated in a super heater. This supper heated steam then enters into the turbine and rotates the
turbine blades. The turbine is mechanically so coupled with alternator that its rotor will rotate
with the rotation of turbine blades [28].
After entering in turbine the steam pressure suddenly falls and corresponding volume of
the steam increases. After imparting energy to the turbine rotor the steam passes out of the
turbine blades into the condenser. In the condenser the cold water is circulated with the help of
pump which condenses the low pressure wet steam. This condensed water is further supplied to
low pressure water heater where the low pressure steam increases the temperature of this feed
water, it is again heated in high pressure [2].
For better understanding we furnish every step of function of a thermal power station as
follows,
1) First the pulverized coal is burnt into the furnace of steam boiler.
2) High pressure steam is produced in the boiler.
3) This steam is then passed through the super heater, where it further heated up.
4) This supper heated steam is then entered into a turbine at high speed.
5) In turbine this steam force rotates the turbine blades that means here in the turbine the stored
potential energy of the high pressured steam is converted into mechanical energy.
Line Diagram of Power Plant
6) After rotating the turbine blades, the steam has lost its high pressure, passes out of turbine
blades
and enters into a condenser.
7) In the condenser the cold water is circulated with help of pump which condenses the low
pressure
wet steam.
8) This condensed water is then further supplied to low pressure water heater where the low
pressure
steam increases the temperature of this feed water, it is then again heat where the high pressure
of steam is used for heating.
9) The turbine in thermal power station acts as a prime mover of the
heated in a high pressure heateralternatored alternator.
Overview of Thermal Power Plant
A typical Thermal Power Station Operates on a Cycle which is shown below.
LIGHT UP PROCESS
2 Akkent has direct firing system. In this system, a controlled quantity of
3 crushed coal is fed to each bowl mill (pulveriser) by its respective feeders and primary
4 air is supplied from the primary air fans which dries the coal as it is being pulverized
5 and transports the pulverized coal through the coal piping system to the coal burners.
6 There are six pulverizes out of which four are used and two remains in standby. The
7 raw coal feeders supply 74 TPH of coal to each mill.
8 The pulverized coal and air discharged from the coal burners is directed towards the
9 center of the furnace to form firing circle. There are 24 tilting, tangentially fired coal
10 burners fitted at the four corners of the boiler at six elevations.
11 The secondary air heating system supplies secondary air for combustion in the furnace
12 around the pulverized coal burners and through auxiliary air compartments directly [66].
MILLING SYSTEM
COAL BUNKER:
These are in-process storage silos used for storing crushed coal coming from the coal
handling plant through conveyor belts. There are six coalbunkers supplying coal to each mill and
are located at top of the mills to aid in gravity feeding of the coal. Each bunker can store coal,
which can be used for 12hrs.
COAL FEEDER: The purpose of coal feeder is to transfer coal at a pre- determined rate, from coalbunker
to the mill. The coal feeder comprises two continuous chains with L sections flight bars mounted
between the chains at every fifth link .The chains runs on sprockets mounted at each end of the
feeder to given an upper strand movement towards the driven ends and a lower strand movement
in the opposite direction. The drive shaft is supported on two self aligning bearing mounted in
the Plummer block on support outside the feeder casing, shaft sealing is achieved by the lip seals
in the sealing housing and mounted in board of the bearing to abut the feeder casing.
The tail sprocket shaft is mounted in adjustable bearing blocks adjacent to the feeder
casing with positioned which allow the feeder chain to be tensioned [23].
Both upper and lower strands run over full width carrying plates with the lower strands
located by angle section guides mounted on the feeder wall. The upper and lower carrying plates
and the inside wall are protected from wear by replaceable stainless steel panels, chains are kept
clean by rubber wiper.
Feeder input is achieved by roller chain drive to the conveyor via a fixed speed electric
motor driving a variable speed gear box, torque limiter and fixed output gear box the electric
motor is flanged mounted to variable speed gear box, coupled to the fixed output gear box by a
flexible coupling and torque limiter.
The principle of operation of coal feeder is that coal flows from the bunker into the chain feeder
via feed hopper and is conveyed to the mill, when the feeder is in the operation, the conveyor
chain drag a fixed head of coal towards the driven ends of the feeder. At the end of the carrying
plates the coal falls through the conveyor onto the bottom plate, where it is picked up by the
returning flight bars and dragged back along the feeder to fall into the mill.
PULVERISER MILL:
There are six mills located adjacent to the furnace at 0 m level .These mills pulverize coal
to desired fineness to be fed to the furnace for combustion.
The main structure of the pulverisering mill is fabricated from mild steel in three
cylindrical sections, the bottom section (the mill housing support )which support the entire unit
and encloses the mill drive gear unit, a center section (the mill housing)that contains the rotary
grinding element and upper section (the classifier housing )comprising an accommodate the gas
loading cylinders of the mill loading gear .A platform around the upper section provide an access
to an inspection door and to the top of the mill routine maintenance and is served by detachable
ladder .The grinding element comprises of 3 rotator rollers.
12
The raw coal enter the mill through inlet and fall into the grinding zones, where rotating
bottom grinding and transport coal through the grinding element into the primary air stream.
The primary air enters through the inlet duct in the mill while goes to the furnace from
four outlet ducts at the top of the mill. The ground fuel particle are picked up by the primary air
stream after it is passed through the throat plates and carried upwards towards the classifier [22].
The larger particle are initially carried upwards by the air stream and circulate over the
upper grinding ring before falling back into the grinding zone by virtue of their weight .The coal
air mixture then passes into the classifier, where any remaining oversize particle are separated
out and fall down to the return skirt until their commutative weight is sufficient to deflect the
flaps and return them into the grinding zone.
The setting of the classifier vane controls the fineness of the ground product.
Heavy material such as pyrites and tramp iron which has passed through grinding zone without
being pulverized is carried around throat plate and discharged through a counter balance relief
gate into the space below the yoke.
Main Boiler Components
The major accessories of a steam-generating unit are listed as below:
Furnace.
Economizer.
Boiler drum.
Down comers.
Water walls.
Riser tubes.
Super heaters.
Repeaters.
Desupeheaters.
Furnace
A boiler furnace is the first pass of the boiler in which fuel is burned and from which the
combustion products pass to the super heater and second pass of boiler. The combustion process
is a continuous process, which takes place in first pass of the boiler and controlled by fuel input
through coal feeders. It is a radiant type and water-cooled furnace and enclosure is made up of
water wall. The furnace is open at the bottom to allow ash/clinkers to fall freely into the furnace
bottom ash hopper (through a furnace throat), and at the top of its rear wall, above the arch, to
allow hot gases to enter the rear gas pass [3].
The basic requirements that a furnace must satisfy are:
1. Proper installation, operation and maintenance of fuel burning equipment.
2. Sufficient volume for combustion requirements.
3. Adequate refractoriness and insulation.
Economizer
The function of an economizer in a steam-generating unit is to absorb heatfrom the flue
gases and add this as sensible heat to the feed water before the feed water enters the evaporative
circuit of the boiler. This additional heating surface in the path of the feed water increases the
efficiency of the steam generating cycle, saving in fuel consumption, thus this additional surface
was named as economizer.
The economizer is placed in the path of the flue gases leaving the boiler, in the boiler rear
gas pass below the rear super heater [17].
The economizer is continuous unlined loop type and water flows in upward direction
and gas flows in the downward direction. Since water flow is from bottom to top so if any steam
is formed during the heat transfer it also moves along with water and prevent the lock up steam
which will cause overheating and failure of economizer tube.
13
A recalculation line with a stop valve and non return valve is incorporated to keep
circulation in economizer into boiler drum when there is fire in furnace but it prevents the feed
water flow into the boiler drum [20].
Boiler drum
The boiler drum is a cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical ends. It contains two
rows of cyclone separators, four rows of drier boxes, a perforated feed water distribution pipe,
and a chemical dosing pipe.
The boiler drum is located on the upper front of the boiler. It is suspended from roof steelwork
by two u-shaped slings.
It forms a part of the water circulation system of the boiler. The drum serves mainly two
functions:
I. The first and primary one is that it separates steam from the mixture of water and steam
discharged into it and to reduce the dissolved solid contents of the steam to below the prescribed
limit of 1 ppm.
II. Secondly, the drum houses all equipments used for purification of steam after being
separated from water. These equipments are known as drum internals.
Drum internals
These are the equipments, which are used to separate water from steam and to direct the
flow of water and steam to obtain an optimum distribution of drum metal temperature in boiler
operation. The drum internals consists of baffle arrangements, devices which change the
direction of flow of steam and water mixture, separators employing spinning action for removing
water from steam or steam purifiers as washers and screen dryers [5].
Down comers
Down comers provide a passage for water from the boiler drum to bottom ring header.
From bottom ring header the water goes to water walls for heat absorption and conversion into
steam heating.To achieve the circulation of water into water wall Boiler circulation pumps are
provided in down comers.
Water walls
Water walls are the necessary elements of the boiler. They serve as the means of heating
and evaporating the feed water supplied to the boiler from the economizers via boiler drum and
down comers.
In large boilers, water walls completely cover the interior surfaces of the furnace
providing practically complete elimination of exposed refractory surface. They usually consist of
vertical tubes membrane and are connected at the top and at the bottom to headers. These tubes
receive water from the boiler drum by means of down comers connected between drum and
water walls lower header.
Water walls absorb 50 percent of the heat released by the combustion of fuel in the furnace,
which is utilized for evaporation of feed water. The mixture of water and steam is discharged
from the top of the water walls into the upper wall header and then passes through riser tubes to
the steam drum.
The design and construction of the water walls depends upon the combustion and steam
conditions and the size of the boiler [29].
Riser tubes
A riser is a tube through which the mixture of water and steam pass from an upper water
wall header to the steam drum.
Super heater
The steam generated by the boiler is usually wet or at the most dry saturated because it is
in direct contact with water. So, in order to get superheated steam, a device known as superheater
has to be incorporated in the boiler.
The function of the super heater system is to accept dry saturated steam from the steam
drum and to supply superheated steam at the specified final temperature of 540 0C, by means of a
series of heat transfer surfaces arranged within the boiler gas passes.
14
A superheated is a surface type heat exchanger generally located in the passage of hot
flue gases. The dry saturated steam from the boiler drum flows inside the super heater tubes and
the hot flue gases flows over the tubes and in this way its temperature is increased at the same
pressure.
The super heater consists of three sections classified as primary super heater, secondary
super heater and final super heater. In Akkent, there are 14 super heater coils which are divided
into above different sections where temperature is increased from approx. 340 0C to 540 0C.
Dry saturated steam from the drum passes through the three sections of super heater,
increasing the temperature to approx. 540 0C as it travels through each section.
Repeater
A repeater is a device that is incorporated in the upper arch of the boiler near the
gooseneck in the path of the outgoing flue gases. As the name indicates, it reheats the. Outlet
steam from the HP turbine and thus increasing its temperature up to the desired value.
The repeater accept cold reheat steam from the HP turbine exhaust and supply hot reheat
steam at the specified outlet steam temperature of 540oC by means of heat transfer surfaces
arranged within the boiler gas passes. The repeater consists of 2 heating coils which finally raise
the temperature of the steam to the required level.
Steam from the HP turbine exhaust enters the repeater system through two parallel
mounted spray water desuperheaters liners located in the cold reheat pipe work, then passes
through reheated, increasing the temperature as it travels through it. Reheated outlet temperature
is controlled by raising or lowering the angle of burner tilt. When this reheated steam enters the
IP turbine, the net efficiency of the cycle is increased [4].
Desuperheaters
Super Heater Desuperheater
The super heater desuperheater is fitted after 10th coil to control the superheated steam at
the specified terminal temperature of 540 0C. The maximum design temperature reduction at the
super heater desuperheater is from 446 0C to 388 0C.
The desuperheater comprises a spray nozzle shell and associated spray assembly
projecting into a section of the super heater steam line. This section of the steam line forms the
desuperheater shell. Steam assisted spray nozzle assembly provides a fine spray of water which
attemperates the steam passing through the desuperheater.
Spray water for desuperheater is taken from the boiler feed water pump discharge. In
addition, spray water regulating stations are provided further downstream in each line [30].
2.3.2 ReheaterDesuperheater
The reheaterdesuperheater is only brought into use when the reheater outlet temperature
rises above the normal temperature.
The reheaterdesuperheater comprises of a spray nozzle shell and associated spray nozzle
assembly projecting into a section of the steam line between the HP turbine outlet and the
repeater inlet headers. This section of the steam line forms the desuperheater shell. Water is fed
into the shell from the discharge side of the boiler feed pumps via a repeater desuperheater spray
water regulating station.
When the reheated desuperheater is called into service water is fed via the water tube and
through the desuperheater and thus decreasing the quantity of water in the boiler. Drum is
relatively small compared to the total steam output. So, the drum size is determined by the space
required to accommodate the steam separating and purifying equipments.
Electrostatic precipitator
The ash content in the Indian coal is of the order of 30% to 40%. When coal is fired in the
boiler, ashes are liberated and about 80% of ash is carried along with the flue gases. If this ash is
allowed to atmosphere, it is hazardous to health. So, it became necessary to incorporate an
electrostatic precipitator in the path of the flue gases going in the atmosphere. The electrostatic
precipitators are preferred to mechanical precipitators because they are capable of precipitating
particles from sub micron to large sizes of particles. The efficiency of the modern ESPs is of the
15
induced draught fan serves the purpose of evacuating the products of combustion or the flue
gases in the atmosphere via chimney.
The flue gases after being cleaned in the precipitators is directed towards the atmosphere
through the chimney.
TYPES OF PUMP
Condensate Extraction Pump (CEP)
The function of Condensate extraction pumps is to pump out the condensate to the
desecrator through, LP heaters. The steam from the LP cylinders exhausts into the condenser
shells where it is constrained to flow across the water tubes, through which cooling water is
circulated. The steam condensed on the tubes drain to the bottom of the shell and is collected in a
hot well .The condensate is retained in the hot well by means of the condenser level control
valve. The water in a condenser provides a head of water for the condensate extraction pump to
suppress cavitations in its suction impellers.There are two 100% duty extraction pumps, one
remains in duty and one remains stand by. With all the necessary instruments such as suction and
discharge valve isolating and dump valves to insure efficient operation.
The thrust bearings in the driving motors have temperatures sensor, which can trip the
motors automatically. The pump discharge the condensate to the LP heater system with a
pressure increased to approx. 18 kg/sq. cm from 70-75 mm of Hg.
Air Extraction Pump (AEP)
The function of the air extraction pump is to raise and maintain the vacuum conditions in
the turbine main condensers, and to remove air and other non-condensable gases vented to the
condenser from various parts of the turbine and feed water heating system.
Boiler Feed Pump (BFP)
Boiler feed pump is the most critical component of a power plant. It is a rotary machine,
which is coupled to a motor through variable speed coupling or turbo coupling.
Ler feed water pump sets. Under normal conditions two 50% boiler feed water pump sets
are run in parallel to undertake the complete load of feeding the boiler, while the third
50% pump set is on standby duty.
TYPES OF CYCLE
Steam Cycle
A thermal power plant is based upon the principle of conversion of heat energy (steam
energy) into mechanical energy. For this conversion of energy a power plant requires a turbo
machine. A turbo machine is a power producing thermodynamic machine.
17
It requires a suitable working fluid, a source of high-grade energy and a sink for lowgrade energy. In a thermal power plant water is used as a working fluid and it is converted into
steam. The steam turbine is a device that converts heat energy of the steam coming from the
boiler into the mechanical energy (kinetic energy) with the help of which we rotate our shaft.
Steam is formed in the rising tubes of water walls and is collected in the upper portion of
the drum which is separated by the water in the drum by the drum internals. This steam contains
some water droplets which is to be removed before reaching turbines.
This steam is heated in superheater (primary superheater, secondary superheater
& final superheater) which makes this steam free from water droplets.
Main stream is then 1st applied to high pressure turbine (HPT) at temp. approx. 540 0C &
pressure 138kg/cm2. The steam coming out from HPT has low temp. & pressure and required to
raise this temp. & pressure before applying to next turbine. Hence, it is passed through reheater
due to which its temp. & pressure is raised enough and is then applied to intermediate pressure
turbine (IPT) and steam coming out of this turbine is directly used to rotate the final low pressure
turbine (LPT).
Steam from this turbine has very low pressure & temperature and cant be further used to
rotate the turbine. So, it is condensed and converted to water before sending to the drum for
preuse.
WaterCycle
Water cycle starts from the condenser and ends to the drum.
Steam from the LPT is condensed in the condenser while condensed steam known as
condensate is collected in a hot well having temperature about 40 0C & pressure 70-75 mm of
Hg. The pressure of this condensate is increased to approx. 18 kg/cm2 by using CEP while the
temp. is increased to approx. 80 0C by using low pressure heater(LPH). To remove the dissolved
oxygen from condensate, deaerator is used and then it is passed through BFP to raise its pressure
approx. to the drum water. To further increase its temperature up to 130 0C, it is passed through
high pressure heater (HPH). Then finally before sending it to drum its temperature is raised to
approx. 250 0C by passing it through economizer. Hence, the extra steam is condensed and
reused.
Flue Gas Cycle
Furnace
S.H .
R.H
Economizer
ChimneyE.S.P.
A.P.H.
The fuel such as coal when heated in the furnace produces smoke and ash. This smoke
produced is known as FLUE GAS whose temperature is very high and so used to heat few
systems such as superheater&reheater.
The flue gas is produced in the furnace. It then heats superheater&reheater after which it
heats economizer and air preheater (APH). Since now also its temperature is quite high and also
18
19
FLAME SCANNERS
In a flame there are three zones.
1. Visible zone
2. UV zone
3. Infrared zone
The flame scanner consists of UV light sensitive tube and UV light sensitive element
filled inside the tube on which 700 DC Volt is supplied.
Initially there is no contact between the two Electrode on which 700 DC volt is supplied.
As there is UV light sensitive element present inside the tube, it scans the UV zone of the flame.
When it scans the UV zone, the UV element present inside the tube conducts and the two
Electrodes are in contact. Now, the supplied voltage is reduced to zero. Hence, whenever it scans
the UV zone, the supplied voltage becomes 0V otherwise it is 700V.
Therefore, on an average the scanner shows 400V 450V which confirms the presence of
flame inside the furnace. As there are two types of fuel which are the main source of burning.
Hence, basically there are two types of flame scanners depending upon the fuel used. So, to
sense the flame due to oil used in the furnace there are oil flame scanners and to sense the flame
due to coal used are known as coal flame scanners.
IMPORTANT CONTROL LOOPS IN A THERMAL
POWER PLANT
Basic
Process: The equipment whose present level, pressure and other values is to be measured
is known as process.
Set Point:The required value of parameter is set by the manual which is to be maintained
in order to protect the process from damage.
Measurement:The present value of parameter in process is measured here.
Generally, capacitance type of measurement is used.
Two tapping from the process, one at high pressure & other at low pressure, is taken and
transmitted through isolating diaphragm and silicon oil fill fluid to a sensing diaphragm in the
centre of the differential pressure cell. The sensing diaphragm deflects in response to differential
pressure. The position of the sensing diaphragm is deflected by capacitor plates on both sides of
the sensing diaphragm. The differential capacitor between the sensing diaphragm and the
20
Controller output is indexed with total steam flow signal and through an auto-manual
station drives nozzle tilt drive. In case of differential reheated temp. difference above allowable
limits, respective spray control valve left or right are used to bring balance in left and right side
reheat steam temperatures.
BFP Minimum Flow Recirculation Control
In order to ensure safety of the pump against overheating, the minimum flow is to be
maintained when the pump flow reduces below a preset limit. This is achieved by a reliable
pneumatically operated minimum flow recirculation control valve with built-in pressure
breakdown device. The control envisaged is an on-off control, the operation of which is initiated
by a low range DP switch sensing the boiler feed pump flow. Whenever the flow falls below 100
T/hr., the minimum circulation valve is opened and when the flow increases above 200 T/hr., this
valve is kept closed. Indication is provided on the UCB to indicate the operator the status of this
valve by open-close position indication lamp.
Hot well Level Control
Hot well level is maintained by recirculation of the condensate after steam jet air ejector
through a level controller and split-range control valves. Any excess condensate is, therefore, fed
to the desecrator.
Desecrator High & Low Level Control
The generator low level control acts on the condenser make-up control valve to add DM
water in the hot well and the high level control acts on the excess condensate to Unit condensate
floating tank. Two separate control loops have been provided for the above.
UNIT CONTROL DESK & PANELS
The operation of each unit is envisaged from the central unit control room. It is located in
the control bay at 9.0m TG floor. It is adequately illuminated and is centrally air conditioned. For
operational convenience, the control room front wall has complete two double doors for entry
from TG hall.
The control board has a special profile with three sloping surfaces for mounting a large
facias, instruments and controls. The automatic control station and drive controlswitcated on the
first sloping surface. The process indicators/recorders and ammeters are mounted on the second
sloping surface and the alarm annunciation window fascias are mounted on the top i.e. third
sloping surface. The unit control board is arranged in logical operating sequence from the left to
right starting with (i.)Air & Flue Gas, (ii.)Fuel oil, (iii)Bowl Mills, (iv)Steam & Feed glass
paneling for TG hall view and the switches & Indications are logical operating glass sequence
from the left to right starting with (i.)Air & Flue Gas, (ii.)Fuel oil, (iii)Bowl Mills, (iv)Steam or
Feed water, (v)Regenerative [19].
23
26
27
28
3A/3B, 4A/4B respectively and detect ferrous/non-ferrous metals of size 25 cubic feet or
greater passing in crushed coal. Respective conveyor belt is tripped if metal particles are
detected by MD.
Metals are removed by operator, MD is reset and conveyor is re-started.
Stacker: For stacking of crushed coal to stack yard when its feeding is not required in
coal bunker. It consists of Conveyor-6 and Boom Conveyor-7.
Mobile Tripper (MT)-1/2/3/4: Coal received through Conveyor-5A/5B is delivered
through horizontally moving motor operated tripper on rail to Unit-1/2 coal bunkers.
These trippers can travel in forward & reverse direction independent of conveyor
movement thus filling bunker evenly.
Rack & Pinion Gate (RPG)/Flap Gate: For opening of coal discharge from hopper to
selected conveyor belt.
Pull Cord Switches (PCS): These are installed along the conveyor belt for stopping the
conveyor by operator in emergency or as per requirement.
Belt Sway Switches (BSS): These are installed on both side of conveyor belts and stop
the conveyor belt if it sways beyond the limit.
Zero Speed Switches (ZSS): These are installed at trailing end of conveyor belt and stop
the conveyor if drive motor is running but conveyor is not moving (due to snapping of
belt etc.).
Belt weightier: It is used to keep an account of the tension on the belt carrying coal and is
moves accordingly to release tension on the belt.
1.2. Boiler Room Safety
Boiler room safety procedures must be exercised at all times by the boiler operator.
Accidents can occur as a result of not following safety procedures or because of boiler
equipment failure. If an accident occurs, the boiler operator must act quickly. Established
emergency procedures will reduce the possibility of additional injuries and or damage to
equipment. All boiler room accidents must be reported regardless of their nature [36].
Fuels used in the boiler room are combustible and present a fire hazard. The boiler
operator is responsible for fire prevention in the boiler room. Boiler room safety is achieved by
following safety rules.
Boiler Room Accidents
Boiler room accidents can occur at any time. Even though safety precautions are
followed, the possibility of an accident still exists. Injuries resulting from accidents must be
handled quickly and intelligently. A boiler operator who is familiar with the equipment and plant
will know how to react in an emergency.
All injuries no matter how minor should be treated promptly. Serious injuries require
notifying qualified personnel. All accidents should be reported regardless of their nature. Serious
problems can occur regarding insurance claims if complications arise as a result of an accident
that was not reported or put on file.
Accident reports include the following information: date, time and place of accident,
immediate superior, name of injured person, nature of injury, what injured person was doing at
the time of accident, and cause of accident. Accident reports are also used to document plant
safety records.
Boiler Room Fire Prevention
Boiler room fire prevention procedures are necessary because of the combustible nature
of the materials used in the boiler room. The boiler operator must know the procedure to be used
in sending for the fire department or sounding the fire alarm. The person who sends for help
should make sure another plant worker is available to direct the fire fighters to the right location
when they arrive. In addition, the boiler operator must know the location of the fire alarm boxes
and stations in or near the boiler room. Combustible materials burn readily and require special
29
handling by the boiler operator. The boiler operator must know what is necessary to start and
sustain a fire in order to know how to put the fire out.
Fuel (combustible material), heat, and oxygen are required to start and sustain a fire. The
fire will go out when any one of these is removed. Fuel may be fuel oil, wood, paper, textiles, or
any other material that burns readily. If the fuel supply is cut off or the fuel is burned up the fire
will go out. The fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature. If the burning material is cooled
below its ignition temperature the fire will go out. Oxygen is required to support the combustion
process. If the oxygen supply is cut off by smothering the fire will go out.
Since the main ingredient is the combustible material, waste or oil rags must be stored in
safety containers and volatile liquids in safety cans. By maintaining careful control of the
combustible materials in a boiler room, the danger of a fire hazard is reduced. Local fire
departments have trained inspectors that inspect buildings and factories for possible fire hazards
and required firefighting equipment. Many insurance companies also have inspection services
that can be useful for preventing fires in the boiler room.
Figure1.14. A fire requires fuel, heat, and oxygen to burn. The fire will go out when any one is
removed.
Classes of Fires
The class of fire is determined by the combustible material
burned. The three most common classes of fire are Class A, Class B, and
Class C. Class A includes fires that burn wood, paper, textiles, and other
ordinary combustible material containing carbon. Class B includes fires
that burn oil, gas, grease, paint or other liquids that convert into gas when
heated. Class C includes electrical, motor, or transformer fires [38].
Class D is a rare, specialized class of fires including fires caused
by combustible metals such as zirconium, titanium, magnesium, sodium,
and
potassium. A special powder is applied using a scoop or shovel to put out this class of fire.
Figure1.14. A fire requires fuel
The boiler operator must know where every fire extinguisher is located in the boiler room
and plant. The boiler operator must also know what type of fire extinguisher is used for each
class of fire and how to use different types of fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers are not meant
to take the place of the local fire department. Fire extinguishers are only meant to put out small
fires or help to contain larger ones until additional help arrives. The number and type of fire
extinguishers needed are determined by the authority having jurisdiction and are based on how
fast a fire may spread, potential heat intensity, and accessibility to the fire. Additional fire
extinguishers must be installed in hazardous areas. The National Fire Protection Association lists
these areas as light hazard (Low), ordinary hazard (moderate), and extra hazard (high) [1].
Light hazard areas include buildings or rooms that are used as churches, offices,
classrooms, and assembly halls. The contents in buildings and rooms of this nature are either
noncombustible or not anticipated to be arranged in a manner that would be conductive to the
rapid spread of a fire. Class B flammables (for example, fluid for duplicating machines) stores in
a light hazard area must be stored in closed containers. Ordinary hazard areas include shops and
related storage facilities, light manufacturing plants, automobile showrooms, and parking
garages. In addition, ordinary hazard areas include any location where Class A combustibles and
Class B flammables exceed those expected for light hazard areas. Extra hazard areas are those
locations where Class A combustibles and Class B flammables exceed those expected in ordinary
hazard areas. Extra hazard areas include woodworking shops, manufacturing plants using
painting or dipping, and automotive repair shops.
Safety Rules
The boiler operator is the person responsible for the safe and efficient operation of the
boiler. The boiler operator must develop safety habits to prevent personal injury, injury to others,
30
and damage to equipment. Safety rules vary depending on the type and size of the plant.
However, the basic safety rules listed are common to all boiler rooms.
Wear approved clothing and shoes in the plant at all times.
Wear gloves when handling hot lines or cleaning fuel oil burner tips.
Wear appropriate eye protection in all designated areas. Use hand shields when visually
inspecting the furnace fire.
Wear goggles and respirators when cleaning the fire side of the boiler, breeching, or
chimney.
Wear a hard hat when working where there is a possibility of head injury
Do not use hands to stop moving equipment
Store all oily rags or waste in approved containers to prevent fires caused by spontaneous
combustion.
Only use approved safety cans to store combustible liquids.
Check all fire safety equipment on a regular basis to be sure it is in proper working
condition.
Check fire extinguishers periodically for proper charge and correct location.
Do not use unsafe ladders or substitutes for ladders.
Ladders should never be used as bridges.
Do not leave loose tools on ladders, catwalks, tops of boilers, or scaffolds.
Do not carry tools in back pockets.
Do not throw a tool to anyone at any time.
Use the proper tool for the job.
Do not use defective tools.
Always secure and tag steam stop valves, bottom blowdown valves, and feedwater valves
when a boiler in battery is removed from service for cleaning and inspection.
Never start any equipment that has been tagged out for safety reasons.
Make sure the equipment has been secured and tagged out before attempting to clean or
repair.
Always use low voltage droplights when working in boiler steam and water drums.
Precheck all equipment for starting hazards.
Clean up liquid spills at once.
Move quickly and with purpose in emergencies but do not run.
Personally double check the plant and equipment before starting up or making repairs.
Make repairs on live equipment only in extreme emergencies.
Always report any unsafe condition in the plant to the immediate superior.
In a project of boiler room protection must be provided of equipment (automatically
safety), automatically regulation of control, alarm and management of technological process of
boiler rooms. In using of automation project should comply with the requirements of Building
Codes and Regulation II 35 -76 building rules and regulations to produce of approval of work
by automation systems and requirements of plants. In the builds and rooms of boiler are
permitted the central, groups or local controllers. Controllers should not locate with heater of air
of heat water also under aggressive substance pipelines (alkalis, acids) [39].
Protect equipments
For steam boilers which intended for burning gas or liquid fuels independent on pressure of
steam and capacity are should include for equipments, automatically disconnecting provided of
fuel to burners when:
a) Increasing or reduce of pressure gas fuel compared to burners;
31
When installing filters with diameter 2000 mm and more therefore to automate the process of
recovery. In the project should include regulators of pressure gas fuel and temperature to
pressure of liquid fuel [31].
Control
For control of measure, monitoring therefore needs in the exploitations of boilers should
include shows devices for control of changes measure which can follow to emergency situations
of equipments like: signaling and shows equipments. Also for control measure records are
necessary for analyze works of equipments or operating accounts like registration or sum.
For water boilers with water temperature 115 are should include the show equipments
for measure:
a)
water temperature in a general pipelines before heat water boilers and on the
way out from each boiler;
b)
c)
d)
e)
furnace pressure;
f)
For water boilers with water temperature over 115 are should include the show equipments
for measure:
a) water temperature on the way out in the boiler after stop valves (showing and
registrations only under conditions of plant);
b) water temperature on the way out from boiler to stop valves ( showing and registration
only under conditions of plant);
c) air temperature until and after air heater;
d) leave gas temperature (showing and registration);
e) water pressure on the way out in the boiler after stop valves and on the way out from
boiler to stop valves;
f) air pressure after blow off ventilation and each regulation organ for boilers which has
zone blow off before burners behind regulation organs;
g) the pressure of liquid and gas fuel in front of burners behind regulation organs;
h) furnace pressure;
i) water wastage via boiler (showing and registration);
34
j) consumption of liquid and gas fuel for boilers with capacity from 30 Gkal per hour and
more (simulation and regulation);
k) oxygen content in the leave gas (for boilers with capacity before 20 Gkal per hour).
1.3.
At the platform of boiler for microdistrict Akkent located the followers builds and
constructions (according comprehensive plan of Almaty):
Boiler
o Water treatmentfacilities
o Deareator room
Flue pipe = 55 m, D = 1, 8 m
Accumulator tanks V = 1000 m3 (2 doodah.)
Fuel oil pump
Construction of surface water and flue oil reception
Narrow capacity for flue oil reception
Liquid warehouse
Storage tanks for fuel oil V = 1000 m3( 2 doodah. )
Reagents warehouse BG (barring gear)
Repair yard
ed
e
al
Heatingsyst
em,
water
Heatingperi
od
Vinteletions
ystem,
heatingperio
d
Hot water
heating
(average
time),
notidical,
perennial
Heatdestrib
utionlosses
water
13070
13070
megawat
t
(Gcal/h)
megawat
t
(Gcal/h)
19,89
48,5
(42,0)
(24,9)
(17,1)
3,37
2,33
5,7
(2,9)
(2,0)
(4,9)
5,78
3,99
(4,97)
(3,43)
9,77
(8,4)
megawat
t
(Gcal/h)
water
70
water
28,61
megaw
att
(Gcal/h)
1,93
(1,66)
37
Auxiliary
Water
/
(13070)/
steam
174
megawat
t
(Gcal/h)
3,49
0,048
(3,0)
(0,041)
Amount
41,6
26,25
Megawatt
(Gcal/h)
(35,77)
(22,57)
2,54
(3,041)
69,78
(60,0)
Fuel
According to the tasks on the project, the mainly fuel for boilers has taken natural gas Q n=
33,52 MJ/nm3 (8000kcal/nm3).
The maximum hourly consumptions of natural gas for boilers by means of table 1.2
Table 1.2
Fuelconsumption
Boilerstype
Naturalgas, nm3/h
1
2
3
1
- 2DSE-4-14 GM (1 working, 1
616
reserving.);
5434
- 2KV-GM-23,26(20)-150;
2716
- 2KV-GM-11,63(10)-150.
Amount:
8766
Amountforworkingboilers:
8458
According to the tasks of project, by way of fuel reserve for boiler has taken fuel oil
M100 which equally Qn = 40,559 MJ/kg.
Fuel oil delivered on the area by tracking. Fuel oil keeps on the boiler area in the two
metallically above ground reservoirs. Which every have capacity V=1000m3.
The maximum hourly consumptions of fuel - oil for boilers by means of table 1.3
Table 1.3
Boilerstype
2
- 2DSE-4-14GM (1 working, 1
reserving.);
- 2KV-GM-23,26(20)-150;
Fuelconsumption
Fuel-oil, kg/h
3
514
4540
2270
- 2KV-GM-11,63(10)-150
Amount:
7324
38
Amountforworkingboilers:
7067
Technicalscheme
Boilersequipmentsandschemes
Boiler flow diagram delite into two sides:
mainly steam side;
auxiliary water heating side.
Steamsideofboiler
The steam boiler mission for deaeration and provide steam. Especially, the fuel oil
house. The one boiler is working and the next is reserve. One of the boilers produced steam
which equally Pwork=0,9MPa (9,0 kgs/sm2). The steam is supplying to the fuel oil house of
boiler. The same way used as receiver storage pot, trestle truck unloading area, fuel oil storage
tank.
The reduced steam supplied in the atmosphericallydeaerator for preparation feed water.
Which steam boilers feed. Also the steam boiler feeds reduced by chemical purified water which
goes feed water treatment, condensate which incoming fuel oil house after condensate
purifying.
Continuous slowdown flash box and heat exchanger have been rated to make the use of
heat. After, the separated steam from expander goes to atmosphericallydeaerator. And water goes
to heat exchanger for chemical purified water heating. Vent steam of atmosphericallydeaerator
use for chemical purified water heating. It is goes through vapor condenser. Then
noncondensables were vented to the atmosphere.
The hourly average steam flow on the fuel oil house consist 3,0 t/h. And the hourly
average steam flow on the atmosphericallydeaerator of feed water consist 0,4 0,5 t/h.
Water heater part of boiler
Heat scheme of water boiler envisages as supply heat for heat systems, ventilations and
hot water systems. As a general rule, the process goes from a plot of 130 70 temperature.
Return network water from network pumps goes to collector of return network water. From
collector the return network water goes to the boilers.
Heating network water from the boilers goes to trunk collector of heating network
water.After that it goes to the consumers from heat system. Heating network water with t=110
130 from boilers goes to the collector. From collector heating network water as heating goes
to heater network water. Also goes to the chemical purified water and vacuum deaerators.
For filling escapes in heat systems are realizes replenishment. And it is realized from the next
scheme:
Steam boilers
According to the tasks of project has been taken two steam boilers as DSE-4-14GM.
Steam boiler DSE-4-14GM made and deliverer by Bahia boiler plant from Russia.
Technicalcharacteristics:
steam output 4,0 t/h;
working steam pressure on the output 0,7 1,3 MPa or 7 13 kilogram - force/cm2;
feedwater temperature 50 104 ;
gas / fuel oil design efficiency 91% / 90%;
According project, the boiler is treatments as follows:
1. downstream DN-9X-1000;
Q=993,0 m3/h, H=80 daPa;
39
The
name of
device
150 (HWB-GM-55150)
appoint
mark
Producti
ment
vity
cubic
meter
per hour
(m3/hour
)
C
1
Network
Network
Network
Network
Network
1D630125
double
entry
pump
1D630125
double
entry
pump
1D630125
double
entry
pump
1D630125
double
entry
pump
1D630125
double
entry
pump
Electrica
l power
kilovolt
per hour
Frequen
cy
revolutio
n per
minute
The year
of
installati
on
Quantity
Number of m
hours worked
year, hours
600,0
400,0
1480
2010
winter s
1602 9
600,0
400,0
1480
2010
595
600,0
400,0
1480
2010
487
600,0
400,0
1480
2010
674
600,0
400,0
1480
2010
863
Centrifugal pumps
Table 1.5
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Performance
Series
Table1.6
Importance
1D
43
44
G.
H.
I.
J.
StuffingBox
Stuffing Box serves to prevent leakage in the area where the shaft penetrates the pump casing.
Packing
Packing is used to prevent and reduce the leakage of fluid from the pump casing through the
shaft. PackingisusuallymadeofasbestosorTeflon.
Shaft
Shaft serves to continue the torque from the drive during operation and the seat of the impeller
and other rotating parts.
Shaftsleeve
Shaft sleeve serves to protect the shaft from erosion, corrosion and wear of the stuffing box. In
multi-stage pump can be as leakage joint, internal bearings and inter stage or distance sleever.
Vane
Vane is blades of the impeller as a place of passage of fluid in the impeller.
Casing
Casing is the outermost part of pump that serves as a protective element that rotates, the seat of
diffusor (guide vane), inlet and outlet nozzle as well as a place to give flow direction from the
impeller and convert energy of fluid velocity into dynamic energy (single stage).
TheEyeofImpeller
The eye of impeller is the entrance side of suction direction of impeller.
Impeller
Impeller serves to convert mechanical energy of the pump into velocity energy speed of fluid
which is pumped continuously, so that the liquid on the suction side can continually fill the
empty caused by the displacement of fluid that entered previously.
WearingRing
Wearing the ring serves to minimize leakage of fluid passing through the front of impeller and
the back of impeller, by minimizing the gap between the impeller casing.
Bearing
Bearing serves to withstand the load shaft so it can rotate continuously, either in the form of
radial loads and axial loads. Bearing also allows the shaft to rotate smoothly and remain in place,
so that frictional losses become smaller[42].
Almost every cleaning system incorporates at least one pump. Understanding how that
pump works and how to treat it with the gentle, loving care it deserves is critical to the successful
operation and maintenance of a cleaning system.
Pumps are, in general, devices which impart added pressure to a flow of liquid. Although there
are a number of different kinds of pumps, centrifugal pumps make up the overwhelming majority
of those used in cleaning systems. Centrifugal pumps are simple, efficient, reliable, relatively
inexpensive, and easily meet the needs of most cleaning system requirements including spraying,
45
overflow sparging, filtration, turbulation and just moving liquids from one place to another using
pressure [32].
A centrifugal pump uses a combination of angular velocity and centrifugal force to pump
liquids. The illustration below describes, generally, how a centrifugal pump works.
the direction opposite that indicated on the pump, reverse any two wires in the supply to change
the direction of rotation [40].
The basic centrifugal pump described above takes on many different configurations
depending on its intended use. Further description of these variations of the centrifugal pump as
well as other types of pumps will be provided in upcoming blogs.
3. Disassemble of omentum.
4. To take corpus of pump with bracket.
5. To take lid of bearings.
After watching repair and disassembling of details, the assembly should make like that but only
vise versa.
BE 8302
MEI (the
staff of
scientists)
Moscow
APSSH
Saint
Petersburg
TAVR
Saint
Petersburg
SUE3000
ABB
Company
Germany
M-4272
BeckwithElectricC
USA
HABP
Kazakhstan
Umin
12
P+j
Q
Imin
Starting
equipment
from output
Determining of
moment
realization of
synchronized
switching
Recording
events
Duration of all
HABP system,
100-120
200
150
50-300
104
40-80
48
ms
Availability of
high voltage
loads
necessary
necessary
necessary
necessary
necessary
necessary
Work by
asymmetrical
+
short circuit
All traditional ABP based on the many channel algorithms which determines damage of normal
electric supply to one of inputs and many others emergency situation which influence the process
of working electricity.
So, installation of HABP is corrected this situation.
circuit voltages which provides switching a device to ABP electrical engines of reserve
mechanism which as a rules are powered by other tyre section 3 6 kV. In the case, when the
device ABP mechanisms are inferred from actions, the disconnection of electrical engines of
feeds and condensation pumps there should be no reductions from supported minimal voltages.
Because the responsible electrical engines without reserves must be stands as switching on when
the voltages are disappeared on them whatever to turn around in the modes independently to
boot, upcoming when voltages comes.
The scheme of ABP electrical engine is given below. It has been developed in the
combined heat and power project and applicable in the electrical power plant [12].
the circuit starting of switch 2V. And the last is automatically started without timing instead of
disconnecting switches 1V. After connecting electric engine of reserve pump is contact breaking
2V1. Momentariness action of ABP device is provided by 1RPV1. It is happened as a
consequence of contact breaking 1RPV1 after disconnecting of switches 1V. Likewise operates
scheme ABP, if the second pump is used as a working but the first is stand as a reserve. Thus in
the case of disconnected of switches 2V the breaking contacts of 2RPV1 and 2V1 operated relay
2P and 2P3 are closed in the circuit starting of switches 1V [13].
While reducing of pressure in an overall highway the EKM1contact is breaking and the
EKM2 contact is closed. Therefore there are operated interim output relay ABP 2P (via
consistently connecting contacts EKM2 and 1P2), which connected the disconnecting of reserve
pump for the addition to working pump. The momentariness of operations scheme ABP, when
EKM2 contact stands closed and the pressure in an overall highway has not stranded normal.
This provided by breaking on the circuit relay 1P with the help contact 2P1, according to that it is
breaking with timing after starting relay 2P. And in turn relay 2P comes back on the starting
position in connection with contact breaking 1P2 after starting relay 1P.
To begin with, should take note that the relay type RP-252 as built has got five closed up
contacts which while making newly elected from relay are breaking with timing. It is regulated
until 1, 4 second and sufficiently for provider of impulsive actions of ABP. One of the contacts
(2P1 contact) needs to repair for breaking.
For action fixed of scheme ABP has shown shunt relay 1U types of SG -21/220, which
starting while operating of output relay 2P. Contracts of index relay are closed up circuit sign
about ABP device working [15].
For providing fail full operation of disconnection electric engine which located in the
reserve. Provides for a control of repair circuit connecting of these switches with the help a relay.
The status is disconnected 1RPO or 2 RPO (figure 22a and 22b). While the end of broken circuit
connection switches are worked a warning alarm. It is allowed the weekend standby can prepare
to necessary measures to recovery repair circuits. In that scheme ABP are used from one of the
all commentator PB with three fixed places. When it installed in status like 1work the first
mechanism becomes working and the second becomes reserving. When commentator installed in
the 2work status the second mechanism becomes working and the first is reserve. The commentator
PB installed in place like O (switch off). According to repair one of the pumps, in that case the
scheme of ABP vented from the stay. It should noted that after connecting the reserve pump
instead of reserve ABP device must be output from application. It is necessary for prevent the
recurrence connection while loss of pleasure in an overall highway of reserve pump. In the case
disconnect electric engine from protection according to damages. In the scheme 22 has shown
two or more pumps with starting ABP while the pressure is dropped in an overall highway. But
using the individual commentators on the tree fixed status: working, reserve and disconnecting.
This allowed choosing relevant modes of working for any pumps. The device ABP installed in
the work one of the pumps which intended as a reserve for replacement any of the working
pumps [48].
The starting ABP device while feeding is disappeared on the electric engine of working
mechanism has shown disconnecting switches from group protections of minimal voltage section
3 6 kV. From that feeds electrical engine of working mechanism. The disconnection circuit
comes via the switching contact interim contact 3P which placed under the voltage while the
starting commentator PB in the scheme of ABP. Selected from operation of ABP device relay 3P
52
is not under voltages and disconnected from responsible electrical engine from protection of
minimal voltage do not action. It is provided their turn when the voltage comes to their findings.
In the figure 2.21 has shown the scheme of ABP electrical engine 3 6 kV two pumps
with starting ABP on the highway each pumps.
The scheme of ABP automatically entry in the act while connecting the commentator
after connecting working pump and appearing the normal pressure on the highway of pump.
When the first pump is working then the commentator PB is switching on in the status like 1work.
According to electric engine of contact manometer 1EKM1 is closed and 1EKM2 is opened. The
first pump 1B1 of electric engine contact is closed. And the 1EKM1 contact which uses for
discharging low yield contact. In any disconnecting of switches electric engine the first pump
is closed and his 1V2 contact and via the closed 1P3 contact plus comes to the output relay ABP
on the 2P types relay [14].
Traditionally in electricity grids for struggle breaks of electric power supply uses the
device of automatically turning ABP (Automatic backup (transfer) power). As starting in this
devices typically uses of the minimally voltage elements.
Despite there is need to get the power supply for electricity consumers as fast as possible,
it is required to introduce a deliberate slowing action of an automatic load transfer trigger. The
referred above is produced to prevent the excessive action of ALT trigger. Such actions occur at
SG in adjacent parts of a network and at the action of AR devices feeding lines.
Thus, it is required to produce a deceleration time longer than the maximum delay of RP
in adjacent areas of the network, or more time than the time delay of AR devices.
As a result of the time delay of the ALT device action may be reached for several
seconds.
This amount of time delays of ALT actions is unacceptable. In the task formulation of the
continuity preserving of industrial enterprises complex processes, for instance: synchronous
motors loss synchronism; rollover of induction motor; turning off contactors; turning off 380V
starters; turning off frequency - regulated drive units of electric pumps of other critical load
[16].
More technically advanced than the traditional ALT unit has been developed. That device
is designed to prevent damages and ensure the continuity of technological processes of industrial
enterprises. It is characterized by excess speed - high-speed ALT (HALT) devices. Traditional
high-speed ALT is based on the multi-channel algorithms, which define disruption of power
supply according to one of the inputs. Since different types of disorders significantly affect the
various parameters of power supply system mode [1].
To control these parameters in the starting device of HALT, it is stored a significant
number of installations such as:
At minimum current at the input Idevice,
At minimum voltage on the sections Udevice,
At minimum voltage of phase on the adjacent sections 12devices, and several others. Checking
which in some cases leads to the increase of the total cycle time HALT. A single-channel
algorithm for determining power disturbance is deprived of these drawbacks. In this connection,
a new generation of HALT has been developed with improved transient response performance
[2, 3, 4].
The trigger of HALT works on a new algorithm, which works to identify a violation of
the normal power supply. It can be implemented in two ways.
The first method is based on determining the sign of the following special powers in the
phases of inputs to the sections of SG (switching gear):
Ta = Re (UbcIae-j)
Tb = Re (UacIbe-j)
Tc = Re (UacIce-j)
(1)
In these cases happen a changing of direction of powers Ta, b, c though prefatory switch
BB1.In the case of threephase short circuit a changing happens in all three phases. In the case of
interphase short circuit in two phases.In the case of a single phase short circuit in one phase.
Changing the direction of power at least in one phase inures a signal for trigger high speed ABP.
In the case in electrical circuit of the switch BB1(points K3 K3,K4) changing the directions of
power through BB1 is not happened and high speed ABP is close.
Figure2.23. Schematic drawing of electrical supply of an industrial plant with high speed ABP
device
To improve the reliability of the device must be built up from the cases such as: when Ia
= Ib = Ic = 0 or when Uab Ubc Uca or equal to zero, also when the sign of power Ta.Tb.Tc
become uncertain.For this we first compared.
To improve the reliability of operation is necessary to avoid the cases when Ia = Ib = Ic
=0. Also, when Uab or Ubc or Uca equals zero and the sign of power Ta, Tb, Tc becomes
uncertain. For this we first compared.
Ia Ib Ic<Iset, (2)
Where, Iset is a set point minimum current. If this condition is met, then an unauthorized
circuit breaker in the power circuit. It is necessary to switch to a backup power source. In
particular, when the switch is turned off BB1 (Figure 1) so Ic<Iset and HABP work.
If you turn off the circuit breaker MS1(mean switches), HABP is activated due to changes
in the direction of power Ta, b, c., when electric motor is powered by load (1, 1) in
running-out. And if the power of the electric motor load is not enough, then by the data Ic<Iset.
If at least one of the linear voltages on the section is zero, the condition is tested
Uab or Ubc or Uca <Uset,
(3)
Where Uset set point minimum voltage.Then for the corresponding line voltage applied
line voltages of the backup section. For example, if Uca < Uset then Uca = Usec. In particular, line
voltage on the first section equals zero at the three-phase short-circuit at K4 (Figure 2.23). As
their values are accepted line voltages of the second section.
Thus, the method of automatic backup power supply switching, based on a change in the
direction of special facilities in phases (1). Taking into account the boundary conditions (2) and
(3) it allows to realize a single-channel control principle HABP. And thereby it increases the
speed of response to violation of the normal power supply. The circuit diagram of the proposed
automatic backup switching of consumers power is depicted in (Figure 2.24). The apparatus
comprises: primary (1) and backup (2) power source; main switch of operation input (3) and (4);
56
section switch (5);bus sections of substation (6) and (7); three-phase current transformers (8), (9)
on the inputs of the main and backup power supplies; voltage transformers (10), (11) on the tires
of primary and backup power supplies; microprocessor-speed triggers (12); microprocessorspeed trigger (12) comprises: blocks forming phase vectors (13), (14); line voltage (15), (16) of
direct sequence; blocks (17) and (18) checks the value of the currents phase to meet the
minimum value (Iset); blocks of the minimum values determining of line voltages on the sections
of the main and backup power sources (19) and (20); blocks of power direction determining on
the input phases of the main and emergency sources (21) and (22); logic elements "AND" - 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32; logic elements "OR" - 33, 34, 35, 36; the control switches units
37; signal relay protection and automation blocks 38 and 39[82].
The inputs of the current transformers (8), (9) are connected to the input blocks (17), (18)
and (21), (22). Inputs of voltage transformer windings (10), (11). United in a star on the sections
of main bus (6) and backup (7) power sources. Connections are provided respectively to the
inputs of the blocks (19), (20) and (21), (22). The outputs of the blocks (17) and (18) are
connected to the logic elements "AND" (23) and (24). The outputs of the blocks (21) and (22)
are connected to the logic elements "AND" (25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30). The outputs of that are
connected to the logic element "OR" (33), (34).
The outputs of elements (23) and (33) and respectively the elements (24) and (34) are
connected to inputs of logical elements "OR" (35) and (36). The outputs of which together with
blocking signals (38) and (39) are connected to the invert output which are connected to the logic
elements "AND" (31) and (32). The outputs of the latter are connected to the control switches
unit (37).
The device operates as follows. The complex values on the first line voltages (U1ab,
U1bc, U1ca) and second (U2ab, U2bc, U2ca) mutually redundant power sections of the
switchgear are measured by the voltage transformers (10), (11) and (15), (16) blocks. The
complex values of the phase currents (I1ab, I1bc, I1ca) on the first and the second (I2ab, I2bc,
I2ca) inputs are measured by the current transformers (8), (9) and blocks (13), (14).
Figure 2.24 Structure schema of ABP with the single canals principle works
The algorithm of device work HABP is following: if the powers (signals blocks direction
of voltage power 21 and 22) on the input from the main source in at least one phase of the
changed sign to negative, powers on the input at backup source all over the phases positive. Then
57
through the logical elements 23, 25, 31 (or 24, 36, 32) in control unit switch 37 receives a signal
on switch of first 3 (the second 4) input and on the turning of section switch 5.
For improving reliability works of device has been suggested to rebuilt from the cases, when Ia=
Ib=Ic=0, and when Uab or Ubc or Uca equal the zero and the signal of powers T1a, T1b, T1c to become
undefined.
For this preliminary comparisons compare Ia, Ib, Ic Ifound where Ifound adjusting minimum
current, and if that condition be going on, unauthorized disconnection of switching in the chain
supply circuit and necessity shifting of the electric supply power to the backup source. If [Uab] or
[Ubc] or [Uca] Ufound, where Ufound minimal voltage. As significantly liner voltages takes of
liner voltages reserve section.
In that ways the device of automatically turning of backup electric supply power
customers released on the single channel principle. Which can help of determining damage of
normal electric supply power at meanly source for changing sign of powers in inputs fazes [35].
The second way of single-channel definition of the fact of violation of normal power
supply is based on definition of a sign of special capacities of direct sequence on inputs to
sections SG.
p=Re[UPIP e ov]
(4)
Where Up vector of tension of direct sequence on sections SG;Ip the interfaced vector
of current of direct sequence on inputs to sections SG.
Capacities of Tp represents a linear combination of active (RP) and jet (QP) of capacities
of direct sequence on inputs to SG. In particular in the symmetric modes
p=p sinov+ QPcosov (5)
At the expense of a corner of the maximum sensitivity it is possible to change a share.
A share of representation of these capacities in linear combinations. At positive value power has
the direction from a source to loading. And at negative value from loading to asource.
Functioning of algorithm is provided. The basic on Tp power sign in boundary cases.
When current of Ip =0 or tension Up=0 and a sign of expression (4) becomes uncertain.
Comparison is for this purpose made
IP<Iset (6)
And if this condition is satisfied, switching of power on a reserve source is necessary.If
Up tension on one of phases of sections SG closely to zero value, i.e.
UP<Uset (7)
That Up value is accepted by the equal
UP= UP res.sec (8)
We will consider operation of the HABP starting arrangement on the second way. After
measurements and calculations of linear tension on sections (Uab, Ubc, Uca) make calculation of
tension of direct sequence of UP. Similarly on values of phase currents (Ia Ib Ic) of direct
sequence of UP on inputs to sections SG. If the condition (6) is satisfied, there is an operation of
HABP. Otherwise according to (4) TP power is defined. If the sign at this power positive on
HABP remains closed. And if negative, HABP works.
Thus, the way of atomic inclusion of reserve power supply based on change of the direction.
Special power of direct sequence on inputs of SG. Also allows to realize the single-channel
principle of management of HABP [5].
58
In compliance with the schematic diagram of HABP (Figure 2.24) prototypes of the
microprocessor starting device are developed. For further ex-rementalresearches [82].
Findings of investigation
Advantages of the developed microprocessor the starting arrangement consists in
the following:
1. The HABP starting device is based on digital systems of processing of values of entrance
signals.
2. Lung HABP (at the program level) adapts for various schemes of the distributing device.
3. Switching time for a reserve source is reduced. At three-phase KZ and a power-supply
circuit of section of the distributing device to 22 - 44 ms (for example, when using VW1
switches - T ABB CalorEmag or BB/NELLShell firms).
4. Has possibility of record and display of transition processes at any operation PU HABP.
5. Values of installations of blocks of the relay of the starting arrangement in non-volatile
memory remain. At removal of tension of expeditious power.
6. There is a possibility of automatic return of the scheme of the normal mode of power
supply on the damaged input.
7. For management of inclusion and shutdown of switches in PU HABP besides dry
contacts it is offered to use high-speed IGBT. IGBT - the transistors capable to switch
currents of great values.
Conclusion
High-Performance Reserve Switching Device (RSD) contains a set of starting elements,
which interact with each other in accordance with above mentioned algorithms; they allow
correctly identify emergency mode, where input of the backup powering station is necessary (in
a power system), and the switch to the backup powering station is not required (in collecting busbars of the indoor switchgear);
Starting elements of High-Performance RSD allow resolvedenoted tasks for the minimum
period of time, not requiring the time harmonisation with relay equipment and automatics of
adjacent network elements.
Use of the proposed algorithm in launching set of High-Performance RSD control allows
time for the emergency response appeared between 5 and 12 ms (depending on the type of
failure). Full cycle of switch to the backup power will amount in 27-34 ms in the combination
with ultraspeed vacuum circuit breaker BB/TELL of theQ series. Given time indicators of the
full cycle of High-Performance RSD are tested by thousands of accomplished projects around
the world, including Russian Federation and Kazakhstan.
The introduction of the High-Performance RSD complex will present the following results:
It will provide safe and continuous power supply of main pipelines, electrifying railroads,
industries of continuous technologies and etc. by providing daily schedules made by the fulltime switch to the backup power for the time of 0,034 sec.
Considerably increase electric motor and pumps resource due to lack of necessity of
repeating launch of aggregates as well as oil preheaters by reducing the possible overheating.
Reduce of energy consumption by reducing losses inrestarting and restoring general flow rate
of the pipelines filled up to 200 km. Reduce of losses of preheating furnace after blowing.
Prevent costly breaks of work of technology equipment; reduce risks of environmental
disasters in failure of power system.
Increase of the level of automation. Increase of productivity.
High-Performance RSD industrial models conducted are based on the proposed algorithm of
the operation of single-canal device, made by the creative team consisted of the members of the
Department of Industrial Power MEI (Moscow), the Department of Power of Kazakh Academy
of Transport and Communications named after M. Tynyshpayev (Almaty) and LLP NPK
Promir. Installation and testing of the models were conducted in 2013 at JSC Ozenmunaigaz
in CRUN 6 kV for PS 110/6 UPSV Vpadina.The time of switch to the backup power
59
0,032 sec. was identified during the process of natural load testing. Given time allowed save
100% consumer load among which high-voltage motor STD 1250 BKNS.High-voltage and
low-voltage motors initial water (removal unit), electric tools - rocking (SKN) oil wells were
found.
It is also in the process of setting up a block HABP revealed unstable single phase fault in the
network on ground. The subsequent discovery in the motor UPSV, which will reduce the impact
and cost of repairs [6].
High speed ABP, as a tool to increase the reliability and continuity of technological process
(HABP)
Until recently, the successful implementation of HABP and electrical and mechanical
device, this kind of in this seats 6 10 kV. This has been constrained by the scarce of high speed
communication equipments. With advent of high speed vacuum and elegas communication
equipments. The practical application of this device finds support in office employ of gas energy.
It is alloys that tasks which cause big losses or defect of productions.
In an easy ABP according to starting authority is used to relay of minimal voltages. If
there are in a system of electrical synchronic engine times actions that SS (security
service)connected to section. Which losses supply and to continue rotate on inertia that go over
to generation mode and the several time 2 8 second supported to that section SG voltage, which
similar to nominal. Starting authority of ABP is not work immediately and starts of ABP mode
are draw down.
Application to switch section spool 6 10 kV of substation ABP of bilateral actions in
traditional performance has supported minimal time of automatically mean work 0,4 0,5
second. The break of electrical supply after cable end connector (CEC)for consumers is
consisting at least 1 second. According to date technologic and worker of mean energetic staff is
a big. It is not supported continuity of technological process which goes over to damage of
products [47].
Improve the reliability of electrical supply engines 6 10 kV and provided of their
stability by the short time damages of electrical supply. Invited complex on the basic of
microprocessors device HABP with time of switching for the reserve source 22 100
nanosecond (figure 3.1.). That device supported two ways action of disconnect switch for
damage input and disconnect of section switch.
As the same time, the device maybe as when the supply has passed from mean source as
in case an arise all of kind of between the phases short circuits in the circuit supply lines (figure
2.25). For efficiency work HABP is necessary electrical supply of consumers that based from
two independent sources like E1 and E2. The main part of security HABP is part of electrical
supply from main switch MS1 (MS2) to switch on the input BB1 (BB2). If the (SG) short circuit is
distribution device MSD (main step down substation)that mean switches MS are placed on the
side of voltage 35,110,220 kV. The inputs (BB) on the side of voltage 6 10 kV.If (SG) short
circuit is distribution device the second degree, that the MS and BB are placed on the voltage 6
-10 kV.
If the three phases of short circuit (SC) in a circuit voltage (point K1) the power P1 is
changed direction. It is means that the voltage is reduced and the starting authority gives sign on
a disconnect of switch BB1. Full cycle of HABP complex working, in this case consist 22 40
nanosecond (according to connect of vacuum switch time 15 20 nanosecond) [16].
Figure2.26. Schematic drawing of electrical supply of an industrial plant with high speed ABP
device
Turning off the main switch MS1 the power P1 has changed of direction and when the
vectors are difference of starting authority gives the sign for disconnect of switches BB1. Full
cycle working HABP in this case consists at least 0,115 second. When unsymmetrical short
circuits (SC) in circuit supply (K1) the voltage of direct consistency of short circuit place (SC) is
reduced. The power P1 in so doing not changed his direction to disconnect switches MS1 of relay
security from short circuit (SC). So that the time of HABP cycle in this case not exceed tswitch2 =
tswitch m.+ (22 100) nanosecond. The time will disconnect of switch MS1 at least 300 nanosecond.
For any type of appearance short circuit (SC) in a circuit voltage 6 10 kV (point K3; K4)
HABP are not worked. Because the direction of power P1 is not changed.
Additional area of security HABP is short time damage of electrical supply which has been
by three phases short circuit (SC) with connecting of neighbor to source of electrical supply
(point K2). Or in a circuit supply of main switch (point K3). In this change of direction (SC) short
circuit of power P1 and time of cycle HABP consist at least 22 100 nanosecond. Taking into
consideration a new algorithm of HABP which will work in any unsymmetrical short circuit
(SC) cases in the point K1, K2, K5.
Composition of microprocessor HABP ant his characteristics
The complex HABP includes:
Three high speed vacuum switches types like vacuum switches VE, V, VE produced
by FGUP NPP Contact (Saratov town), VVE , VVE M produced by JSC ELCO
(Minusinsk); BB/TEL produced by LTD Tauris Electric (figure 3.3. and table 3.1), VD4/P
and others produced by ABB Color Emag or ABB SACE, Evolis 7P produced by company
Schneider Electric or others.
61
Figure 2.27. The appearance of vacuum switches for HABP 6-10 kV deice.
- VD4/P 12.16.25
- BB/TEL-10-12.5(20)/1000
Own time for connected, second, at least:
-VBE-10-31,5/2000-3150
-VBM-10-20/630-1600
-VBEM-10-20/800-1000
-VVE-10-20/630-1600
-VVTE--10-20/630-1600
-Evolis 7P1-1250
- VD4/P 12.16.25
- BB/TEL-10-12.5(20)/1000
Overall dimensions: width height depth, mm
-VBE-10-20/630-1600
-VBEM-10-20/800-1000
-BBE-10-20/630-1600
-BBTE--10-20/630-1600
-Evolis 7P1-1250
- VD4/P 12.16.25
- BB/TEL-10-12.5(20)/1000
0,050
0,080
0,150
0,100
0,150
0,150
0,150
0,065
0,050
0,100
600-568-340
390-390-460
613-828-593
560-652-432
702-965-1140
570-599-424
740-474-265
At the same time vacuum switches entries and section cells with inductively dynamical
device of accelerate (IDDA) which can placed as in a new as in existing cupboards KSG and
by developing and delivering retrofits [16].
IDDA can be stands for vacuum switches with electromagnetic drives. Which has
electromagnetic switch cells with amount of active resistance at least 2,5Om. In composition
IDDA (table 1.9) includes of electrical and power blocks and tie between switching circuits
the second of vacuum switches and IDDA constituents and it is carries out by electrical
tourniquets.
Table 2.9
The main technical data of IDDA
Nominal voltages:
- alternating current, 50 hertz, V
220
- continuous current, V
220
Operating voltages:
-alternating current, V
143-250
-continuous current, V
187-290
Capacity of battery condenser canal of connecting, mcF
200
Capacity of battery condenser canal of disconnecting, mcF
100
Voltage of charge battery of condenser, V
960
Maximum current electromagnetic of connection switches, A, at least
150
Time connection of vacuum switch with IDDA
0,020 0,025
Time disconnection of vacuum switch with IDDA
0,018 0,020
Cycles :
By GOST 687 -78
Climatic modification and category of placed
UXLZ
Overall dismissing: width height length, mm
410 220 - 210
63
of disconnect is reduced to tco = 0,018 second and proper time of starting is reduced to tcv
= 0,022 second.
HABP microprocessor starting devices are measure in the current mode of time.
The phases voltages on the two types spool of distribution device (SG) and phase
currents on the inputs of SG (Searching Gear) which transformed them on the RMS
(Root mean square) U1, (U 2) and currents I1 (I2) direct order. Further work of HABP
starting authority ( at the expense of) by the software processing results of measurement
[76].
Blocking sign for HABP works are direction of forward power sequence. If the
power P1 = U1I1cos1 (or P2 = U2I2cos2) is directed from source to loads, that HABP do
not work. To the system of electrical supply do not happened. If the power P1 (or P2)
changed direct (from loads to source) and the voltage on the input U1< Uset(or U2< Uset)
that switch device feeds the sign for the last disconnected switch of the first (the second)
input. And from the last block contact feeds sign for the disconnected of sections
switch. If the power P1 (or P2)change the direct (from loads to source) that the angle 12
(21) through the vectors of voltages direct order on the first U1(the second U2) and trough
the second U2 (or the first U1) significant conditions like 12>set (21> set ) that the
starting device feeds the sign on the disconnect of the first (the second) inputs switch and
from the last block contact feeds sign for the disconnect of section switch.
To identify and localization of all kind of electricity supply violation which can be
directly or indirectly reasons of violations buckling load motor in ABP. As the control
parameters are uses:
- positive sequence voltage on the sections (SG);
- the angles between vectors of positive sequence voltage sections;
- the voltage positive sequence active power.
The structure scheme of distribute substation with HABP device (for
demonstration uses the figure 2.28).
Six starting relay of minimal voltages that included on the voltage of the first and the
second spool section;
Two blocking relay which directed power. Each of which controlled direction of direct
order power transmission inputs;
Starting and blocking control unit of angles between the voltage of the same name of the
first and the second spool section of direct order;
- The control unit fuse failure voltage;
- A direction unit of spontaneous switch of input switch or disappear of supply;
- Logic unit;
- Input relay unit;
- Receiving relay unit;
- Diagnostic element;
- Registration unit;
- Power supply;
- ABP allow unit.
Additional functions of HABP microprocessor.
The device of provided clock of relay time with an accurate travel of better than three
seconds per days. The clock has ability to adjust. The fiction of really time, at that time of start
up registration unit of ABP device is made in increments of no more than one second [43].
HABP device allowed to registrate and analyzed status of analogue and increment
signals. It is happened as in a normal as in an emergency work modes of object which able to
save record information in NVRAM (Non Volatile Random Access Memory). Which compatible
with PECM (personal electrical calculating machine)types IBM formats [75].
Since it guarantees safety devices and characteristics in the non volatile random access
memory (NVRAM) on the stress relieving of operative supply.
Induction current values of registration magnituates and exhibits devices realized on the
terminal with the built in display or on the PECM. It is realized when MBSD connected to sets.
67
With PCEM which connected by the link to MBSD HABP. We can do the next funtious:
View the current status of analogue and increments canals of device as a table forms as a
structure schema of substations;
View settings of device;
Synchronize device according to time;
Checking filling level of electronically memory;
Calculating recorded waveforms from electronically memory and automatically delayed
the electronically memory;
Automatically asked device for the appear a new fails;
In the relay time to show the inputs current and voltage of section (SG);
Perform the control record.
The scroll of input (output) chain, size and standard tests of HABP starting device
According to table 2.10 provided nominal parameters of input analogue singles that pulled off from spool
the first (the second) section SG 6 (10) kV [74].
Table 2.10.
The nominal parameters of input signals
Parameter name
Nominal voltage of operative permanent (temporary) current, V
Nominal temporary current of metering circuit, A
Nominal liner voltage of temporary current of metering circuit, V
Nominal frequency, Hertz
Value
110 or 220
5
100
50
68
Upon request of the customer the nominal voltage of operative permanent current
Usupply can be changed within from 24 to 300 V. If it is necessary for the realized exactly
project [45].
Supplying device provided from chains of auxiliary operative voltage.
Electronically part of device is galvanic separated from the source of operative auxiliary
voltage. The device will be right function when changing operative auxiliary voltage in
the region of 0,8 1,1 Usupply . It admitted within sinusoidal component with amplitude to
6 % from medium sign. This has the second harmony plants of frequency. The scroll of
input and output of signals has shown in the table 2.11.
Table 2.11.
The scroll of input and output of chains
1. Supply of terminal
Contacts
E1 block
1 XT1:1
XT1:6
XT1:3
XT:4
2 Clamp on the
terminal
Symbol
Destination
+ Usupply
Power supply
-Usupply
PE
Protective earth
2. Transformation blocks
Contacts
Symbol
Destination
E3 block
1 XT7:1
UAB,1*
Line voltage between phase
XT7:3
of A and B section 1
2 XT7:3
UBC,1*
Line voltage between phase
XT7:5
of B and C section 1
3 XT7:5
UCA,1*
Line voltage between phase
XT7:1
of C and A section 1
Remarks* For task force of windings voltage transformer in triangle, it is necessary to
collect jumpers between terminals like XT7:2 and XT7:3, XT7:4 and XT7:5, XT7:6
and XT7:1. When it loss opportunity to get design voltage of zero sequences that it
is results to deduce from work tripping in changes of voltage circuit.
4 XT7:1
UA,1**
Phase voltage of phase
between A section 1
5 XT7:3
UB,1**
Phase voltage of phase
between B section 1
6 XT7:5
UC,1**
Phase voltage of phase
between C section 1
**
7 XT7:2, XT7:4,
UN,1
Generic point (neuter)
XT7:6
section 1
Remarks* For task force of windings voltage transformer in the star, it is necessary to
collect jumpers between terminals like XT7:2, XT7:4, XT7:6.
8 XT7:7
U0,1
Zero sequence voltage of
XT7:8
section 1
9 XT7:9
IA,1
Phase current A input 1
XT7:10
1 XT7:11
IB,1
Phase current B input 1
69
0 XT7:12
11 XT7:13
IC,1
Phase current C input 1
XT7:14
1 XT7:15
UAB,b1/UBC,b1/UCA,b1
Line voltage between two
2 XT7:16
phases before input 1
E4 block
1 XT8:1
UAB,2***
Line voltage between phase
3 XT8:3
of A and B section 2
***
1 XT8:3
UBC,2
Line voltage between phase
4 XT8:5
of B and C section 2
***
1 XT8:5
UCA,2
Line voltage between phase
5 XT8:1
of C and A section 2
Remarks * For task force of windings voltage transformer in triangle, it is necessary
to collect jumpers between terminals like XT8:2 and XT8:3, XT8:4 and XT8:5,
XT8:6 and XT8:1. When it loss opportunity to get design voltage of zero sequences
that it is results to deduce from work tripping in changes of voltage circuit.
1 XT8:1
UA,2****
Phase voltage of phase A
6
section 2
****
1 XT8:3
UB,2
Phase voltage of phase B
7
section 2
****
1 XT8:5
UC,2
Phase voltage of phase C
8
section 2
****
1 XT8:2, XT8:4,
UN,2
Generic point (neuter)
9 XT8:6
section 2
Remarks* For task force of windings voltage transformer in the star, it is necessary to
collect jumpers between terminals like XT8:2, XT8:4, XT8:6.
2 XT8:7
U0,2
Zero sequence voltage of
0 XT8:8
section 2
2 XT8:9
IA,2
Phase current A input 2
1 XT8:10
2 XT8:11
IB,2
Phase current B input 2
2 XT8:12
2 XT8:13
IC,2
Phase current C input 2
3 XT8:14
2 XT8:15
UAB,b2/UBC,b2/UCA,b2
Line voltage between two
4 XT8:16
phases before input 2
3. Discrete entry block
Contacts
E2 block
1 XT6:1
XT6:3
Symbol
Destination
XT6:2
XT6:3
XT6:4
XT6:6
70
XT6:5
XT6:6
XT6:7
XT6:9
6 XT6:8
XT6:9
7 XT6:10
XT6:12
8 XT6:11
XT6:12
9 XT6:13
XT6:15
1 XT6:14
0 XT6:15
11 XT6:16
XT6:18
1
2
XT6:17
XT6:18
E5 block
1 XT9:2
3 XT9:1
1 XT9:3
4 XT9:1
1 XT9:4
5 XT9:1
1 XT9:5
6 XT9:1
1 XT9:6
7 XT9:1
1 XT9:7
8 XT9:1
1
9
XT9:8
XT9:1
Key of HABP
2
0
XT9:9
XT9:1
2
1
XT9:10
XT9:18
2
2
XT9:11
XT9:18
Reset
Contacts
E1 block
1
XT2:14
XT2:15
2
Disconnect Q2
Disconnect SD 2 CB (central
busbar)
XT2:13
XT2:14
10
XT2:15
XT2:16
XT2:15
XT2:17
11
Connect Q1
XT2:1
XT2:2
Disconnect Q1
Destination
XT2:12
XT2:13
XT2:10
XT2:11
XT2:8
XT2:9
XT2:7
XT2:6
XT2:4
XT2:5
XT2:16
XT2:17
Symbols
Connect Q2
Disconnect Q3
Connect Q3
Disconnect of switch
section
Connect of switch section
Disconnect of synchronic
engines 1CB (central
busbar) starting device ABP
Disconnect of synchronic
engines 2CB (central
busbar) starting device
ABP
Contacts of outputs relay device do not become reserved false when applying or
removing voltage of operative permanent current with a break of any length [49].
The length of single breaks supply device over the next his reductions. In
conditions are an absence requirements to alarm works:
- to 300 ms without restart of security device;
- over 300 ms with restart of security device for a time no more than 12 second.
Contacts of outputs relay terminal do not become reserved false, that equipment
do not damage when operative permanent current of backward pole to get voltage. The
terminal of HABP device is stable:
- for reported die swinging frequency 1Mherdz according to GOST 51317.4 12-99 (IEC
(International Electrotechnical Commission) 61000-4-12-95) when the degree of fixity
tests are equal to 3. Performance criteria of device jamming in clutter - A to GOST R
51317.4.12-99 (IEC 61000-4-12-95);
- for nanoseconds impulsive noise according to GOST R 51317.4.4-99 (IEC 61000-4.1295) when the degree of fixity tests are equal to 4. Performance criteria of terminal
jamming in clutter A to GOST R51317.4.4-99 (IEC 61000-4-4-95);
72
hours according to GOST 27.402-95. Mean time to recovery (MTTR) working capacity device
security conditions in the presence of full completes of spare blocks are no more than 2 hour.
The size of terminal HABP (figure 2.33) 270x265x238 mm. Mounting dimensions :
252x190 mm, weight no more than 9 kg.
74
Figure 2.35. Changes of oscillagram parameters of sets when the device HABP are complex
working
On the oscillegram has fixed the follow parameters;
The first line line voltage UAB of the first sections;
The second line line voltage UAB of the second section;
The third line beat voltage between phases of A the first and the sections;
The fourth line A current phase of research input spool sections;
The fifth line A SD1 current phase;
The sixth line the sign of entry device ABP for the disconnected inputs of emergency sections;
The seventh line the sign of entry device ABP for the turn on section switch.
Experience has affirmed the central importance of theoretical and practical position
underlying cause of elaboration complex device HABP which it has shown the efficiency his
works.
75
The complex works of device HABP was successfully wed on the plants LTD
Togliattikauchuk, AK Transneft, Novokuibyshev synthetic alcohol plant Synthesisrubber
Sterlitamak town, JD Salavatnefteorgyntez, New Ufa Oil Refinery and others.
Main advantage of the HABP
1. More than an order of magnitude time cycle of HABP are shortens. In the normal time cycle
of ABP switching to a reserve source are consist t 4 = 0,7 5,0 second, when high speed ABP t4
= 0,04 0,15 second.
2. In the normal ABP for the starting can let engines with surmise power Pg no more than 0,3
SH (nominal power of supply transformation). In the high speed ABP, all engines are losing
section supply stands in the work.
3. HABP operation in contrast to easy ABP, the synchronic engines are not loosing synchronism,
throat it is not necessary put out the line and resynchronition.
4. Engine turn on currents which supplied from damaged inputs are not increase 2 2,5 IH. By the
way, it is increased resource of electrical engines and mechanisms.
5. Transition process after operating HABP are ends at ten per seconds.
The operating experience designed and implemented HABP by us device for the many oil
chemical plants has shown the high efficiency works in the short damage engines of electrical
supply voltages 0,4 -6 10 kV. For instance, in one of the oil chemical plants for the period
2000 year. The device of HABP has a good worked over 60 times and ensured continuity saves
of technical process [62].
2.5. Specification and estimated cost of device
Amount of delivery of equipments and service for implemented HABP.
The amount of the delivery are consist the next components:
blocks of entry device MBSD HABP
introduction and section vacuum switches on the voltage 10 kV, the nominal current is
1000 A and the nominal current of switch is 20 kV.
Electronics and power blocks of individual dynamical control device with vacuum
switch gears.
Time schedule of works:
stag
e
1
Table 2.12
Name of works
Target date
week
2 weeks
1.1.
5 weeks
4 weeks
10 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks
2 weeks
76
1
2
3
4
5
6
Type of equipments
MBSD
Table 2.13
quantity
1
3
3
KVVGE 191,5
250 m
quantit
y
1
3
Cost, thousand
tenge
300,00
*
289,00
250 m
25,00
400,00
276,30
77
7
8
2.6. CONCLUTION
The possibility of producing implementation HABP on the LLP
Almatyteplocommunenergo and which necessitates to increase energy efficient of company.
The algorithm or method of automatic switching on reserve electric supply is developed. Which
based on changing power location direct sequential on the entire SG. Also it is allowed relied
single channel principle of manage HABP.
According to principle scheme of HABP (figure 2.24) the laboratory sample of
microprocess trigger unit SG 0,4 kV for the next experimental research.
The algorithm which liaises with technical process with systematical automatic starter
ofHABP on the distribution devices SG of boiler. Which increase the reliability of electric supply
and effective of technical process of Akkent boiler room.
stopped fuel and air inside of furnace, sharply weaken. When the boiler works with
gas, immediately closed tap on the gas pipeline to boiler;
Boiler disconnected from main stream pipes. The steam throws away via emergency valve.
When temperature is sharply increase of leave gas outside of boiler over 2400C. It is necessary:
- closed valves on the boiler and closed taps on the burner;
- opened tap on the candle;
- switched off venting fan and closed scraper;
- switched off exhauster and closed directing apparatus;
- regulate pressure of gas on the GRU watch for emergency boiler.
According to tasks of project and heat loadings, in the boiler has envisages of
installations two steam boilers types as DSE-4-14GM and two water heating boiler as KV-GM23,26(20)-150. The steam capacity of every DSE-4-14GM is 4 t/h steams. The heat capacity of
every KV-GM-23,26(20)-150 is 23,26 megawatt (20 Gcal/h). Type of water heating boiler KVGM-11,63 (10) has 11,63 megawatt heat capacity.
Water boiler KV-GM-23,26(20)-150
According to the tasks of project has been taken two water boiler as KV GM 23,26(20)
150 Water boiler KV GM 23,26(20) 150 made and deliverer by Bahia boiler plant from
Russia.
Technical characteristics:
heat productivity 23,26 (20) MVt (Gcal/h);
water temperature at the input boiler 70 ;
water temperature at the outout boiler 150 ;
desingn air temperature at the input stoke fire box 20 ;
discharge through the boiler 247 m3/h;
boiler hydraulic resistance upon nominal water flowrate 0,25 MPa or 2,5 kgc/cm2;
air drag of gas circuit 2000 Pa or 200 kgc/m2;
boiler efficiency upon nominal load:
natural gas 92,5 %;
fuel oil -91,0 %.
The boiler standard equipment:
gas fuel single burner boiler as RGMG 20 P which has Q=25,9 MVt or Q=22,3
Gkal/h and one fuel nozzle;
primary air fan as 19ChS 63/3000 which has Q=2000,0 m3/h and H=635 daPa. Motor
N=11,0 kVt, n=3000 rpm one complect;
downstream as DN 1761 which has Q=73000 m3/h and H=280 daPa. MMotor N=160,0
kVt, n=1000 rpm, U=380 V and one compact;
blower fan as VDN 12,5 1500which has Q=39100 m 3/h, H=532 daPa. Motor N=90,0
kVt, n=1500 rpm, U=380 V and one complect.
As is clear to all, a generator uses for clean depositions on the surface boiler.
Water boiler KV GM - 11,63(10)-150
According to the tasks of project has been taken two water boiler as KV GM
11,63(10) 150 Water boiler KV GM 11,63 (10) 150 made and deliverer by Bahia boiler
plant from Russia.
Technical characteristics:
82
3.5.
Conclusion
The best interests of the economical reliability of enterprise are necessary related
resources for the implementation. Which was impressing determine requirement to increase the
economical temp in a common and his base level industry.
The economic security of industry must supply the necessary Law bases and is carried
out in accordance with economic plan.
Reaching of specificities thermal energy which influences to provide of economic safety
industry which allowed influence of constituent economical security LLP
Almatyteplocommunenergo and assess critical situation in the industry.
Main causes of emergency in the operation of boilers are:leaking water, increasing of
pressure, violation of water modes, production faults and retires.
Analyzes the causes of accidents has shown that obsolete of electric technical equipment
SG which do not supply continuity of technical process of thermal energy devices.
The starter of HABP allowed containing the continuity of technological process any difficulty
emergency situations in the systems of electric supply.
Thus, installing complex of HABP allowed bringing the next effects:
Ensuring reliability and continuity of electric supply in the boiler room LLP
Almatyteplocommunenergo. By providing regular schedule achieve through plenty of time for
diversion to reserve power supplies during 0.034 second, also to eliminated material damage to
the company for 1202810.578 tenge.
Recommendation
Advantages of the developed microprocessor the starting arrangement consists in
the following:
The HABP starting device is based on digital systems of processing of values of entrance
signals.Lung HABP (at the program level) adapts for various schemes of the distributing
device.
Switching time for a reserve source is reduced. At three-phase KZ and a power-supply
circuit of section of the distributing device to 22 - 44 ms (for example, when using VW1
switches - T ABB CalorEmag or BB/NELLShell firms) in the boiler room Akkent.
Technical mode may more reliably work for every occasion of emergency
situation.Almost eliminated break down of technical mode at different intimal and
external short current of electrical network in the boiler room Akkent.
Damage from products delivery reduces 1202810 with HABP at the boiler room LLP
ATKE.
83
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Lavygin V.M. and Liquid V.F. (2006), Handbook of thermal and nuclear power station.
MEI publishing House.
2. Burov V.D. and Elizarov D.P. (2009), Thermal power stations. MEI publishing House.
3. Rozenberg S.S., Saphonov L.P. and Khomenok L.A. (1994), Research of powerful steam
turbines at the power stations. Energoatomisdat publishing House.
4. Stepanov I.R (2000), Steam gas combines. Theoretical framework, application and
prospects. Kola Sciatic Centre publishing House.
5. Balabinovich V.K. (2005), Turbines of thermal power stations. Method. Allowance.
Belarus. Belarusian Technical University publishing House.
6. Ephimovich G.I. (1989), Withoutdeaerating scheme of double tube devices.
Energoatomisdat publishing House.
7. Liberman N.B. (1979), Handbook of designing boiler devices systems of district heating.
Energy publishing House.
8. Socolov B. A. (2007), Device and maintenance of equipment gaseous masout boilers.
Academy publishing House.
9. Pak G.V. (2002), Boiler plants of industrial. Thermal calculation. Tool to calculate the
course project on discipline Boilers.
10. Tarasyuk V. M. (2008), Maintenance of boilers: practical allowance for boiler operator.
NTs ENAS. ISBN: 978-5-93196-752-3.
11. Tsyruk S.A., Gamazin S.I., Pupin V.M., Kozlov V.N., Pavlov A.O. (2006), The method
of automatically turning backup electrical of consumers and device for its
implementation RF patent on invention 2326481 with MEI.
12. Tsyruk S.A., Gamazin S.I., Pupin V.M., Zhukov A.V., Kulikov A.I. (2011), The single
channel algorithm determining violation of normal electric power supply for starting
element HABP systems of electric power supply plants facilities M: Industrial energy,
4.
13. Tsyruk S.A., Gamazin S.I., Pupin V.M., Zhukov A.V., Kulikov A.I. (2011), The high
speed device ABP with the single channel principle determining violation of the normal
electrical power supply to consumers, Electrical device: Exploitation and repairs, 9.
14. Sadykbek T.A., e.t.c.M. (2012), The device of high speed of microprocessors ABP of the
new generation, Publishing house MEI Bulletin of the MEI, 3.
15. Sadykbek T.A., Tsyruk S.A., Gamazin S.I., Mukhambetov D.G., Sadykbek A.T. (2013),
The method of automatically switching backup power of consumers and device for its
realization RK innovative patent for innovation, 28086.
16. Sadykbek T.A. (2010), The regimes of systems of industrial power supply to the electric
motor loads, Textbook - Almaty: KazATK named Tynyshpaev M.,.Vol 163.
17. Catalogue. Water treatment equipment for thermal power station.
18. Catalogue. Filter insets FEL.
19. Catalogue. Deaerator of bubling type from 5 to 300 ton per hour.
20. Catalogue. Steam trap.
21. Olshansky A.I. (2007), Basic of energy saving. Study system. Vtebsk: EE VGTU
22. Kudinov A.A. (2000), Energy saving in the Thermal Power Based equipments.
Ulyanovsk: Ulstu
84
23. Jaworski M. I. (2000), Energy saving to the Industrial plants. Teaching aids. Tomsk.
Publishing House TPU.
24. UsovS.V.andKazarov S.A. (1985), The mode of thermal power plants. Leningrad.
Energoatomisdat publishing House.
25. Hirschfeld V. J. and Morozov G.N. (1973), The mode of work and exploitations of
Thermal Power Plants. Textbook for students of technical schools. Moscow. Energy
publishing House.
26. Fedrovich L. A. and Rykov A. P. (2007), The election method of thermal technical
equipments of Thermal Power Plants. Teaching aids. MEI publishing House.
27. Aronov I. Z. (1967), Contact economizers. Using of thermal of flash gas of gassed boiler.
Moscow. Energy publishing House.
28. Vintovkin A. A., Ladygichev M. G., Gusovsky V. L. and Usachev A.B. (2001), The
modern burner of equipments. Reference edition. Moscow. Engineering-1 publishing
House.
29. Noskov A. S. (2002), Thermal Power Plants effect for environments and methods
decrease of damage. Collection of Scientific Papers Research Laboratory "Heat power
system and installation" UlSTU. Issue 1 - Ulyanovsk: UlSTU.
30. Boiko E. A., Savinkina M. A. and Anischenko L. J. (1990), Basic of thermal technique.
Novosibirsk. SPSTL of the USSR.
31. Kopkov V. M. (2008), Thermal isolations of pipelines thermal sets. Dnepropetrovsk.
"New ideology".
32. Lomonosov V. J., Polivanov K. M. and Mikhailov O. P. (1990), Electrotechnology.
Energoatomisdat publishing House.
33. Nilsson J. W. (2014), Electric circuits.10th edition. Prentice Hall publishing House.
34. Perneyeva G. A. Energy development in Kazakhstan. The news portal. Astana. Eurasian
National University publishing House.
35. Mills R. (210), Energy, Economics and the Environment. The third edition. Foundation
press.
36. D. Sarkar (2015), Thermal Power Plant, 1st Edition. Elsevier Inc
37. Mohammad R. (2013), Thermal power plants - Advanced Application. InTech publishing
House.
38. Mohammad R. (2012), Thermal power plants. InTech publishing House.
39. P.K. Nag (2002), Power plant engineering. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
40. Damian Flynn (2003), Thermal Power Plant Simulation and Control. IET publishing
House.
41. Amano R.S., Sunden B. (2008), Thermal Engineering in Power System. QIT Press.
42. Kreith F. (2000), The CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering. CRC publishing House.
43. Levchenko M. T., Homyakov M. N. (1971), Automatic to reserve source. Moscow.
Energy publishing House.
44. Glovatskyy V. G., Ponomarev I. P. (2006), Modern means of relay protaction and energy
system automatic. Energomashvin publishing House
45. Petrov N. V. (2001), Methodological Instructions.Automaticalequipments of Power
Plants and substations. Kirov publishing House.
46. Merker G.P., Schwarz Ch., Teichman R. (2012), Combustion Engines Development:
Mixture Formation, Combustion, Emissions and Simulation. Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg.
47. Hase Y. ( 2013), Handbook of Power Systems Engineering with Power Electronics
Applications. 2nd Edition. - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
48. Barzam A.B. (1977) Automation in Electrical Power Systems
85
49. Timopheev I.P. (2003), Methodic for the implementation of the settlement and graphic
works on the course. Novosibirsk State Technical University.
50. Gross C.A., Roppel T.A. (2012), Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering. N.-Y.: CRC
Press.
51. Erjavec J. (2013), Hybrid, Electric & Fuel-Cell Vehicles. 2nd edition. Delmar, Engage
Learning.
52. Akkent Technical Diary
53. www.kbunl.co.in
54. www.electricals4you.com
55. www.ntpc.co.in.
56. Fedoseyev A. M. (1976), Relay protection of electrical systems. Moscow. Energy
publishing House. 560 pages.
57. Chernobrovov N.V. (1974), Relay protection. The fifth edition Moscow. Energy
publishing House. 680 pages.
58. Berkowitz M.A. and Semenov V.A. (1972), Fundamentals of engineering and
exploitations of relay protection. The fifth edition. Moscow. Energy publishing House.
584 pages.
59. Berkowitz M.A. (1963), Handbook of relay protection. Moscow. Gosenergoizdat
publishing House. 512 pages.
60. The rules for electrical installation. (1965), The fourth edition. Moscow. Energy
publishing House.
61. Kovalensky I.V. (1977), Relay protection of electric engines with voltages above 1000V.
Moscow. Energy publishing House.104 pages.
62. Zimin Ye. N. (1967), Protection of asynchronous electrical engines until 500 V. The
second edition. Moscow. Energy publishing House. 88 pages.
63. Bayter I.I. (1975), Relay protection and automation components of supplying their own
needs of thermal substations. Moscow. Energy publishing House. 120 pages.
64. Nayfeld M.R. and Spivakov P.I. (1968), The resistance of a single phase transformers in
circuit mode voltage networks up to1000 V. Industrial energy 11. 38 pages.
65. Inozemtsev E.K. (1975), Repair of high power electric power block. Moscow. Energy
publishing House. 104 pages.
66. Bortsov D. Ya. (1988), Exploitation optimal boiler operation on the gas fuel. Moscow.
Stroyizdat publishing House. 239 pages.
67. GlushchenkoL.Ph.,LisichkiinN.Ph and Opimakh Ye. N. (1987), Reconstruction of
industrial thermal plants. Kiev. Technique publishing House. 150 pages.
68. Delyagin G. N., Lebedev V. I. and Permyakov B.A. (1986), Heat generating installation.
Moscow. Stryizdat publishing House. 559 pages.
69. Zykov A. K. (1987) Steam and water plants. Reference guide. Stroyizdat publishing
House. 126 pages.
70. Mukhin O. A. (1986), Automation of thermal and ventilation systems. Minsk. Higher
school publishing House. 304 pages.
71. Yerbulatkyzy G. (2015), scientific technical solution upon fast acting automatically load
backup of electrical supply. KazATC name Tynyshpaev university publishing House
72. Chuchakin L.A. and TveritinN.Ye. Instrument control over state gas pipelines and gas
equipment. Nedra publishing House. 167 pages.
73. Yurenko V.V. (1987), Thermal testing of boilers. Nedra publishing House. 177 pages.
74. Yakelevich V. I. (1988), Adjustment of the oil gas industrial boilers. Moscow.
Stroyizdat publishing House. 215 pages.
75. Sadykbek T.A. (200), Development of methods and means of the agro industrial modes
of power supply systems with electromechanical loads. Almaty. AUPET publishing
House. 47 pages.
86
76. Yerbulatkyzy G (2016), scientific technical solution upon fast acting automatically load
backup of electrical supply. Publishing House Izdenis.
77. Sadykbek T.A. and Tanaguzov B.T. (2003), Almaty. Research and Development centre
Gylym publishing House. 156 pages.
78. Cave J.R., Roberge R. (1996), Application of SMES Technology to Electric Power
Systems. Canadian ASC publishing House.
79. Gamazin S.I. and Sadykbek T.A. (1992), Starting electric engines. Almaty. Gylym
publishing House. 235 pages.
80. Kudrin B.I., Tsyruk S.A., Sadykbek T.A., Sadykbek N. and Shontybaev E. B. (2007),
Simulation modes of industrial power supply systems with electromechanical load. 34
monograph editions. Moscow. Publishing House. 348 pages.
81. Yashkov V.A., Trofimov G.G., Turganov D.N. (2001), Reliability of power supply
systems. Almaty Gylym publishing House. 128 pages.
82. info@theboilerman.com
83. Wikipedia (2016), Abstract type hht:// en.wikipedia.org
87