CH 08

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 291 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM
Measurement
8
An architect who designs a
building must work within
certain constraints or
specifications, such as the
area the building will cover.
If a one-bedroom unit is to
cover an area of 60 m2,
draw three possible floor
plans for this unit, showing
the outline of the outer
walls and their dimensions.
In this chapter we find
out how to measure
perimeter, area and volume.
Kitchen
Dining
WC
Bedroom
Scale 1:200
Bathroom
Lounge
292
Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Measurement
It is part of human nature to try and understand the world around us. Measurement has
allowed us to find out distances between stars and atoms and to build the complex
world we now live in. A few ways we use measurement include: working out how far
we have travelled, how tall we have grown, how much fabric we need to make
something, or what volume of ingredients we need to cook the perfect cake.
Units of length
When we wish to find out how long something is, or to measure the
distance between two points, metric units of length are used. These
units are based on the metre (symbol m).
The metric units of length are shown below:
10
millimetres
(mm)
100
centimetres
(cm)
10
100
1000
kilometres
(km)
metres
(m)
1000
The ability to work confidently with metric units is

an essential skill in many trades and professions such
as architecture, fashion design, carpentry, interior
design, engineering and the retail trade.
WORKED Example 1
Complete the following metric length conversions.
a 1.027 m =
cm
b 0.0034 km =
c 76 500 m =
km
d 3.069 m =
m
mm
THINK
WRITE
a Look at the conversion table. To convert

metres to centimetres, we need to
multiply by 100. So, move the decimal
point two places to the right.
b To convert kilometres to metres, we
need to multiply by 1000. So, move the
decimal point three places to the right.
c To convert metres to kilometres, divide
by 1000. This can be done by moving
the decimal point three places to the left.
d Look at the conversion table. To convert
metres to millimetres, we need to multiply
by 100 and then by 10. This is the same as
multiplying by 1000, so move the decimal
point three places to the right.
a 1.027 100 = 102.7 cm
b 0.0034 1000 = 3.4 m

c 76 500 1000 = 76.5 km
d 3.069 100 10 = 3069 mm
Chapter 8 Measurement
293
Perimeter
Finding the perimeter
Perimeter is the distance around the outside boundaries of a shape.
For example, the perimeter of a football field would be found by measuring the
distance around the boundary fence. The perimeter of a basketball court could be found
by measuring the length of each side of the court and adding all the side lengths.
WORKED Example 2
Find the perimeter of each of the shapes below.
a
21 mm
15 mm
17 mm
45 mm
16
cm
28 mm
34 mm
7.3 cm
THINK
WRITE
a P = 21 + 15 + 34
= 70
Make sure that all the measurements

are in the same units and add them
together.
Write the answer in words, including

the units.
Notice that the measurements are not

all in the same metric units. Convert
to the smaller unit (in this case
convert 7.3 cm to mm).
Add the measurements.
P = 45 + 17 + 28 + 73
= 163

the units.
Perimeter of the shape shown is 163 mm.
Identify that there are 8 sides of

equal length.
Calculate the perimeter.
P = 16 8
= 128

the units.
Perimeter of the stop sign is 128 cm.
Perimeter of the shape shown is 70 mm.
b 7.3 cm = 73 mm
c 8 sides each of length 16 cm
294
Many problems involving finding the perimeter provide the description of a shape in
words, but do not include its picture. In such cases, it is always a good idea to draw a
diagram before attempting to find the perimeter.
WORKED Example 3
Find the perimeter of a rectangular print which is 49.3 cm long and 22.0 cm wide.
THINK
1
WRITE
Draw a diagram of the print and write

in the measurements.
49.3 cm
22.0 cm
22.0 cm
49.3 cm
P = 49.3 + 22.0 + 49.3 + 22.0

= 142.6
The perimeter is the distance around

the print. So add all the distances
together.
Write the worded answer, with the
correct unit.
The perimeter of the print is 142.6 cm.
Note: There is an alternative way to find the perimeter in the previous worked example.
Observe that when finding the perimeter, we had to count each of the two measurements (length and width) twice. So instead we could add length and width and then
multiply the results by 2.
Check these calculations:
P = 2 (49.3 + 22.0)
= 2 71.3
= 142.6 cm (as before)
This observation can be generalised as follows:
The perimeter of a rectangle, P, can be found using the formula
P = 2 (L + W), where L is the length of the rectangle and W is its width.
remember
remember
1. The metric units of length are millimetres (mm), centimetres (cm), metres (m)
and kilometres (km).
2. Use the table below to convert metric units of length.
10
millimetres
(mm)
100
centimetres
(cm)
10
100
1000
metres
(m)
kilometres
(km)
1000
3. Perimeter is the distance around the outside boundaries of a shape.

4. The perimeter of a rectangle can be found using the formula: P = 2 (L + W),
where L is the length of the rectangle and W is its width.
295
8A
Perimeter
1 Convert the following metric lengths by completing these equations.

a 76 cm =
mm
b 0.63 cm =
mm
1
c 35 m =
cm
d 548 cm =
mm
e 0.097 m =
cm
f 0.0137 km =
m
g 1.2 cm =
mm
h 4580 m =
km
i 6488 mm =
cm
j 0.0084 km =
m
k 77 000 mm =
m
l 5360 mm =
cm
m 3.51 km =
m
n 0.003 m =
mm
o 0.783 m =
mm
p 0.0065 m =
mm
q 66.6 m =
km
r 678 000 mm =
m
s 0.000 542 km =
cm
t 0.08 cm =
mm
u 7.76 m =
cm
v 29.88 mm =
cm
w 1034 mm =
m
x 760 mm =
cm
WORKED
SkillS
Length
conversions
Math
cad
Length
conversions
8.2
HEET
40 mm
SkillS
5 cm
sheet
2 Find the perimeter of the shapes below.

a
b
4 cm
2
L Spread
XCE
WORKED
Example
8.1
HEET
Example
1 cm
3 cm
31 mm
35 mm
etry
Cabri Geom
2 cm
60 mm
1.0 cm
5 mm
2 cm
3 cm
Perimeter
of a
rectangle
11 mm
GC pro
gram
1.5 cm
Measurement
6 cm
9 mm
14 mm
1.5 cm
5.0 cm
29 mm
4.5 cm
2.0 cm
j
4m
530 cm
330 cm
0.6 m
2.4 m
36 cm
346 cm
WORKED
3 A woven rectangular rug is 160 cm wide and 230 cm long. Find the perimeter of the rug.
4 A line is drawn to form a border 2 cm from each edge of a piece of A4 paper. If the
paper is 30 cm long and 21 cm wide, what is the length of the border line?
Example
5 a What length of concrete edging will be

required to form an edge around the lawn area
shown at right?
b What will be the cost of the job if edging costs
$8.45 per metre?
5.2 m
6.3 m
9m
6 What length of fencing wire will be needed to

place a three-strand fence around a rectangular
paddock which is 128 m long and 76 m wide?
7 What length of satin ribbon is required to edge a rectangular blanket on all four sides if
the blanket is 240 cm long and 195 cm wide? (Assume there is no overlap.)
8 Flavio runs five times around the rectangular baseball field shown below. What distance
has he run in total?
28 m
26 m
9 A printer wishes to place a gold line around the edge of the ticket shown below.
150 mm
110 mm
296
ce
plaace
ia's pl
at Julia'
Saturday 27 July 5pm till late
You'r
ou'ree inv
invit
ited!
ed!
RSVP 20 July 03 9988 6622
a How long is the line on each ticket?

b A canister of gold ink will supply enough ink to draw 27 m of line. How many
canisters of ink should the printer order to print 2800 tickets?
297
Circumference
The circumference is the length of the outer boundary, particularly of a circle.
The purpose of this activity is to establish a relationship

(if it exists) between the diameter of a circle and its
circumference.
Circ
um
The diameter of a circle and its

circumference any connection?
Diameter
Ra
diu
You will need:

Chalk, a 20 m length of string and a measuring tape.
ence
fer
What to do:
1 Working with a partner in a flat area such as
an outdoor basketball court, draw 4 large
circles with different diameters. Keep the
string taut and walk around your partner,
drawing a chalk line as you go.
2 Record the length of the diameter of each
circle into a table, like the one below.
Chalk in
3 Now take the string and lay it carefully
loop
around the circumference of the circle.
4 Stretch this length of string into a straight line and use the measuring tape to
find the circumference of each circle. Record your results in the table.
5 Add more values to your table, by drawing four smaller circles in your
workbook with a compass or a template. Measure the circumference using a
piece of cotton and a ruler.
C
6 Calculate the ratio ---- for each circle.
D
7 Do you observe any patterns? Can you describe the relationship between the
diameter of a circle and its circumference? Write a short statement that will
summarise your findings.
Circle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Diameter (D)
Circumference (C)
C
---D
298
Finding the circumference

As a result of the previous activity, you should have found that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is about 3 for any circle. That is, the length of the circumference
is about 3 times the length of the diameter.
In fact, the circumference or perimeter of any circle is always about 3.141 59 times
its diameter. The ancient Greeks discovered this ratio and the Greek letter
(pronounced Pi) is used to represent the number.
The circumference of a circle is given by the formula C = D, where C is the
circumference and D is the diameter of a circle.
The diameter of any circle is twice as long as its radius; that is, D = 2r, so another
way to write the formula for the circumference of a circle is C = 2r, where C is the
circumference and r is the radius.
Note: cannot be expressed as an exact fraction. It is somewhere between 3 1--7- and
------ . Expressed as a decimal, it begins 3.141 592 6535 . . . and goes on forever, with no
3 10
71
repeating pattern of numbers.
For problem solving purposes, 3.14 is a good approximation of the value of . Alternatively, a calculator can be used. (Scientific or graphics calculators usually have a
button, labelled , which gives a more accurate approximation of this special number.)
WORKED Example 4
Find the circumference of each of the following circles.
a
b
24 cm
5m
THINK
WRITE
Since the diameter of the circle is

given, use the formula which relates
circumference to diameter.
Identify the value of D (the
diameter).
Substitute 24 for D and 3.14 for .
Multiply the numbers and include
the correct unit (cm).
a C = D
Since the radius of the circle is

given, use the formula which
involves radius.
Identify the value of r (the radius).
Substitute 5 for r and 3.14 for .
Multiply the numbers and include
the correct unit (m).
b C = 2r
2
3
4
2
3
4
D = 24
C = 3.14 24
C = 75.36 cm
r=5
C = 2 3.14 5
C = 31.4 m
299
History of mathematics
A R C H I M E D E S O F S Y R AC U S E ( c . 2 8 7 2 1 2
During his life . . .

Lighthouse of Alexandria built.
Hannibal crosses the Alps.
Archimedes was a Greek mathematician. One
of his most famous achievements was to
determine that the value of (the ratio
between the diameter and circumference of a
10
------ and 3 ------ . He did this
circle) is between 3 10
71
70
by using a large circle that he cut into 96
sections. He lived in the city of Syracuse in
Sicily and devoted his entire lifetime to
research and experiment. He wrote books
about mathematics and mechanics and was a
great inventor.
He was the first to realise the enormous
power that can be exerted by levers and
pulleys. Archimedes said that if he had a lever
long enough he could move the Earth. He
would however, need to stand somewhere else
other than on the earth to do it. One of his
inventions, the hydraulic screw, is still used in
parts of the world today. This simple pump is
used to lift water from a lower to a higher
level. It consists of a large screw inside a
cylinder. One end is placed in water and the
screw is turned. As it revolves, water rises up
the spiral threads of the screw.
BC)
One of his most important discoveries,

Archimedes Principle, is said to have been
made while he was having a bath. As
Archimedes got into the tub one day, he
noticed that the water rose higher up the
sides. He got out of the bath and ran through
the streets shouting Eureka! which is Greek
for I have found it!. Archimedes Principle
(or the buoyancy principle) states that the
apparent loss in weight of a body totally or
partially immersed in a fluid is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced.
When the Romans attacked Syracuse,
Archimedes helped develop machines such as
catapults to defend the city. After three years
the Romans eventually won the war. It is said
that Archimedes was concentrating on a
problem and sketching geometric figures
when interrupted by a Roman soldier. Dont
disturb my circles! he exclaimed. The soldier
drew out his sword and killed him.
A large crater on the moon, more than
80 kilometres wide, is named after him.
Questions
1. What range of values did Archimedes
find for ?
2. What did Archimedes claim he could
move if he had a lever long enough?
3. What is the device known as
Archimedes screw used for?
4. What was Archimedes doing just
before he was killed?
5. Where is the crater Archimedes and
how big is it?
Research
1. Look on the Internet for information
about and decide how accurate
Archimedes value was compared to
the values known now and the values
known then.
2. What are levers and pulleys used for
now? Is there a limit to how big they
can be made?
300
Sometimes the outside boundaries of a shape include both straight and curved sections.
The curved parts may represent a fraction of the full circumference, for example a half,
or a quarter of it. In such cases it is recommended to break the outside boundaries of
a shape into parts first and to identify what makes the perimeter. Next, the length of
the curved parts can be calculated and then the lengths of all the parts added together to
give the value of the perimeter.
WORKED Example 5
Find the perimeter of the shape below.
12 cm
THINK
1
2
3
4
5
WRITE
Identify the parts that constitute the

perimeter of the given shape.
If the circle was complete, the straightline segment shown would be its
diameter. So to find the circumference,
use the formula that contains diameter.
State the value of the diameter, D.
Substitute the values of D and into
the formula and evaluate.
To find the perimeter of the given shape,
halve the value of the circumference and
add the length of the straight section.
Write the answer, including the units.
Graphics Calculator tip!
P=
1
--2
circumference + straight-line section.
C = D
D = 12
C = 3.14 12
= 37.68
P = (37.68 2) + 12
= 18.84 + 12
= 30.84
P = 30.84 cm
Calculations
involving
To enter the value of , find the button

marked . First press the button marked
2 nd then press ; that is, 2 nd [ ].
This gives you . To find the circumference of the circle with radius 4 cm, press
2 2 nd [ ] 4 and then press
ENTER . You should obtain the result as
shown in the screen opposite. Round your
answer to a sensible number of decimal
places. The circumference of a circle with
a radius of 4 cm is 25.13 cm.
301
remember
remember
Circ
um
1. The radius (r), diameter (D) and circumference (C) of a circle are shown below.
ence
fer
Diameter
Ra
diu
s
2. The circumference of a circle, C, is given by the formula C = D, or C = 2 r,

where D is the diameter and r is the radius of a circle.
3. The number has an approximate value of 3.14.
8B
WORKED
4a
1 Find the circumference of each of these circles.

a
b
Cabri Geom
etry
Example
Circumference
Circumference
10 cm
2 cm
7 mm
cad
Math
e
0.82 m
f
7.4 km
Circumference
34 m
gram
GC pro
Measurement
WORKED
Example
4b
2 Find the circumference of each of the following circles.

a
b
c
17 mm
8 cm
4m
f
0.4 m
1.43 km
10.6 m
302
3 Choose the appropriate formula and find the circumference of these circles.
a
b
c
77 km
6m
48 mm
f
31 mm
400 m
1.07 m
WORKED
Example
4 Find the perimeter of each of the shapes below. (Remember to add the lengths of the
straight sections.)
a
b
c
24 m
16 mm
10 cm
11 mm
18 cm
20 cm
75 cm
48 m
50 m
1.4 m
1.2 m
5 multiple choice
The circumference of a circle with a radius of 12 cm is:
A 12 cm
B 2 12 cm
C 2 24 cm
D 6 cm
E 18 cm
6 multiple choice
The circumference of a circle with a diameter of 55 m is:
------ m
A 2 55 m
B 55
C 55 m
2
D 110 2 m
E 2 110 m
30 cm
303
7 In a Physics experiment, students spin a metal weight

around on the end of a nylon thread. How far does
the metal weight travel if it completes 10 revolutions
on the end of a 0.88 m thread?
Nylon thread
r = 0.88 m
8 A scooter tyre has a diameter of 32 cm. What is the

perimeter of the tyre?
9 Find the circumference of

the seaweed around the
outside of this sushi roll.
19 m
Weight
10 Find the circumference of the Ferris

wheel shown below.
m
35 m
11 Calculate the total length of metal pipe needed to

assemble the wading pool frame shown at right.
40 cm
r = 1.4 m
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
12 Nathan runs around the inside lane of a circular track

which has a radius of 29 m. Rachel runs in the outer
lane, which is 2.5 m further from the centre of the track.
How much longer is the distance Rachel runs each lap?
CH
AL
1 In Around the world in eighty days by Jules Verne, Phileas Fogg boasts
that he can travel around the world in 80 days or less. This was in the
1800s, so he couldnt take a plane. What average speed is needed to go
around the Earth at the equator in 80 days? Assume you travel for 12
hours each day and that the radius of the Earth is approximately
6390 km.
2 Liesels bicycle covers 19 m in 10 revolutions of her bicycle wheel while
Jareds bicycle covers 20 m in 8 revolutions of his bicycle wheel. What
is the difference between the radii of the two bicycle wheels?
304
Calculate the perimeters (circumferences) of all the

circles using the values of given. Each answer and the letter
inside the circle gives part of the puzzle code.
7m
=
A
22
7
7
8
14 m
1
4
22
7
W
2m
22
7
L
22
7
22
7
22 m 2.75 m 44 m 2.512 m 31.4 m 2.75 m 147 m 0.628 m 2.75 m 22 m 37.68 m 31.4 m

1
2
7m
22
7
22
7
22
7
371 m 31.4 m 44 m
1
4
22
7
11
m
14
22
7
5.5 m 9.42 m 31.4 m
15.7 m 88 m 31.4 m 44 m 5.652 m 22 m 9.42 m 15.7 m 2.75 m 2.75 m
3m
5m
= 3.14
= 3.14
1.5 m
4
5
7
m
10
= 3.14
F
m
0.9 m
= 3.14
= 3.14
8m
6m
P
0.1 m
= 3.14 = 3.14
10 m
3
8
9.42 m 44 m 4.71 m
371 m
14 m
C
= 3.14
= 3.14
= 3.14
5.5 m 9.42 m 31.4 m 371 m 31.4 m 22 m
22 m 5.5 m
5
m 22 m 37.68 m 50.24 m 44 m 5.652 m 5.5 m 9.42 m 31.4m
5.5 m 9.42 m 31.4 m 214
627 m 44 m 4.396 m 2.75 m 88 m
Area of rectangles and triangles

Many buildings we see around us are constructed from rectangles and triangles. For such
shapes, we often need to calculate their surface
area.
The area of a shape is the amount of flat
surface enclosed by the shape.
For example, the frame of a window goes around
its perimeter, while the glass represents its area.
Area is measured in square units, such as
square millimetres (mm2), square
centimetres (cm2), square metres (m2) or
square kilometres (km2).
Area of a rectangle
The area of a rectangle can be found using
the formula A = l w, where l is the length
and w is the width of the rectangle.
A special case of a rectangle is a square.
Since l = w for a square, the formula
becomes A = l l or A = l 2.
WORKED Example 6
Find the area of a rectangle with dimensions shown below.
4 cm
3 cm
THINK
1
Write the formula for the area of a

rectangle.
Identify the values of l and w.
Substitute the values of l and w into the

formula and evaluate. Include the
appropriate units.
WRITE
A=lw
l = 4 and w = 3
A=43
= 12 cm2
305
306
Area of a triangle
Look at the triangles below, which have been formed by cutting rectangles in half.
2.5 cm
3 cm
2 cm
5 cm
3 cm
4 cm
The area of a triangle is equal to half the area of a rectangle of the same base length
and height.
The area of a triangle, A, is given by the formula: A = 1--2- bh,
where b is the base and h is the height of the triangle.
The base and the height of the triangle are
perpendicular (at right angles) to each other.
h
b
WORKED Example 7
Find the area of each of these triangles.
a
b
4.5 cm
7 cm
10 cm
15 cm
THINK
WRITE

triangle.
Identify the values of b and h.
Substitute the values of b and h into
the formula.
Evaluate. (Since one of the values is
even, halve it first to make
calculations easier.) Remember to
include the correct unit (cm2).
a A = 1--2- bh

triangle.
Substitute the values of b and h into
the formula.
Evaluate. (Since neither value is
even, multiply 15 and 7 first, and
then divide by 2.)
Remember to include the correct
unit (cm2).
b A = 1--2- bh
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
b = 10, h = 4.5
A=
1
--2
10 4.5
= 5 4.5
= 22.5 cm2
b = 15, h = 7
A=
1
--2
15 7
1
--2
105
= 52.5 cm2
307
remember
remember
1. Area is measured in square units: square millimetres (mm2), square centimetres

(cm2), square metres (m2) or square kilometres (km2).
2. The area of a rectangle is given by the formula A = l w, where l is the length
and w is the width of a rectangle.
3. The area of a square is given by the formula A = l 2.
4. The area of a triangle may be found using the rule A = 1--2- bh, where b is the base
and h is the height of a triangle.
8C
Area of rectangles and

triangles
Example
4 cm
L Spread
XCE
sheet
1 Find the area of each of the rectangles below.

a
b
9 cm
45 mm
6
WORKED
1.5 m
Area of a
rectangle
25 mm
3m
E
sheet
L Spread
XCE
45 km
5m
Area of a
triangle
16 mm
50 cm
27 km
2.1 cm
etry
Cabri Geom
Area of a
rectangle
b In the diagram shown at right, the height

of the triangle is:
A 2.6 cm
2.6 cm
B 4.0 cm
C 3.0 cm
D 4.2 cm
c
In the diagram shown at right, the base

length of the triangle is:
A 4.1 cm
B 2.9 cm
C 5.3 cm
D 7.2 cm
GC pro
53 mm
27 mm
Measurement
60 mm
4.0 cm
3.0 cm
7.2 cm
4.1 cm
gram
2 multiple choice
a In the diagram shown at right, the height
of the triangle is:
30 mm
A 60 mm
B 30 mm
C 27 mm
D 53 mm
2.9 cm
5.3 cm
308
d In the diagram shown at right, the base length

of the triangle is:
A 39 cm
B 58 cm
C 29 cm
D 25 cm
39 cm
58 cm
29 cm
25 cm
Cabri
e The area of the triangle shown at right is:

A 19.2 cm2
4 cm
B 9.6 cm2
2
C 12 cm
D 15 cm2
3 Find the area of each of these triangles.
Example
a
b
7
Area of a
Geometry
5 cm
6 cm
WORKED
16 cm
triangle
2.5 m
2m
52 cm
4m
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
3.2 cm
Area of a
triangle
e
17 cm
65 m
53 m
27 m
43 cm
33 m
25 cm
50 cm
Mat
d
hca
Area of a
triangle
h
1.6 m
51 mm
29 mm
28 cm
3.0 m
46 cm
22 cm
53 cm
34 mm
40 km
25 cm
l
19 cm
50 km
30 km
57 cm
16 cm
27 cm
4 Calculate the approximate area of the triangular

mainsail using the dimensions when the sail is flat,
which are shown on the yacht at right.
48 m
3.7 m
5 Find the area of cloth required to make the kite

shown, given that the length BD is 80 cm and
the length AC is 1.5 m.
80
1.5
6 A church spire has six identical triangular faces with the dimensions
shown. What area of copper roofing
would be required to cover all six faces
of the spire?
4.2 m
7 What area of cloth would be required to

make one of the pennants shown below?
1m
45 cm
cm
D
40 cm
309
310
GAM
Measurement
001
8.1
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
Work
30 cm
8 What area of plastic sheet would be

needed to make 12 of the talking
circle signs with the dimensions
shown? (Assume there is no waste.)
me
E ti
ET
SHE
43 cm
CH
AL
1 A square and an equilateral triangle have the

same perimeter. The side of the triangle is
3 cm longer than the side of the square. How
long is the side of the square?
2 One playing card is placed over another as
shown. Is the top card covering half, less than
half or more than half of the bottom card?
Explain your answer.
1
Use = 3.14 in the following questions.
1 True or false? The conversion of 10 cm to millimetres is 100 mm.
2 multiple choice
The rule for finding the circumference of a circle is:
A r
B 2
C D
D r2
Use the diagram at right for questions 3 and 4.
E 2 r2
13 cm
3 What is the perimeter?
4 cm
4 What is the area?

5 Calculate the circumference of a circle with radius 3 cm.
6 Calculate the perimeter of the shape at right.
7 Draw a triangle with an area of 6 cm2.
5m
8 Calculate the area of a rectangle with length 8 cm and width 6 cm.

9 What is the total area of 2 square tiles each with a length of 4.5 cm?
10 Find the area of a triangle with base length of 6.5 cm and height 10 cm.
311
Area of a parallelogram
Although parallel lines appear to come together in the
distance, parallel lines never meet. In mathematical
figures parallel lines are marked with arrows.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral (four-sided figure)

with two pairs of parallel sides.
There are a number
of methods we can
use to find the area
of a parallelogram.
Try both of these to
obtain a formula.
Method 1
The parallelogram
b
shown at right has
been drawn onto 1
cm grid paper.
1 Count the number of squares contained inside the parallelogram.
2 What is the area of each square?
3 Hence, what is the area of the parallelogram?
4 What is the length of the side marked b?
5 What is the height, marked h, of the parallelogram?
6 Calculate the value of h b and compare this to the value obtained for the area
in part 3.
7 Write a formula for the area of a parallelogram.
Method 2
1 Trace the outline of
the parallelogram at
right onto a sheet
of plain paper.
h
2 Using a set square or
ruler, draw in the line
labelled h. It must be
b
perpendicular
(at right angles) to the base of the parallelogram, which is labelled b.
3 Cut out the parallelogram.
4 Cut out the shaded triangle.
5 Fit the triangle onto the other end of the parallelogram to form a rectangle.
6 Explain how you can find the area of a parallelogram. Write a formula for the
area of a parallelogram.
Cabri
312
You may like to investigate

parallelograms further by
opening the Cabri Geometry
file Area of a parallelogram on the Maths Quest 8
CD-ROM.
Geometry
Area of a
parallelogram
Finding the area of a parallelogram

The area of a parallelogram, A, is given by the formula
A = bh, where b is the length of the base and h is the
height of the parallelogram.
h
b
Note: The base and the height of a parallelogram are always perpendicular to each
other.
WORKED Example 8
Find the area of the parallelogram shown.
6 cm
13 cm
THINK
WRITE
Write down the formula for the area of

a parallelogram.
A = bh
b = 13, h = 6
Substitute 6 for h and 13 for b.
A = 13 6
Multiply the numbers together and

include the correct units.
= 78 cm2
remember
remember
1. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
2. The area of a parallelogram is given by the formula, A = bh, where b is the
length of the base of the parallelogram and h is its vertical height.
3. The base and the height of any parallelogram are perpendicular to each other.
8D
313
1 Find the area of the parallelograms shown below.

a
b
8
Cabri Geom
WORKED
etry
Example
Area of a
parallelogram
11 mm
32 cm
120 m
25 mm
e
2.4 mm
f
75 mm
1.8 m
32
Area of a
parallelogram
m
gram
GC pro
4.6 mm
cad
Math
20.5 cm
200 m
1.5 m
Measurement
72 m
5.3 m
2.8 m
1.6 m
70 m
6.2 m
5.3 m
68 m
2 Find the area of gold braid, needed to make the four military stripes shown.
6 cm
2.1
cm
3 What is the area of the block of land in the

figure at right?
76 m
27 m
4 multiple choice
Which statement about a parallelogram is not true?
A The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.
B The height of the parallelogram is perpendicular to its base.
C The area of a parallelogram is equal to the area of the rectangle whose length is the
same as the base and whose width is the same as the height of the parallelogram.
D The perimeter of the parallelogram is given by the formula P = 2(b + h).
E The area of a parallelogram is given by the formula A = bh.
5 The base of a parallelogram is 3 times as long as its height. Find the area of the
parallelogram, given that its height is 2.4 cm long.
314
6 A designer vase has a square base of side length 12 cm and four identical sides, each of
which is a parallelogram. If the vertical height of the vase is 30 cm, find the total area of
the glass used to make this vase. (Assume no waste and do not forget to include the base.)
7 a Find the length of the base of a parallelogram whose height is 5.2 cm and whose
area is 18.72 cm2.
b Find the height of a parallelogram whose base is 7.5 cm long and whose area is
69 cm2.
SkillS
HEET
8.3
8 The length of the base of a parallelogram is equal to its height. If the area of the
parallelogram is 90.25 cm2, find its dimensions.
Area of a circle
Area of a circle
1 Use a compass or template to draw a circle with a radius of about 8 cm.
2 Divide your circle into 20 sectors as shown in the diagram below. (Use your
protractor. Each sector makes an angle of 18 at the centre.)
3 Colour the sectors as shown. Since the circumference of the circle is given by
C = 2 r, the distance around the curved part of the coloured section is half of
this, or r.
4 Cut out the sectors and arrange them as shown.
r
5 The shape closely resembles a rectangle, so its approximate area can be found
using the formula A = lw. Since the length of this rectangle is r and the
width is r, the area of the rectangle and, hence, the circle, is given by the rule
A = r r
= r2
Note: If the circle is divided into smaller sectors, the curved sides of the sectors
become straighter and, hence, the shape is closer to a perfect rectangle.
315
Finding the area of a circle

The area of a circle, A, can be found using the formula
A = r 2, where is a constant with a value of
approximately 3.14 and r is the radius of the circle.
WORKED Example 9
Find the area of each of the following circles.
a
b
18 cm
20 cm
THINK
WRITE
a A = r2
1
2
3

circle.
Identify the value of r, the radius of
the circle.
Evaluate (square the radius first) and


circle.
We need radius, but are given the
diameter. State the relation between
the radius and the diameter.
Halve the value of the diameter to
get the radius.
3
4
5
r = 20
A = 3.14 202
= 3.14 400
= 1256 cm2
b A = r2
D = 18; r = D 2
r = 18 2
=9
A = 3.14 92
= 3.14 81
= 254.34 cm2
Evaluate (square the radius first) and

Using a calculator to find the area of a circle

A scientific calculator can make your working out simpler. For example, to find the
area of a circle with a radius of 3.1 m, follow this calculator sequence:
x2
316
Check this sequence, using your calculator.

Your calculator display should show the
number 30.1907054. (This answer needs to
be rounded off to a reasonable number of
decimal places; say, 2.)
On a TI-graphics calculator, you would
press 2 nd [ ] then enter 3.1, press x2 and
then press ENTER to obtain the value of the
area which can be seen in the screen at right.
remember
remember
1. The area of a circle is given by the formula A = r2, where r is the radius of a
circle and has an approximate value of 3.14.
D
2. The radius of a circle, r, is equal to a half of its diameter, D: r = ---- .
2
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
8E
Area of a circle
1 Find the area of each of the following circles.

a
b
9
WORKED
Example
Area of
a circle
4m
12 cm
d
hca
Mat
2.5 km
Cabri
Area of
a circle
Geometry
18 mm
Area of
a circle
1.7 m
GC p
am
rogr
0.7 cm
Measurement
58 cm
22 cm
8.1 mm
2 Find the area of:

a a circle of radius 5 cm
c a circle of diameter 28 m
317
b a circle of radius 12.4 mm

d a circle of diameter 18 cm.
3 Annulus is the Latin word for ring. An annulus is the shape formed between two
circles with a common centre (called concentric circles). To find the area of an
annulus, calculate the area of the smaller circle and subtract it from the area of the
larger circle. Find the area of the annulus for the following sets of concentric circles.
An annulus is the shaded area between

the concentric circles.
4 cm
41 cm
7 mm
2 cm
20 mm
7 cm
f
14 mm
30 m
40 m
50 m
81 m
4 Find the area of the following shapes:

a
b
c
16 mm
20 cm
1 cm
26 m
318
4.2 m
42 cm
10 cm
6 cm
7.5 cm
2.5 cm
5 cm
3 cm
5 Find the minimum area of aluminium foil that could be used to cover the top of the
circular table on which this feast was arranged. The radius of the table top is 1.25 m.
6 What is the area of material in a circular mat of diameter

2.4 m?
7 How many packets of lawn seed should Joanne buy to
sow the circular bed shown at right, if each packet of
seed covers 23 m2?
8 A landscape gardener wishes to spread fertiliser on a
semicircular garden bed which has a diameter of
4.7 m. How much fertiliser is required, if the fertiliser
is applied at the rate of 20 g per square metre?
27.0 m
319
Area of a trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral (a four-sided figure) with one pair of parallel sides.
The following figures are all trapeziums.
Area of a trapezium
1 Trace two copies of the trapezium below onto plain paper.
a
2 Cut out the two trapeziums carefully and then paste them together to form a
parallelogram as shown.
a
b
a+b
Cabri Geom
etry
3 Recall that the area of a parallelogram is given by the formula: A = bh. So the
area, A, of this parallelogram is: A = (a + b) h.
4 This parallelogram is made of two trapeziums, so the area of each trapezium is
half the area of the parallelogram; that is, the area, A, of each trapezium is:
A = 1--2- (a + b) h.
5 You can investigate
whether this
relationship holds
for different
trapeziums by
opening the Cabri
Geometry file Area
of a trapezium on
the Maths Quest 8
CD-ROM.
Area of a
trapezium
320
Generally:
The area of a trapezium, A, is given by the formula: A = 1--2- (a + b) h, where a and
b are the lengths of the parallel sides and h is the height of the trapezium.
a
h
b
Note: The height of the trapezium is always perpendicular to each of its parallel sides.
WORKED Example 10
Find the area of the trapezium at right.
6 cm
4 cm
10 cm
THINK
1
2
3
4
WRITE
Write the formula for the area of the

trapezium.
Identify the values of a, b and h.
Note: It does not matter which of the
parallel sides is a and which one is b,
since we will need to add them
together.
Substitute the values of a, b and h into
the formula.
Evaluate (work out the brackets first)
and include the correct unit.
A = 1--2- (a + b) h
a = 10, b = 6 and h = 4
A=
1
--2
(10 + 6) 4
A = 1--2- 16 4
= 32 cm2
remember
remember
The area of a trapezium is given by the formula A = 1--2- (a + b) h, where a and b

are parallel sides and h is the height of a trapezium.
a
h
b
The height of the trapezium is always perpendicular to the parallel sides.
321
8F
Area of a trapezium
1 Find the area of each of the following trapeziums.

a
b
3 cm
9m
10
WORKED
Math
cad
Example
5.0 m
Area of a
trapezium
2 cm
4.5 m
3.0 m
6 cm
GC pro
gram
6m
3.5 m
14 mm
8.0 cm
0.9 cm
18 mm
Measurement
2.4 cm
48 m
50 m
80 m
25 mm
2 multiple choice
Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the area of the trapezium shown?
A
1
--2
(3 + 5) 11
1
--2
(3 + 5 + 11)
1
--2
(11 3) 5
1
--2
(11 + 5) 3
1
--2
(3 + 11) 5
3 cm
5 cm
11 cm
3 A dress pattern contains these two pieces.

30 cm
30 cm
60 cm
60 cm
32 cm
47 cm
Find the total area of material needed to make both pieces.

4 A Science laboratory has four benches with
the dimensions shown at right.
What would be the cost of covering all four
benches with a protective coating which costs
$38.50 per square metre?
5 Stavros has accepted a contract to concrete and edge the yard
the dimensions of which are shown in the figure at right.
a What will be the cost of concreting the yard if concrete
costs $28.00 per square metre?
10 m
b The yard must be surrounded by edging strips, which cost
$8.25 per metre. Find:
i the cost of the edging strips and
ii the total cost of materials for the job.
0.84
m
m
9
0.3
2.1 m
12.4 m
9.2 m
8.8 m
322
6 The side wall of this shed is in the shape of a trapezium and has an area of 4.6 m2. Find
the perpendicular distance between the parallel sides, if one side of the wall is 2.6 m
high and the other 2 m high.
h
2m
2.6 m
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
7 multiple choice
Two trapeziums have corresponding parallel sides of equal length. The height of the
first trapezium is twice as large as the height of the second. The area of the second
trapezium is:
A twice the area of the first trapezium
B half the area of the first trapezium
C quarter of the area of the first trapezium
D four times the area of the first trapezium
E impossible to say
CH
AL
1 A region at right consists of seven

identical squares enclosing a total
area of 252 m2. What is the perimeter
of the region?
2 A 20-cm pizza sells for $7.50. At this rate, what will be the price of a
28-cm pizza?
3 A Ferris wheel in London called the London Eye has a radius of 65 m.
It takes 30 minutes for one complete revolution of the wheel. If you were
riding on this Ferris wheel, what distance would you have travelled in
10 minutes?
323
Whyy do doctors wear

Wh
wear masks during surger
surgery?
y?
Calculate the area of each
trapezium. Join the dot near the area with the dot
inside the matching trapezium. Each line will pass through a
letter and a number giving the puzzle code.
2m
3m
3m
5m
3m
32 m2
2m
14
8m
N
13
10
5m
T
4
7m
3.6 m2
20 m2
11
9
M
12.5 m2
2m
1m
6
W
10 m2
2.2 m
1.8 m
4m
4m
6.5 m
7
2.5 m
Y
3 m2
15 m2
2.6 m
12 m
8m
3m
3 4 5
9.5 m
12
22 m2
1m
4m
7.5 m2
2
F
6m
8m
4m
28 m2
5.2 m2
42 m2
2.5 m
15
2.5 m
2.5 m
5m
6 m2
2m
7m
4m
4m
2m
4.2 m
8 9
4m
5 8
52 m2
1m
7 m2
11 m
5m
4m
1 10 3 8 9
11 12 12 11 5 13 1 14 14 9 11 12 13 13 4 12 15 1 15 1 3
324
Composite shapes
Sometimes it is not possible to use a single formula to find the area of a particular
shape. However, the area may be found by dividing the shape into parts and using the
known formula for each part separately. For example, the area of the shape shown
below can be found by dividing it into a triangle and a rectangle, or into two trapeziums
(simple shapes, for which we know the formula).
WORKED Example 11
Find the shaded area for this shape.
2.5 m
THINK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
WRITE
The shaded area can be found by

subtracting the area of the circle from
the area of the square.
square.
Identify the value of l.
Substitute 2.5 for l and evaluate.
circle.
Calculate the radius from the diameter
given in the question.
Substitute 1.25 for r and evaluate. (Use
3.14 as an approximate value for .)
Subtract the area of the circle from the
area of the square to find the shaded
area.
Round off to 2 decimal places and
include the units.
Shaded area = Asquare Acircle

Asquare = l 2
l = 2.5
Asquare = 2.52
= 6.25 m2
Acircle = r2
r=D2
= 2.5 2
= 1.25
Acircle = 3.14 1.252
= 4.906 25 m2
Shaded area = 6.25 4.906 25
= 1.343 75
1.34 m2
Note: The sign , used in the above worked example means approximately equals.
325
WORKED Example 12
Find the area of this shape.
1.8 cm
4.2 cm
3 cm
1.7 cm
THINK
WRITE
The dotted line divides the figure into a

rectangle and a trapezium. To find the
total area, find the area of the rectangle
and the area of the trapezium and add
them together.
Total area = Arectangle + Atrapezium

rectangle.
Arectangle = lw
Identify the values of l and w.
l = 3, w = 1.8
Substitute 3 for l and 1.8 for w into the

formula and evaluate.
Arectangle = 3 1.8
= 5.4 cm2

trapezium.
Atrapezium = 1--2- (a + b) h
Identify the values of the

pronumerals.
a = 1.8, b = 4.2, h = 1.7
Substitute 1.8 for a, 4.2 for b and

1.7 for h into the formula and evaluate.
Atrapezium = 1--2- (1.8 + 4.2) 1.7

=
1
--2
6 1.7
= 3 1.7
= 5.1 cm2
8
Add the two areas together to get the

total area. Include the correct area
units.
Total area = 5.4 + 5.1

= 10.5 cm2
remember
remember
1. Many problems such as finding a shaded area can be solved by subtracting one
area from another.
2. Many composite shapes can be divided into two or more pieces which have a
simple area formula.
326
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
8G
Composite shapes
1 Find the shaded area for each of the following shapes.

a
b
11
WORKED
Example
Area
8m
am
rogr
c
13 m
52 m
GC p
2
Measurement
4 cm
40 mm
50 mm
3.8 m
88 m
16 mm
6.0 m
30 cm
12 cm
18 cm
16 cm
15 cm
WORKED
Example
2 Find the area of each of the following shapes.

20 cm
12
b
m
15 c
60 cm
15 cm
6 cm
60 m
40 m
9 cm
36 cm
30 m
f
25 cm
13 m
14 m
28 cm
17.5 cm
15 cm
22 cm
7.5 cm
10 cm
10.5 cm
i
50 cm
30 m
60 m
30 cm
24 m
327
3 Michael is paving a rectangular yard, which is 15.5 m long and 8.7 m wide. A circular
fishpond with a diameter of 3.4 m is to be placed in the centre of the yard. What will be
the cost of paving Michaels yard, if the paving material costs $17.50 per square metre?
4 A farmer wishes to sow the paddocks with three different types of seed with different
costs as shown. What will be the total cost of the seed for the three paddocks with the
dimensions shown below?
400 m
Corn $1.05 per m2

108 m
2m
16
120 m
0m
15
Barley
0.4 cents per m2
Oats
0.65 cents
per m2
5 Find the area of the theatre stage shown at right.

8m
6m
6m
22 m
19.0 m
ET
SHE
Work
6 What will be the cost of carpeting all three rooms

shown, if the carpet costs $28.00 per square metre?
(Assume that there is no wastage or overlap.)
8.0 m
2m
5.0 m
7.4 m
6.0 m
5.0 m
Designing a one-bedroom unit

At the start of the chapter, did you try drawing
three different floor plans for a
one-bedroom unit that is to cover an area of
60 m2? If not, try it now.
Lets design this one-bedroom unit in more
detail. The unit should have two entrance
doors and at least four rooms as described in
the table. Any hallways you include should be
between 1.0 and 1.2 m wide.
Minimum room areas

Living room
30 m2
Bedroom
9 m2
Kitchen
6 m2
Bathroom
5 m2
1 For each of the three possible floor plans you drew, make a rough sketch showing
the locations of the rooms. Think creatively about a unit you would like.
2 Select one of your rough sketches and make a detailed plan of the one-bedroom
unit using grid, graph or dot paper. Determine the exact dimensions and
placement of the rooms. (Remember to keep the specifications in mind.) Label
each room with its name, dimensions and area.
3 Finish your plan by showing the locations of windows and doors.
4 Take measurements of the rooms where you live or at school. How do they
compare to those in your plan?
8.2
328
2
Use = 3.14 in the following questions. Where appropriate, state your answer correct to 2
decimal places.
1 True or false? The conversion of 5 km to metres is 5000 m.
2 Calculate the circumference of a circle with diameter of 5 cm.
3 Find the area of a rectangle with length 11 cm and width 6 cm.
4 Calculate the area of a triangle with base length of 12.5 m and height of 7 m.
5 Calculate the area of a photograph frame constructed
from 2 identical parallelograms as shown at right.
6 Find the area of a circle with a radius of 13 mm.
7 Calculate the area of the trapezium shown below.
11 cm
8 cm
13 cm
4 cm
17 cm
8 Find the total area of the following shape.
5m
2m
2.5 m
9 Find the shaded area in the figure below.

5m
1m
3 cm
10 What is the area of icing

needed to cover the annulus
as marked on the donut at
right?
7 cm
329
Total surface area

The area formulas we have discussed in this chapter can also be used for finding the
total surface area of 3-dimensional objects.
Total surface area is the area of all outside faces of a 3-dimensional object.
To find the total surface area of an object, we need to identify the shapes of the outside
faces of the object first. We then need to find the area of each face separately (using
formulas discussed earlier in the chapter) and add them all together.
Consider, for example, a cube. It is a 3-dimensional object. Its surface area can be
thought of as the area to be painted, if we were to paint the cube all over.
The total surface area of the cube consists of six square faces. The area of each face
is given by the formula A = l 2, so the total surface area (or TSA) of the cube can be
found by adding the areas of the six faces, or using the formula: TSAcube = 6l 2.
WORKED Example 13
Find the total surface area (TSA) of the solid shapes below.
a
b
6 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
4 cm
4 cm
THINK
WRITE
a TSAcube = 6l 2
Write the formula for the TSA of a

cube.
Substitute 5 for l.
Evaluate (square 5 first, then

multiply by 6) and include the
correct unit.
l=5
TSA = 6 52
= 6 25
= 150 cm2
Continued over page
330
THINK
WRITE
b TSApyramid = 4 Atriangle + Asquare
The total surface area of a square

pyramid consists of four identical
triangles and a square (at the base).
Write a brief statement about what is
to be found.

triangle.
Identify the values of the
pronumerals.
Atriangle = 1--2- bh
b = 4, h = 6
Substitute 4 for b and 6 for h.
Atriangle =
Evaluate.

square.
= 12 cm2
Asquare = l 2
7
8
9
10
11
Substitute 4 for l.
Evaluate.
Since there are 4 identical triangular
faces, multiply the area of one
triangle by 4 and then add the area of
the square to get the total surface
area of the pyramid.
Evaluate and include the correct
units.
1
--2
46
l=4
Asquare = 42
= 16 cm2
TSA = 4 12 + 16
= 48 + 16
= 64 cm2
remember
remember
1. The total surface area of a 3-dimensional object is the area on the outside of the
object. It is the sum of the areas of each of the individual faces.
2. The total surface area of a cube is given by the formula TSAcube = 6l 2.
8H
Total surface area
1 Find the total surface area of the solid shapes below.

a
b
13a
WORKED
Example
GC p
am
rogr
Measurement
87 m
40 cm
4.5 m
WORKED
Example
13b
331
2 Find the total surface area of the solid figures below. The base of each shape is square.
a
b
c
8 cm
3.7 cm
82 m
80 m
5 cm
1.5 cm
3 A baby stacks up two building blocks as shown at right. What is the

surface area of the stack?
4 A rectangular piece of cheese is cut in half diagonally. What is the
surface area of a piece of cheese shown in the diagram below?
8 cm
17 cm
12 cm
(Hint: Use the formula for the area

of a triangle to find the area of
each triangular face.)
5 The roof of a typical beach hut is constructed from two rectangular sections. Its walls
are made from four rectangular sections and two triangular sections at the ends of the
roof as shown below. What would be the minimum cost of painting the external walls
and roofs of 3 typical beach huts with the same paint which costs $49.95 for a 4 litre
can? (One 4 litre can covers 55 m2.)
4.5 m
2m
1.5 m
2.5 m
2.5 m
6 An open, cylindrical water tank is made from

two pieces of corrugated iron as shown at right.
Calculate the area of iron required to make the
tank.
2m
Base
3m
6.28 m
Walls
2m
332
Volume of a prism
Volume is the amount of space inside a
3-dimensional object.
Volume is measured in units such as cubic
centimetres (cm3) and cubic metres (m3).
Dividing a 3-dimensional shape into small cubes
with sides of length 1 cm allows us to calculate
its volume. For example, the cube at right has a
volume of 27 cm3.
Often a formula can be used to calculate the
volume of a 3-dimensional object.
Prisms
Prisms are 3-dimensional objects, which can be cut into identical
slices, called cross-sections.
For example, the cube consists of layers or slices, which are all
squares of equal size.
A cube can be sliced into identical square sections.
The figures below are all prisms. They are named according to the shape of their base
(or cross-section).
Cylinder
Rectangular prism
Hexagonal prism
Irregular prism
Triangular prism
Prisms have identical layers or cross-sections.
These figures are not prisms. Can you see why?
Sphere
Cone
Square pyramid
333
The volume of a rectangular prism (cuboid) can be found using the formula V = lwh
where l, w and h are the length, width and height of the rectangular prism respectively.
Another way of stating this formula is:
V = area of base height (where area of the base = lw).
The following rule applies to any prism.
The volume of a prism is given by the formula: V = A H, where A is the
cross-sectional area of a prism and H is the height of a prism.
Note: A prism might be positioned in different ways; that is, it may stand on the face
which represents the shape of the identical layers, or it may not. In other words, the
base of the prism (the face on which it stands) may, or may not be its cross-section.
This is why we use the expression cross-sectional area, rather than area of the base.
Also note that the dimension to which we refer as the height of a prism, H, is not
necessarily the height of the prism in the true sense of this word. It is just a dimension
which is perpendicular to the cross-section. If, for example, a prism does not stand on
its cross-section, this dimension would physically represent the depth (width or length),
rather than the height of the prism.
A
H
V=AH
The base of this prism is
its cross-section; H is
the height of the prism.
The base of this prism is not its

cross-section; H represents the
depth (or length) of the prism.
Many buildings are constructed from prisms. Which of the structures shown in this photograph of the Mt. Kent
astronomical observatory are prisms? Which structures are not prisms?
334
WORKED Example 14
Find the volume of each of the following prisms.
a
b
c
7 cm
12 cm
5 cm
8 cm
3 cm
A = 13 cm2
7 cm
THINK
WRITE
a V=AH
Write the formula for the volume of a

prism.
Identify the shape of the cross-section and,

hence, write the formula to find its area
State the value of r.
Substitute the value of r into the formula
and evaluate.
State the value of H.
To find the volume of a prism, multiply the
cross-sectional area by the height and
include the correct unit.
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
5
6
1
2
3

prism.
Identify the shape of the cross-section and,
hence, write the formula to find its area.
State the values of the pronumerals.
(Note: h is the height of a triangle, not of a
prism.)
Substitute the values of b and h into the
formula and evaluate.
State the value of H, the height of a prism.
To find the volume of a prism, multiply the
cross-sectional area by the height and
include the correct unit.
prism.
State the values of the cross-sectional area
and the height of the prism.
Multiply the cross-sectional area by the
height and include the correct unit.
Acircle = r2
r=3
A = 3.14 32
= 28.26 cm2
H=5
V = 28.26 5
= 141.3 cm3
b V=AH
Atriangle = 1--2- bh
b = 7, h = 8
A=
1
--2
78
= 28 cm2
H = 12
V = 28 12
= 336 cm3
c V=AH
A = 13, H = 7
V = 13 7
= 91 cm3
335
remember
remember
1. Volume is a measure of the amount of space inside a 3-dimensional object.
2. Volume is measured in cubic units, such as cubic centimetres (cm3) and cubic
metres (m3).
3. Prisms are 3-dimensional figures with identical layers or cross-sections.
4. The volume of a prism is given by the formula V = A H, where A is the
cross-sectional area and H is the height of the prism (a dimension,
perpendicular to the cross-section).
5. Use an area formula appropriate to each object to find the cross-sectional area.
8I
Volume of a prism
1 Which of the 3-dimensional shapes below are prisms?
sheet
L Spread
XCE
Volume
of a
prism
cad
Math
Volume
of a
prism
gram
GC pro
2 Find the volume of each of the following prisms.

a
b
14
Measurement
WORKED
Example
6 cm
4.5 m
A = 14 cm2
A = 18 m2
d
20 cm
25 cm
40 cm
15 cm
f
9m
13 cm
9 cm
10.5 m
336
8 cm
6 cm
4 cm
6 cm
7 cm
5 cm
j
8m
8m
7 cm
10 m
6 cm
6 cm
l
2.5 cm
1.25 m
2.0 cm
1.5 m
1.5 cm
1.0 m
3 What volume of water will a rectangular garden swimming pool with dimensions
shown in the photograph below hold, if it is completely filled? The pool has no shallow
or deep end. It is all the same depth.
2.4 m
25 m
20 m
4 How many cubic metres of cement will be needed to make

the cylindrical foundation shown in the figure at right?
8m
1.2 m
337
5 What are the volumes of these pieces of cheese?

5 cm
6 cm
b
4.2 cm
4 cm
O
MO ESE
E
CH 8.0 cm
5.0 cm
8 cm
GAME
time
Measurement
002
AD29 cm
E
BR
How much water will this pig trough,

with dimensions shown in the figure
below, hold if it is completely filled?
30 cm
15 cm
GE
QUEST
EN
M AT H
55 cm
15 cm
18 cm
ET
SHE
Work
6 What is the volume of the bread

bin shown below?
CH
AL
1 The areas of the three sides of a rectangular box are as

shown in the figure. What is the volume of the box?
2 A vase is shaped like a rectangular prism with a
square base of length 11 cm. It has 2 litres of water
poured into it. To what height does the water
reach in the vase? (Hint: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.)
270 cm2
180 cm2
150 cm2
Prize money
A radio station offers a choice of prizes for winning a competition. You are able to win
the value of a vertical stack of coins with a maximum volume of 500 cm3. The decision
to be made is whether to take the value of a stack of 5-cent, 10-cent or 20-cent coins.
Dimensions of the coins
Coin
Diameter
Approximate
height
5-cent coin
19 mm
1 mm
10-cent coin
23 mm
1.5 mm
20-cent coin
28 mm
2 mm
Which coin would you go for to win the most prize money? Show all your working.
8.3
338
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1
The
of the shape.
The
units of length are millimetres (mm), centimetres (cm),
metres (m) and kilometres (km).
The
The
of a 2-dimensional object is measured in square units,
such as square millimetres (mm2), square centimetres (cm2), square
metres (m2) and square kilometres (km2).
of a shape is the distance around the outside boundaries
of a circle is given by the formulae C = D or C = 2r.
The area of a rectangle
The area of a triangle
is given by the formula:
The area of a parallelogram
.
a
The area of a trapezium
b
l
The area of a square
10
The area of a circle
339
11
The
of a 3-dimensional object is the area on the outside of
the object. It is the sum of the areas of each of the individual faces.
12
The total surface area of a
13
Surface area is measured in the same

example square centimetres (cm2).
14
Volume is a measure of the amount of

object.
15
Volume is measured in
cubic metres (m3).
16
Prisms are 3-dimensional figures with identical

sections.
17
The volume of a
WORD
cubic units
A = 1--2- (a + b) h
metric
prism
cube
is given by the formula TSA = 6l 2.

as other areas, for
inside a 3-dimensional
such as cubic centimetres (cm3) and

or cross-
is given by the formula V = A H.
LIST
A = bh
layers
perimeter
area
A = l2
total surface area

(TSA)
A = r2
circumference
A = lw
space
units
A = 1--2- bh
340
CHAPTER
review
8A
1 Convert each of the following to the units shown in brackets.

a 5.3 mm (cm) b 7.6 cm (mm) c 15 cm (m)
d 4.6 m (cm)
e 250 m (km)
f 6.5 km (m) g 1.5 m (mm) h 12 500 cm (km)
8A
2 Find the perimeter of the shapes below. Where necessary, change to the smaller unit.
a
3.6 m
20 cm
10 cm
18 cm
2.2 m
8B
35 mm
2.4 cm
5.2 cm
Find the circumference of each of these circles.

a
44 mm
11 cm
18 m
8B
4 Find the perimeter of these shapes.

a
0.5 m
94 m
63 m
42 m
c
58 cm
8 cm
8C
5 A give way sign is in the shape of a triangle with a

base of 0.5 m. If the sign is 58 cm high, find the
amount (in m2) of aluminum needed to make 20 such
signs. Assume no waste.
6 Find the area of the following triangles.

a
b
16 m
341
8C
c
42 cm
22 cm
12 m
57 cm
64 cm
7 Restaurant owners want a dome like the one below over their new kitchen. Red glass is
more expensive and they want to estimate how much red glass is needed for the dome. The
small sides of the red triangles are 40 cm, the longer sides are 54 cm and their heights are
50 cm. The trapeziums around the central light are also 50 cm high. The lengths of their
parallel sides are 30 cm and 20 cm. Calculate the area of:
a the red triangles
b the red trapeziums
c the total area of red glass in m2.
30 cm 50 cm
8C,F
20 cm
40 cm
50 cm
54 cm
8 Find the area of this parallelogram.
8D
20 m
50 m
9 What area of cardboard would be required to make

the poster shown at right?
Squash all
8D
80 cm
10 Find the area of each of the circles in question 3.
8E
squares...
88 cm
342
8E
8F
11 Find the area that the 12-mm long minute hand of a watch sweeps out in one revolution.
12 Find the area of these trapeziums.
a
b
37 cm
38 m
19 m
27 cm
65 m
54 cm
8F
8G
13 Of the two parallel sides of a trapezium, one is 5 cm longer than the other. Find the height
of the trapezium if the longer side is 12 cm and its area is 57 cm2.
14 The diagram shows a design for a brooch.
25 mm
28 mm
a What is the total area of the brooch, in square millimetres?

b If the brooch were to be edged with gold, what length of gold strip would be needed for
the edge?
8H
15 Find the total surface area (TSA) of the following 3-dimensional objects.
a
b
c
5.6 cm
8.5 cm
3 cm
2.5 cm
8H
8I
16 A rectangular toy box with no lid is to be painted all over (inside and outside). If the box is
1.2 m long, 60 cm wide and 80 cm tall, find the total area that needs to be painted.
17 Find the volume of each of these prisms.
a
b
64 cm
c
28 cm
35 cm
2.8 cm
22 cm
26 cm
8I
CHAPTER
test
yourself
A=
3 cm2
18 A narrow cylindrical vase is 33 cm tall and has the volume of 2592 cm2. Find (to the nearest
cm) the radius of the base of the vase.

CH 08

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MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 291 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 292 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

The ability to work confidently with metric units is

a Look at the conversion table. To convert

a 1.027 100 = 102.7 cm

b 0.0034 1000 = 3.4 m

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 293 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

Make sure that all the measurements

Write the answer in words, including

Notice that the measurements are not

Add the measurements.

Write the answer in words, including

Perimeter of the shape shown is 163 mm.

Identify that there are 8 sides of

Calculate the perimeter.

Write the answer in words, including

Perimeter of the stop sign is 128 cm.

Perimeter of the shape shown is 70 mm.

c 8 sides each of length 16 cm

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 294 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Draw a diagram of the print and write

P = 49.3 + 22.0 + 49.3 + 22.0

The perimeter is the distance around

The perimeter of the print is 142.6 cm.

3. Perimeter is the distance around the outside boundaries of a shape.

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 295 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

1 Convert the following metric lengths by completing these equations.

2 Find the perimeter of the shapes below.

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 296 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

5 a What length of concrete edging will be

6 What length of fencing wire will be needed to

a How long is the line on each ticket?

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 297 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

The purpose of this activity is to establish a relationship

The diameter of a circle and its

You will need:

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 298 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Finding the circumference

Since the diameter of the circle is

Since the radius of the circle is

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 299 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

During his life . . .

One of his most important discoveries,

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 300 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Identify the parts that constitute the

Graphics Calculator tip!

circumference + straight-line section.

To enter the value of , find the button

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 301 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

2. The circumference of a circle, C, is given by the formula C = D, or C = 2 r,

1 Find the circumference of each of these circles.

2 Find the circumference of each of the following circles.

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 302 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

MQ 8 Ch 08 Page 303 Friday, December 8, 2000 7:20 AM

7 In a Physics experiment, students spin a metal weight

8 A scooter tyre has a diameter of 32 cm. What is the

9 Find the circumference of