Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume III
Sewer Networks
and Pump Stations
Published by :
Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan
Air Negara (SPAN)
Ministry of
Energy, Water
and Communication
Malaysia
Foreword by the
CEO of SPAN
unicipal wastewater treatment technology in Malaysia has evolved through several eras. In the
past, only basic facilities were used, e.g. overhang latrines, pit privy, bucket systems and pour
flush systems. Some improvement were observed when more modern system like septic tank and
Imhoff tank systems were introduced into the country some 40 years ago. The municipal
wastewater treatment in Malaysia sees a significant improvement in the last three decades since the introduction
of new technologies in the form of oxidation ponds, aerated lagoons, activated sludge system, package systems
and a variety of mechanical plants into the country. However, sewage still remains as one of the major pollutants
of our inland waterways. In the 1900s, the emergent of new treatment technologies were mainly driven by the
basic need to treat the sewage so as to control waterborne diseases. Today, the environmental regulations are
becoming stringent with the increasing awareness toward sustainable environmental management. Allowable
effluent discharge limits are becoming lower globally. Public are also more educated and more alert on the needs
to preserve the environment. Hence the evolution of municipal wastewater treatment technologies now are even
more revolutionary and more rapid in order to meet the stricter regulators requirements and to compete in the
increasing competitive market.
While the nation moves towards achieving the status of a developed country, sustainability of our environment,
in particularly the Malaysian rivers and streams must be strengthened. With this vision in mind, the Sewerage
Services Department published its first edition of the guidelines for sewerage industry titled Design and
Installation of Sewerage Systems in January 1995. The main purpose of these guidelines is to assist the
developer and his designer to plan and design systems acceptable to the regulatory authorities which, in
turn speeds up the approval processes. The Guidelines has clearly guided the nation sewerage industry towards
achieving an improved sewerage system in the country. Subsequently, the Department further improvised the
Guidelines in its second edition titled Guidelines for Developers which comprise five volumes covering
specific topics.
As a continuation to the efforts by the Sewerage Services Department, the National Water Services Commission
undertake to revise and improvement the Guidelines for Developers. The product of the revision is Malaysian
Sewerage Industry Guidelines which also comprise five volumes. These new revisions incorporated valuable
knowledge gained by various stakeholders over a decade since the implementation of the first Guidelines for
Developers and upkeep with the aim towards sustainable environmental management.
Volume 1
Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume 4
Volume 5
Volume 3 is specifically developed to provide a clear understanding of policies of the SPAN for the
provision, refurbishment or upgrading of sewer networks and pumps stations. This volume covers
planning, design, material selection, construction, installation and sewer testing requirements. The
implementation of these guidelines since 90s has undoubtedly achieved some levels of consistency in the
design and construction of sewerage network nationwide. Finished sewerage networks quality has also
been elevated while the operation and maintenance of the plants have improved significantly in terms of
safety, health, operability and robustness. Whilst the adherence to these guidelines is necessary,
engineering discretion is also required, especially for large sewers and pumping station with special
situations. It is hoped that the publication of the third edition of this Volume further improve the municipal
wastewater treatment facilities in this country.
Dato Teo Yen Hua
Chief Executive Officer
SPAN
National Water Services Commission and Registered Certifying Agencies employees are
permitted to copy and use the information in this publication, for internal purposes only.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1
PAGE
Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
Section 2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
10
2.1.3
Pipe Selections
11
2.1.4
2.1.5
13
2.1.6
14
2.1.7
15
2.1.8
Steel Pipe
15
2.1.9
16
2.1.10
16
2.1.11
17
2.1.12
18
2.1.13
18
2.1.14
19
2.1.15
20
2.1.16
Pipe Roughness
20
2.1.17
21
2.1.18
23
2.1.19
25
2.1.20
36
2.1.21
37
2.1.22
37
2.2
2.3
2.4
Manhole
40
2.2.1
General
40
2.2.2
Manhole Location
42
2.2.3
42
2.2.4
43
44
2.3.1
General
44
2.3.2
Load Class
44
2.3.3
Material
44
2.3.4
44
2.3.5
Seating
44
2.3.6
Casting
45
2.3.7
Protective Coating
45
2.3.8
Water-tightness
45
2.3.9
Safety Features
45
2.3.10
Product Certification
45
46
2.4.1
46
2.4.2
General Requirements
46
2.4.3
Buffer Requirements
47
2.4.4
Pipework Requirements
47
2.4.5
Wet-well Requirements
48
2.4.6
Dry-well Requirements
48
2.4.7
Structural Requirements
49
2.4.8
Ventilation Requirements
49
2.4.9
Odour Control
50
2.4.10
50
2.4.11
2.4.12
Valve Requirements
51
2.4.13
52
2.4.14
52
2.4.15
2.4.16
Maintenance Considerations
52
2.4.17
53
2.4.18
Other Requirements
53
2.5
2.6
Interceptors
56
2.5.1
Oil Interceptors
56
2.5.2
Grease Traps
56
56
2.6.1
Concrete
57
2.6.2
Cement
57
2.6.3
57
Section 3
3.1
Introduction
59
3.2
59
3.2.1
59
3.2.2
60
3.2.3
Pipe Storage
61
3.2.4
Pipe Damage
62
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Trench Excavation
63
3.3.1
3.3.2
Excavation Requirements
64
3.3.3
Bored Excavation
66
Pipe Laying
66
3.4.1
Pipe Bedding
66
3.4.2
67
3.4.3
Pipe Jacking
68
3.4.4
68
3.4.5
Pipe Cutting
69
3.4.6
Backfill of Trench
69
Pipe Jointing
70
3.5.1
Flexible Joints
70
3.5.2
71
3.5.3
Flanged Joints
72
3.5.4
72
3.5.5
73
73
3.6.1
73
3.6.2
74
3.6.3
74
3.6.4
75
3.7
Reinstatement
75
3.8
76
3.8.1
General
76
3.8.2
Junction Connections
77
3.8.3
Saddle Connections
77
3.8.4
Manhole Connections
78
Section 4
Sewer Testing
4.1
General
79
4.2
80
4.3
81
4.4
81
4.5
82
4.5.1
General
82
4.5.2
82
4.5.3
83
4.6
4.7
4.8
84
4.6.1
General
84
4.6.2
Procedure
84
4.6.3
85
86
4.7.1
General
86
4.7.2
Procedure
86
87
4.8.1
General
87
4.8.2
Procedure
87
4.9
88
4.10
CCTV Inspection
88
4.10.1
89
4.10.2
89
4.10.3
89
4.11
4.12
90
4.10.5
4.10.6
93
4.10.7
93
Infiltration Test
95
4.11.1
General
95
4.11.2
Procedure
95
4.11.3
95
Water-tightness Test
95
4.12.1
General
95
4.12.2
Procedures
96
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1a
Table 2.1b
Table 2.2
22
Table 2.3
22
Table 2.4
23
Table 2.5
36
Table 2.6
41
Table 2.7
46
Table 2.8
54
Table 4.1
Test Duration
83
Table 4.2
94
Appendix A
21
Figure A1
98
Figure A2
99
Figure A3
Figure A4
Figure A5
103
Figure A8
102
Figure A7
101
Figure A6
100
104
105
Figure A9
Figure A10
107
Figure A11
108
109
Figure A 12
112
Figure A15
Figure A16
114
Figure A17
115
Figure A18
House connection
115
119
Figure A21
120
Figure A22
Figure A23
Figure A24
Figure A25
122
Figure A26
123
Figure A27
124
Figure A28
125
Figure A29
126
Appendix B
Tables
121
127
129
130
131
132
133
Appendix C 6 Module
134
Section 1
Introduction
Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
a)
Malaysian Standards
i. MS 28
ii. MS 29
iii. MS 144
iv. MS 145
v. MS 146
vi. MS 522
vii. MS 523
viii. MS 628
Volume 3
Introduction
Part 1 : Pipes
Part 2 : Joints and fittings for use with unplasticised PVC
pipes
ix. MS 672
x MS 740
xi. MS 822
xii. MS 881
xiii. MS 922
MS 923
xiv. MS 979
xv. MS 980
xvi. MS 981
xvii. MS 982
xviii. MS 1037
xix. MS 1058
xx. MS 1061
Vitrified clay pipes and fittings and pipe joints for drains
and sewers
xxi. MS 1195
xxii. MS 1227
xxiii. MS 1228
xxiv. MS 1347
xxv. MS 1292
xxvi. MS 1389
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Introduction
xxvii MS
EN Specification for general criteria for certification bodies
operating product certification.
. 45011
xxvii MS
i. ISO/IEC
Guide 65
xxix 04Z005R0
b)
General requirements
certification systems
for
bodies
operating
product
British Standards
i. BS 65
ii. BS 915
iii. BS 3416
iv. BS 3692
v. BS 4147
vi. BS 4164
vii. BS 4248
viii. BS 4515
ix. BS 5153
x. BS 5480
xi. BS 5911
xii. BS 5975
xiii. BS 6076
xiv. BS 6105
xv. BS 7123
BS 7874
BS 8005
Sewerage [delete]
Volume 3
Introduction
xvi. BS 8007
xvii. BS 80102.1
xviii. BS 8666
xix. BS EN 124 Gully tops and manhole tops for vehicular and pedestrian
areas. Design requirements, type testing, marking, quality
control
BS EN 295 Specification for vitrified clay pipes and fittings with
flexible mechanical joints [delete]
Part 7: Requirements for vitrified clay pipes and joints for
pipe jacking [delete]
xx. BS EN
295-1
Vitrified clay pipes and fittings and pipe joints for drains
and sewers. Requirements
xxi. BS EN
295-7
Vitrified clay pipes and fittings and pipe joints for drains
and sewers. Requirements for vitrified clay pipes and joints
for pipe jacking
xxii. BS EN 545 Ductile iron pipes fittings and accessories and their joint for
water pipelines requirements and test methods
xxiii. BS EN 598 Ductile iron pipes fittings and accessories and their joint for
sewerage applications requirements and test methods.
xxiv. BS EN 681 Elastomeric seals. Materials requirement for pipe joint seals
used in water and drainage applications.
xxv. BS EN 682 Elastomeric seals. Materials requirement for pipe joint seals
used in pipes and fittings carrying gas hydrocarbons fluids.
xxvi. BS EN 752 Drain and sewer systems outside buildings
xxvii. BS EN
1091
xxviii. BS EN
1561
xxix. BS EN
1563
xxx. BS
1982
xxxi. BS
EN Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels.
10025
xxxii BS
EN Seamless and welded steel tubes. Dimensions and masses
10220
per unit length.
xxxiii. BS
EN Non-alloy steel tubes and fittings for the conveyance of
10224
aqueous liquids including water for human consumption.
Technical delivery conditions.
xxxiv. BS EN
10277
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Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Introduction
xxxvi BS EN
13725
c)
ii. AS/NZS
1477
iii. AS/NZS
2566
iv. AS/NZS
3518
v. AS/NZS
3582
vi. AS/NZS
4323
vii. AS 3725
viii. AS 3750.2
AS
3750.12
ix. AS 3751
d)
x AS 3996
xi AS 4060
German Standards
i. DIN
16961
Volume 3
Introduction
e)
International Standards
i. ISO 1083
iii. ISO
10465
f)
ii. WIS
01
iii. WIS
14
g)
ASTM
3262
ii.
ASTM
2321
iii.
ASTM F 894
iv.
ASTM
3350
v.
ASTM
3212
h)
The Commission will, from time to time, specify additional standards to be used in
the design and construction of sewerage works. These standards shall be referred
to as appropriate for the design and construction of sewer networks and network
pump stations.
All standards used in the design and construction of sewerage works shall be the
latest or the most updated. When any one of the above mentioned standards is
withdrawn or superseded, the latest or updated standards shall be referred to as
appropriate. This shall be the same for any applicable act, guideline, by-law, etc.
related to sewerage works endorsed by the government.
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Introduction
Volume I
Volume II
Volume III
Volume IV
Volume V
Volume 3
Introduction
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Section 2
Planning, Material and Design
2.1
Sewers
2.1.1
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
Local availability
p)
q)
r)
s)
Where necessary, special tools and trained personal shall be made available
during handling and installation of pipes.
b)
c)
Volume 3
2.1.2
10
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Marking of all pipes shall comply with available Malaysian or British Standards
where applicable. Additional requirements to those given in the above standards
may be specified from time to time by the Commission.
2.1.3
Pipe Selections
Except where otherwise specifically approved by the Commission, the pipe
materials to be used for a specific type of sewer are listed below:
1) Gravity sewers
a) Rigid pipes
i) VC
ii) RC
b) Flexible pipes
i) GRP
ii) Ductile Iron
iii) HDPE (Profile)
2.1.4
1)
Gravity Sewer
a)
VC
i.
ii.
Volume 3
11
b)
iii.
iv.
RC
i.
ii.
iii.
c)
d)
e)
12
GRP
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
DI
i.
The use is only allowed for applications needed high pipe strength
ii.
iii.
HDPE
i.
ii.
iii.
2)
Force Mains
a)
DI
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
b)
c)
d)
e)
2.1.5
GRP
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
ABS
i.
ii.
HDPE
i.
ii.
Steel
i.
ii.
Volume 3
13
Vitrified clay pipes are permitted for gravity sewers. The minimum permissible
size for public gravity sewer shall not be less than 225mm and service connection
shall not be less than 150mm.
VC pipes and fittings shall conform to the requirements of MS1061. Pipe strength
is classified by the crushing strength (FN) value tested in accordance with BS EN
295-3. The crushing strength for pipe with DN150 shall not be less than 22 kN/m.
The crushing strength of the pipe with size DN 225 is classified by class number.
All VC pipes and fittings shall be furnished with spigot-socket flexible joints and
rubber ring seals or polyurethane seals. Glazing of VC pipes and fittings are
preferred.
2.1.6
14
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
2.1.7
2.1.8
Steel Pipe
Steel pipe is manufactured in Malaysia in a wide range of diameters up to 3000 mm
and lengths up to 10 m. Pipe joints are normally welded utilising either spigotsocket ends, plain ends or a collar. Flanged and mechanical joints are also
available.
Steel pipes will undergo corrosion when in contact with aggressive soil and sewage
and, thus, require an internal lining and an external coating. Pipe internal linings
normally include high alumina cement mortar, coal tar enamel, coal tar epoxy,
sulphate resistant cement lining, or bitumen. Pipe external coatings often include
coal tar enamel, bitumen enamel or asphalt enamel and glass fibre.
Volume 3
15
Steel pipes are permitted only for inverted siphons (depressed sewers) and internal
pump station pipework. For force main larger than 700 mm, steel pipe may be
used if the approval from the Commission is obtained.
The internal and external surfaces of the pipes and fittings shall be coated with
thermosetting (epoxy paint or powder or epoxy tar resin) or thermoplastic
(polyethylene or polyurethane) material. The type of external protection shall be
determined by the Qualified Person based on soil condition. Following the completion
of pipe jointing, exposed steel at the joints shall be protected from corrosion by
manually applied external tape wrap and internal cement mortar lining.
A spigot and socket joint welded both externally and internally shall be used for pipe
joints except for pump station pipework and valve connections where flange joints
shall be used. Mechanical joints are only permitted for cut pipe lengths, where
internal cement mortar lining at joints is not possible and where movement of the
pipeline is to be allowed for.
2.1.9
2.1.10
16
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Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
2.1.11
Volume 3
17
GRP pipe is classified as a flexible pipe. It requires sufficient side support to retain
its structural integrity in cross-section in the same way as uPVC and PE pipe. GRP
pipe has lower strain limits than uPVC and PE pipes since it is made of thermoset
resin, which is brittle compared to thermoplastic material. Due to its inherent
structure, GRP pipe has a much higher modulus of elasticity than uPVC and PE
pipe. Thus, it may have a much thinner wall than uPVC and PE pipes to achieve
equivalent ring stiffness. GRP pipe is generally available in higher stiffness than,
uPVC and PE pipe.
Approval for the use of GRP pipe shall be sought from the Director General for
each project intending its use. GRP pipes are permitted for gravity and pressure
sewers. For gravity sewers, GRP pipes are only permitted for sizes of 600mm
nominal diameter and larger where no fittings are required. The minimum pipe
stiffness shall be SN 5000 with the appropriate stiffness determined in accordance
with structural design to AS 2566. For pressure sewers, fittings must only be of
ductile iron meeting the coating, lining and other requirements.
2.1.12
2.1.13
18
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Unless otherwise agreed by the Commission, all sewers shall be sited in public
road reserve so that access can be gained for maintenance purposes. Under special
circumstances where the sewer cannot be sited in public road reserve then
vehicular access of at least 3 m in width and road bearing capacity of not less than
5 tonne shall be provided.
A checklist for sewer reticulation design is given in the Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines, Volume II.
2.1.14
ii)
iii)
a)
Average Flow:
The volume of sewage that needs to be treated per day is based on an assumed
contribution per person of 225 litres. Another assumption is made as to the
contribution from various types of premises where the contribution from each
premise type is defined in terms of an equivalent population. The recommended
minimum population equivalent values are given in Table B.1.
b)
Peak Flow:
The flow used to determine the diameter and gradient of the pipeline is the peak
flow. Peak flow is the most severe flow that could occur on any day when
considering daily flow fluctuations and infiltrations. The peak flow is derived from
the average flow by applying a peak factor for daily flow fluctuations. The peak
factor shall be estimated from the following formula:
c)
Infiltration:
Infiltration is the amount of groundwater that enters sewers through damage in the
network such as cracked pipes, leaking joint seals, leaky manhole walls, etc. There
are many variables affecting infiltration such as quality of workmanship, joint
types, pipe materials, height of water table above pipeline, soil type, etc. The peak
factor above has included the contribution of infiltrations. The maximum allowable
infiltration rate shall be 50 litre / ( mm diameter.km of sewer length.day ).
Volume 3
19
2.1.15
a)
Sediment Cleansing:
For the removal of sediments, the traditional design approach has been to set a
minimum velocity to be achieved at least once daily. Minimum velocity values at
full bore of 0.8 m/sec are commonly specified. However, it has been found that
larger pipe diameters require higher velocity to cleanse the sediment. This is
mainly due to higher sediment depths in large diameter pipes
The movement of sediment is mainly a function of shearing stress needed to
dislodge sediment off the pipe wall. Similarly, shear stress is a function of pipe
diameter. Also, the type of sediment (i.e. grain size, specific gravity, cohesiveness)
also influences the movement of sediment and, thus, the amount of required shear
stress. For design purposes however, only a single sediment type needs to be
assumed.
b)
Slime Cleansing:
The removal of slime depends on the stress needed to shear sections of slime from
each other or from the pipe wall. However, the shear stress required to remove
slimes is not a function of pipe diameter. The necessary shear stress depends on
the thickness of slime to be removed and the pipe material. The degree of removal
of slimes in any pipe material varies with the sewage velocity.
Removal of large portion of slimes requires high sewage velocities. It has been
found that 85% or more of the sulphide producing slimes are removed when the
grade of the sewer is 2.5 times of that for sediment cleansing. In many instances, it
may not be practical to design a sewer to achieve such velocities due to the
excessive cost of constructing such a deep and steep sewer. Although increasing
the velocity up to the critical velocity will increase the amount of slime being
sloughed off, the rate of sulphide production remains substantially unaffected by
the thinner slime layer. Therefore, the selection of steep gradient to achieve
velocities for full slime stripping is not a design requirement.
2.1.16
Pipe Roughness
Except for very high velocities, slime will always be present, which will increase
the pipe roughness. Abrasion by sediments will also impart a permanent increase
in roughness. Pipeline roughness decreases as the velocity increases. However,
there is insufficient data to accurately determine the pipeline roughness for a wide
range of velocities or at small incremental changes in velocity. In addition, the
velocity of the sewage flow varies due to the factors such as daily fluctuations,
different type of catchment, different stage of catchment maturity, etc. Therefore, it
is not possible to select the pipe roughness with great accuracy.
Conservative roughness values as given in Table 2.1 shall be referred to when
determining sewer discharge capacity.
20
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Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Table 2.1a
Pipe Material
Vitrified Clay
Concrete:
Plastic
Old and new roughness values shall be used to determine the sewer cleansing and
maximum design velocities respectively.
Table 2.1b Normal Pipe Roughness for Force Mains for All Pipe
Materials
Mean Velocity, V (m/s)
0.8 V 1.5
1.5 V 2.0
V 2.0
2.1.17
Roughness, ks (mm)
0.6
0.3
0.15
1.
(2 g D S
ks
log
3.7 D
2gDS
2.51
D
where
V
S
D
g
ks
=
=
=
=
=
=
velocity
hydraulic gradient (m/m)
kinematic viscosity of water (m2 / sec)
internal diameter (m)
acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
roughness coefficient (m)
Volume 3
21
Typical ks values for various types of sewer pipes are presented in Table 2.2 below:
Table 2.2
Material
Concrete
Cast iron
Asphalted cast iron
Ductile iron
2.
Manning Equations
R 2 / 3 S1/ 2
n
where
V
S
R
n
=
=
=
=
velocity (m/sec)
hydraulic gradient
hydraulic radius
Manning coefficient
Typical n values for various types of sewer pipes are presented in Table 2.3 below:
Table 2.3
Material
Uncoated cast-iron
Coated cast iron
Ductile iron
Vitrified clay pipe
Concrete
3.
Manning Coefficient, n
Good Condition
Bad
Condition
0.012
0.015
0.011
0.013
0.012
0.015
0.010
0.017
0.012
0.016
V
S
R
C
22
=
=
=
=
velocity (m/sec)
hydraulic gradient
hydraulic radius
Hazen - Williams coefficient
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Typical C values for various types of sewer pipes are presented in Table 2.4 below:
Table 2.4
Material
Top quality pipes, straight and
smooth
Smooth masonry
Vitrified clay
Old cast iron
Old cast iron in bad condition
Hazen-Williams Coefficient, C
130 to 140
120
110
100
60 to 80
Colebrook-White Equation has been deemed to give the most accurate results.
However, the other equations, such as Hazen-Williams Equation and Manning
Equation are easier to use and may be used too. Various design charts and tables
have been developed elsewhere to aid the manual computations.
2.1.18
Volume 3
23
1.
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
hf
fLV
2 gD
where
hf
f
V
g
D
L
=
=
=
=
=
=
Friction loss
Coefficient of friction
Velocity in the pipe
Acceleration due to gravity
Equivalent diameter of the pipe
Length of pipe
The value of f is known to depend on the Reynolds number, Re, pipe roughness, ks,
and pipe diameter, D, through the Colebrook-White equation as follows:
1
=
sqrt (f)
-2 log ks
3.7D
2.51
Re sqrt (f)
VD
v
where v is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, typically equal to 1 x 10-6 m2/s for
sewage.
The above equations together with the Moody Diagram are used to determine the
coefficient of friction, f.
2.
Hazen-Williams Equation
hf
V
= 6.82
C
1.85
L
D1.167
where
hf
C
V
L
D
=
=
=
=
=
Friction loss
Hazen-William Coefficient (refer to Table 2.4)
Velocity in the pipe
Length of pipe
Equivalent diameter of the pipe
Force mains shall be designed to handle the full range of flows from present
minimum to future peak.
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Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
The design velocity shall fall within the range of 0.8 to 3.0m/sec over the full range
of design flows.
The hydraulic resistance of force main fittings and bends shall be included in the
hydraulic design.
2.1.19
2.1.19.1 General
Specification of a vacuum sewage collection system shall only be considered where
the life-cycle costs of a conventional gravity sewage collection system are clearly
shown to be higher.
This Guidelines assumes that all sewage transportation modes have been identified,
their respective feasibilities evaluated against technical, environmental, financial,
economic and other relevant criteria over the design life of the asset and that
vacuum sewage collection system has been confirmed as the best option. The
Commission may request for net present value (NPV) calculations for all options
prior to approving construction of a vacuum sewage collection system.
a)
C
o
n
c
Consideration shall be given to the use of the vacuum system in one or more of the
following circumstances:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
b)
E
x
Unit Processes
Typical unit processes for a vacuum sewage collection system is shown in typical
drawing in Appendix A. The unit processes shall comprise of, but not limited to, the
followings:i.
Collection chamber for housing vacuum interface valve and also forming a
sump from which collected sewage is evacuated;
ii.
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iii.
c)
Description of System
i)
ii )
Vacuum station
The vacuum station is similar to a conventional pumping station with the addition
of vacuum pumps and a closed vacuum vessel. Typical vacuum station is shown in
typical drawings in Appendix A. The level of the sewage in the vacuum vessel is
monitored by a level detection probe which activates the sewage discharge pumps.
If the sewage rises too high in the vessel then a high level detection probe stops and
locks out the vacuum pumps to prevent the flow of sewage into the vacuum pumps.
The vacuum in the vacuum vessel is maintained within the operational range by
pressure switches.
d)
Since the vacuum system involves proprietary design and equipment, specialist
system designers shall be accountable to the performance of the entire vacuum
system including both design and construction aspects. The specialist system
designers shall also specify clearly the specific maintenance and operational
requirements of the system.
Collection chambers shall have sufficient capacity to store sewage discharged from
all connected properties for at least 6 hours in the event of a valve failure or similar
emergency, which is sufficient to cover the IWKs emergency response time.
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K
P
K
T
/
The overflow storage time shall be based on the ultimate sewage design flow that
will enter the collection chamber. The volume that can be used for emergency
storage shall be the volume contained in the collection chamber from the base of the
collection chamber up to the lowest ground level at any point served by the chamber
as well as the volume contained in the gravity lateral sewers entering the collection
chamber.
Separate chambers shall be provided to serve properties at different elevations
where there is a likelihood of sewage from one property flooding another property.
The chamber shall resist external forces and internal water pressure.
The preferred material of construction for collection chambers is pre-cast concrete.
The two sections (the valve compartment and the collection sump) may be mounted
vertically one on top of the other as shown in typical drawings in Appendix A. The
diameter of the sections may be as small as 1200mm or as large as 1500mm.
The collection sump requires a benching section that allows a scouring action from
the sewage as it enters the suction pipe, thereby rendering the sump self-cleansing.
The internal surfaces of the sump shall be both strong as well as resistant to
corrosive attacks from the collected sewage.
Where the interface valve is situated over the collection sump, a working platform
shall be provided for allowing maintenance engineers to stand on when carrying out
scheduled maintenance to the interface valve.
The sump shall be sufficiently vented to allow the intake of air without causing a
noise nuisance and to ensure that the operation of the vacuum system does not
unseal the water traps on the gravity drainage system.
b)
The location of each collection chamber and the number of properties connected to
each collection chamber shall be specified in the Design Drawings / Calculations.
Sewage flow from the maximum number of existing or future properties that are
proposed to be connected to a collection chamber shall be quantified, and the
retention time of the collection chamber can be then established. The retention shall
exceed 6 hrs.
c)
The maximum sewer design flow to a single vacuum interface valve collection
chamber shall not exceed 0.25 lit/s. Where single point flows in excess of 0.25 lit/s
occur, multiple vacuum interface valves shall be installed. Typical multi-valve
collection chamber is shown in typical drawings in Appendix A.
d)
K
P
K
T
/
Breather pipes
Some vacuum interface valves inhale and exhale air during their operation. This is
accomplished through a screened air pipe known as a "breather".
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W
S
A
While breather bells are generally mounted inside the collection chamber, it may be
necessary to mount them externally.
Each breather pipe shall be fitted inside the "breather bell" located at the top of the
collection chamber in an accessible location to allow their removal for maintenance
purposes.
e)
General
The interface valve shall fail safe in the closed position and shall prevent backflows
from the crossover pipes to the collection sump. When the valve is open, the flow
path shall not be obstructed by the valve mechanism. The valve shall evacuate at
least the batch volume each time it cycles. Valves installed in the sump shall be
capable of operating when submerged provided that the breather pipe is not
submerged.
The valve shall be installed in the collection chamber using demountable, re-useable
No Hub couplings suitable for vacuum service.
b)
Level sensor
The valve shall be equipped with a sensor to determine the level of sewage in the
collection sump; this sensor shall be designed to be fouling resistant. Level sensor
pipes shall not be less than DN/ID 45.
c)
The controller shall open the valve only if there is a minimum partial vacuum of
0.2bar below atmospheric available and shall maintain the valve fully open until at
least the batch volume has been evacuated. If the design provides for the
introduction of air after the sewage has been evacuated, the controller shall maintain
the valve open for a further period. The controller shall be adjustable so that a range
of air to sewage ratios can be obtained. Controllers installed in sumps shall be
capable of operating when submerged.
d)
Explosion proof
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x
i
e)
Every interface unit, comprising the interface valve, controller and sensor shall be
expected to last in excess of 25 years. Manufacturers shall clearly specify scheduled
maintenance, thus allowing the operators to keep the interface units in tip-top
conditions at all times.
General
For a completely flat area, the length of a single sewer branch shall not be more
than 3km. However, the maximum limit of the pipe length would vary according to
the gradient achievable in that line. Specialist system designer shall provide a
detailed hydraulic calculation for the vacuum sewer network.
Vacuum main routes shall be selected to:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
b)
Minimise lift;
Minimise length;
Equalise flows on each vacuum main;
Provide adequate access for operation and maintenance.
Sewer depth
Vacuum sewers, branch sewers and crossover pipe connections from the collection
chambers, shall have a minimum cover of 0.9 m to withstand the stresses arising
from traffic loads.
When sewers are not buried, they shall be protected from extremes of temperature,
ultra-violet radiation and possibility of vandalisms.
When sewers are suspended underside walkways or bridges, they shall be rigidly
supported so there is no visible sagging between supports. Supports shall withstand
all static and specified dynamic conditions of loading to which the piping and
associated equipment may be subjected. As a minimum, consideration shall be
given to the following conditions:
i.
ii.
iii.
c)
Sewer profiles
Pipeline profiles shall be self cleansing and prevent the accumulation of solids.
Typical pipeline profiles are shown in typical drawings in Appendix A. For
crossover pipes, the minimum distance between lifts shall be 1.5 m. Vacuum sewers
shall have a minimum gradient of 1 in 500. Where the ground has a gradient of 1 in
500 or more in the direction of flow, the vacuum sewer may be laid parallel to the
surface as shown in typical drawings in Appendix A.
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i)
Design tolerances
The chainage and invert levels of the pipeline(s) shall be determined to the
following levels of design accuracy and specified in the Design Drawings:
ii)
Lift design
iii)
Crossover pipe shall initially fall away from the interface valve and shall connect
into the top sector of the vacuum sewer contained within the angle of 60 about
the vertical axis as shown in Standard Drawing Figure Vac7.
iv)
Branch connections
v)
Water-logging
The profile shall ameliorate water-logging at any change in gradient even when a
prolonged power failure occurs (both TNB supply and standby genset fail), and the
vacuum interface valves continue to operate and admit sewage until the vacuum
level reduced to the point when they will no longer open. When power is again
available, the system shall be capable of recovering to normal operation without
intervention by an operator.
d)
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i)
Pipe size
The suction pipe DN/ID shall not be greater than the DN/ID of the interface valve.
The minimum diameter of crossover pipe shall be DN/ID 50 and shall be greater
than the DN/ID of the suction pipe. Vacuum sewer shall have a minimum diameter
of DN/ID 80.
ii)
PE pipes and fittings less than DN 160 shall be jointed using electrofusion fittings.
Pipes and fittings DN 160 and larger shall be jointed with electrofusion fittings or
butt fusion welding.
iii)
Warning system
To act as a warning to an excavation possibly carried out at a later date, the use of a
marker tape laid 300mm on top of the pipe is recommended. This shall be a 150mm
wide polyethylene and printed with a descriptive warning of the pipework below.
e)
Isolation valve
The isolation valve clear opening shall be not less than the DN/ID of the pipe, and
be capable of sustaining a vacuum pressure of -0.8 bar(g).
Isolation valves shall be resilient seated gate valves with the body, bonnet, gate and
bridge fabricated from ductile or cast iron. The stem shall be stainless steel, and the
gate shall be encapsulated with EPDM. End connections to the valves shall be
flanged.
i)
ii)
General
It is desirable to have the vacuum station located as centrally as possible within the
sewer network. This lends itself to a system with multi-branches hence giving
added operating and design flexibility. Ideally, the design capacity of a singlevessel vacuum station shall not exceed a population equivalent of 8,000 persons. A
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b)
c)
Vacuum vessel
Vacuum vessels shall be designed to meet the requirements of ASME Section VIII
Division 1 2004 Edition. The vessel shell shall be constructed from mild steel or
any other approved material.
Sewer inlets shall be provided with short radius elbows inside the vessel to direct
the sewage inflow away from the sewage discharge pump suction connections and
the vessel walls.
A vacuum vessel may have up to five (5). incoming vacuum sewers connected
directly to the vessel. No inlet pipes shall be connected below the system
emergency stop level. Sewage discharge pump suction connections shall be
provided at the invert of the vacuum vessel. The vacuum vessel shall be fitted with
an externally mounted sight glass which is suitable for operation in a vacuum and is
easily removed for cleaning without decommissioning the vessel.
The vacuum vessel shall be provided with a DN 600 access opening, and the cover
shall be provided with a lifting eye. Wherever possible, the opening is preferably
positioned on the top of the vessel in order to minimise the size of the structure
necessary to house the vessel, this conserves valuable resource, reduces the
footprint of the building, and thus allows adjacent residences to enjoy more buffer
spaces.
During the inspection or maintenance works, safe entry procedures shall be adhered
to, according to the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) codes
of laws, by trained certificated operator, and that the vessel is decommissioned,
with the access opening removed and discharge pipeworks at the two (2) draw-off
points dismantled, and a forced air ventilation is applied.
It is important to ensure that the system would operate continuously in the face of
having the vacuum vessel temporarily out of service during an interval inspection.
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C
o
n
cl
u
d
e
The incoming sewage shall manually be bypassed to a mobile vacuum tanker via a
flexible ribbed pipe. The pipe is of an adequate length to reach the bypass valves
safely. Typical bypass valve arrangement is shown in typical drawings in Appendix
A.
d)
Moisture trap
When mechanical vane vacuum pumps are selected, moisture trap shall be provided
for the vacuum pumps.
Baffles or moisture removing material shall be fitted inside each vessel to assist
with moisture removal.
e)
Vacuum pumps
Vacuum pump capacity (Qvp) shall be rated. The selection of appropriate size of
vacuum pump is determined by the following four factors:
i)
Evacuation time
When the vacuum pumps, collection chamber and vacuum vessel have been sized,
system evacuation time for an operating range of 0.55 bar(g) to 0.65 bar(g) shall
be calculated using:
2
3 Vvs + (Vvv Vo ) + Vmt 60
t=
Qvp
Where,
t = system evacuation time, minutes
Vvs = volume of vacuum sewers, m
Vvv = volume of vacuum vessel, m
Vo = operating volume of vacuum vessel, m
Vmt = moisture trap volume (if fitted), m
Qvp = vacuum pump capacity, m/hr
NOTE: In normal operation it is assumed that the vacuum sewers will be
Vacuum pumps shall have sufficient capacity to serve the system. A minimum of
two vacuum pumps of equal capacity shall be installed such that one pump can be
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removed for maintenance without loss of system capacity. Vacuum pumps, where
used, shall be suitable for both continuous operation and for a minimum of 6 starts
per hour.
iii)
Vacuum pipework
ABS pipes and fittings shall be used for interconnecting pipework between the
vacuum pumps and the vacuum vessel within vacuum stations.
Pipework shall be fully supported.
f)
Two sewage discharge pumps of equal capacity are recommended for use in a
vacuum station. Each pump shall be sized to discharge sewage at a rate at least
equal to the calculated design peak flow for the vacuum system. Sewage discharge
pumps shall be capable of pumping unscreened sewage and suitable for immersed
operation in the event of the vacuum station dry well flooded. In normal operation
the dry well will not contain water.
Pumps may have a vertical or horizontal configuration.
Sewage discharge pumps shall be suitable for a minimum of 6 starts per hour.
Equalizing lines connecting the discharge side of the centrifugal sewage discharge
pumps to the vacuum vessel shall be installed if required to prevent cavitation or to
ensure that the pump inlet is always flooded.
Sewage discharge pumps shall be fitted with isolation valves to allow removal of
the pump without disrupting the system operation.
Discharge pipework for each pump shall be fitted with a non-return valve and a
resilient seated gate valve on the discharge side. Where the discharge pipework is
manifold, the final discharge pipe shall also be fitted with a non return valve. The
valves shall be able to be operated from the vacuum station floor.
g)
Vacuum gauges
h)
Fire-fighting system
Fire-fighting system using carbon dioxide at the genset / fuel room shall be
provided at every vacuum station in accordance with Bombas requirements.
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i)
Odour control
Effective odour control system shall be provided to treat air vents from a vacuum
station to prevent malodour impacts being imposed on downstream residential
areas.
Biofilters shall be used to remove the odours from the vacuum pump exhaust gases
containing toxic and odorous compounds by passing the gases through a natural
biologically active filter medium.
j)
Noise control
Vacuum station shall be acoustically designed and fitted with noise control
measures, as required to control noise to levels that comply with local councils
regulations.
k)
i)
Vacuum levels in the vacuum vessel shall be controlled by vacuum switches with
an operating range of 0 to -1 bar(g). Their purpose is to control the operation of the
vacuum pumps and to maintain the vacuum within the vessel inside the operating
range. A minimum of four vacuum switches shall be provided to operate the duty
and assist pumps, and to provide a high and a low vacuum alarms.
Start level
Stop level
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The electrical controls shall allow sequential operation of all pumps so that running
times are equalised. The standby pump shall automatically cut-in should the duty
pump fail.
INPUT / OUTPUT
Failed / OK
Isolated / OK
Isolated / OK
Tripped / OK
Tripped / OK
Low / OK
High / OK
High / OK
Activated / OK
Activated / OK
2.1.20
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2.1.21
2.1.22
rigid pipe
b)
flexible pipe
All two structural designs shall take account of how the sewer is supported to
determine the loading which the sewer can safely withstand.
The structural design of a buried sewer normally considers only the structural
integrity of the pipe cross section. Although not as critical as the structural
integrity of the pipe cross section, the considerations for the ground conditions and
sewer installation practices that will affect the longitudinal structural integrity shall
not be omitted.
There are many design approaches for each of the two structural design categories.
However, there are only minor alterations among these different approaches. Some
design approaches tend to give a more favourable prediction of performance for a
particular pipe material than other approaches. The use of standard design
approaches given in this guideline will prevent the selection of a particular design
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approach purely to favour one material over another. Also, the following
recommendations are only meant for general design aspects. Any design aspects
that are not covered by this guideline, the designer shall refer to BS EN 752 or any
other standards deemed appropriate by the Commission.
a)
ii.
The failure of a rigid pipe normally occurs by pipe fracture. Thus, for structural
performance, the determination of the pipe ring crushing strength/load is required.
This strength is determined using a three point loading test as described in the
respective Malaysian standards for the above pipes. Both VC pipe and RC pipe
can be made to achieve different ring strengths as defined in the standards.
When a buried rigid pipe is supported, the load which the pipe can safely withstand
is higher than the load which caused failure in the three point loading test.
The improvement in load resistance provided by different pipe support designs is
defined by the bedding factor. Where the sewer is supported on granular material,
such as crushed rock, the bedding factor becomes a function of the density of the
granular material and the height to which the granular material is placed above the
sewer.
By varying the pipe ring strength and the pipe support, different load resistance can
be achieved.
The pipe support designs permitted by this guideline are limited to those in typical
beddings in Appendix A. They include the following:
i. granular bedding/ Crusher rock
ii. concrete cradle
iii. concrete arch (with granular bedding)
iv. concrete surround
Granular bedding design shall be adopted wherever possible. Concrete support or
arch designs should be avoided. This is due to the difficulty in achieving full
contact of the concrete support with the pipe ring. A higher strength pipe in
combination with crushed rock support is preferred over a lower strength pipe in
combination with concrete support or arch designs.
It is important that the pipe bedding should be properly constructed to allow for the
flexibility at the pipe joints and to ensure uniform pipe supports. Point supports or
loads which may lead to pipe failure must be avoided.
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The soil load to which a rigid pipe can be subjected to shall be determined from
Martson Load Theory. According to the theory, the soil load on a rigid pipe differs
from that on a flexible or semi flexible pipe. The load on a rigid pipe is a function
of trench width, backfill soil type and trench depth. In a narrow trench, trench wall
friction reduces the load applied by the soil backfill. Therefore, wide trench gives
a more conservative loading and shall be used to determine the load on rigid pipe.
Where vehicles will pass over the sewer and the sewer is laid with a cover depth of
less than 2.5 m, the sewer will be subjected to additional loads from such vehicles.
The Boussinesq theory should be used to determine the loads from vehicles in the
design.
The ultimate vehicle load to which the sewer will be subjected to shall be used for
structural design. Where the sewer may be subjected to construction traffic or may
have temporary shallow cover during installation, structural design must examine
such loading conditions to ensure the sewer can withstand such temporary vehicle
loadings.
Determination of vehicle loading shall be in accordance with AS 3725 (Loads on
buried concrete pipes) and AS 4060 (Loads on buried vitrified clay pipes.)
Loads on buried rigid pipe for field conditions and for main roads can be found in
Simplified Tables of External Loads on Buried Pipelines published by the UK
Transport Research Laboratory.
b)
PE pipe
ii.
GRP pipe
iii.
ABS pipe
iv.
Steel pipe
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Similar to rigid pipe, the loading which a flexible pipe can withstand can be
increased when the pipe is supported. For flexible pipes, this external ring support
is more critical. Without it, a flexible pipe would fail under the loads applied by
usual soil cover for gravity sewers and under vehicle loads for shallow cover force
mains.
By varying the pipe ring stiffness and surrounding soil stiffness, different load
resistance can be achieved for flexible pipe. Flexible pipe must be completely
embedded in crushed rock, with the rock to be finished at 150 mm over the top of
the pipe. Crushed rock will give a uniform support around the pipe.
The soil load used for structural design for flexible pipe support shall be the prism
load or the weight of the column of soil directly above the pipe. Marston Load
Theory mentions that this column of soil is partly supported by friction provided by
adjacent soil. Therefore, this frictional support of soil column causes the load on
the flexible pipe to be less than the weight of soil directly above the pipe. This
frictional support may be lost with time and the design using prism load represents
a conservative design.
Where vehicles will pass over the sewer and the sewer is laid with a cover depth of
less than 2.5 m, the pipe will be subjected to additional loads from such vehicles.
The Boussinesq theory should be used to determine the loads from vehicles in the
design approach in this guideline.
The ultimate vehicle load to which the pipe will be subjected to shall be used for
structural design. Where the pipeline may be subjected to construction traffic or
have a temporary shallow cover during installations, structural design must
examine such loading conditions to ensure the pipeline can withstand such
temporary vehicle loadings.
Granular bedding design shall be adopted wherever possible. Typical details of
granular bedding for flexible pipe is given in Appendix A. The structural design of
flexible pipe support must be in accordance with Australian Standard AS/NZS
2566, which uses a modified form of Spanglers equation for the determination of
pipe deflection. This Spangler equation incorporates Leonhardts factor to account
for the change in support provided by surrounding soil stiffness when the trench
width is varied.
For force mains with shallow cover, structural design of flexible pipe may not be
necessary. However, when the structural design of flexible pipe for such a force
main is undertaken, the re-rounding effect of internal pressure should be ignored to
allow for the worst case design, which occurs when the line is out of service.
2.2
Manhole
2.2.1
General
Pre-cast concrete manholes shall conform to MS881 and BS5911. Manholes shall
be constructed with pre-cast concrete sections surrounded by an in-situ concrete
surround. Protecting lining/coating shall be provided to prevent corrosion of the
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concrete due to sulphide attack. Walls shall be either rendered with sulphate
resistant cement mortar at least 20mm thick or lined with PVC, HDPE or epoxy
coating. PVC or HDPE lining shall be at least 5mm thick. Continuity of the lining
shall be provided by means of welding or fusing each individual sheet to the next
prior to the concrete curing. The epoxy coating shall either be high build tar epoxy
system complying with AS 3750.2 and applied in two or more coats to give a total
dry film thickness of not less than 500m; or high build micaceous iron oxide
pigmented epoxy system complying with As 3750.12 and applied in two or more
coats to give a total dry film thickness of not less than 250 m. The benching shall
be protected with epoxy coating, high alumina cement mortar, or equivalence.
Only materials and application processes approved by the Commission may be
used.
Brick manholes shall not be used, due to the high risk of excessive infiltration.
Details of manhole types and construction are shown in Appendix A. Straight back
type taper top shall be used while reducing slabs type are acceptable as alternative.
Any other type of pre-fabricated manhole will require prior approval of the
Commission.
The minimum diameter of manhole chambers constructed from pre-cast concrete
rings shall be as given in Table 2.6 below:
DN Largest Pipe in
Manhole (mm)
< 150
225 to 300
375 to 450
525 to 710
820 to 900
> 900
> 1.5
< 300
375 to 450
525 to 710
820 to 900
> 900
Min. Internal
Dimensionsa (mm)
1000
1200
1350
1500
1800
Subject to designers
requirements based
on site condition
1200
1350
1500
1800
Subject to designers
requirements based
on site condition
Note:
a These sizes apply to straight-through pipes; larger sizes may be required for
turning chambers or chambers with several side branches or where specific
maintenance requirements are necessary, e.g disconnecting traps.
An induct vent shall be provided at manholes receiving pumping discharges where
retention times in the force mains exceed two hours and where concrete pipe are
laid downstream of the force mains. The induct vent shall have a diameter of
approximately one half of the force mains but shall not exceed 300 mm in
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diameter. The top of the concrete support of the vent shall be built up above flood
level. Details of the induct vent are shown in Appendix A.
Provision of back-drop manhole shall be based on the following criteria:a)
b)
2.2.2
for pipe size equal to 225 mm or less, back-drop manhole shall be provided
when the difference in invert level is equal to 900 mm or more.
for pipe size more than 225 mm, back-drop manhole shall be provided
when the difference in invert level is equal to 1000 mm or more.
Manhole Location
Unless otherwise agreed by the Commission, all manholes shall be sited in public
road reserve so that access can be gained for maintenance purposes. Manhole shall
be provided for the following locations:
i.the starting end of all gravity sewers, this may be replaced by a terminal layout
ii.every change in direction or alignment for sewers less than 600 mm in diameter
iii.every change in gradient
iv.every junction of two or more sewers
v.every change in size of sewer
Unless adequate modern cleaning equipment is used for the maintenance of the
sewer, the spacing between manholes shall not be more than 100 m for sewers less
than 1.0 m in diameter. For sewers with diameter larger than 1.0 meter, the spacing
between manholes shall not be more than 150 m.
Where site conditions prevent manhole construction on the existing public sewer, a
manhole shall be provided on the connection pipe as near to the public sewer as
possible.
The connections, details, and methods of manhole construction not covered in this
guidelines shall be in accordance with MS 1228. In addition, the current policies
of the Commission with respect to safety and operation shall be strictly followed.
2.2.3
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2.2.4
ii.
iii.
The base of the manhole shall not be less than 300 mm thickness, which is
measured from the channel invert.
iv.
Channel inverts shall be laid accurately to meet entry and exit pipe inverts.
v.
The channel invert shall be graded evenly between the entry and exit pipes
vi.
Flexible joints shall be provided at the exit and entry of the manholes and
shall be placed immediately outside any poured-in-situ concrete surround.
vii.
Joints between the pre-cast chamber rings shall be sealed with suitable
mortar, which can be high alumina cement mortar or equivalence.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
Box outs sealed with bricks or equivalence shall be made for any proposed
connections.
xii.
Drop connection pipes and fittings in the manhole shall be of the same
diameter and material as the connecting sewer.
xiii.
xiv.
Pre-cast reinforced concrete landing, cover slap and flat tops undersides
shall be painted with 2 layers of coal tar epoxy.
xv.
Manhole covers in roads shall be set to the road profile and shall be flushed
with the road surface.
xvi.
xvii.
xviii.
xix.
xx.
Maximum depth shall be equal or less than 9 meter and all manholes deeper
than 6 meter are subjected to the Commissions prior approval. Depending
on the catchment are and size of sewer pipe, manholes deeper than 9 meter
may be considered for the Commission approval.
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xxi.
2.3
2.3.1
General
Manhole covers and frames shall comply with the specifications in this guideline
and BSEN124. Where the specifications in this guideline contradict the
specifications given in BSEN124, the specifications in this guideline shall take
precedence.
2.3.2
Load Class
Manhole covers and frames shall be capable of bearing wheel loads of up to 400
kN and, as such, shall meet the test load requirements for Class D400 manhole
covers and frames given in BSEN124.
2.3.3
Material
The material for manhole covers and frames shall be of spheroidal or nodular
graphite iron (otherwise known as ductile iron) complying with the requirements
specified in BSEN1563 for Grade 500/7.
The production, quality and testing of spheroidal graphite cast iron shall comply
with ISO 1083.
2.3.4
2.3.5
Seating
When a random cover is placed in a random frame, the adjacent top surfaces of the
cover and frame shall have flushness of level within 1 mm.
The manholes covers shall be compatible with their seatings. These seatings shall
be manufactured in such a way to ensure stability and quietness in use.
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2.3.6
Casting
All cast units shall be cleanly cast and free from air holes, sand holes, cold shuts
and chill. They shall be neatly dressed and carefully fettled. All castings shall be
free from voids, whether due to shrinkage, gas inclusions or other causes.
2.3.7
Protective Coating
All surfaces of manhole covers and frames shall be supplied coated with either a:
i.
ii.
Immediately prior to coating, surfaces shall be clean, dry and free of rust. The
coating shall be free of bare patches or lack of adhesion. The mean thickness shall
be no less than 70 m and the local thickness shall be no less than 50 m.
2.3.8
Water-tightness
No visible leakage shall occur between the manhole cover and its seating in the
frame when tested in accordance with Appendix E of AS 3996.
2.3.9
Safety Features
Manhole covers shall be provided with locking device and hinge to prevent rocking
due to traffic and to provide a theft proof design.
a)
Locking Devices
Locking devices shall be either bolts and nuts or a mechanism with a special key
design. The mechanism shall be able to be integrated with the covers and can also
be used as a lifting device. All the mechanism for locking device shall be of
stainless steel in accordance with BS EN ISO 3506. Bolts and nuts for locking
devices shall be hexagonally headed, complying with BS3692.
b)
Hinge
All manhole covers shall be hinged. The hinge shall be designed such that, when
in the open position, they shall be secured by a positive mechanical retainer to
prevent accidental closure of the covers. The opening angle of hinged covers shall
be at least 100o to the horizontal. If hinge bolt is used for coupling separate
sections of covers and frames, it shall be of stainless steel in accordance with BS
EN ISO 3506.
2.3.10
Product Certification
Manhole covers and frames shall be certified as complying with the requirements
of this specification. The product testing for certification purposes shall be
undertaken by SIRIM QAS, IKRAM QA services or other third party certification
body. The approval of the product shall be from the Commission.
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45
The quality control of the certified manhole covers and frames shall meet the
requirements given in Clause 10 of BSEN 124. However, the final inspection and
tests and the frequency of tests/inspection shall not be as shown in Table A3 of
BSEN 124. Instead, the specifications as shown in Table 2.7 below must be
followed. All final inspection and test documents shall be retained for at least 5
years.
Table 2.7
Final Test/Inspection
Markings legibility inspection
Frequency
Every unit
Every unit
Every unit
Every unit
2.4
2.4.1
1 per 20
1 per 100
1 per 100
1 per 100
1 per 200
2.4.2
46
i.
ii.
iii.
General Requirements
i.
ii.
The type of pump used must be suitable for sewage application. Water
pumps must not be used as they are not designed to transfer sewage.
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
2.4.3
iii.
Drainage of dry wells and valve pits shall be provided. Drainage lines shall
be equipped with back flow protection to ensure that the chamber is not
flooded.
iv.
Wherever possible, the wet well shall not be housed within a building
structure with insufficient ventilation.
v.
Where separate valve pits are used, then the connecting pipes shall
incorporate at least two flexible joints to allow for differential settlement.
vi.
The designer shall ensure that his/her designs comply with all relevant
legislation, standards, guidelines and requirements, and its latest
amendments.
vii.
Access and appropriate parking shall be provided at all times for emergency
vehicles, maintenance vehicles and ancillary equipment.
viii.
Buffer Requirements
In order to minimise the nuisance of odours from pumping stations, buffer zone
shall be provided at all sides. The zone shall be at least 20 m from the pumping
station fence to the nearest habitable building fence. The presence of a pumping
station in any development may draw negative visual impacts. To minimise the
visual impact of surface structures of the pumping station, landscaping shall be
provided. Landscaping shall comprise of trees that are non-shedding to minimise
maintenance. The buffer requirements are shown in Appendix A.
Under conditions where there exists the potential of odour nuisance to the nearest
habitable building property line within residential and commercial development
despite having the minimum buffer zone, such odour shall be minimised to the
lowest possible level and in compliance with the EQA.
2.4.4
Pipework Requirements
i.
Pipe work shall be of ductile iron with approved internal lining. Other
approved material by the Commission may be used.
ii.
External surface of pipe work in chambers and wells shall be epoxy coated.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
All internal pipework within the pump station shall have flanged joints
unless the pipe selected has special jointing requirements.
ix.
Flexible couplings should be used where they will facilitate dismantling and
accommodate vibration.
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47
2.4.5
2.4.6
Wet-well Requirements
i.
ii.
iii.
Automatic flushing of grit and solids is required for plants of PE > 2,000.
iv.
The difference between stop and start levels shall be a maximum of 900
mm and a minimum of 450 mm.
v.
The difference in level between start or stop of duty and assist pumps shall
be greater than or equal to 150 mm.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Access into wet wells can be by vertical rung ladders with a maximum
height of 6 m. When the height exceeds 6 m, intermediate platforms shall
be provided with a change in direction of the ladder. Safety cages shall be
provided for ladders exceeding 6 m.
xi.
xii.
Access covers shall be capable of being lifted by, at most, two operators.
xiii.
On small pump stations (PE < 500), the practice is to provide difference
between the cut-in and cut-out levels, the storage volume equal to 2 to 3
times the peak flow into the wet-well in litres per minute merely to protect
the starting equipment from overheating and failure caused by too frequent
starting and stopping.
xiv.
Emergency by-pass shall be provided either at any suitable manhole or wetwell. The discharge of the by-pass is preferred to the nearest watercourse
and not to the perimeter drain of the pumping station. However, if this is
not available then discharge to the nearest surface drain is allowed.
xv.
All wet-well shall be opened and come with stainless steel or other noncorrosive handrails. If stainless steel tubing is used, it shall be in-filled with
concrete.
Dry-well Requirements
i.
ii.
48
The size of dry well depends primarily on the number and type of pumps
selected and on the piping arrangement.
The requirement of pump installation is to provide at least 1.0m from each
of the outboard pumps to the nearest side wall and at least 1.2m between
each pump discharge casing.
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
iii.
iv.
v.
2.4.7
Structural Requirements
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
A penstock shall be installed upstream of the wet well to isolate the pump
station.
vi.
vii.
The penstock spindle shall extend to pump station ground level and shall be
suitably positioned to allow unrestricted operation of the penstock.
viii.
ix.
2.4.8
Sufficient room is required between pumps to move the pump off its base
with sufficient clearance left in between the suction and discharge piping
for site repairs, inspection or removal from the pit to the surface for repairs.
Consideration should be given to the installation of monorails, lifting eyes
in the ceiling and A-frames for the attachment of portable hoist cranes and
other devices.
Provision should also be made for drainage of the dry well to the wet well.
Access covers shall be hinged with a lifting weight not exceeding 16 kg.
x.
xi.
Penstock greater than 610mm x 610mm shall be motorised and come with
manual overwrite switches. The actuator shall be located above ground
level and above flood level for easy access in the event of flooding.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
Proper drainage shall be provided at the collection bin area to ensure that
liquid collected could be channelled back to the pump sump.
Ventilation Requirements
i.
Ventilation shall be provided for all hazardous zones of the pump station.
ii.
iii.
Separate ventilation shall be provided for wet wells and dry wells.
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49
2.4.9
2.4.10
2.4.11
iv.
v.
Permanent ventilation rate and air changes shall comply with MS 1228.
vi.
uPVC pipe is not permitted to be used as ventilation ducting between wetwell and dry-well.
Odour Control
i.
the potential for odour generation, its impact and treatment, shall be
considered in all aspects of design
ii.
iii.
iv.
the local exhaust odorous air shall be conveyed through well designed and
balanced ductworks by a centrifugal fan to an effective odour treatment
equipment
ii.
iii.
If lights are fitted outside the well, then a spotlight system may be used to
provide adequate illumination.
iv.
v.
Centrifugal
ii.
Screw
iii.
Screw Centrifugal
Pumps are to be equipped with an auto restart mechanism to allow for automatic
pump restart after power supply has resumed from a power failure. Pumps shall be
equipped with protection accessory, e.g. thermal sensor, leakage sensor, etc. Dry
well mounted pumps shall be equipped with auxiliary services such as cooling and
gland seal water supply.
Guide rail, lifting device and other wet well fittings must be fabricated of stainless
steel, that is corrosion resistant. The use of hot dip galvanised iron is not
recommended.
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Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Pre-fabricated pump stations are acceptable for small installations of PE less than
or equal to 2,000.
2.4.12
Valve Requirements
2.4.12.1
General
2.4.12.2
2.4.12.3
i.
ii.
All valves shall be suitable for use with wastewater and shall be designed to
prevent retention of solids.
iii.
All valves shall be identified by durable name plate. Direction of flow shall
be stamped on the valve body.
iv.
Bodies and cover for all valves shall be made of ductile iron to BS EN
1563: 1997. Special protective surfaces finishing by short blasting and
finished externally with epoxy corrosion resistant coating shall be provided.
Gate Valve
i.
ii.
iii.
The wedge of the gate valves shall be coupled and integral to the wedge hut
in dezincification resistant high tensile brass (CZ 132) conforming to BS
EN 2287 2: 1993, ISO 2872: 1985.
iv.
The spindle of the gate valve shall be of the inside screw non-rising with
machined square or acme threads and operated by a handed or tee-key.
v.
Resilient seat valves shall have EPDM covered gates with inside screw
non-rising stem. Stem shall be stainless steel conform to BS EN 10088-3:
2005.
Check Valve
i.
Check valve shall be of approved by the Commission and suitable for their
intended used and shall comply to BS 12334: 2001.
ii.
iii.
iv.
The uses of internal counter weights are not permitted for check valve.
v.
Type non-slam check valve shall be of the full body type, with a domed
access cover and only on moving pant, the flexible disc.
vi.
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51
vii.
In the absence of check valve, the reverse rotation of the pump shall not
exceed 150% of the rated speed or limit set by the manufacturer.
viii. Tapping (12 mm BSP) shall be located upstream and downstream of check
valves.
2.4.13
2.4.14
Either floats, electrodes or ultrasonic level controls may be used for startstop level of pumps. Those level controls with environmental friendly
features are recommended.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Level controls shall be placed where they are not affected by the turbulence
of incoming flow and where they can be safely removed.
vi.
2.4.15
2.4.16
i.
System curves
ii.
Pump curves
iii.
Operating point of pumps with respect to flow and total dynamic head
(TDH)
iv.
Maintenance Considerations
i.
ii.
iii.
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Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
iv.
2.4.17
2.4.18
All pumping station design shall give consideration to all potential hazard
and operability of design.
HAZOP study may need to be conducted for pumping station design to
identify the hazards and operability issues.
The need for HAZOP study shall comply with requirements stipulated the
Volume II.
Other Requirements
Also refer to MS1228 for additional requirements.
Volume 3
53
Table 2.8
Description
Unit
Type of station
Number
of
pumps
(all
identical
and
work
sequentially)
Pumps design flow
Wet well
Wet well
2
1 duty,
1 stand-by
(100 % standby)
each at Qpeak
2
1 duty,
1 stand-by
(100 % standby)
each at Qpeak
min
30
30
mm
75
75
100
100
Pumping
cycle start/
(average flow conditions)
hour
6 min
15 max
6 min
15 max
lifting davit
Lifting device*
*-
54
PE 1,000
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Table 2.8
Description
Unit
Type of station
Number
of
(all
identical
and
sequentially)
pumps
work
PE > 20,000
4 (2 sets)
1 duty, 1 assist,
per set
(100 % standby)
6 (3 sets)
1 duty, 1 assist,
per set
(50 % standby)
min
30
30
mm
75
75
100
100
6 min
15 max
6 - 15
mechanical
Pumping
(average flow conditions)
Lifting device*
*-
cycle start/
hour
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55
2.5
Interceptors
All development schemes including individual premises that involve any sewerage
works are vetted by the Director General. As part of this vetting, a check is made
on the means of protecting public sewers from the discharge of prohibited matters
such as oil, grease, petrochemicals, fats and solid food wastes. These matters can
lead to congealment, constriction and blockage of sewers and pipelines and can
also present hazards for sewer operations and maintenance. Therefore, suitable
interceptors must be provided on the sewerage systems of garage workshops,
engineering workshops, canteens or any premises that collect such matters. The
design specfication may be acquired from the Director General for such a system.
2.5.1
Oil Interceptors
Oil interceptors shall be provided in drain lines from areas such as garages, parking
zones, service stations, machine shops and industrial plants where oil sediments
and other volatile liquids are generated.
Oil interceptors shall be designed in such a way that pollutants that are lighter than
water liquid are trapped in a chamber and are prevented from being discharged to
the public sewer. The chamber shall be normally fitted with a device to trap
sediments and heavy particles that settle to the bottom. The removal of these
sediments is required periodically.
Intercepted oils shall be capable of being drained off for storage from suitable draw
off points on a continuous operational basis.
The interceptor shall be sized to accommodate the volumes of liquid likely to be
discharged into the drainage system and the trapped pollutants.
2.5.2
Grease Traps
Grease traps shall be provided in drain lines from areas such as restaurants,
canteens, food processing and animal product or feeds factories, where grease and
fat are likely to present in wash down waters or sullage.
Grease traps shall be designed in such a way that solidified grease and fats are
trapped in a chamber prior to discharge and may be skimmed off by means of a
perforated strainer or bucket.
The trap shall be sized adequately to contain the volume of liquid to be discharged
from the drain line and the accumulated grease.
2.6
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Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
2.6.1
Concrete
i.
ii.
iii.
Concrete for purposes other than manholes and pumping stations shall have
a strength grade not less than Grade C20 where unreinforced, and not less
than Grade C30 where reinforced
iv.
Structures that are designed for retaining sewage or other aqueous liquids
shall be in accordance with BS8007, which specifies C35A concrete.
Where required, higher strength grades may be specified by the Director
General.
v.
vi.
Concrete and cement mortar shall be made using a cement with sufficient
resistance to sulphate attack if contacted with sewage
vii.
2.6.2
Cement
One of the following cement shall be used to resist sulphate attack:
2.6.3
2.
3.
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Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Section 3
Construction and
Installation
3.1
Introduction
The correct installation of sewer systems is critical to the efficient and effective
sewer system operation. Poor construction practice causes defects in the sewer at
joints, along pipe barrels, at manholes, transition points (e.g. pipe to manhole), etc.
Adequate site supervision and certification by consultants, with reference to
approved design drawings, are therefore also required.
The various construction and installation aspects of sewer system can be divided
into:
i.
ii.
Trench Excavation
iii.
Pipe Laying
iv.
Pipe Jointing
v.
vi.
3.2
3.2.1
b)
Pipes and fittings on the delivery truck shall be secured firmly without
damaging the pipe and fittings. Pipes and fittings shall be protected from
any damage from the chain securings by using rubber, carpet or textile
paddings.
c)
Pipes and fittings shall be checked to ensure that they have not moved
during transportation.
d)
The pipes and fittings shall not be stacked in contact with each other and
shall be separated by wooden spacers. The pipes stack can be secured by
strapping or crating or can be secured by chocks at the outer pipes of each
layer.
e)
f)
Thermoplastic pipes (PE, ABS) shall not be supported in such a way that
will cause the pipes to be twisted or bowed.
g)
Sewer pipe and components shall be checked for damage before being
removed from the delivery truck
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59
3.2.2
60
h)
The delivered pipes and fittings shall be checked against the design
drawings and the delivery docket to ensure the pipe and fittings delivered
are of the strength, stiffness, pressure class, length, joint type, diameter,
fitting type, etc. specified.
i)
j)
Pipes and fittings shall not be pushed off the delivery truck and shall not
be allowed to drop to the ground.
k)
When pipes are delivered in crates, the crates shall be removed intact,
wherever possible.
l)
Pipes and fittings shall be lifted from the delivery truck using approved
slings. Plastic covered wire mesh slings, hemp rope slings and chain
slings without rubber sleeving are not suitable. For plastic pipes or pipes
with external coating, webbed synthetic slings shall be used.
m)
Alternatively, pipes and fittings can be removed from the delivery truck by
rolling a pipe at a time down the wooden runners. The pipe rolling shall
be simultaneously controlled by ropes.
n)
b)
c)
Pipes and fittings shall not knock against each other or any other objects.
d)
e)
When rolled, pipes shall be rolled on smooth timber bearers, which are free
of nails, fasteners, etc., and sufficiently raised above the ground to prevent
hitting any rocky ground, tree roots, etc.
f)
g)
Pipes with external coatings shall not be rolled. Instead, these pipe shall
be lifted into place.
h)
i)
Pipe lifting equipment shall be of sufficient strength and reach to lift the
intended individual pipe or crate of pipes.
j)
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
3.2.3
k)
The slings or chains used for lifting the load shall be secured to the load in
the right manner to ensure the load does not slip or tilt excessively.
l)
All other safe lifting procedures not covered above shall be adopted.
m)
The lifting and moving of all the steel pipes and any pipes that contain
internal linings shall follow the manufacturer instructions.
Pipe Storage
a)
The pipe and fittings storage area shall be away from traffic and shall not
obstruct any property access or pedestrian route.
b)
The pipe and fittings storage area shall be at a location that allows lifting
machinery to position easily and safely for lifting pipes and fittings.
c)
Pipes shall be stacked on a flat and level firm ground or the base of the
pipe stack shall be made level using additional solid timbers under base
bearers.
d)
There shall be no rocks, tree roots, etc. under the pipe stack, which may
cause point load.
e)
The sockets shall be alternated to different ends for each pipe stack layer.
The sockets shall be protruded out of the stack.
f)
The base timber bearers shall be sound and without protrusions. The cross
section of each timber shall be at least 75 mm by 75 mm. The base bearers
shall provide support near the pipe ends, but placed behind sockets. The
placement of base bears shall not be more than 1.5 m apart.
g)
VC, RC, DI, Steel and GRP pipe layers shall be separated using timber
spacers of at least 50 mm wide and 50 mm thick. These spacers shall not
be placed more than 1.5 m apart. These spacers will prevent pipes in each
layer from touching pipes in the next layer.
h)
For VC and RC pipes that are not crated, the pipes shall not be stacked
more than 3 pipes high. The pipe stacks shall be wedged to prevent them
from rolling off the stack.
i)
j)
k)
Plastic pipe and fittings shall be kept under a cover that prevents direct
exposure to sun light.
l)
Plastic pipe and fittings shall not be covered with plastic sheeting.
m)
Plastic pipe and fittings shall be stored away from oils, greases, solvents
and other aggressive chemicals.
n)
Plastic pipe shall be stored away from sources of heat such as engine
exhausts.
o)
Care shall be taken to prevent scoring and scratching of plastic pipe and
fittings.
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61
3.2.4
62
p)
Joint lubricants, rubber rings and other jointing materials shall be stored in
a secured area that cannot be accessed by the public.
q)
Any safe pipe stacking procedure not covered above, but recommended by
the manufacturer, shall be adopted.
r)
The rubber rings that are not delivered fitted to the pipe socket or sleeve
shall be stored away from direct sunlight or continual artificial light. Also,
the rubber rings shall be stored in a cool area that is away from oils,
greases or other petroleum products.
s)
When rubber rings are delivered fitted to a pipe socket or sleeve, the pipe
ends with the rubber ring shall be shielded from sunlight using a hessian
cloth.
t)
Rubber rings shall be retained in the original sealed packaging until they
are required.
Pipe Damage
a)
Pipes, fittings (including coatings and linings) and rubber rings shall be
inspected for damage on delivery, immediately before laying and after
laying.
b)
Damaged pipe and fittings shall be identified and marked with an indelible
marking of Damaged in a clearly distinguishable colour.
c)
d)
Damaged pipe, fittings, and rubber rings shall be set aside and separated
from the undamaged components.
e)
f)
Pipes or fittings that are damaged and are in a repairable state shall be
repaired according to the manufacturers instructions.
g)
Damaged pipe and fittings that are not permitted to be repaired shall be
removed from the site as soon as possible.
h)
PE and ABS pipes with damage in the barrel, shall have the damaged
section and at least 100 mm either side of the damage cut from the barrel.
i)
Repaired pipes and fittings shall be used only after the approval for reuse
from the Commission is granted.
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
3.3
Trench Excavation
3.3.1
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
The length of time that any paved route is out of use shall be minimised.
h)
Not more than half the width of a roadway shall be disrupted at any one
time.
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
Warning signs and temporary fencing shall be provided at the work site for
excavation spoils, access routes, steep or loose slopes resulted by
excavation work.
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63
q)
3.3.2
i.
ii.
iii.
r)
Adequate lighting and reflective signals, which can make clearly visible
the perimeter of the work site to pedestrians and traffic, shall be provided.
s)
t)
u)
Soils shall not be taken out of the work site, put onto pavements or flushed
down to drains or water courses.
v)
w)
x)
Sufficient top soil that will be used for surface reinstatement shall be
removed and stockpiled separately.
y)
When dewatering, care shall be taken to ensure that the adjacent structures,
services and building foundations are not affected.
z)
Excavation Requirements
a)
The required line of the sewer and manhole locations shall be set out using
accepted surveying practices.
b)
Manhole locations shall be pegged and the line of the excavation between
manholes shall be maintained straight using one or more of pegs, chalk lines
laser beam lines and string line.
c)
d)
e)
The trench shall be excavated to a depth so that the sewer can achieve the
specified level and grade when the specified bedding depth is used.
f)
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64
g)
h)
When the excavations are required to cross rivers, railway lines, and any
other obstructions, minimum soil cover requirements specified by the
responsible authorities shall be observed. In extreme cases, inverted siphons
may be necessary. Minimum requirements for inverted siphons are shown in
the standard drawings in the Appendix, and they must be designed
individually based on actual locations.
i)
j)
The base of the trench shall be trimmed carefully to level and grade.
k)
Where sight rails are used to determine trench excavation depth, at least
three sight rails shall be used for each manhole length.
l)
m)
Rocks that cause an uneven trench base shall be removed. The resulting
holes shall be refilled with the specified embedment material.
n)
The trench in the pipe zone shall be excavated to the minimum width limits
as given in the specification, except where a wider trench is needed due to
unsupportive soil adjacent to the pipe zone.
o)
The trench sides shall be vertical except where permitted otherwise by the
Commission.
p)
To prevent trench wall from collapsing which may lead to injuries and pipe
damage, timber or steel support shall be provided in the trench when the
trench is deeper than 1.5 m. These supports must be adequately designed
for.
q)
Where possible, spoil shall be placed only on one side of the trench.
r)
Spoil shall be placed at an appropriate distance away from the edge of the
trench (minimum 600 mm). This is to prevent the spoil material from
falling into the trench or to prevent the weight of the spoil from collapsing
the trench wall.
s)
Unsupportive (very soft, loose, spongy or puddly) soil in the base of the
trench (as determined by the Commission) shall be removed and replaced.
The replacement based shall be sufficiently supportive and shall require
approval from the Commission.
t)
u)
Where possible, the excavated trench shall be kept free of water until
sufficient backfill is placed above the sewer. This is to prevent the base of
the trench from becoming spongy and to prevent the pipe from moving off
line or grade.
Volume 3
65
3.3.3
v)
Changes to the line, grade or level of the sewer shall be properly recorded
for incorporation in the as-constructed drawings. All as-constructed
drawings, irrespective of whether there are changes to the original design
drawings, shall be certified by consultants and shall include sufficient
details, including as-built sewer invert levels. These drawings shall be
submitted to the Director General.
w)
Excavation shall not proceed too far ahead of pipe laying to avoid damages
from flooding or spoil.
x)
Excavation shall not proceed too far ahead of the required trench support
placing to avoid trench wall from collapsing.
y)
Excavation shall comply with the relevant Occupational Safety and Health
Act (OSHA) requirements for safety.
Bored Excavation
a)
The bore shall be on the line, level and grade and of sufficient diameter to
allow pipes to be inserted without over-stressing the joints or damaging the
pipes.
3.4
Pipe Laying
3.4.1
Pipe Bedding
66
a)
Only approved materials are allowed to be used for pipe embedment. They
shall be in accordance to the approved longitudinal and cross-sectional
sewer profile drawings, which shall also provide details of the designed
bedding types.
b)
The bedding material shall be placed as soon as possible after the base of
the trench is prepared and excess water has been removed.
c)
d)
A small hole shall be left in granular bedding for each socket, jointing
sleeve, flange, etc. that may project into the bedding. The holes shall be of
size that is just sufficient for projections to be clear of bedding. Long and
large holes that may undermine the pipe barrel support are not allowed.
e)
A recess shall be made in the bedding to permit the withdrawal of the sling
without disturbing the remaining bedding.
f)
Where the bedding is disturbed, the pipe shall be raised again to repair the
bedding.
g)
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
3.4.2
Before lowering the pipes into the trench, pipes shall be placed next to the
trench away from the trench edge. The pipes shall be placed on the opposite
side of the spoil beside the trench with their sockets facing upstream.
Where required, the pipes shall be blocked or chocked to prevent any
rolling.
b)
c)
VC pipes shall be carefully tapped at mid length and either end with a
wooden mallet or, otherwise, a metal bar. This is to detect a clear ring that
indicates soundness. This is best undertaken while each pipe is lifted in free
air with a lifting sling.
d)
Pipe and fittings shall not be dropped into the trench. Instead, pipes shall be
lowered into the trench using approved slings.
e)
Pipes shall be laid from the downstream end towards the upstream end.
f)
The laying of pipes shall proceed carefully to ensure the line, level and
grade are within the specified tolerances.
g)
Pipes shall not be dropped or impacted forcefully into the bedding to obtain
the specified level or grade.
h)
Concrete pipes with elliptical reinforcement shall be laid with the load line
on the vertical axis at the top or bottom position.
i)
Holes made in granular bedding for projections of sockets, flanges, etc. shall
be lightly filled where necessary without pushing the pipe/fitting off line,
level or grade.
j)
k)
l)
Pipe level, grade and alignment shall be sighted using sight rails and boning
rod or laser and target. They shall be in accordance to the approved
longitudinal and cross-sectional sewer profile drawings, which shall be
submitted for approval before work at site is allowed to begin.
m)
The invert level of each pipe laid shall be checked during laying and
immediately after laying completion, and with reference to the approved
drawings.
n)
Boning rods shall have a foot to rest on the pipe invert with a vertical spirit
level attached and shall not be more than 45 m apart.
o)
The pipe interior shall be cleaned after laying and kept clean and free of
water.
p)
The pipe ends shall be sealed with a tightly fitting plug immediately after
laying, cleaning of the pipe interior and at the end of the day after laying.
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3.4.3
3.4.4
68
q)
The branch arm of the oblique branch junction fitting, if installed, shall be
laid in such a way that it is at approximately 45 off horizontal level.
r)
s)
t)
u)
Photographs shall be taken during pipe laying and after sewer pipe laying
for all lengths of pipes and manholes.
Pipe Jacking
a)
Jacking method of pipe laying shall be employed only when the conditions
or the requirements of the responsible authorities require such a method.
b)
The pipes used for jacking shall be able to withstand the laterally induced
jacking stresses without damage.
c)
The setting out of the guide rails for the pipe and the actual jacking
operation shall maintain a high accuracy level of line and grade.
d)
The direction and grade for jacked sewer shall not deviate from the designed
alignment for more than 100 mm for every 100 meters of sewer.
e)
All the joints used for connecting the jacked pipes shall be watertight and
durable.
b)
When purpose-made pre-cast concrete blocks are used, the block shall have
approximately the same width as the trench and shall be positioned just
behind each pipe socket. A compressible packer of polystyrene or particle
board shall be placed between the pipe and the concrete block.
c)
d)
e)
A space shall be left between the concrete supports for the pipe socket by
use of a polystyrene spacer of 20 mm minimum thickness. This is to retain
rotational flexibility at the joint.
f)
The concrete support shall fit the pipe closely after hardening.
g)
Concrete shall be allowed to cure for at least 7 days before applying any
load.
h)
Where the trench base is soft or puddly, a blinding layer shall be placed on
the trench base before the concrete is placed.
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Industry Guidelines
3.4.5
3.4.6
3.4.6
Pipe Cutting
a)
Only VC, HDPE, ABS and DI pipes are permitted to be cut in the field.
However prior approval from the Director General is required should the
HDPE helically wound profile wall pipe needs to be cut in the field. All
pipes shall be cut in accordance to approved methods.
b)
Rough edges and burrs shall be removed from inside and outside of HDPE
and ABS pipe with a rasp or file.
c)
d)
e)
Backfill of Trench
a)
Selected excavated material shall be placed above the specified pipe support
until 300 mm above the sewer. They shall be in accordance to the approved
longitudinal and cross-sectional sewer profile drawings, which also give the
bedding details and the types of fill material.
b)
c)
There shall be at least 300 mm of cover over the sewer before light
mechanical compaction can commence.
d)
There shall be at least 1000 mm of cover over the sewer before heavy
mechanical compaction can commence.
e)
For plastic pipe, a metallic marker tape shall be laid along the line of the
sewer at approximately 500 mm below the surface level.
b)
Pipe laying shall be such that there is adequate access for operations and
maintenance of completed sewers, especially in undulating ground profiles,
with a minimum width of 6 metres, which shall be supported by drawings
with ground profiles during drawings approval stage.
c)
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d)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
e)
3.5
Pipe Jointing
3.5.1
Flexible Joints
70
a)
Joint components (i.e. spigots and sockets or sleeves and rubber seals) shall
be checked for damage after delivery, before and after usage.
b)
Every part of the rubber ring shall be bent by hand to detect cracks.
c)
VC pipe sockets shall be gently tapped with a wooden mallet or, otherwise,
a metal bar to detect a clear ring that indicates soundness.
d)
Steel sleeve collars used for jacking pipe shall be checked for damage to the
coating.
e)
Pipe jointing surfaces and rubber seals shall be wiped clean immediately
before jointing using a clean cloth.
f)
The rubber ring shall be placed correctly around the pipe joint.
g)
The rubber ring shall not be twisted in any way prior to jointing and shall be
seated in the correct position.
h)
For skid type of joints (i.e. the sealing ring remains stationary and does not
roll into place), the spigot shall be lubricated with an approved lubricant.
i)
The pipe to be jointed shall be aligned with the laid sewer before pushing in
the joint.
j)
The pipe to be laid shall be orientated so that the offset inside the pipe at the
joint is minimise at the invert.
k)
The pipe that is already laid and to be connected to another pipe shall be
restrained to prevent its pipe joints being further stressed and to prevent the
laid pipe from being pushed off grade or alignment.
l)
Pipe joints shall be connected using a bar and block (crow bar and a block
of wood to protect the pipe end) or a pipe puller.
m)
A machine bucket shall only be used to connect a pipe joint where approval
is given by the Commission. This method shall only be used for large
diameter pipes (larger than 600 diameter pipe) where the jointing
compression force makes it impossible to use a bar and block or pipe puller.
A timber shall be placed across the pipe end to protect the pipe from
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Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
damage. Pressure shall be applied by the bucket gently while the insertion
shall be carefully monitored and directed by a person next to the joint.
3.5.2
n)
o)
After pushing the spigot into the socket, the seal shall be checked to ensure
the seal is correctly located and the spigot is properly inserted. No
contaminants are allowed between jointing surfaces. The joint or pipe shall
not have damage from jointing.
p)
Any allowable deflections at joints shall only be made after the pipe jointing
is made.
q)
Where a pipe is to be deflected at a joint, the deflection shall not exceed the
allowable limit for the specific type of joint.
The socket and spigot shall be checked for damage before and after jointing.
b)
Damaged spigot ends shall be cut from the pipe with 100 mm clearance to
the damage. The spigot end shall be cut perpendicularly to the pipe and any
burrs shall be removed.
c)
d)
If a witness mark is not already on the pipe, the mark shall be made to
ensure that the spigot is inserted to the appropriate length.
e)
Witness marks drawn on site shall be made with a soft pencil or felt pen
marker that would not score or scratch the pipe.
f)
The witness mark shall be of the depth of the socket and shall be measured
from the pipe end.
g)
h)
Jointing surfaces shall be wiped clean and dried with a clean cloth.
i)
j)
A thin and even coat of solvent cement shall be applied to the socket and the
spigot, which should then be inserted up to the witness mark.
k)
The jointing surfaces shall not be contaminated with water, dirt, etc.
l)
m)
After the spigot is pushed firmly into the socket, the joint shall be hold in
the same position for at least 30 seconds without moving.
n)
The jointed pipes shall not be moved for at least 5 minutes after jointing.
The jointed pipes shall be handled with extreme care for at least another
hour.
o)
Joints shall be left to dry for at least 24 hours before pressure testing.
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3.5.3
3.5.4
72
p)
Containers of solvent cement and primer shall be kept tightly sealed when
not in use.
q)
Solvent cement and priming fluid are highly flammable. Therefore, the
solutions shall be stored in a cool place away from any source of spark or
fire.
Flanged Joints
a)
Flanges, particularly flange faces and rubber seal shall be checked for
damage before and after jointing.
b)
c)
Screwed-on flanges shall have the screw thread sealed with a compound
suitable for sewers.
d)
e)
A steel bar or similar object shall not be used as a lever through the flange
holes to bring the bolt holes into line prior to bolting.
f)
g)
The flange faces and the rubber seal shall be wiped clean with a cloth
immediately before jointing.
h)
i)
Bolts and nuts shall be tightened with a torque trench set at an appropriate
torque.
j)
k)
After pressure testing, metal flanges shall be reprimed and painted with two
coats of bituminous based coating in accordance with BS 4147 for below
ground protection.
The welded joint shall use a socket-spigot joint with taper sleeve wherever
possible.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
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Industry Guidelines
3.5.5
The pipes to be joined shall be of the same grade of polyethylene and of the
same wall thickness.
b)
The butt welding machine shall be of an approved type and shall be fit for
use.
c)
The welding machine shall be sheltered from wind and rain during the
welding process.
d)
e)
f)
The ends to be jointed shall be kept free of dirt, grease and moisture after
trimming.
g)
The heating plate shall be brought into contact with the pipe ends only after
it is at the correct temperature.
h)
The pipe ends shall be held against the heating plate for the specified time
appropriate for that pipe size.
i)
Immediately after the removal of the heating plate (no longer than 15
seconds after heating), the pipe ends shall be pressed together with an
appropriate pressure for a specified time appropriate for that pipe size.
j)
The joint shall be maintained clamped and pressurised in the machine for a
suitable period of cooling time (approx. 10 minutes minimum).
k)
After removed from the machine, the joint shall not be stressed until it has
completely cooled (approx. 10 minutes minimum).
l)
The weld shall not be artificially cooled with cold air or water.
m)
The external bead shall carefully be removed. The joint zone shall be
thoroughly checked.
n)
A pipe end that has undergone a complete heating cycle but not joined shall
not be reheated. The unjoined pipe end shall be cut off to at least 250 mm
from the end.
3.6
3.6.1
The thrust block shall be extended to approximately 180 around the fitting.
b)
c)
The thrust block shall be constructed equally around the centreline of the
fitting.
d)
The thrust block shall bear firmly against a recess at the side of the trench.
e)
The trench face which the thrust block bears against shall be freshly cut and
undisturbed.
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3.6.2
3.6.3
74
f)
g)
h)
i)
Formwork shall be used to cast the thrust block to the required dimensions.
j)
k)
Reference shall made to the standard drawings for thrust block to ensure
proper shape and size, which must be designed for each individual thrust
blocks.
A bulkhead to prevent soil erosion shall be used where the gradient of the
sewer is steeper than 1 in 40.
b)
A restraint to prevent sewer slippage shall be used where the gradient of the
sewer is steeper than 1 in 6.
c)
d)
Concrete bulkheads shall be keyed into the base and sides of the trench by at
least 100 mm.
e)
A weep hole with the upstream end covered with a geotextile filter shall be
provided through a bulkhead immediately above pipe invert to allow
drainage of groundwater.
The embedment material type and its grading shall take considerations of
the sewer type or length.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
The pipe shall not be pushed off alignment, level or grade while placing the
embedment.
g)
Where the embedment requires tamping, tamping equipment shall not come
into contact with the pipe.
h)
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Industry Guidelines
3.6.4
3.6.5
i)
While placing the embedment for the pipe haunches, unnecessarily voided
areas shall be avoided.
j)
At least 300 mm of cover shall be placed over the pipe before light
mechanical compaction, such as a hand operated whacker, can commence.
b)
The pipe shall be placed in the trench with the folding of the sleeve located
at the top of the pipe.
c)
After the pipe jointing, the sleeve of the preceding pipe shall be brought
over to cover the socket and the cover shall follow the socket outer surface
closely.
d)
The sleeve of the preceding pipe shall overlap the sleeve of the next pipe.
The sleeve overlap shall be secured with three overlapping winds of tape.
3.7
The rocker pipe connecting sewers to manholes shall have sufficient cast
insitu concrete surround and extended concrete base as shown in typical
manholes drawings in Appendix A.
Reinstatement
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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f)
3.8
3.8.1
General
Severe maintenance problems are often caused by poorly made connections to
sewers. These may lead to blockages or failure of the sewer structurally. The
following procedures and formalities must be followed to ensure integrity of the
sewerage system.
76
a)
The owner must seek the approval of the Director General for any
connections that involve physical work to an existing public sewer. The
initial notification must be made on the appropriate form.
b)
Once approved, the owner may make the connection only if his contractor is
licensed by the Commission for this category of work.
c)
d)
The cost of the work in making the connection shall be borne by the owner,
regardless of whether the work is undertaken by his licensed contractor or a
licensed contractor employed by Services Licensee.
e)
The connection must be correctly made by the licensed contractor under the
supervision of an authorised inspection person.
f)
When the connection is ready for inspection, the owner must notify the
Commission on the appropriate form. At the same time, he must give a
copy of the notice to the authorised inspection person who will make
arrangements for the inspection.
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
The difference between each premise platform level and the nearest public
sewer invert level shall not be less than 1.2 metres to avoid flooding of
premises.
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Industry Guidelines
3.8.2
Junction Connections
Where an existing public sewer is circular and is of diameter DN 450 or less, any
connection to that sewer may be made using a Y junction fitting.
Where the location of future connections are known, Y Junction fittings and the
accompanying junction connection pipework may be installed at the time of the
public sewer construction.
The typical connection configuration of junction is shown in Figures A.11 and
A.12 of Appendix A.
Where no junction pipework exists, a Y junction fitting may be installed by
removing part of the existing sewer. The connection of such a junction shall use
flexible couplings.
3.8.3
Saddle Connections
Saddle connections may only be permitted where the existing sewer is at least two
pipe sizes greater than the proposed connection pipe. Only saddles specifically
designed for the type and size of the sewer to be connected to shall be used. Also,
the saddle used shall be approved by the Commission.
Making a saddle connection is a highly skilled operation. Hence, only licensed
contractors who can demonstrate suitable qualifications and experience are
permitted to make this form of connection.
The saddle must be purpose-made by off-site manufacture except when the existing
pipe size is 900 mm in diameter or greater, which other forms of connection are
preferred.
The saddles for concrete or vitrified clay sewers shall be bedded on cement mortar
(mix 3:1) with a depth not less than 40 mm below the base of the saddle. A
flexible joint shall be provided between the saddle and the remaining connection
pipe.
The hole prepared for the saddle connection on the existing sewer shall not have
any rough edges that might cause blockage. The location of the hole on the pipe
shall be at a 45 to 60 angle to the horizontal. The hole shall be made at the
middle of the pipe to avoid damages or excessive loading to the existing sewer pipe
joints. The existing pipe may require extra strengthening by additional concrete
surround to withstand the extra load from the connection pipe and fittings.
The connection pipe must not protrude into the existing sewer.
Any debris falling into the existing sewer during the connection shall be removed.
On completion, the saddle connection joint must be completely watertight to
prevent infiltration.
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3.8.4
Manhole Connections
Manholes may be constructed on the public sewer for private sewer connections
where:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Where site conditions prevent manhole construction on the existing public sewer,
the manhole may be provided on the connection pipe as near to the public sewer as
possible.
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Industry Guidelines
Section 4
Sewer Testing
Sewer Testing
4.1
General
Sewers and ancillary works shall be tested and inspected for water-tightness to
prevent infiltration and exfiltration and to ensure the pipe are laid correctly
according to the designed straightness and grade. The testing of the sewers and
ancillary works before backfill will facilitate the replacement of any identified
faulty pipes and joints. The testing of the sewers and ancillary works after backfill
will reveal the leakages caused by the displacement of joints and subsequent
damage. The testing shall be supervised by consultants and their testing certificates
issued by the consultants shall be submitted to the Commission before final
approval.
The tests that are required to be conducted are listed as follows:
I)
Before Backfill
a)
Gravity Sewer:
b)
c)
i.
ii.
Force Main:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
i.
Visual inspection
ii.
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Sewer Testing
II)
After Backfill
a)
Gravity Sewer:
i)
ii)
iii)
Before and after any test, the sewer pipeline to be tested shall be clean, which shall
be flushed clean when necessary. Any leaks or defects identified from any test
shall be located and repaired. After testing has been completed, the cleaned sewer
shall be plugged at open ends to prevent dirt or soil from getting into the sewer.
4.2
b)
When infiltration has been confirmed by the infiltration test, light and mirror
method or CCTV may be used to isolate the locations of leaks. If a CCTV
inspection is conducted, a video and written record of the CCTV inspection shall
be provided to the Commission no later than 7 days after the inspection.
For gravity sewers, the sewer length to be tested shall be the length between
manholes or proposed manhole locations. The test length for water test may be
shorter where the gradient is so steep as to cause too high a head at the downstream
end. The pressure head on the sewer being tested shall not be less than 2 m above
pipe crown at the upstream end and shall not be more than 7 m above pipe crown at
the downstream end.
When desired, the air and water tests may be undertaken on shorter lengths of the
laid sewer before backfill. This is to prevent any faulty joint to go unnoticed until
it is revealed by a test on the complete length, which will be more costly and time
consuming to rectify the defects. Testing of shorter lengths may also be necessary
where it is required to backfill the sewer to surface level quickly. This early
backfill may be encountered when there is wet weather, traffic crossings or site
safety requirements.
In every stage of the works, frequent tests of straightness and obstruction shall be
conducted, when required, to ensure there is no line obstruction and the
straightness or grade is correct.
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Sewer Testing
4.3
a)
the length which can be isolated effectively, i.e. suitable anchorage for
temporary end closures
b)
the time permitted to leave the trench open without backfill taking
considerations of weather, safety, traffic etc.
c)
d)
e)
the requirement to have the pressure at the highest point not less than 0.8
times the pressure at the lowest point
After taking the above considerations, initially a maximum of 300 m length of pipe
shall be laid and tested to verify that pipe laying practices are to an acceptable
standard. The maximum lengths for subsequent tests may be progressively
increased, as determined by the authorised inspection person, but shall not exceed
1500 m.
4.4
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Sewer Testing
Connections between sewer and manholes shall be constructed with extended castin-site concrete base and surround over the top of the rocker pipe in accordance to
the standard drawing attached.
Drop manholes shall be constructed in such a way that no appreciable amount of
blockage will occur with construction details as in the standard drawings which
provide for proper pipe outlets and proper sizing of drop pipes.
A visual inspection is required on all the external and internal sections of each
manhole before backfill. Particular attention shall be given to:
a)
b)
joints to pipes,
c)
d)
e)
f)
4.5
4.5.1
General
Low pressure air test is one of the two sewer exfiltration tests recommended for
sewer testing. The air test is quicker to conduct than the water test. Furthermore,
no large quantity of water needed to be disposed of after the test. This test provides
a quick mean for checking any damage pipe or joints. Sometimes the test is
conducted on a short length to prevent damage pipe or joints from passing without
noticed until the final sewer test, which could be more costly and time consuming
to rectify. However, these tests on the shorter length should not replace the final
test.
4.5.2
Seal the open ends, including sideline ends, using approved plugs. Strut the
plugs to prevent movement. Provide temporary bracing where necessary to
prevent pipeline movement during testing.
(One of the end plugs will require a connection point to permit injection of
air.)
b)
82
Connect a hand or motorised pump to the pressure injection line at the end
plug. Pressurise the test length at a slow and constant rate.
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Sewer Testing
c)
Use dial pressure gauges to measure pressure. Apply an air pressure of:
i.
ii.
(Two gauges in series shall be used so that the accuracy of one gauge can
be confirmed by the other. The dial gauges shall be able to be read to an
accuracy of 0.1 kPa.)
d)
Wait five minutes for air pressure to stabilise due to temperature absorption
into pipe wall and other effects. Adjust the pressure to the required test
pressure during this period.
e)
Check for leaks at plugs and test apparatus. Release the air pressure where
leakage occurs. Make necessary repairs and adjustments of apparatus to
prevent leakages. Repressurise the sewer pipeline in accordance with the
preceding steps again.
f)
Start the test and record the pressure loss for the test duration after the final
gauge adjustment to the test pressure. Conduct the test for the test duration
given in Table 4.1.
2
4
6
8
11
14
17
Pass the test if the pressure loss over the test duration does not exceed:
i)
ii)
4.5.3
Test Duration
(minutes)
Before Backfill
a)
Readjust the pipe pressure to the specified test pressure and examine for
leakage by pouring a solution of soft soap and water over the exposed joints
if the test fail.
b)
Repair leaks and repeat testing where leaks are found at joints.
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Sewer Testing
c)
Where leaks are not found at joints, move the plug, the one that is not used
to exert air pressure, along the pipeline to isolate lengths with leakage.
Uncover pipe barrels in the isolated lengths where leakage in pipe barrels is
suspected. Replace leaking pipe lengths and repeat testing.
d)
Conduct low pressure water testing to verify that the air test was not
erroneous where the test length fails the air test but no source of leakage
can be identified.
II)
After Backfilling:
a)
Move the plug up from the other end along the sewer pipeline to isolate the
lengths that fail the air test.
b)
c)
d)
Conduct water testing to check that the air test was not erroneous when
failed lengths could not be isolated using the air test.
e)
Use CCTV, when required or available, to identify the leakage if the fail
section can not be isolated by the air test or water test.
4.6
4.6.1
General
The low pressure water test is commonly used for checking the water-tightness of
the joints and the integrity of the sewer pipes. Unlike the high pressure water test,
this test can not be used to check the mechanical strength of the sewer pipe.
Compared with low pressure air test, this test requires more time to set up the test.
Also, the water used for the test require disposal in an appropriate manner.
However, this test will show the location of the leaks more clearly than the low
pressure air test.
4.6.2
Procedure
a)
Seal the open ends, including sideline ends, using approved plugs. Strut the
plugs to prevent movement. Provide temporary bracing where necessary to
prevent sewer movement during testing.
b)
i.
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Sewer Testing
ii.
sealing the upstream end with a plug which has a connection point for
a hose, which can be connected to a tube acting as a standpipe)
d)
Fill in water from the upstream end. Ensure water head is not less than 2 m
above pipe crown at the upstream end and not greater than 7 m above pipe
crown at the downstream end. Shorten the test length if the sewer gradient
is so steep as to cause these water head requirements not to be met.
e)
Fill the sewer slowly to the required head and bleed air from behind the
upstream plugs.
(Air may be released by slightly loosening the plug and pushing in a piece
of wire between the seal and the pipe.)
4.6.3
f)
Maintain the water head for two hours. Top up the water as required.
g)
Check for leakage at the plugs and the test apparatus during the pressurising
period and the constant pressure holding period. Release the water pressure
if leakage occurs. Make the necessary repairs and adjustments before
repressurising again.
h)
Commence the test immediately after the last adjustment of water head in
the preceding two hours period.
i)
Add water to maintain the starting water head every 5 minutes during the
test period of 30 minutes. Record the total amount of water required for
readjustment.
j)
i.
the loss of water does not exceed 1 litre per hour per linear metre per
metre internal diameter for vitrified clay and reinforced concrete
pipes,
ii.
there is no loss of water for pipe other than vitrified clay and
reinforced concrete pipe,
iii.
Before Backfill:
a)
Readjust the internal water head to the specified test head if the test section
fails the water test. Examine visually for leakage at the external surface of
joints.
b)
Uncover pipe barrels and inspect for leakage if leakage is not evident at
joints. Drain the water and move the downstream plug towards upstream,
where necessary, to isolate pipe lengths that fail the water test.
c)
Repair or replace pipes before repeating the low pressure water test until the
sewer passes the test.
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Sewer Testing
II)
After Backfill:
a)
Isolate pipe lengths that fail the water test by moving the downstream plug
towards the upstream end in sections when the test sewer fails the water
test. Alternatively, conduct a CCTV inspection, where required, to identify
the source of leakage if the source of leakage can not be isolated.
b)
c)
4.7
4.7.1
General
High pressure water test is normally used for testing the pressure sewers and pipe
works within the pump station. The main aims of the test are to ensure the
mechanical stability of the pipe and joints to withstand the working pressure. Since
the test is conducted under high pressure, the anchorage of the sewer is more
critical than the low pressure tests. Preferably, the test should be conducted before
backfill. During the test, the test pumps should not be subjected to hydrostatic
pressure.
4.7.2
Procedure
a)
Seal the sewer pipeline ends using test-end units consisting of short
lengths of pipe permanently fitted with caps or valves. Connected the testend units to the test pipe section using a standard coupling, which permits
easy removal of test-end units after testing.
(The test-end units should have a valve with pressure gauge to allow
filling of the test length with water or for venting air. The gauge shall be a
conventional circular gauge not less than 200 mm diameter and shall be
able to read to an accuracy of 0.01 Mpa.)
b)
For sewer on level grade, fit tees along the test length, where necessary, to
ensure all the air can escape. Fit air valves to such tees. Remove air valves
and blank off tees after the test is applied.
c)
Fit the test pressure gauge at the lowest end of the test length.
(This prevents the test pressure from exceeding the permitted maximum
pressure in the test length.)
d)
Place pre-constructed temporary thrust blocks behind the test end units to
brace against thrust from the test pressures.
(No temporary bracing is permitted along the sewer pipeline. All specified
thrust blocks must be constructed and left to cure before testing.)
e)
86
Fill the test length slowly with water through the valve at the lowest testend unit.
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Sewer Testing
(The water shall be of fair quality and free from sediment. A firm foam
swab placed ahead of the water column will improve the expulsion of air.)
f)
g)
h)
Fill the test length with water. Leave the filled test length undisturbed for
24 hours prior to testing to allow for absorption of water into the pipes and
/or jointing materials.
i)
Wipe the exposed fittings and joints clean and dry and check for leakage
and other irregularities during this preparatory period. Check also the test
pipe for any appreciable movement and disturbance of anchorages. Drain
the water and repair any damage found. Repeat the water filling again to
start the test.
j)
Pump more water into the test length to raise the pressure. Raise the
pressure slowly in increments of 1 bars, with pauses of one minute between
each increment until achieving the lower of:
i.
ii.
1.5 times the design operating pressure of the pipeline (includes surge
allowance)
k)
Stop the test immediately should any appreciable drop in pressure be noted
during one of these pauses. Determine the cause of the pressure drop.
Drain the test length where repairs are required. Start the test again after
repairing.
l)
Pass the pressure test if there is no reduction from the test pressure in the
next 10 minutes after the test pressure is achieved. Do not reduce the
pressure since the high pressure leakage test should be conducted
immediately next.
4.8
4.8.1
General
High pressure leakage test normally follows the high pressure water test
immediately. This is to avoid any unnecessary pressurising and water filling, which
could take time and is costly. The purpose of this test is to ensure the pipe and
joint will remain intact under the pressure environment.
4.8.2
Procedure
a)
Conduct the test immediately after the high pressure water test. Maintain
the following test pressures (whichever is lower) for 24 hours by pumping
in make-up water if necessary:
i.
ii.
1.5 times the design operating pressure of the pipeline (includes surge
allowance)
Volume 3
87
Sewer Testing
4.9
b)
Measure the amount of make-up water pumped into the pipe to maintain the
test pressure.
c)
Pass the test if the measured amount of make-up water does not exceed 0.1
litre per millimetre of pipe diameter per kilometre of pipe per day for each 3
bars of pressure applied.
d)
Reset the test pressure and check all visible joints to locate leakage when
the test length fails the test.
I)
a)
Visual inspection
b)
Insertion of mandrel
c)
CCTV inspection
It should be noted that the visual inspection is only for checking a short length.
Sufficient light shall be provided when carrying out the inspection. For checking a
long sewer, insertion of a mandrel should be adopted.
II)
a)
b)
c)
CCTV inspection
d)
e)
The first three methods will provide a more exact assurance for both the grade and
straightness of sewers, which shall be used whenever possible. The latter two
methods will provide a rough ideas on whether the sewers are laid graded or
straight, which should be used only for a quick check.
4.10
CCTV Inspection
The following subsections outline details on how the CCTV inspection
requirements shall be implemented. These guidelines are also aim to enhance
professionalism in line with progress in sewerage field, and promote efficiency and
88
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Sewer Testing
4.10.1
4.10.2
b)
c)
b)
c)
For sewer with diameter larger than 1050 mm, Man-entry CCTV survey
mode may be adopted unless it can be demonstrated that the CCTV can be
maintained in a stable position on or near the central axis of the sewer and
images captured are satisfactory and not distorted.
4.10.3
4.10.3.1
Solid state colours CCTV camera with pan & rotate features, together with
a lighting unit, automatic date/ metre age.
b.
c.
Calibration chart for various sizes of sewer for the camera used.
d.
Test device for the CCTV camera using 'Marconi Resolution Chart No.1' or
its derivative to demonstrate satisfactory performance of the camera.
e.
Test device for the monitor and video recorder to establish the effectiveness
and accuracy of the 'on-site' monitor and video recorder.
f.
The control unit comprises the camera unit, crawler control and
screenwriter. This console can be mounted permanently in a vehicle or use
as portable system.
g.
h.
Volume 3
89
Sewer Testing
i.
4.10.3.2
Software Requirements
Software standardisation using databank software that can produce report, based on
WRc format.
4.10.3.3
Report Format
Report in VCD or other digital form to be submitted in MPEG format with
minimum 352x240 pixels. Two copies of digital records and one copy of hardcopy
report shall be forwarded to JPP office.
a)
4.10.4.
For the diameter pipe greater than 600mm, it shall have zooming
capabilities.
4.10.4.1
4.10.4.2
a)
b)
c)
Areas that have restricted vehicular access for repair (e.g. central business
district).
d)
Crossings under buildings, lakes, rivers, roads and railway including their
reserve.
e)
f)
g)
h)
90
Initial CCTV testing & inspection shall be conducted for a minimum 10%
random selection of sewers including all manholes and lateral property
connections in accordance with standard procedure.
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Sewer Testing
4.10.4.3
b)
c)
Prior to taking over existing network that has been approved from any
owner or after rehabilitation works have been completed.
d)
i.
Single Phase development with total sewer length less than 500m
long with no interval.
ii.
Vacuum sewer.
Stage of Inspection
a)
Stage 1- All projects are to start with stage 1 inspection where 10 % (by
length) of sewer network and property connections involved, shall be
randomly selected and CCTV inspected.
b)
Stage 2 - Should any Grade 3,4 or 5 conditions as defined in the Manual for
Sewer Condition Classification approve by the Commission, found in Stage
1 inspection, the CCTV inspection shall proceed to Stage 2 inspection.
Stage 2 inspections shall include another 40% of the sewer network to be
randomly selected for CCTV inspection.
c)
Stage 3- Should any Grade 3,4 or 5 conditions as defined in the Manual for
Sewer condition classification approve by the Commission, found in Stage
2 inspection, the CCTV inspection shall proceed to Stage 3 where all the
remaining network shall be CCTV inspected.
4.10.5
4.10.5.1.
Activities to be completed
Intermediate Inspection.
4.10.5.2.
before
submitting
for
final
a)
All construction works have been completed and tested by the supervising
qualified person.
b)
Sewer networks have been cleared of debris and are ready for inspection.
c)
The list of sewer segments and house connections selected for CCTV
inspection shall be recorded and the parties witnessing the selection process
shall duly sign the record.
Volume 3
91
Sewer Testing
4.10.5.3.
4.10.5.4.
b)
c)
The CCTV inspection shall be carried out 7 days after notice issued by the
Commission.
b)
Inspection shall be carried out in within 24 hours after random selection has
been completed.
c)
Once started, CCTV inspection for a project shall be carried out without
any break. Should for any reason a break/delay of more than 24 hours
become necessary, the random selection process shall be repeated to select
the remaining sewer segments for the inspection. Reasons for the
break/delay shall be recorded.
d)
92
At the start of the CCTV recording, the following details must be recorded:
i.
ii.
iii.
b)
At the beginning of each CCTV recording for every segment of sewer shall
be marked with their respective code number with chainage together with
the date, start and end times of the recording.
c)
After the CCTV inspection and recording have been completed for a
project, a copy of recorded CCTV shall be handover to the Commission or
authorized person immediately. Report on the CCTV inspection together
with the recording and recommendations shall be prepared by the CCTV
contractor and submitted to the relevant the Commission branch office or
the appointed agency not more than 7 days after the date of inspection. The
format of reporting shall follow the standard that had been given (Appendix
C). The copy of the tape (or other recording media used to store the record)
containing the CCTV inspection records shall be submitted to the
Commission Branch office or the appointed agency together with a
certificate duly signed by the qualified person responsible for the CCTV
inspection declaring the authenticity of the recording submitted and that the
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Sewer Testing
CCTV inspection has been done in accordance with the procedure stated in
this guideline.
4.10.6
4.10.7
i.
Grade 1: Green
ii.
Grade 2 : Blue
iii.
Grade 3 : Orange
iv.
Grade 4 : Brown
v.
Grade 5 : Red
b)
c)
Sewer with Grade 3, 4 or 5 conditions has major structural defects and shall
be accepted. Relaid of the affected sewer segments is necessary.
For Grade 1 and Grade 2, the developer shall rectify and make good to all
the defects in 30 days. These rectification works shall be witnessed by the
parties concerned and agreed together that the works had been completed.
The Commission or the authorised person may instruct CCTV inspection to
be carried out again. Under these grade classifications, the letter of
recommendation for CFO will be released by the Commission or the
authorised agency.
b)
c)
In the events of any blockages, damages, seepages and etc to the sewer
networks during the defects liability period, JPP may require the developer
to carry out further CCTV inspection to determine the cause and extent of
the problems that arises. CCTV inspection shall be carried out immediately
within 24 hours.
Volume 3
93
Sewer Testing
Grade 1
Occurances without damage and no cracks of pipe but only acceptable displacement on
joint where no visual infiltration can be observe: e.g.
Grade 2
Constructional and sewer product deficiencies or occurances with insignificant influence
to tightness, hydraulic or static pressure of pipe, etc.
Examples: Joint displaced large; badly torched intakes; minor deformation of plastic
pipes (<5%); minor erosions; infiltration seeping; Cracks joint, circumference,
longitudinal; Debis, silt 15%; Encrustation light.
Grade 3
Constructional, operational and maintenance deficiencies diminishing static, hydraulic,
safety and tightness.
Examples: Infiltration dripping. (OMD); Open joint; untorched intakes; cracks; minor
drainage obstructions such as calcide build ups; protruding laterals; minor damages to
pipe wall; individual root penetrations; corroded pipe wall; flexible pipe deformation
(>5%); Lining defect.
Grade 4
Constructional and structural damages with no sufficient static safety, hydraulic or
tightness.
Examples: axial/radial pipebursts; visually noticeable infiltration/exfiltration; cavities in
pipe-wall; severe protruding; laterals severe root penetrations; severe corrosion of pipe
wall; Infiltration running; encrustation medium; minor deformation; flexible pipe
deformation >15%
Grade 5
Major structural damaged where pipe is already or will shortly be impermeable.
Examples: collapsed or collapsed eminent; major deformation; deeply rooted pipe; any
drainage obstructions; pipe loses water or danger of backwater in basements etc
94
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Sewer Testing
4.11
Infiltration Test
4.11.1
General
Infiltration is an extraneous flow not contributed from households. Although
design has allowed for certain amount of infiltration, a significant amount of
unexpected infiltration will overload both the collection sewers and the treatment
plant. To avoid any extra infiltration, a test maybe conducted on the gravity sewer
laid. If the force main is significantly below the groundwater table, an infiltration
test is also highly recommended. When severe infiltration is found during sewer
laying, the source shall be investigated immediately.
Infiltration test is normally conducted after backfill and after the groundwater level
has stabilised. The procedures are as follows:
4.11.2
4.11.3
Procedure
a)
Plug the inlets at all upstream open ends, after the groundwater level has
stabilised following backfilling.
b)
Measure any infiltration from the sewer to the manhole or within manhole
itself.
c)
d)
Pass the infiltration test if the infiltration does not exceed 1 litre per hour
per metre diameter per meter of pipe run.
Conduct a light and mirror test to identify the location of the infiltration if
the pipe is small and short.
b)
c)
d)
4.12
Water-tightness Test
4.12.1
General
Visual inspection is usually sufficient to ensure the water-tightness of manhole and
other ancillary structures. However, water-tightness test may be required if:
a)
b)
c)
Volume 3
95
Sewer Testing
d)
e)
The test should be carried out only after the structures have achieved sufficient
strength to withstand the test pressure. Where possible, the test shall be carried out
before backfilled or concrete surrounded.
For manhole less than 1.5 m in depth, the manhole shall be filled with clean water
to the bottom of cover. For manhole more than 1.5 m in depth, the water head for
the test shall not be less than 1.5 m or the mean groundwater level, whichever is
larger. For any other ancillary structure, the water shall be filled to the top of the
structure unless otherwise specified by the authorised inspection person.
The procedures for testing the manhole are listed below. For other ancillary
structures, the procedures can still be adopted. However, the height which the
water level should be tested shall follow the instruction from the authorised
inspection person.
4.12.2
Procedures
a)
b)
c)
Provide a mean to remove the plug/stopper from the ground level safely if
test water is allowed to be discharged to the downstream.
(The plug/stopper may need to be remove while the structure is still full of
water. Alternatively, a potable submersible pump might be sunk into the
test structure to remove the water.)
96
d)
Fill the structure with clean water. Fill slowly to avoid any intense pressure
impact from the water.
e)
f)
Otherwise, allow the water to stay in the test structure for 8 hours.
Investigate any appreciable water loss.
g)
Drain and dispose of the test water from the test structure in an appropriate
manner and to an suitable location.
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX A
Appendix A
APPENDIX A
Figure A.3
Figure A.4
Figure A.5
Figure A.5
Figure A.6
Outlet for 90 deg bend pipe, to raise to min. 300 mm above crown
of sewer pipe.
b.
Figure A.13 :
Typical Induct Vent Detail: Delete this figure, as not applicable. Page 117.
Figure A.14 :
Figure A.18 :
Buffer Zone for Pump Station with and without Super Structure: Buffer
zone for fence to fence, add note where located in high risk areas,
brickwall fencing may be specified for safety. Page 122.
Figure A.19 :
Buffer Zone for Pump Station with and without Super Structure: Buffer
zone for fence to fence, add note where located in high risk areas,
brickwall fencing may be specified for safety. Page 123.
Note: Other figures added are distributed as hard copies for incorporation in the documents.
OTHER COMMENTS
a)
b)
c)
Volume 3
- Iron steps in
Page 97
Appendix A
50.5
20
20
RUANG TERKURUNG
DILARANG MASUK
BOLT HOLES
20
HINGE DEVICE
25 50.5
840
652
840
60
10
25
DANGER
91
20
CONFINED SPACE
DO NOT ENTER
SERIAL NO.
LOCKING AND
LIFTING DEVICE
PLAN
55
65
55
55
20
20
20
250
840
55
140
20
600
55
60
100
652
290
350
(SECTION Y-Y)
Z
6
22
DETAIL `1'
( TYPICAL SURFACE DETAIL )
22
20
20
100
SECTION Z-Z
120
120
SECTION Y - Y
TYPICAL HINGE
20
20
SECTION X - X
TYPICAL LOCKING DEVICE
120
120
SECTION Y - Y
COVER HINGE OPEN AT 90
SECTION Y - Y
COVER HINGE OPEN AT MINIMUM 100
SECTION Z - Z
Page 98
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
OUTLET
MANHOLE OPENING
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
PRECAST REINFORCED
CONCRETE RING WITH
150 THK. MIN.
CONCRETE SURROUND
1:12
1:12
FALL
FALL
HALF ROUND
V.C. CHANNEL
MIN 1200
FA
LL
MIN 1200
1:1
FA
LL
2
OF MANHOLE TYPE G
(THREE INCOMING SEWER)
LL
FA 2
1:1
LL
FA
2
1:1
OF MANHOLE TYPE F
HALF ROUND VC
FA
LL
1:1
MANHOLE OPENING
INLET
PRECAST REINFORCED
CONCRETE RING WITH
150 THK. MIN.
CONCRETE SURROUND
INLET
OF MANHOLE TYPE E
MIN 1200
FA
1:1 LL
2
INLET
OF MANHOLE TYPE C
MIN 1200
FA
1:1 LL
2
MANHOLE OPENING
FA
L
1:1 L
2
HALF ROUND
V.C. CHANNEL
(MULTIPLE INCOMING)
MANHOLE OPENING
LL
FA 2
1:1
OUTLET
MIN 1200
INLET
1:1
INLET
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
OUTLET
PRECAST REINFORCED
CONCRETE RING WITH
150 THK. MIN.
CONCRETE SURROUND
OUTLET
LL
FA 2
1:1
INLET
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
MANHOLE OPENING
HALF ROUND
V.C. CHANNEL
(STRAIGHT THROUGH)
PRECAST REINFORCED
CONCRETE RING WITH
150 THK. MIN.
CONCRETE SURROUND
INLET
OF MANHOLE TYPE B
OUTLET
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
MANHOLE OPENING
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
HALF ROUND
V.C. CHANNEL
OF MANHOLE TYPE A
1:12
FALL
INLET
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
INLET
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
INLET
(DIAMETER CHANGE)
OF MANHOLE TYPE H
MIN 1200
ET
OUTL
SEWER PIPE
(DIA. VARIES)
PRECAST REINFORCED
CONCRETE RING WITH
150 THK. MIN.
CONCRETE SURROUND
MANHOLE OPENING
MANHOLE OPENING
HALF ROUND
V.C. CHANNEL
(CHANGE OF DIRECTION)
OF MANHOLE TYPE D
MIN 1200
HALF ROUND
V.C. CHANNEL
NOTE :
PRECAST REINFORCED
CONCRETE RING WITH
150 THK. MIN.
CONCRETE SURROUND
INLET
FALL
PRECAST REINFORCED
CONCRETE RING WITH
150 THK. MIN.
CONCRETE SURROUND
1:12
1:12
1:12
(FIRST MANHOLE)
MIN 1200
HALF ROUND
V.C. CHANNEL
FALL
FALL
FALL
1:12
1:12
FALL
1:12
Volume 3
FALL
OUTLET
FALL
PRECAST REINFORCED
CONCRETE RING WITH
150 THK. MIN.
CONCRETE SURROUND
OUTLET
Appendix A
Page 99
350 (MAX.)
0
60
Volume 3
PLAN VIEW
SECTION B-B
T12-150 B/WAY
1:12
600
NOTES:
1:12
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
T12-150 B/WAY
600
(GROUND LEVEL TO INVERT LEVEL OF PIPE 1.2 < D < 2.5 METRES)
(GROUND LEVEL TO INVERT LEVEL OF PIPE 1.2 < D < 2.5 METRES)
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
350 (MAX.)
SECTION A-A
(GROUND LEVEL TO INVERT LEVEL OF PIPE 1.2 < D < 2.5 METRES)
T12-150 B/WAY
1:12
600 (MAX.)
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
600
350 (MAX.)
Page 100
Appendix A
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
350 (MAX.)
Volume 3
T12-150 B/WAY
1:12
1:12
T12-150 B/WAY
600
NOTES:
375 125
DETAIL 'A'
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
375 125
PLAN VIEW
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
350 (MAX.)
00
6
1:12
600
Appendix A
1/2+100
Page 101
PLAN VIEW
00
Volume 3
350(MAX.)
SECTION A-A
T12-150 B/WAY
1:12
SECTION B-B
T12-150 B/WAY
1:12
NOTES:
1:12
T12-150 B/WAY
600
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
600
600 (MAX.)
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
1:12
350 (MAX.)
600
Page 102
Appendix A
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
350 (MAX.)
Volume 3
T12-150 B/WAY
I : 12
00
6
I : 12
T12-150 B/WAY
I : 12
600
375 125
NOTES:
DETAIL 'A'
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
375 125
PLAN VIEW
350 (MAX.)
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
600
Appendix A
1/2+100
Page 103
350(MAX.)
PLAN VIEW
Volume 3
60
SECTION A-A
(GROUND LEVEL TO INVERT LEVEL OF PIPE 5 < D < 9 METRES)
T12-150 B/WAY
1:12
SECTION B-B
T12-150 B/WAY
1:12
NOTES:
T12-150 B/WAY
600
1:12
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
350 (MAX.)
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
1:12
600
600 (MAX.)
600
Page 104
Appendix A
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
350 (MAX.)
T12-150 B/WAY
Volume 3
00
6
T12-150 B/WAY
I : 12
600
375 125
NOTES:
DETAIL 'A'
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
375 125
PLAN VIEW
350 (MAX.)
50 THK. CEMENTITIOUS
BLINDING
CONCRETE BENCHING
(20 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT RENDERING)
600
Appendix A
1/2+100
Page 105
IE
AR
S)
50mm THK.
CONC. SCREED
150
GRADE 20/20
CONC.
SURROND
MAIN
SEWER
MIN. 150
300
INVERT LEVEL
500
TO SUIT
SECTION E-E
50mm THK.
CONC. SCREED
BRANCH
SEWER
12mm HA LINING
CONC. GRADE
20/20
INVERT LEVEL
500
300
SECTION B-B
(V
ER
CONC.
CHAMBER
W
SE
Volume 3
150
1900
2200
2500
D
E
F
1650, 1800
1350, 1500
1050, 1200
1500, 1650
1200, 1350
INTERNAL CHANNEL
BENDS N.E. 22.5 N.E.
90
BRANCH
SEWER
GRADE 30
CONCRETE
WITH 12mm
INTERNAL HA
LINING
6mm DIA.
STAINLESS
STEEL BOLT
AND NUT
APPROVED
STAINLESS
STEEL CHAIN
INSTALL 2 NOS.
APPROPVED STAINLESS
STEEL CHAIN AT D/S SIDE
OF MH. ONLY
MANHOLE TO BE
IDENTICAL TO
STANDARD
PRECAST
MANHOLE
1200mm DIA.
ACCESS
CHAMBER WITH
12mm HIGH
ALUMINA LINING
150mm CONC.
SURROUND
GRD. LEV.
DETAIL `A'
50
38
SECTION D-D
GRADE 20 WITH
12mm INTERNAL
HA LINING
30
150mm
CHAMBER
12mm HA LINING
TO CHANNEL
BENCHING
WALLS AND TOP
SLAB
675 DIA.
OPENING
MASS CONC.
WALL
50mm THK.
CONC. SCREED
1800 MIN.
COVER PLATE
INTERNAL
WIDTH,
`A' (mm)
TYPE
DEPTH VARIES
1200mm DIA.
ACCESS
CHAMBER WITH
12mm HIGH
ALUMINA LINING
BRANCH
SEWER
MOULDED
CHANNEL
PLASTIC
SAFETY
CHAIN
INVERT
LEVEL
S)
GRD. LEV.
1:12
FALL
ARIE
PLASTIC
SAFETY
CHAIN
FOOT HOLES
AT 300mm
C/C
W
D (V
150mm CONC.
SURROUND
PLAN
SECTION A-A
MAIN SEWER
BRANCH
SEWER
675mm DIA.
OPENING
WITH
GRATING
W
1/4 D
AIN
Page 106
GRADE 20/20
CONC.
SURROND
T
3/4 D
FM
.O
DIA
150mm CONC.
SURROUND
STANDARD
LENGTH OF
PIPEWORK TO
BE SET IN
MANHOLE
Appendix A
50
20
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix A
Induct Vent
Centreline of manhole
150 Min.
750 Min.
150 Min.
Column Support
Notes :
1. All dimmensions are in millimetres.
2. Diameter of induct vent shall be approximately 1/2
of the forcemain but shall not exceed 300mm.
Sewer Networks and Pump Stations
Volume 3
Page 107
STANDARD WYE
OR TEE
W
O
FL
Volume 3
VARIES
MASS CONCRETE
(GRADE 15)
45 BEND
150 PIPE
45 BEND
150 PIPE
PLAN
CL
FLOW
VARIES
SADDLE
INSPECTION MANHOLE
WITHIN PROPERTY BOUNDARY
BUILDING LOT
150 PIPE
MORTAR
(10 THICKNESS)
PLAN
CONC. HAUCHING
(GRADE 20)
150 PIPE
R1
DETAIL `A'
PIPE
CONCRETE
HUNCH
SECTION R - R
STANDARD WYE OR
TEE OR SADDLE
SLOPE 1%
150 PIPE
NOTES:
SECTION VIEW
TWO 45 BENDS
STANDARD WYE
OR TEE
150 PIPE
BUILDING LOT
447
259
300x375
150x300
150x225
217
308
217
389
308
217
150
225
150
300
225
150
67
80
67
82
80
67
225
255
255
318
310
310
193
284
193
355
284
193
142
178
178
224
224
224
INSPECTION MANHOLE
WITHIN PROPERTY BOUNDARY
BUILDING LOT
INSPECTION MANHOLE
WITHIN PROPERTY BOUNDARY
NOTES:-
259
353
353
225x300
T
259
SADDLE
225x375
BUILDING LOT
ONE LENGTH OF PIPE
150x375
300 MIN.
SECTION VIEW
TRENCH WIDTH
CL
PLAN
Page 108
150
FL
O
CL
45
FLOW
R1
113
151
151
188
188
188
Appendix A
300 MIN.
MAXIMUM 2000
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
PE
PI
Volume 3
SECTION E - E
CONC.
GRADE 20/20
SECTION F - F
20 %
EVERY PIPE
8%
12.5 %
POSITION OF
ANCHOR BLOCK
GRADIENT
EXCEEDING
TRENCH WIDTH
CONC.
GRADE 20/20
GRADE 25/20
CONCRETE
ADDITIONAL
4Y12 EACH FACE
NOTES :
SECTION G - G
0
00
.1
IN
M
GROUND LEVEL
300
GROUND LEVEL
CONC. TO BE CAST
AGAINST ORIGINAL
SOIL SURFACE
ANCHOR BLOCK
ELEVATION
300
SECTION D - D
450
GROUND LEVEL
PLAN
GROUND LEVEL
300
SECTION C - C
CONC. TO BE CAST
AGAINST ORIGINAL
SOIL SURFACE
0
15
PLAN
F
.O
DIA
E
PIP
SECTION B - B
OF
A.
DI
PE
PI
GROUND LEVEL
SECTION A - A
OF
CONC. TO BE CAST
AGAINST ORIGINAL
SOIL SURFACE
A.
DI
PE
PI
GROUND LEVEL
F
.O
DIA
CONC. TO BE CAST
AGAINST ORIGINAL
SOIL SURFACE
WID
TH
GROUND LEVEL
TR
EN
CH
OR
TRENCH
WIDTH
1
222
1
11 4
TH
ID
W
CH
EN
TR
Appendix A
m
m
150
TRENCH WIDTH
150
Page 109
Page 110
750
750
Volume 3
SECTION B - B
SECTION A - A
2000
INVERT ELEVATION
OF 750 INLET
350
500
INLET CHAMBER
C
400
350
350
400
500
500
350
500
OUTLET CHAMBER
SECTION D - D
SECTION C - C
400
WITHOUT PILING
NOTES:
INVERT ELEVATION
OF 750 INLET
750
750
Appendix A
250
375
232
232
125
375
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
ANCHOR BLOCK
TO SUIT
ANCHOR BLOCK
TO SUIT
Volume 3
ELEVATION
45 BEND
DETAIL `A'
50 SLUICE VALVE
NOT TO SCALE
(ABOVE GROUND)
WELDED TO D.I.
PLATE ON FLANGED
END OF THE TEE
50 AIR VALVE
NOT TO SCALE
45 BEND
ANCHOR BLOCK
TO SUIT
FLEXIBLE COUPLING
FLEXIBLE COUPLING
ANCHOR BLOCK
TO SUIT
FLANGE JOINTS
SLUICE VALVE
AIR VALVE
DETAIL `A'
PLAN
APPROVED TEE
FLANGE JOINTS
THRUST
BLOCK
NOT TO SCALE
3 NOS. 50
HOLES
PLAN
GROUND LEVEL
SPIGOT
SOCKET
JOINT
FLANGE ADAPTOR
200 D.I.
20 THK. RENDERING
IN 1:2 HIGH ALUMINA
CEMENT & SAND
WITH SLOPE 1:12
BELL MOUTH
VENT DUCT TO
VENT CHAMBER
45 ANGLE
CHAMBER
NOTES:
NOT TO SCALE
2 LAYER OF BRC A7
ROCKET PIPE
Appendix A
Page 111
Appendix A
900
75
225
150
300
Figure A15 : Precast Concrete Chamber (Type A ) and Details of Air Valve
and Scour Valve Chamber
150
150
225
75
150
75 MIN.
225
50
50
380
150
225
900
50
50
380
150
50
50
150
430
430
50
50
150
150
630
250
900 (NTS)
430
580
75
Page 112
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix A
100
MIN.
GRADE 20/20
CONCRETE BACKFILL
0.50 O.D.
SEWER PIPE
SEWER PIPE
20 AGGREGATE
20 AGGREGATE
0.25 O.D.
WITH 100 MIN.
150
300 MIN
SELECTED
COMPACTED BACKFILL
O.D + 300
150
SEWER PIPE
0.50D
0.25 O.D. WITH 100 MIN.
0.25 O.D.
WITH 100 MIN.
O.D + 300
0.D + 300
O.D + 300
CRUSHED RUN
BEDDING FACTOR 1.9
CONCRETE ARCH
BEDDING FACTOR 2.8
CONCRETE SURROUND
BEDDING FACTOR 3.0
DETECTABLE
MARKER TAPE
GROUND LEVEL
FINAL BACKFILL
(SELECTED BACKFILL)
VARIES
300 MIN
COMPACTED SELECTED
BACKFILL MATERIAL
SEWER PIPE
300mm MIN.
0.25 O.D.
INITIAL
BACK FILL
32mm
SPRING LINE
PIPE EMBEDMENT
(CRUSHER RUN)
0.D + 300
SEWER PIPE
HAUNCHING
CONCRETE CRADLE
BEDDING
SEWER PIPE
150 to 300mm (20mm )
NOTES:
1. THE BACK FILL MATERIAL SHALL BE PLACED OVER THE FULL
WIDTH OF THE TRENCH AND WELL COMPACTED IN LAYERS
NOT EXCEEDING 300.
2. INCREASED IN BAKAU PILES LENGTH AND NUMBER.
PIPE SIZE
TABLE 2
TABLE 1
MAXIMUM TRENCH WIDTH
TABLE `A'
Volume 3
Page 113
Appendix A
Page 114
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix A
Volume 3
Page 115
Appendix A
Page 116
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix A
Volume 3
Page 117
Appendix A
Page 118
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix A
Volume 3
Page 119
Appendix A
Page 120
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix A
OVERFLOW CHAMBER
DRAIN
RAMP DOWN
FORCEMAIN
MECHANICAL COARSE SCREEN
A
A
GATE VALVE.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
INCOMING SEWER
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
3 LAYER CONC.
VENTILATION BLOCK
AT TOP AND BOTTOM
LEVEL
CHECK VALVE.
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
EXTRACTOR FAN
R.C STAIRCASE TO ENGR'S DETAIL.
CONCRETE VENTILATION
BLOCK AT TOP AND BOTTOM LEVEL
DN
CHAIN GUARD.
DN
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ADJUSTABLE GLASS
LOUVRES WINDOW
SPOT LIGHT
CHEQUER PLATE
DOOR
PLAN VIEW
COPPER TYPE
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
DOOR
BRICKWALL C/W
CEMENT PLASTER ON BOTH SIDES
PENSTOCK
WINDOW
HANDRAIL
CHEQUER PLATE
HANDRAIL
WET WELL
DRY WELL
PERFORATED SLAB
CAT LADDER
OPENINGS
CHECK VALVE
GATE VALVE
INCOMING SEWER
(FLOAT SWITCH)
ALARM
1st. STANDBY PUMP START
STOP LOG
SUMP BWL
DEWATERING PUMP
SECTION VIEW
Volume 3
Page 121
Appendix A
OVERFLOW PIPE
DISCHARGE TO DRAIN
V.C.P
STAND PIPE
CONC. APRON
COLLECTION BIN
CLEAR SPACING
S.STEEL MANUAL
FINE SCREEN
OVERFLOW
CHAMBER
INFLUENT PUMP
A
GRATING COVER
PRIMARY SCREEN
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
PUMP SUMP
S.STEEL HANDRAIL
STEPS
EXPLOSION PROOF
SPOT LIGHT
CHECK VALVE
FLEXIBLE COUPLING
GATE VALVE
PENSTOCK
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1
DELIVERY PIPE
PLAN VIEW
LIFTING I-BEAM C/W
CARRIER
MECH. COARSE SCREEN
HANDRAIL
CHAIN GUARD
CLEAR SPACING
MANUAL FINE SCREEN
CHECK VALVE
FLEXIBLE COUPLING
GATE VALVE
DELIVERY PIPE
PENSTOCK
OVERFLOW
PIPE DISCHARGE
TO DRAIN
DELIVERY PIPE
GUIDERAIL
OVERFLOW
CHAMBER
S.S PERFORATED
TROUGH
PUMP SUMP
LIFTING CHAIN
PRIMARY SCREEN
CHAMBER
CONC. SLAB
R.C WALL TO
ENGR'S DETAIL
IL
1: 2
IL
OPENING
ALARM
START
SECTION A-A
Page 122
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix A
Typical Section
1. 20m buffer zone shall be provided from the external edge of the P.S super-structure
fence/boundary
to the nearest habitable building fence/boundary as required by building by-laws. The
buffer zone
shall be sufficient to allow for pump station access and working area .
2. Non-Habitable buildings may be located within buffer zone.
3. Where the pump station is located in sensitive areas, additional buffer zone may be
specified for the purpose of beutification.
Volume 3
Page 123
Appendix A
Vent
Vent
H
Properties
Fence
P.S
Fence
P.S
Fence
Properties
Fence
20m
(Mi )
Buffer
5m
5m
(
)
Access
and
Beutifician
Access
and
Beutificatio
20m
(
)
Buffer
Sectional Plan
Note
1.
20m Buff er zone shall be prov ided f rom the perimeter (f ence/boundary ) of the pump station
to the nearest habitable building f ence/boundary as required by building by -laws. The buffer zone
shall be sufficient to allow f or pump station access and working area.
2. Non-habitable buildings may be located within the buffer zone but shall not obstruct operation,
maintenance and access.
3. H is the height of the v ent pipe which shall be at least higher than roof eav es lev el for buildings up
to 2 storey s high. The v ent cowl shall be at least 20m away f orm the nearest building windo w.
4. Where the pump station is located in sensitiv e areas, additional buff er zone may be specif ied f or the purpose
beutification.
Page 124
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix A
Symbols
PI PE
BUILDING (WOODEN OR
DN 375 R.C.P
DN 375 R.C.P
1:80
BUILDING
(MASONRY)
1:72
DIRECTION OF
SEW ER
GATE
POND
PON
FIRE
PAVED
RAIL
ROAD
CULVER
BRIDGE
PAVED CHANNEL AND FLOW
EXIST ING MANHOLE AND SEWER IN
PROFILE
UNPAVED SIDE
SLOPES
CHAINLINK
FENCE
UT ILIT Y
GAS
T ELEPHONE
POLE
ELECT RIC
STREET
T ELEPHONE CONDUIT
(GENERALLY 1.5m DEEP)
LIGHT SIDE
P OLE SIDE
SEPT IC
T ANK
ST
BOREHOL
Abbreviations
A.C.P.
C.I.
CH.
CL.
CONC.
CRS
D.I.
DIA.()
D.M.H.
DN.
DRG.
EXIST.
GD.
GR.
H.A.
HORZ
I.D.
INV.
JLN.
KG.
LRG.
LT
MAX.
M.H.
MIN.
MOD.
NO.
ASBESTOS CEMENT
CAST
CHAINAG
CLASS
CONCRET
CENTRE
DUCTILE
DIAMETE
DROP
NOMINAL
DRAWIN
EXISTIN
GROUND
GRADE
HIGH
HORIZONTA
INSIDE
INVER
JALAN
KAMPUN
LORON
LEFT
MAXIMU
MANHOL
MINIMU
MODIFIE
NUMBE
N.T.S.
O.D.
R.C.
R.C.P
RET.
RT
S
SG.
SHT.
SPEC
STD.
SCW.
STL.
STA.
TYP.
VAR.
VERT.
V.C.P
HDPE
Volume 3
NOT TO
OUTSIDE
REINFORCED
REINFORCED CONCRETE
RETICULATION
RIGHT
SLOPE
STREAM OR
SHEET
SPECIFICATI O
STANDAR
STANDARD CUT-OUT
STEEL
STATIO
TYPICA
VARIE
VERTICA
VITRIFIED CLAY
HIGH DENSITY
Page 125
Appendix A
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX B
Appendix B
CLAY PIPE
TABLE B.1
CLASSES OF RIGID PIPE REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS DEPTH
Table B1
Volume 3
Page 127
Appendix B
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
APPENDIX C
Appendix C
Appendix C 1
Contractor :
Project-Information
Project Name :
Client
Contact
Position
Road
Town
State
Telephone
Fax
Mobile
E- Mail
Site
Contact
Position
Road
Town
State
Telephone
Fax
Mobile
E-Mail
Contractor
Contact
Position
Road
Town
State
Telephone
Fax
Mobile
E-Mail
Project Number :
Contact :
Date :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Volume 3
Page 129
Appendix C
Appendix C 2
Contractor :
Inspection Report
Date:
Job nr:
Weather
Operator
Section Number
PLR:
Present:
Vehicle:
Camera:
Preset:
Cleaned:
Grade:
Road:
Division:
Start MH:
Place:
District:
End MH:
Location:
Tape No.:
Total Length:
Purpose:
Size/Shape:
Use:
Material:
Catchment:
Lining:
Category:
Comment:
Location details:
Slope
Position Code
Observation
Counter
Photo
Grade
MH
No.
130
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix C
Appendix C 3
Contractor :
Inspection Photos
Town :
Road :
Date :
Volume 3
Section Nmber :
PLR :
Page 131
Appendix C
Appendix C 4
To MH :
Pipe Dia.
(mm)
Material
Pipe
Infiltration
Wide Cracks or
Others
Section
Comments
Total
N.B : When more than one defect is recorded at the same chainage, the most severe defect is counted.
Prepared By :
( Name : Qualified Person & Company)
Date Of Report :
132
Prepared By :
( Name : Qualified Person & Company)
Date Of Report :
Date
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix C
Appendix C 5
From MH :
Item
No.
Start MH
To MH :
Finish MH
Position
(M)
Code
Description
Volume 3
Grade
Page 133
Appendix C
Appendix C 6
Modules
CRACK
Longitudinal
Circumferential
Multiple
Spiral
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
F
FL
FC
FM
FS
SURFACE
DAMAGE
Roughness
Increased
Mechanical
Chemical Attack
Not Evident
5.30
5.30
SAV
SAVM
SAVC
SAVZ
SURFACE
DAMAGE
Missing Wall
Mechanical
Chemical Attack
Not Evident
5.30
SRI
SRIM
SRIC
SRIZ
S
SMV
SMWM
SMWC
SMWZ
5.31
5.31
5.32
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.32
RP
POINT REPAIR
5.62
RPR
RPRD
RPP
SMWZ
Pipe Replaced
Defective
Patch Repair
Not Evident
5.62
5.62
5.62
5.32
134
FRACTURE
Longitudinal
Circumferential
Multiple
Spiral
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
SURFACE
DAMAGE
Aggregate Visible
Mechanical
Chemical Attack
Not Evident
5.30
SURFACE
DAMAGE
SSS Surface Spalling
SSSM Mechanical
SSSC Chemical Attack
SSSZ Not Evident
RP
POINT REPAIR
(continues)
RPL Localized Pipeliner
RPLD Defective
RPZ Other
5.30
5.31
5.31
5.32
5.30
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.32
B BROKEN
BSV Soil Visible Beyond
Defect
BVV Vold Visible Beyond
Defect
S
5.14
5.14
5.14
SURFACE
DAMAGE
Aggregate
Projecting
Mechanical
Chemical Attack
Not Evident
5.30
SURFACE
DAMAGE
SZ Other
SZM Mechanical
SZC Chemical Attack
SZZ Not Evident
SAP
SAPM
SAPC
SAPZ
S
H HOLE
HSV Soil Visible Beyond
Defect
HSV Vold Visible Beyond
Defect
S
5.30
SAM
5.31
5.31
5.32
SAMM
SAMC
SAMZ
5.30
5.31
5.31
5.31
5.32
SURFACE
DAMAGE
Aggregate
Missing
Mechanical
Chemical Attack
Not Evident
SURFACE
DAMAGE
SCP Corrosion
(metal pipe)
5.16
5.16
D
DV
5.16
DH
5.30
DEFORMED
Deformed Vertically
(brick)
Deformed
Horizontally (brick)
5.18
5.18
COLLAPSE
5.22
5.18
XP
XB
Pipe Collapse
Brick Collapse
5.30
SURFACE
DAMAGE
Reinforcement
Projecting
Mechanical
Chemical Attack
Not Evident
SURFACE
DAMAGE
Reinforcement
Visible
Mechanical
Chemical Attack
Not Evident
5.30
SRP
5.31
5.31
5.32
SRPM
SRPC
SRPZ
5.30
SRV
5.31
5.31
5.32
SRVM
SRVC
SRVZ
5.30
LF
LINING FAILURE
5.44
LF
LFD
LFDE
LFB
LFCS
LFAC
Detached Lining
Defective End
Blistered Lining
Service Cut Shifted
Abandoned
Connection
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
LFOC
LFUC
LFBK
LFW
5.31
5.31
LINING FAILURE
(continue)
Overcut Service
Undercut Service
Buokled Lining
Wrinkled Lining
LFZ Other
5.22
5.22
J
JO
JS
JA
JOINT
Joint Offset (Displaced)
Joint Separated (Open)
Joint Angular
5.25
5.25
5.25
5.25
5.30
SURFACE DAMAGE
5.30
5.30
5.30
5.31
5.31
5.32
SAPM Mechanical
SAPC Chemical Attack
SAPZ Not Evident
5.31
5.31
5.32
5.44
WF WELD FAILURE
5.44
5.44
5.44
5.44
WFL
WFG
WFM
WFS
Longitudinal
Circumferental
Multiple
Spiral
5.44
WFZ Unidentified
5.56
5.56
5.56
5.56
5.56
5.56
5.62
5.62
5.62
5.62
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Appendix C
Appendix C 6
Modules (Cont)
DEPOSIT
Attached
Encrustation
Grease
Ragging
Other
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
D
DS
DSF
DSG
DSC
DSZ
DEPOSIT (continue)
Settled
Fine
Gravel
Hard/Compacted
Other
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
INFILITRATION
Weeper
Dripper
Runner
Gusher
6.13
6.13
6.13
6.13
6.13
OB
OBSTACLES/
Obstructions
Brick or Masonry
6.19
6.19
OBB
D DEPOSIT (continue)
DN Ingress
DNF Fine Material
(silt & sand)
DNGV Gravel
DNZ Other
6.3
6.3
OB
OBSTACLES/
Obstructions (cont)
OBI Object protruding
through wall
OBI Object wedged
in joint
6.1
6.1
6.3
R
RF
RFB
RFL
RFC
ROOTS
Fine
Barrel
Lateral
Connection
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
OB
6.19
6.19
6.19
OBSTACLES/
Obstructions (cont)
OBC Object through
connection/juriction
OBP External Pipe Cable
6.19
6.19
6.19
R
RT
RTB
RTL
RTC
ROOTS (continue)
Tap
Barrel
Lateral
Connection
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
OB
OBSTACLES/
Obstructions (cont)
Built into structure
Construction Debris
Rocks
Other
6.19
6.19
6.20
6.20
6.20
7.8
OBS
OBN
OBR
OBZ
ROOTS (continue)
Medium
Barrel
Lateral
Connection
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
VERMIN
6.31
VR
VC
VZ
Rat
Cockroach
Other
6.31
6.31
6.31
LINE
7.11
R
RM
RMB
RML
RMC
R
RB
RBB
RBL
RBC
ROOTS (continue)
Ball
Barrel
Lateral
Connection
T
TB
TAP (continue)
Break in/Hammer
(connection)
Intruding
Active
Capped
Defective
Leaking
7.1
7.1
TFA
TFC
TFD
TFL
TAP
Factory Made
(junction)
Active
Capped
Defective
Leaking
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
TBI
TBA
TBC
TBD
TFL
A
AMH
AWA
ADP
ATC
ACCESSPOINT
Manhole
Wastewater Access
Discharge Point
Tee Connection
7.13
7.13
7.13
7.13
7.13
ACCESSPOINT
(continue)
Other Special
Chamber
AM Meter
AWW Wet Well
AJB Junction Box
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
T
TS
TSI
TSA
TSC
TSD
TSL
7.13
AOC
7.14
ACO
ACOM
ACOP
ACOH
7.14
7.14
7.14
TAP (continue)
Saddle
(connection)
Intruding
Active
Capped
Defective
Leaking
7.10
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
ACCESSPOINT
(continue)
Clean Out
Machine
Property
House
7.13
7.14
7.14
7.14
7.14
MISC.FEATURES
(continue)
Lining Change
Material Change
Survey Abandoned
Water Level
8.1
8.10
8.10
8.20
8.2
MWM
MY
MYV
MYN
IS INTRUDING
SEAL MATERIAL
ISSR Sealing Ring
ISSRH Hanging
ISSRB Broken
ACCESSPOINT
(continue)
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
IS INTRUDING
SEAL MATERIAL
ISGT Grout
ISZ Other
(of sewer)
7.8
7.8
LL
LLLU
LLD
LR
Left
Left & Up
Left & Down
Left & Right
7.11
7.11
7.11
7.11
LINE
(of sewer)
(continue)
LRU Right & Up
LRD Right & Down
LU Up
LD Down
7.13
7.14
7.14
ACCESSPOINT
Cmaera Underwater
General Observation
General Photograph
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
M
MSC
MJL
MISC.FEATURES
(continue)
Shape/Size Change
(Sewer Dims/
Vertical/Horizontal)
Pipe Joint Length
8.1
8.1
MLC
MMC
MSA
MWL
8.1
MISC.FEATURES
(continue)
Water Mark
Dye Test
Dye Visible
Not Visible
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
Volume 3
Page 135
Appendix C
Volume 3
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines
Malaysian Sewerage
Industry Guidelines