CIVL2611 Introductory Fluid Mechanics

CIVL9611 Introductory Fluid Mechanics

Tutorial 1 Solutions
Question 1:
The free body diagram (FBD) of the gate is shown below:
T
l/3
20 N

Mg
20 N

l/3
Fy

l/3
Fx

In an equilibrium state, Newtons law requires

M = 0, F = 0
Thus,

M =T + 20 3 20

2
=0
3

T = 6.66 N

= T + 20 + Fx 20 = 0

= Fy Mg = 0

Fy = Mg = 20 9.81 = 196.2 N

Fx = 6.66 N

So the reaction force acting on the hinge is:

6.66 N

196.2 N
FR
The magnitude is
FR = 6.66 2 + 196.2 2 = 196.31 N

And the direction is

196.2
o
= 88.06
6.66

= tan 1

Question 2:
The free body diagram (FBD) of the mass on the inclined plane is shown below:
R
s (t)
Mg

A smooth inclined plane implies that the friction force is negligible.

Assume the mass starts from rest, and the distance down the slope is measured by s(t). The
velocity of the mass is then represented by ds dt , and the acceleration is represented by
d 2 s dt 2 .
Applying Newtons second law along the inclined surface gives:

= Mas

Mg sin = Mas

as =

d 2s
= g sin
dt 2

Integrating the above equation once gives

ds
= as t + C1
dt
Since the mass starts from rest,

ds
= 0 at t = 0. Thus,
dt

ds
= as t
dt
Now integrate the above equation one more time:

s (t ) =

1 2
as t + C2
2

Since s = 0 at t = 0, C2 = 0. Thus,

s (t ) =

1 2 1
as t = (g sin ) t 2
2
2

Let s(t) = 5 m. The time it takes the mass to travel to the bottom is calculated as
t=

2s (t )
25
=
= 1.30 s
9.81 sin 37 o
g sin

Note that the time is independent of the mass.

Question 3:

4N

8N

3N

Using the vector form for the force gives

F = Fx i + Fy j = (8 4 ) i + ( 3) j = 4 i 3 j

The magnitude of the resultant force is

F = 4 2 + ( 3) = 5 N
2

The acceleration is calculated from F = M a

a=

F 5
= = 0.625 m/s 2
M 8

The direction of the acceleration is the same as the resultant force, which is determined below.

tan =

3
4

= 36.9 o

Question 4:

25o

y
x

Mg

Since the helicopter is in level flight, it has no acceleration in the vertical direction. Thus,

=0

That is,
F cos 25o Mg = 0

Therefore,

F=

Mg
5500 9.81
=
= 59.53 kN
o
cos 25
cos 25o

Question 5:
(a)

f ' (x ) = 6 x

(b)

f ' (x ) =

(c)

f ' (x ) =

(d)

f ' (x ) =

(e)

f ' ( x ) = a e ax

(f)

f ' ( x ) = 2ax e ax

(g)

f ' (x ) = cos(x )

(h)

f ' ( x ) = 2 x cos x 2

1
x

1
x2

2
1
2x =
2
x
x
2

( )

Question 6:
1

(a)

xdx =
0

(b)

1
2
1 x dx = ln x 1 = ln 2 ln 1 = 0.693
1

(e)

e dx = e
x

x 1
0

1 3
1
2
0 x dx = 3 x 0 = 3

(c)

1 2
1
x =
2 0 2

(d)

sin (x )dx = cos(x )

=2

= e 1 = 1.72

Question 7:
x2
a. xdxdy =
2
0 0
0
1 1

dxdy = (x
1 1 y

b.

0 0

1 y
0

1
1

dy = 1 dy = y = 1
0 2

20 2
0

y2
1 1
dy = (1 y )dy = y = 1 =
2 0
2 2

0
1

Note that the second integral above provides the calculation of the area of a triangle of side
and height equal to 1, which has an area of 0.5.

Question 8:
The magnitude of the force is calculated as:

F = 2 2 + 32 + 52 = 6.16

Question 9:
u = u x i + u y j + u z k
n = a x i + a y j + a z k

u n = u x a x + u y a y + u z a z

u n represents the component of u in the direction of n , i.e. normal to the surface.

Therefore, an integral of the dot product across the surface, i.e.

u n dA ,

gives the total

volumetric flux of fluid through the surface A.

Question 10:

aa = 0

Question 11:
Consider a small element within a flow field as shown below:
uy+y
ux

y
ux+x

x
uy

u =

u x u y
+
x
y

Over the small element xy,

u y

u x u x u x+x u x
,
=

x
x
x

u y
y

u y +y u y
y

Therefore,

u =

u x+x u x u y +y u y
+
x
y

Multiplying both sides of the above equation by the area xy of the element gives

( u ) xy = u x+x u x

u y +y u y
xy
y

= (u x+x y + u y +y x ) (u x y + u y x )
5

where

(u y + u x )
(u y + u x )
x

x +x

y +y

Total flow into the element;

Total flow out of the element.

u = 0 implies that (Flow out) (Flow in) = 0. Therefore, the physical interpretation of
u = 0 is that the net flow through the element is zero, or
(Flow in) = (Flow out).
This is in fact the continuity equation for two-dimensional steady state flows, representing the
conservation of mass.
Question 12:

j+ k
i+
z
y
x

V = u i + v j + wk

w = V =
x
u

y
v

k
w v u w v u
=
i +
j + k
z y z z x x y
w

Question 13:
(a) L3

(b) LT-2

(c) ML2T -2

(d) ML-1T -2

Question 14:
(a)

(b) pV :
(c)

p
:
V 2

unit m 2 s 2 ;

p
dimension = L2T 2

unit kg 2 m 3s 3 ;

dimension [ pV ] = M 2 L3T 3

no unit;

p
dimensionless, or 2 = M 0 L0T 0 .
V

Question 15:
2

From the question we have = 2 . The dimensions for the known variables are:
Thus,

[] = 2 ,
[]

[ ] = [][ 2 ][] =

[] = 3 ,
2

3 ( 1 )2 2

[] = 1 ,

= 0 0 0

[] = 2

()