Conservatorio Superior de Msica de Murcia

Manuel Massotti Littel

UNIT 4: MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

ACADEMIC YEAR 2015/2016

Teacher: Mara del Valle

PRESENTATION

EXERCISES HANDOUT

1. Orchestra Sections / Families of

instruments

- Listening (No. 1)
- Wordsearch and Crosswords (No. 2, 7, 8, 9)

2. Grammar revision I: Past simple & past

participles. Regular & Irregular verbs.

- Past simple & past participles exercises

(No. 3)

3. Grammar revision II: Passive voice

- Passive voice exercises (No. 4)

4. Grammar revision III: Relative clauses.

Defining & Non-defining.

- Relative clauses exercises (No. 5)

5. Grammar revision IV: Comparative &

superlative adjectives

- Comparative & superlative exercises (No. 6)

1. STRING SECTION = STRINGS

2. WOODWIND SECTION = WOODWINDS
3. BRASS SECTION = BRASS
4. PERCUSSION SECTION = PERCUSSION

INTRODUCTORY VIDEO: INSTRUMENTS OF THE ORCHESTRA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWbuO7I2vRE
3

1
VIOLIN:
-Soprano voice of the group
-Two sections in the orchestra: 1st and 2nd

1. STRING FAMILY:
- The largest family
(represents of the
orchestra)

VIOLA:
-Contralto voice of the group
-Slightly bigger than the violin
VIOLONCELLO- CELLO:
-Tenor voice of the group
-Supported by a peg from the floor
-The player plays it seated while holding it
between his knees.
DOUBLE BASS- CONTRABASS:
-Bass voice of the group
-Players have to stand to play it
4

STRINGS / STRINGED INSTRUMENTS

Bowed: Cello, Violin, Viola, Double bass
Plucked: Harp, Guitar, Mandoline, Lyre
Hit: Piano

VERBS
to bow
to pluck
to hit
to strum

NOUNS
scroll

bow:

tuning pegs

tip

fingerboard

hair

neck

stick

string

bow grip

body / box

eyelet

bridge

frog

chinrest

end screw

ADJECTIVES
bowed

hollow

plucked
hit
strummed
(un)fretted

end pin
fret

1
FLUTE
PICCOLO
OBOE
ENGLISH HORN / COR ANGLAIS
2. WOODWIND FAMILY:

BASSOON
CONTRA BASSOON
CLARINET
BASS CLARINET
SAXOPHONE
6

(FRENCH) HORN
TRUMPET

3. BRASS FAMILY:

TROMBONE
TUBA
EUPHONIUM

CORNET / BUGLE

1
WINDS / WIND INSTRUMENTS
BRASS: a) Valved: Trumpet, Cornet, French Horn, Flgelhorn, Tuba,
Euphonium. b) Slide: Trombone, Sackbut. c) Natural: Bugle.
WOODWINDS: a) Flutes: Western Concert flute, Recorder, Piccolo.
b) Single reed: Clarinet, E-flat Clarinet, Saxophone. Double reed:
Oboe, English Horn, Bassoon, Contra Bassoon.

VERBS
to blow
to buzz
to press a key
to cover a hole
to lengthen/
to shorten a slide

ADJECTIVES

NOUNS
single /double-reed

keys

high/low-pitched

wood/brass

pipe

finger/tone holes

bore

the highest/lowest pitched

breath

bellows

tone

valves

mouthpiece

tube

slides

bell

wooden / metal
slender/ conical/
narrow/ flared /
U-shaped
bright / brilliant /dark
8

1
TIMPANI / KETTLEDRUMS
SNARE DRUM / TENOR DRUM / BASS DRUM
CYMBALS
GONG
4. PERCUSSION:

CASTANETS
TRIANGLE
XYLOPHONE / VIBRAPHONE/GLOCKENSPIEL
TAMBOURINE
TUBULAR BELLS / MARIMBA
9

1
PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS
Drum, Cymbals, Gong, Triangle, Kettledrums, Tambourine,
Castanets, Bongo, Bells, Glockenspiel, .....

NOUNS
plate / disk
(drum)stick
mallet
brush
rute
gong stick / hammer
wand (triangle)
10

10.

11.

12.

9.

13.
3.

20.

21.

14.
15.

16.

19.
18.
1.
4.

2.

17.
22.

29.
5.

6.

7.

28.

8.

27.
24.

23.

25.
26.

30.

11

INFINITIVE

PAST

SPELLING

MORE EXAMPLES

Work

Worked

Add ed

Parked
Answered
Accepted

Like

Liked

Add d

Liked
Admired
Decided

Stop

Stopped

Add ed

Plug Plugged
Rob Robbed
Strum Strummed

if the verb finishes in e

if the verb finishes in:

consonantvowelconsonant
And double the final consonant!!!

Stay
Study

Stayed
Studied

Add ed

if the verb finishes in:

Add ied

Play Played
vowel + Y

if the verb finishes in:

consonant +Y

Cry Cried

12

2
NO ADDITION OF A SYLLABLE
INFINITIVE

Last phoneme in the infinitive

Play /ple/

Voiced:

Roll /rl/
Work /w:k/

PAST

OTHER EXAMPLES

Played /pled/

Answer Answered
Smile Smiled
Cry Cried

-Vowel phonemes
- Voiced consontant phonemes

Rolled /rld/

Voiceless:

Worked/w:kt/

-Voiceless consonant phonemes

Bake Baked
Like Liked
Stop Stopped

ADDITION OF A SYLLABLE
INFINITIVE

PAST

OTHER EXAMPLES

Hate /het/

Hated

Sound /sand/

Sounded /sandd/

/hetd/

Visit Visited
Count Counted
Add Added

13

after the sounds: , , , , ,

e.g.: stopped, talked, coughed, introduced, watched

after the sounds: , , , , , , , , , , , plus all the vowels

e.g.: grabbed, hugged, saved, pleased, massaged, breathed,

honored, peeled, resumed, signed, banged
stayed, freed, lied, snowed
after the sounds: ,

e.g.: tasted, added

14

15

16

17

SIMPLE PRESENT
OR
SIMPLE PAST?

2
REGULAR SIMPLE PASTS & PAST PARTICIPLES
THAT HELP DESCRIBING INSTRUMENTS
/t/

/d/

For infinitives ending in a

VOICELESS sound

For infinitives ending in a

VOICED sound

pitched
produced
stretched
plucked
shaped

stringed
bowed
played
arranged
supplied
controlled
flared
varied
tuned
closed

/d/

For infinitives ending in /t/

or /d/

seated
unfretted
softheaded

19

GRAMMAR REVISION I:
Past simple irregular verbs Pronunciation
The following vowels are very
frequent in the irregular forms of
past simple & past participle :

fought (to fight)

felt (to feel)
chose (to choose)
ate (to eat)
began (to begin)
flew (to fly)

20

IRREGULAR PASTS SIMPLE & PAST PARTICIPLES

THAT HELP DESCRIBING INSTRUMENTS
INFINITIVE

SIMPLE PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

to bend

bent

bent

to blow

blew

blown soplado

to hold

held

held

sujetado

to hit

hit

hit

golpeado

to keep

kept

kept

mantenido

to make

made

made

hecho

to strike

struck

struck

golpeado

to stand

stood

stood

parado

doblado

21

GRAMMAR REVISION II: Passive Voice (Present)

Present: am / is / are + past participle

Kevlar is used to make bullet-proof vests.
Tippex isnt used very much today.
Are disposable nappies used all over the world?
Past: was / were + past participle
The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane.
Windscreen wipers werent invented until 1903.
When was the washing machine invented?

You can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the passive.
Josephine Cochrane invented the dishwasher. (active)
The dishwasher was invented by Josephine Cochrane. (passive)
In the active sentence, the focus is more on Josephine Cochrane.
In the passive sentence the focus is more on the dishwasher.

3
GRAMMAR REVISION II: Passive Voice (Past Participle & Future)
Present perfect: has/have + BEEN + past participle

+ Andys bike has been stolen.

Andys bike hasnt been stolen.
? Has Andys bike been stolen?
Future: will + be + past participle

+ Youll be picked up at the airport by one of our staff.

You wont be picked up at the airport by one of our staff.
?Will you be picked up at the airport by one of our staff?

3
GRAMMAR REVISION II: Passive Voice (Use)
We often use the passive when its not said, known, or important who
or what does an action:
Andys euphonium has been stolen.

(= Somebody has stolen Andys euphonium . We dont know / mind who.)

Use by / by means of to say who did the action.

In an organ, the sound is produced by means of pipes arranged in sets.

GRAMMAR REVISION III: Defining Relative Clauses

(Giving essential information)
1 Julias the woman who / that works in the office with me.
Its a self-help book which / that teaches you how to relax.
Thats the house where I was born.
2 Is Frank the man whose brother plays for Manchester United?
Its a plant whose leaves change colour in spring.
3 Ive just had a text from the girl (who / that) I met on the flight to Paris.
This is the new phone (which / that) I bought yesterday.
2

Use whose to mean of who or of which.

who, which, and that can be omitted when the verbs in the main clause and
the relative clause have a different subject,
e.g. Shes the girl I met on the plane.
where and whose can never be omitted,
e.g. NOT Is that the woman dog barks?

GRAMMAR REVISION III: Non-defining Relative Clauses

(Giving extra non-essential information)
This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth millions of pounds.
Last week I visited my aunt, whos nearly 90 years old.
Burford, where my grandfather was born, is a beautiful little town.
My neighbour, whose son goes to my sons school, has just remarried.
Non-defining relative clauses give extra (often non-essential information)
in a sentence. If this clause is omitted, the sentence still makes sense.
This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth millions of pounds.
Non-defining relative clauses must go between commas (or a comma and a full
stop).
In these clauses, you cant leave out the relative pronoun (who, which, etc.)
In these clauses, you cant use that instead of who / which.
NOT This painting, that was painted in 1860, is worth millions of pounds.

GRAMMAR REVISION IV: Comparative & superlative

adjectives
1. One-syllable adjectives: add er or est
bright/ brighter/ the brightest ; dark/ darker/ the darkest
2. Adjectives of three or more syllables: use more or most
interesting/ more interesting/ the most interesting

3. Adjectives of two syllables follow one or other of the above rules

- Those ending in er, -y or ly usually follow rule 1
pretty/ prettiest/ the prettiest
- Those ending in ful or re usually follow rule 2:
obscure/ more obscure/ the most obscure
4. Some forms are irregular
bad/ worse/ the worst ; good/ better/ the best ; little/ less/ the least