UNIVERSIDAD DE COLIMA

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS

SEMINARIO DE INVESTIGACIN I
INGENIERO AGRNOMO
Instruccin. Cita en APA de acuerdo a los nmeros en parntesis; para ello, es
necesario conseguir los artculos completos para chequear las referencias
necesarias de los mismos. Incluye en estilo APA las referencias empleadas (1-6 para
el primero y 2-7 y 9-10 para el segundo) al final de cada ejercicio. Traer impresos los
ejercicios concluidos para la siguiente clase.
The most abundant form of avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBV) in extracts of infected leaves
of avocado (Persea americana) is a single-stranded covalent RNA circle (Paulukaitis,
Hatta, Alexander,& Symons, 1979) (1) of 247 residues (2) (Symons, 1981). Highly
purified preparations of the circular viroid infect avocado and induce the sunblotch disease
(3) (Allen, Palukaitis, & Symonds, 1981) . ASBV has a limited sequence homology with 3
other viroids which have extensive sequence homology with each other (2, 4) (Symons,
1981; Visvader, Gould, Bruening, & Symons, 1982); potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV),
chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSV) and citrus exocortis viroid (CEV). The level of ASBV in
nucleic acid extracts from leaves of infected avocado tres varied over a 10000-fold range
(5) (Palukaitis, Rakowski, Alexander, & Symonds, 1981) , while there was a 1000-fold
variation in the concentration of ASBV in extracts prepared from 6 branches of the same
tree (6) (Allen & Dale, 1981).
-Palukatais, P., Hatta, T., Alexander, D. McE., & Symons, R.H. (1979). Characterisation of
a viroid associated with avocado sunblotch disease. Virology, 99, 145151.
-Symons, R. H. (1981). Avocado sunblotch viroid: primary sequence and proposed
secondary structure. Nucleic Acids Research, 9, 65276537.
-Allen, R.N., Palukaitis, P., & Symons, R.H. (1981). Purified avocado sunblotch viroid
causes disease in avocado seedings. Australian Plant Pathology, 10, 3132.
-Visvader, J.E., Gould, A.R., Bruening, G.E. & Symons, R.H. (1982). Citrus exocortis viroid:
sequence and secondary structure of an Australian isolate. FEBS Letters, 137,288292.
-Palukaitis, P., Rakowski, A.G., Alexander, D. McE., & Symons, R.H. (1981). Rapid
indexing of the sunblotch disease of avocados using a complementary DNA probe to
avocado sunblotch viroid. Ann. Appl. BioI, 98, 439449.

-Allen, R. N., Dale, J. L. (1981). Application of rapid biochemical methods for detecting
avocado sunblotch disease. Ann. Appl. Biol, 98,451461.
Extrado de: Bruening, G., Gould, A. R., Murphy, P. J., & Symon, R. H. (1982).
Oligomers of avocado sunblotch viroid are found in infected avocado leaves. FEBS
Letters, 148, 7178.
The importance of introducing biological substances into cells is reflected by the large
amount of work which has been done in this area, and the specialized technologies which
have been developed to achieve this end. While there are diverse applications of biological
delivery systems (Baserga, Crose, & Rovera, 1980) (1), the application of central

UNIVERSIDAD DE COLIMA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS
SEMINARIO DE INVESTIGACIN I
INGENIERO AGRNOMO
importance will clearly be the introduction of genetic material into cells for the purpose of
genetic engineering. Existing technologies for transporting genetic material into living cells
involve uptake mechanisms, fusion mechanisms, microinjection mechanisms, and use of
infectious agents. Uptake mechanisms include: A) enhancement of membrane
permeability by use of Ca and temperatura shock (Mandel & Higa, 1970; Ditiyatkin,
Lisovskaya, Panzhava, & Iliashenko, 1972) (2, 3); B) the use of surface binding agents
such as PEG (Chang & Cohen, 1972; Krens, Molendijk, Wullems, & Schilperoort,
1982) (4, 5), or calcium phosphate (Graham & van der Eb, 1973; Wigler, Sweet, Wold,
Pellicer, Lacy, Maniatis, Silverstein, & Axel, 1979) (6, 7); and C) phagocytosis of
particles such as liposomes (Uchimiya, Ohgawara, & Harada, 1982) (8), organelles
(Potrycus, 1973) (9), or bacteria (Cocking, 1972) (10) into the cell.
-Mandel, M., Higa, A. (1970). Calcium dependent bacteriophage DNA infection. J. Mol.
Biol, 53, 159162.
-Dityatkin, S.Y., Lisovskaya, K.V., Panzhava, N.N., & Iliashenko, B.N. (1972). Frozen
thawed bacteria as recipients of isolated coliphage DNA. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,
281, 319323.
-Chang, S., Cohen, S.N. (1972). High frecuency transformation of Bacillus Subtilis
protoplast by plasmid DNA. Mol. Gen. Genet, 168, 111115.
-Krens, F.A., Molendijk, L., Wullems, G.J., & Schilperoort, R.A. (1982). In vitro
transformation of plant protoplast with Ti-plasmid DNA. Nature, 296, 7274.
-Graham, F.L., van der Eb., A.J. (1973). A new technique for the assay of infectivity of
human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology, 52, 456, 456467.
-Wigler, M., Sweet, R., Sim, G.K., Wold, B., Pellicer, A., Lacy, E., Maniatis, T., Silverstein,
S., & Axel, R. (1979). Tranformation of mammalian cells with genes from procaryotes and
eucaryotes. Cell, 16, 777485.
-Potrycus, I. (1973). Transplantation of chloroplasts into protoplasts of petunia. Z.
Pflanzenphysiol, 70, 364366.
-Cocking, E.C. (1972). Plant cell protoplasts isolation and development. Ann. Rev. Plant
Physiol, 23, 2950.
Extrado de: Sanford, J. C., & Klein, T. M. (1987). Delivery of substances into cells
and tissues using a particle bombardment process. Particulate Science and
Technology, 5, 2737.