gaffney-bills (gg23657) test #2 Gravitation tubman (111213)

This print-out should have 17 questions.

Multiple-choice questions may continue on
the next column or page find all choices
before answering.
001 10.0 points
If Spacecraft X has twice the mass of Spacecraft Y , then what is true about X and Y ?
I) On Earth, X experiences twice the gravitational force that Y experiences;
II) On the Moon, X has twice the weight of
Y;
III) When both are in the same circular orbit,
X has twice the centripetal acceleration
of Y .

re = 150 million km ,
ra = 468 million km .

1
and

From Keplers laws,

Te2
Ta2
=
re3
ra3
 3/2
ra
Te
Ta =
re

3/2
468 million km
=
(1 year)
150 million km
= 5.51102 year .
003 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points
What is the orbital velocity of the asteroid?
Assume there are 365 days in one year.

1. I only
2. III only
3. I, II, and III

Correct answer: 16919.5 m/s.

Explanation:

4. I and II only correct

5. II and III only
Explanation:
I) gravitational force mass.
II) weight mass.
III) The centripetal acceleration is determined by
v2
ac =
,
r
so X and Y should have the same centripetal
acceleration when they are in the same circular orbit.
002 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
The period of the earth around the sun is
1 year and its distance is 150 million km from
the sun. An asteroid in a circular orbit around
the sun is at a distance 468 million km from
the sun.
What is the period of the asteroids orbit?

2 ra
Ta
2 (4.68 1011 m) 1 y
=
5.51102 year
365 d
1d 1h

24 h 3600 s
= 16919.5 m/s .

va =

004 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points

A satellite is in a circular orbit just above the
surface of the Moon.
What is the satellites acceleration?
The value of gravitational constant is
6.67259 1011 Ncdotm2 /kg2 and the mass
of the moon is 7.36 1022 kg and its radius is
2620.2 km .
Correct answer: 0.715325 m/s2 .
Explanation:

Correct answer: 5.51102 year.

Explanation:
Let :

Te = 1 year ,

Let : G = 6.67259 1011 Ncdotm2 /kg2 ,

Mmoon = 7.36 1022 kg , and
rmoon = 2620.2 km = 2.6202 106 m .

gaffney-bills (gg23657) test #2 Gravitation tubman (111213)

Fc = m ac = FG , so
G m Mmoon
r2
G Mmoon
ac =
r2
= (6.67259 1011 Ncdotm2 /kg2 )
7.36 1022 kg

(2.6202 106 m)2

m ac =

= 0.715325 m/s2 .

005 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points

What is the satellites speed?
Correct answer: 1369.05 m/s.

C. They were deduced by Kepler from

Brahes observations.
D. They were derived by Newton from his
gravitational and second laws.
E. They were derived by Newton using his
gravitational and second law together
with Brahes data.
1. C and E
2. A, B, and C
3. B and E
4. A and E
5. C and D correct

Explanation:
6. B and D
v2
r

v = ac r
q
= (0.715325 m/s2 )(2.6202 106 m)

ac =

= 1369.05 m/s .

006 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points

What is the period of the satellites orbit?
Correct answer: 3.34036 h.
Explanation:

7. A and D
Explanation:
008 10.0 points
Energy is required to move a 1420 kg mass
from the Earths surface to an altitude 2.77
times the Earths radius RE .
What amount of energy is required to accomplish this move? The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
Correct answer: 6.51317 1010 J.
Explanation:

2R
v
2 (2.6202 106 m)
1h
=

1369.05 m/s
3600 s

T =

Let :

= 3.34036 h .
007 10.0 points
Which are the correct statements regarding
Keplers laws?
A. They were obtained first by Tycho Brahe.
B. They were obtained by Kepler from
Brahes observations combined with Newtons second law.

m = 1420 kg ,
h = 2.77 RE , and
g = 9.8 m/s2 .

m ME
ME
and g = G 2 , so the
R
RE
change in the potential energy of the massEarth system is
U = G

U = Uf Ui
= G m ME

1
1

Ri Rf

gaffney-bills (gg23657) test #2 Gravitation tubman (111213)

3


1
1
escape from it, it appears black. Suppose a
= G m ME

mass approximately the size of the Earths

R
3.77 RE

 E
mass 7.08 1024 kg is packed into a small
m G ME
1
=
1
uniform sphere of radius r.
RE
3.77
Use:
2.77
The speed of light c = 2.99792 108 m/s .
= m g RE
3.77
The universal gravitational constant G =
2.77
2
6
6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2 .
= (1420 kg) (9.8 m/s ) (6.37 10 m)
3.77
Hint: The escape speed must be the speed
10
= 6.51317 10 J .
of light.
Based on Newtonian mechanics, determine
the limiting radius r0 when this mass (approx009 10.0 points
imately the size of the Earths mass) becomes
Given: G = 6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2
a black hole.
A 1370 kg meteor comes in from outer
space and impacts on the a moons surface
Correct answer: 0.0105127 m.
(this moon is not necessarily the Earths
Explanation:
moon). The mass of this moon is M =
Basic Concepts: Energy conservation
7 1022 kg, and the radius of this moon is
R = 1.5 106 m.
GmM
E=
+K.
How much work is done by the Moons
r
gravitational field?
At minimum escape velocity, E = 0 (the pro9
jectile has just enough initial kinetic energy
Correct answer: 4.26601 10 J.
to overcome the gravitational potential).
Explanation:
Solution: Technically speaking, in a reUsing the formula relating the work W done
gion where gravity is extremely intense, Newby the Moons gravitational field on the metons mechanics cannot be used. Rather, one
teor with the change U in the potential
needs to apply the general theory of relativenergy of the meteor-Moon system,
ity developed by Albert Einstein. Knowing
this is the case, we still would like to see
W = U
what Newtonian mechanics tells us. Setting
= (Ufinal Uinitial )
vesc = c, the limiting radius is given by


GmM
=
0 ,
1
1
GmM
2
R
m vesc
= m c2 =
,
2
2
r0
where M is the mass of the Moon, we obtain
or
2GM
GmM
.
r0 =
W =
c2
R
It turns out that the theory of relativity gives
= (6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2 )
the same expression for this limiting radius,
(1370 kg) (7 1022 kg)
referred to as the Schwarzschild radius. In

1.5 106 m
Newtonian mechanics, however, the descrip= 4.26601 109 J .
tion of what happens to objects attracted to
this sphere is often highly inaccurate. But in
any case,
010 10.0 points
2GM
A black hole is an object so heavy that neither
r0 =
c2
matter nor even light can escape the influence
of its gravitational field. Since no light can
= 2 (6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2 )

gaffney-bills (gg23657) test #2 Gravitation tubman (111213)

(7.08 1024 kg)

(2.99792 108 m/s)2

= 0.0105127 m .

011 10.0 points

If the Earth shrank in size, with all other
factors remaining the same, how would the
escape velocity from its surface change?
1. Cannot be determined

013 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points

When it orbited the Moon, the Apollo
11 spacecrafts mass was 9140 kg, and its
mean distance from the Moons center was
2.15028 106 m.
Find the orbital speed of the spacecraft.
Assume its orbit to be circular and the
Moon to be a uniform sphere of mass
7.36 1022 kg. The gravitational constant
is 6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2 .
Correct answer: 1511.26 m/s.

2. smaller
3. greater correct
4. the same
Explanation:
The gravitational field at the surface of the
Earth would increase if the Earth shrank;
escape velocity would be correspondingly
greater.
012 10.0 points
What is the kinetic energy of a satellite of
mass m that orbits the Earth of mass M in a
circular orbit of radius R?
1 GM m
4
R
1 GM m
2. K =
2 R2

1. K =

3. K = 0
GM m
R2
1 GM m
5. K =
correct
2
R
Explanation:
The gravitational force on the satellite provides the centripetal force needed to keep it
in circular orbit:
GM m
v2
=
F
=
F
=
m
c
G
R2
R
GM m
2
, so
mv =
R
4. K =

K=

1 GM m
1
m v2 =
.
2
2
R

Explanation:
The gravitational force supplies the centripetal force:
GM m
v2
=
m
d2
r d
GM
v=
d
q
= 6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2
s
7.36 1022 kg

2.15028 106 m
= 1511.26 m/s .

014 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points

What is the minimum energy required for the
craft to leave the orbit and escape the Moons
gravitational field?
Correct answer: 1.04374 1010 J.
Explanation:
The total energy is
1
GmM
E = K + U = m v2
2
d

1
GmM
GM
GmM
= m

=
2
d
d
2d
= 6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2
(9140 kg)(7.36 1022 kg)

2(2.15028 106 m)
= 1.04374 1010 J .

gaffney-bills (gg23657) test #2 Gravitation tubman (111213)

The minimum energy required for the craft to
leave the orbit and escape the Moons gravitational field is
~ = 1.04374 1010 J .
Emin = kEk
015 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
What is the kinetic energy of a satellite of
mass m which is in a circular orbit of radius
3 Re about the earth?
G Me m
3 Re
G Me m
=
correct
6 Re
m v2
=
6 Re
G Me m
=
3 Re
m v2
=
3 Re

1. K =
2. K
3. K
4. K
5. K

1. E =

G Me m
Re

2. E = m g Re +

1
m v2
2

3. E = 3 G Me m
G Me m
3 Re
Gm
5. E =
Re
G Me m
6. E =
6 Re2
G Me m
7. E =
correct
6 Re
G Me m
8. E =
3 Re
G Me m
9. E = 3 m g Re +
3 Re
Explanation:
The potential energy of the satellite is
4. E =

6. K = 3 m g Re
U =

7. K = 3 G Me m
8. K =

G Me m
3 Re

so the total energy is

G Me m
Re2

G Me m G Me m

6 Re
3 Re
G Me m
=
.
6 Re

E =K +U =

9. K = m g Re
G Me m
6 Re2
Explanation:
The acceleration of the satellite in circular
v2
, so the force
orbit of radius 3 Re is ac =
3 Re
on the satellite is
10. K =

F = m ac =

m v2
G Me m
=
3 Re
(3 Re)2
G Me m
m v2 =
e Re

and the kinetic energy is

1
G Me m
K = m v2 =
.
2
6 Re
016 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points
What is the total energy of the satellite?

017 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points

How much work must an external force
do on the satellite to move it from a circular orbit of radius 2 Re to 3 Re , if its mass
is 2000 kg?
The universal gravitational
constant 6.67 1011 N m2 /kg2 , the mass
of the Earth 5.98 1024 kg and its radius
6.37 106 m.
Correct answer: 1.04361 1010 J.
Explanation:
Let :

G = 6.67 1011 N m2 /kg2 ,

Me = 5.98 1024 kg , and
Re = 6.37 106 m .

gaffney-bills (gg23657) test #2 Gravitation tubman (111213)

The work done by an external force to move
the satellite from the closer orbit to the further orbit will be the work against gravity (a
positive number which yields the change in
potential energy) plus the change in kinetic
energy (a negative number since the kinetic
energy is smaller in the orbit with the greatest
radius):


G Me m
G Me m
W = Ef Ei =

6 Re
4 Re
G Me m
=
12 Re
1
(6.67 1011 N m2 /kg2 )
=
12

(5.98 1024 kg)(2000 kg)

6.37 106 m
= 1.04361 1010 J .