Hydraulics Lab Analysis

ZN258719
Contents
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 4
Research Methodology......................................................................................... 4
Apparatus............................................................................................................. 4
Broad crested weir..................................................................................................... 5
Aim....................................................................................................................... 5
Apparatus:............................................................................................................ 5
Procedure............................................................................................................. 6
Readings and Calculations................................................................................... 6
Analysis................................................................................................................ 7
Calculations.......................................................................................................... 7
Graphical method................................................................................................. 8
Broad crested weir comparison............................................................................8
Discussion............................................................................................................ 9
Sharp Crested weir................................................................................................... 10
Introduction........................................................................................................ 10
Aim..................................................................................................................... 10
Apparatus........................................................................................................... 10
PROCEDURE....................................................................................................... 11
Observations...................................................................................................... 11
Analysis.............................................................................................................. 11
By calculations................................................................................................... 12
b.
Graphical method........................................................................................ 13
Sharp crested weir Comparison.........................................................................13

Discussion.......................................................................................................... 15
Crump weir............................................................................................................... 15
Introduction........................................................................................................ 15
Aim..................................................................................................................... 15
Apparatus........................................................................................................... 15
Procedure........................................................................................................... 16
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Observations...................................................................................................... 16
Analysis.............................................................................................................. 17
a.
Calculations................................................................................................. 17
b.
Graph for crump weir......................................................................................... 18

Crump weir comparison..................................................................................... 19
Discussion.......................................................................................................... 20
Over shot weir.......................................................................................................... 20
Introduction........................................................................................................ 20
Aim..................................................................................................................... 20
Apparatus:.......................................................................................................... 21
Procedure........................................................................................................... 21
Observations...................................................................................................... 22
Analysis.............................................................................................................. 22
Calculations........................................................................................................ 22
b.
Over short weir comparison...............................................................................23

Discussion.......................................................................................................... 24
Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 24
2) To determine the coefficient of discharge for a Venturi flume..............................24
Introduction........................................................................................................ 24
Aim;.................................................................................................................... 24
The aim of this experiment is to determine the coefficient of discharge for a venturi flume.. .24
Apparatus........................................................................................................... 25
The apparatus used in this experiment are; Hydraulic work bench, venturi flume................25
Procedure........................................................................................................... 25
Observation........................................................................................................ 26
Analysis.............................................................................................................. 26
a. Calculations.................................................................................................... 27
Graph for venture flume..................................................................................... 31
DISCUSION......................................................................................................... 32
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To compare and discuss the hydraulic jump and sluice gate....................................32
Introduction........................................................................................................ 32
Observation........................................................................................................ 33
Analysis.............................................................................................................. 33
Calculations........................................................................................................ 33
b) Discharge per unit width, q
Q/
width of the flume................................35
Critical Depth..................................................................................................... 35
Critical energy.................................................................................................... 37
Graphs................................................................................................................ 37
b.
Below is the graph of water depth against energy line................................38
Discussion.......................................................................................................... 39
Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 40
Health and Safety.............................................................................................. 40
GENERAL CONCLUSION............................................................................................. 41
APPENDIX................................................................................................................. 41
REFFERECES............................................................................................................. 42
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INTRODUCTION
The aim of the laboratory session is to gain an understanding on weirs, Hydraulic jump,
head loss and the venturi flume, and to record and analyse laboratory results. A weir is a wall
across a river aimed to alter its flow characteristics. Weirs are commonly used to alter the flow
of rivers to prevent flooding, measure discharge, and help render rivers navigable.
My report is based on the different types of techniques being used in the lab to
determine or to understand the concept of weirs, hydraulic jump, head loss and venturi flume
and how it is applied in laboratory exercises and in real life challenges. The experiments were
carried out help explain the weirs, hydraulic jump, head loss, and venture flume. The different
tests performed at the laboratory helped to learn the health and safety issues involved. The
experiment was carried out in open channel laboratory with the supervision of MDM.
HEMAVATHI. The following experiments were carried out:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Broad crested weir

Sharp crested weir
Crump weir
Over shot weir
Venturi flume
Hydraulic jump
Research Methodology
In this section, a full detail of the laboratory procedure is stated as well as the apparatus used
for the experiment.
Apparatus
Below are the apparatus that were used for the experiment
Teaching flume
Hydraulics work bench
Broad crested weir
Sharp crested weir
Crump weir
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Over shot weir

Venturi flume
Sluice gate
Below is the teaching flume and hydraulics work bench
Figure taken in open channel laboratory
Broad crested weir

Introduction
A broad crested weir is an open channel flow measurement device which combines hydraulic
characteristics of both weirs and flumes. A broad-crested weir is a flat-crested structure, with
a long crest compared to the flow thickness. When the crest is "broad", the streamlines
become parallel to the crest invert and the pressure distribution above the crest is hydrostatic.
It can be calibrated for submerged flow conditions
Aim
The aim of the broad crested weir is to determine the coefficient of discharge for weirs.
Apparatus:
The apparatus used in this experiment are; Hydraulic work bench, weir.
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Figure1. Shows broad crested weir

Procedure
The width of the broad crested weir was measure

We placed the weir in the hydraulic bench at the weir holding position
The channel slant was 0% before we could we started the experiment.
We then Turned on the pump and opened the flow control valve which was then used
to control the flow rate.

At each flow rate, the height of the water at the upper stream was measured and
recorded. This was repeated for five different flow rates.
We then measured the height of water above the crest
Lastly we closed the control valve and Turned off the pump and allowed water level to
drop.
Readings and Calculations
In this segment, the calculations are carried out on the collected data to get results which will
be used to draw conclusions on the experiment that was carried out.
Below are the readings that were obtained from the laboratory on the broad crested weir.
Table 1:
Run no.
Readings for broad crested weir

m 3 /s
Q )
B(m)
H(m)
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0.67 10
0.079
0.036
1 103
0.079
0.044
1.33 10
0.079
0.05
1.5 103
0.079
0.055
1.67 103
0.079
0.058
Where,
Q= rate of water flow
Cd= coefficient of discharge
B= channel width= 0.079
H= height of water level above crest
Calculation of coefficient of discharge knows as C d, by making it the subject of the formula
Analysis
The analysis here is basically to determine the coefficient of discharge for the broad crested
weir.
Calculations
To calculate coefficient of discharge
Q=1.705 C d B H 3 /2
C d=
Cd
3 /2
we use the formula: Q=1.705 C d B H
Q
3 /2
1.705 B H
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C d (1 ) =
C d (2 )=
0.67 103
0.67 103
=
=0.728
1.705 0.079 0.00683 9.2104
1 103
1 103
=
=0.804
1.705 0.079 0.00923 1.24 103
Average C d=
0.728+0.804 +0.881+0.863+0.888
=0.833
5
The table below shows the calculated coefficient of discharge for each change in pressure.
Table 3.2 Calculated coefficient of discharge
d
H(m)
3
H (m)
2
0.079
0.036
6.83 103
0.728
1 10
0.079
0.044
9.23 10
0.804
1.33 103
0.079
0.05
11.2 103
0.881
1.5 103
0.079
0.055
12.9 103
0.863
1.67 103
0.079
0.058
13.97 103
0.888
Run no.
m 3 /s
Q )
0.67 103
Average
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0.833
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Graphical method
Below is the graph of height of water level above crest above flow rate.
Graph was plotted on each weir H against Q, and the shape of the graph is a linear (straight)
line graph. This therefore means that height of water level H increases with an increase in
water flow rate.
water level (H) Vs water flow rate (Q)

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
H(m)
water level agaist water flow

rate
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
Q(m/s)
Calculation for coefficient of discharge Cd by using graphical method

Where Q= 0.001
H= 0.044
Cd =
Cd =
Q
1.705 B H 3/ 2
1 103
1.705 0.079 0.00923
= 0.847
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Broad crested weir comparison
weir
Average of coefficient of
Graphical coefficient (Cd)
Broad crested weir
discharge (Cd)
0.833
0.847
Discussion
From the analysis carried out on the data collected in the laboratory, both the coefficient of
discharge for graphical and theoretical average of coefficient of discharge were calculated
3/ 2
using the same formula for coefficient of discharge which is given by Q = 1.705B H
Cd .
The coefficient of discharge for graphical method was found to be 0.847 while by calculation
the coefficient of discharge is 0.833. The results on theoretical average of coefficient of
discharge and that of graphical method were almost the same meaning the experiment was a
success although where minor errors that occurred during the experiment that might have
affected the outcome of the results.
Sharp Crested weir

Introduction
A weir is an overflow structure extending across a stream or a channel and normal to the
direction of the flow. They are normally categorized by their shape as either sharp-crested or
broad-crested. This laboratory experiment focuses on sharp-crested weirs only.
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Aim
The aim of the sharp crested weir is to determine the coefficient of discharge Q.
Apparatus
The apparatus that were used are teaching flume, Hydraulics work bench, and sharp
crested weir.
PROCEDURE


drop.
Observations
Below are the readings that were obtained from the laboratory on the sharp crested weir
Table 3 Readings for sharp crested weir.
Run no.
m 3 /s
Q )
B(m)
H(m)
0.67 103
0.079
0.029
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0.83 10
0.079
0.033
1 103
0.079
0.035
1.17 10
0.079
0.039
1.33 103
0.079
0.043
Formula:
2
3/ 2
Q= C d B 2 g H
3
Where,
Analysis
The analysis is to determine the coefficient of discharge for the sharp crested weir.
The coefficient of discharge was determined through calculation and by graphical method.
By calculations
To calculate coefficient of discharge Cd we use the formula.

Where, Cd is the coefficient of discharge
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2
3/ 2
Q= C d B 2 g H
3
C d=
3Q
2 B 2 g H 3 /2
C d (1 ) =
3 0.67 103
2.01 103
=
=0.581
2 0.079 2 9.81 0.00494 3.46 103
C d (2 )=
3 0.83 10
2.49 10
=
=0.593
2 0.079 2 9.81 0.006 4.199 103
Average C d=
0.581+0.593+0.655+ 0.651+ 0.639

=0.624
5
Table 4.Calculated coefficient of discharge

d
Run no.
m 3 /s
Q )
B(m)
H(m)
3
H (m)
2
0.67 103
0.079
0.029
4.94 103
0.58
0.83 10
0.079
0.033
5.99 10
0.59
1 103
0.079
0.035
6.55 103
0.65
1.17 10
0.079
0.039
7.70 10
0.65
1.33 103
0.079
0.043
8.92 103
0.64
Average
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0.624
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b.
Graphical method
Below is the graph of height of water level above crest above flow rate
The graph was piloted H against Q, and the graph is straight (linear) graph in shape.
water level (H) against water flow rate (Q)

0.05
0.04
0.03
H(m)
water level against water flow

rate
0.02
0.01
0
0
Q(m/s)
Figure 4:
Graph of height of water level above crest above flow rate.
From the graph, when;

H is 0.035m,
Q =0.001m3/s
C d=
C d=
3Q
2 B 2 g H 3 /2
3 1 103
3 103
=
=0.655
2 0.079 2 9.81 0.0353 /2 4.583 103
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Sharp crested weir Comparison
Weir
Graphical coefficient of
Sharp crested weir
discharge (Cd)
0.624
discharge (Cd)
0.655
Discussion
From the analysis carried out on the data collected in the laboratory, both the coefficient of
discharge for graphical and theoretical average of coefficient of discharge were calculated
using the same formula. The coefficient of discharge for graphical method was found to be
0.655 while by calculation the coefficient of discharge is 0.624. From the results we can tell
that the experiment was a success although minor errors occurred during the experiment that
might have affected the outcome of the results has can be seen from the different answers of
coefficient of discharge.
Crump weir
Introduction
A crump weir is commonly used to measure discharge in open flow channels. The crosssection can be rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular and the slopes are made to specific
angles. This type of weir is easy to construct and is used as an alternative to a rectangular
weir when water head is limited.
Aim
The aim of this experiment is to determine the coefficient of discharge for weirs.
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Crump weir is an alternative structure to measure the flow rate in open channel. From
Bernoullis equation, a weir equation can be derived and apply it to determine the flow rate, Q
of flow over a
Apparatus
The apparatus that were used are teaching flume, Hydraulics work bench, and crump
crested weir.
Procedure


drop.
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Observations
Below are the readings that were obtained from the laboratory on the crump weir.
Table 5 Readings for crump weir
Run no.
m 3 /s
Q )
B(m)
H(m)
0.67 103
0.079
0.03
0.83 10
0.079
0.035
1.17 103
0.079
0.04
1.5 103
0.079
0.046
1.67 10
0.079
0.05
Where,
Analysis
The analysis here is basically to determine the coefficient of discharge for the crump weir
a. Calculations
To calculate coefficient of discharge (Cd) we use the formula:

Q=1.705 C d B H
3 /2
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C d=
Q
1.705 B H 3 /2
C d (1 ) =
C d (2 )=
0.67 103
0.67 103
=
=0.957
1.705 0.079 0.0052
7 104
0.83 103
0.83 103
=
=0.941
1.705 0.079 0.00655 8.82 104
Average C d=
0.957+0.941+1.09+1.13+1.11
=1.05
5
The table below shows the calculated coefficient of discharge

d
B(m)
H(m)
3
H (m)
2
0.67 10
0.079
0.03
5.2 10
0.96
0.83 103
0.079
0.035
6.55 103
0.94
1.17 103
0.079
0.04
8 103
1.09
1.5 10
0.079
0.046
9.87 10
1.13
1.67 103
0.079
0.05
11.18 103
1.11
Run no.
m 3 /s
Q )
Average
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1.05
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b.
Graphical method
The graph was plotted on each weir H against Q, and the shape of the graph is a linear
(straight) line graph.
Graph for crump weir
graph of water level (H) against flow rate(Q)

0.06
0.05
0.04
H(m)
graph of water level against

flow rate
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
Q(m/s)

Where Q= 0.0015
H= 0.046
Cd =
Q
3/ 2
1.705 B H
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Cd =
0.0015
1.705 0.079 0.00987
= 1.13
Crump weir comparison
Weir
Crump weir
discharge (Cd)
1.05
discharge (Cd)
1.13
Discussion
From the analysis carried out on the data collected from the laboratory, it is seen that the
crump weir has a coefficient of discharge of 1.05 from the calculation carried out and 1.13
from the graph. This shows that the experiment was very accurate and successful with few
errors. We can further notice from the readings obtained in the laboratory that an increase in
the discharge results in an increase in the height of water level above crest.
Over shot weir

Introduction
Over shot weir is an overflow weir.

Aim
The aim of the experiment it to determine the coefficient of discharge

Apparatus:
The apparatus used in this experiment are; teaching over shot weir,
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Procedure


drop.
Observations
Below are the readings that were obtained from the laboratory on the over shot weir
Table 7:
Readings for over shot weir

3
Run no.
m /s
Q )
B(m)
H(m)
0.67 103
0.079
0.03
0.83 10
0.079
0.034
1 103
0.079
0.036
1.33 10
0.079
0.044
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1.67 10
0.079
0.048
Where,
Q = water flow rate
Cd = coefficient of discharge
B = Channel width
H = height of water level above crest
Analysis
The analysis here is basically to determine the coefficient of discharge for over shot weir.
The coefficient of discharge was determined by calculation and through graphical method.
Calculations
To calculate coefficient of discharge Cd we use the formula:
2
Q= C d B 2 g H 3/ 2
3
C d=
C d ( Run 1 )=
3Q
3 /2
2 B 2 g H
3 0.67 103
2.01 103
=
=0.552
2 0.079 2 9.81 0.0052 3.64 103
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C d ( Run 2 )=
3 0.83 103
2.49 103
=
=0.567
2 0.079 2 9.81 0.00627 4.39 103
Average C d=
0.552+0.567+0.628+ 0.618+0.682
=0.609
5
Run no.
m3 /s
Q )
B(m)
H(m)
3
H (m)
2
0.67 103
0.079
0.03
5.2 103
0.552
0.83 103
0.079
0.034
6.27 103
0.567
1 10
0.079
0.036
6.83 10
0.628
1.33 103
0.079
0.044
9.23 103
0.618
1.67 10
0.079
0.048
10.52 10
0.682
Average
0.609
b.
Graphical method
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water level (H) Vs water flow rate(Q)

0.06
0.05
0.04
H(m)
water level against water

flow rate
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
Q(m/s)

Where Q= 0.001 and H= 0.036
C d=
C d=
3Q
3 /2
2 B 2 g H
3 1 103
3 103
=
=0.628
2 0.079 2 9.81 0.0363 /2 4.78 103
Over short weir comparison
Weir
Crump weir
discharge (Cd)
0.609
discharge (Cd)
0.628
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Discussion
From the analysis carried out on the data collected from the laboratory, it is seen that the over
shot weir has a coefficient of discharge of 0.609 from the calculation carried out and 0.628
from the graph. Therefore, the over shot weir has a coefficient of discharge of approximately
0.618
From the readings collected too, it is seen that an increase in the discharge results in an
increase in the height of water level above crest.
Conclusion
From the general experiment carried out, it is therefore concluded that the crump weir has the
highest coefficient of discharge, followed by broad crested weir, then the sharp crested weir
and lastly, the over shot weir.
This therefore shows that the shape of the weir can affect the discharge of the weir.
In practice, where high discharge is required such as hydro-electric systems, weirs such as
the crump weir can be introduced.
The different types of weirs can be used differently, depending on the volume of water
involves as well as the discharge of water needed.
2) To determine the coefficient of discharge for a Venturi

flume.
Introduction
A venturi flume is a critical-flow open flume with a limited flow which causes a drop in the
hydraulic grade line, creating a critical depth.
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It is used in flow measurement of very large flow rates, usually given in millions of cubic units.
A venturi meter would normally measure in millimeters, whereas a venturi flume measures in
meters.
Measurement of discharge with venturi flumes demands two measurements, one upstream
and one at the throat (narrowest cross-section), if the flow passes in a subcritical state
through the flume. If the flumes are designed so as to pass the flow from sub critical to
supercritical state while passing through the flume, a single measurement at the throat (which
in this case becomes a critical section) is sufficient for computation of discharge. To ensure
the occurrence of critical depth at the throat, the flumes are usually designed in such way as
to form a hydraulic jump on the downstream side of the structure. These flumes are called
'standing wave flumes'
Aim;
The aim of this experiment is to determine the coefficient of discharge for a venturi flume.
Apparatus
The apparatus used in this experiment are; Hydraulic work bench, venturi flume.
Figure shows a venture flume
Procedure
We placed the venturi flume in the hydraulic bench at the holding position
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drop.
Observation
Venture flume: standing wave condition, Z 0, b 0.03m, slope

Run no.
m3 /s
Q )
0.67 1030.063
0.83 1030.074
1 103
1.33 1030.093
1.67 1030.109
Cd=
Formula:
h(m)
0.084
Q
1.705 b( E)
3
2
Where,
Q = Cd x b x (h1-z) 2g (H-(h1-z)
In critical flow, h1 = 2/3H
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H = (h1-z) + (v1)2 / 2g
Vth = Q/ A
E = (h1-z) + Vth2 / 2g
h1=0.65(h)
Analysis
The analysis here is basically to determine the coefficient of discharge for a venture flume.
a. Calculations
To calculate h1 0.65h
1) hi 0.65(0.063)
0.041m
2) hi 0.65(0.074)
0.048m
To calculate Area,
)
A=
2
1) Area bhi(m )
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A 0.03(0.041)
2
A 0.00123 m
2
2) Area bhi(m )
A 0.03(0.048)
2
A 0.00144 m
m/s
To calculate velocity, v = )
1)
2)
Q= AV
V=
Q
A
1) Velocity
Q
A (m/s)
0.67 103
0.00123
0.55(m/s)
2) Velocity
Q
A (m/s)
0.83 103
0.00144
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0.58(m/s)
m
To calculate Energy, E= )
To calculate Energy (m) we use the formula:
E=hi+
V2
hi+
1) E
2g
2
0.041+
0.545
2 9.81
0.056 m
V2
hi+
2) E
2g
E
0.048+
0.576 2
2 9.81
E 0.018 m
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V2
2g
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Cd=
To calculate coefficient of discharge (Cd) we use the formula:
1.705 b( E)
3
2
Cd=
1)
1.705 b ( E )
3
2
0.67 103
Cd
1.705 (0.056)
3
2
Cd 0.99
Cd=
2)
1.705 b ( E )
3
2
0.83 103
Cd
1.705 (0.018)
3
2
Cd 0.98

Run no.
m 3 /s
Q )
h(m)
h 1(m)
bh1(
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V(m/s)
E(m)
Cd
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3
0.67 10 0.063
0.041
0.00123
0.545
0.056
0.988
0.83 1030.074
0.048
0.00144
0.576
0.018
0.983
1 103
0.084
0.055
0.00164
0.61
0.074
0.97
1.33 1030.093
0.060
0.00181
0.735
0.088
0.996
1.67 1030.109
0.071
0.00213
0.784
0.102
1.00
Average Cd= 0.9874
Graph for venture flume
water depth (H) against water flow rate (Q)

0.12
0.1
0.08
H(m)
water depth against water

flow rate
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
Q(m/s)

Where Q= 0.0008
H= 0.07
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Q Q
0.0008
v= =
=
=
0.5861
A b h 1 0.03 0.0455
E=h1+
(V th )2
2g
( 0.5861 )2
E=0.0455+
=0.06301 m
2 9.81
E
1.705 b
Q
Cd=
C d=
0.0008
=0.9888
1.705 0.03 (0.06301)3 /2
DISCUSION
From the table above we can see that both the coefficient of discharge for venture flume was
both calculated graphical and experimental with the same formula that has been given from
the experiment. From the calculation we noted that they are some are human error during the
experiment, the value of average coefficient of discharge was 0.9874 and the graphical
coefficient of discharge was 0.9888. The difference between the calculation method and
graphical method is 0.0014 which is very minimal or small, therefore I can conclude that the
experiment was accurate.
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To compare and discuss the hydraulic jump and sluice gate

Introduction
Hydraulic jumps mostly occur naturally in open channels. A hydraulic jump goes from
supercritical (high velocity) to subcritical (low velocity) regime. In fact, occasionally it might be
necessary to create a jump to consume the excessive energy.
Observation
Below are the readings that were taken from the laboratory
Table 11: Readings for hydraulic jump
Description
Rate of Water
Distanc
flow Q(
depth
e along
y(m)
channel
m3 /s
X(m)
)
Upstream
3
1.67 100.1
0.66
sluice
Downstrea
1.67 100.02
1.1
m sluice
Start of
3
1.67 100.03
1.62
3
1.67 100.085
2.2
hydraulic
jump
End of
hydraulic
jump
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Analysis
Calculations
Cross sectional Area = width of flume Depth of water (Y)

0.079 (Y)
1) Area
0.079 0.1
7.9 103 m2
0.079 (Y)
0.079 0.02
2) Area
1.6 10 m
Velocity, V
1)
flow rate /Area
Velocity
Q ( m3 /s) A ( m 2 )
1.67 103 /
7.9 103
0.211m/s
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2)
3
2
Q ( m /s) A ( m )
Velocity
1.67 103 /
1.6 103
2
Velocity Head (m) v /2 g
1)
velocity head( m)=v 2 /2 g
0.2112 /2 9.81
=
2)
0.00227 m
velocity head( m)=v 2 /2 g

2
1.04 /2 9.81
0.0556 m
Energy line
Y +
V2
2g
2
1) Energy line
Energy line
0.211
0.1+
2 9.81
0.1023m
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36
1.044 m/s
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0.02+
2) Energy line
0.0756 m
Energy line
Froude Number
1.0442
2 9.81
V
gY
1) Froude Number
V
gY
0.21
9 .81 0.1
Froude Number
Froude Number
0.213
2) Froude number
V
gY
1.044
9 .81 0.02
Froude number
Froude number
2.35
The table on the next page shows the result for the calculations carried out on the hydraulic
jump and sluice gate experiment.
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Table 12:
Description
Results for the hydraulic jump and sluice gauge.

Rate of
Wate
Distanc
Area
Velocit
Velocity Specifi
Froude
flow Q(
e along
A(
yv
Head
Numbe
(m/s)
(m)
Energy
r Fr
/s
depth channel
y(m)
X(m)
, E(m)
)
Upstream
1.67 100.1
sluice
Downstrea
1.67 100.02
m sluice
Start of
1.67 100.03
0.66
0.007
0.211
0.0022
0.1023
0.213
1.1
9
0.001
1.044
7
0.0556
0.0756
2.35
1.62
6
0.002
0.696
0.0247
0.0547
1.283
0.249
0.0031
0.0882
0.273
hydraulic
jump
End of
3
2.2
1.67 100.085
hydraulic
0.006
7
jump
b) Discharge per unit width, q
Q/
width of the flume
q Q/ 0.079
3
q 1.67 10 / 0.079
q
0.02
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Critical Depth
q2
g
1/ 3
( )
2 1 /3
( )
0.02
9.81
Critical Depth
Critical Depth
0.03
Critical energy
3
critical depth
2
3
0.03
Critical energy
2
Critical energy 0.045
Table13.
Froude no
Fr1
Fr2
Fr3
Fr4
Froude
0.213
2.35
1.283
0.273
Type
subcritical
supercritical
supercritical
subcritical
Graphs
a.
On the next page is a graph of water depth and specific energy against distance along
hydraulic flume
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Graph of water depth and specific energy agaist distance

0.12
0.1
0.08
water depth and Specific energy
water depth(Y)
0.06
specific energy(m)
0.04
0.02
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Distance (m)
Figure 9:
Graph of water depth and specific energy against distance along hydraulic
flume
b.
Below is the graph of water depth against energy line
Graph of water depth against energy line

0.12
0.1
0.08
Water depth (Y)
0.06
Energy line (m)
0.04
0.02
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Energy line (m)
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40
0.1
0.12
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Figure 10:
Graph of water depth against energy line above.
Discussion
Hydraulic jump occurs whenever the flow of a liquid changes from super critical flow to sub
critical flow. As seen on table 12, The Froude number changed from 2.35 (super critical flow)
to 0.273 (subcritical flow). Due to the transition from the super critical flow to the sub critical
flow, there is a loss of energy and this is given by the formula below
E=E4 E3=0.1020.088=0.014 m
This therefore shows that during the hydraulic jump, there was a change in energy of 0.014m.
Below is a formula to know how efficient the hydraulic jump was
E 2 ( 8 Fr 12 +1)3 /2 4 Fr 12+ 1
=
E1
8 Fr 12 (2+ Fr 12)
E 2 ( 8 2.352 +1)3 / 2(4 2.352 )+1 303.6823.09
=
=
E1
44.18(7.5225)
8 2.352 (2+2.352 )
E 1 280.59
=
=0.84
E 2 332.34
Efficiency=0.84 100=84
From the calculations carried out above, it is seen that the efficiency of the hydraulic jump is
84% which is good.
The length of the hydraulic jump is given by the formula below
3= 2.21.62=0.580 m
Length of hydraulic jump= x 4x
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This therefore shows that the length of the hydraulic jump which happen to be the horizontal
distance between start of hydraulic jump and end of hydraulic jump is 0.58m
The height of the hydraulic jump is given by the formula below
Height of hydraulic jump= y 4 y3 =0.0850.03=0.055 m
From the above calculation, it is seen that the height of the hydraulic jump is 0.055m
Below is the formula to find the theoretical Froude of the hydraulic jump.
y 4 1+8 Fr 3 t 1
=
y3
2
2
y4
= 1+ 8 Fr 3t 21
y3
=2.828 Fr
( 0.085
0.03 )
3t
Fr3 t =2.004
Error=
Fr3 t Fr 3
2.0042.35
100=
100=17.27
Fr3 t
2.004
From the calculation done above, it is seen that there was an error of 17.3%. This could be
looked into properly when taking other experiments. It could have most probably resulted from
the error of parallax when taking the readings, inaccurate measurement of the depth and
length of the hydraulic jump.
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Conclusion
Sluice gate is a useful tool in creating hydraulic jump in an open channel. Also from this
experiment, I have learnt that a hydraulic jump can be created when one side of the flow is
closed which enables water flow to movie form of a wave thereby forming a hydraulic jump.
Health and Safety
Health and Safety in the laboratory looks at the health measures that are carried out in the
laboratory before and during the experiment session. The following were the preventive
measures that were taken when performing the experiments in the laboratory
1. First and foremost, when we got into the laboratory, we made sure that we opened all
the windows for air circulation and ventilation.
2. When performing the experiments, we had to ensure that the equipments we were
using were check before we could use them.
3. We made sure that after assembling and disassembling, the tools werent kept in the
water flow way.
4. We made sure that the weirs, venturi flume and sluice gate were fitted at the right spot
to prevent damaging the attachment spot
5. We took proper care when switched the apparatus from the switch to prevent any
electric shock.
6. We made sure the switch cabinet was protected against water incursion.
7. And lastly when leaving the laboratory, we closed all the windows and made sure
everything was in place.
GENERAL CONCLUSION
During our course of study and experiments in the laboratory, we learnt about
different types of weirs, venturi flume and hydraulic jump. We learnt how to calculate the
coefficient of discharge for different types of weirs and venturi flume and lastly how to
compare and discuss the hydraulic jump and sluice gate. This has been a good experience
for me because will be able to apply this knowledge that I have acquired in my line of work.
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APPENDIX
REFFERECES
Notes and references from books in the library
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ZN258719
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Hydraulics Lab Analysis

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ZN258719

Sharp crested weir Comparison.........................................................................13

Graph for crump weir......................................................................................... 18

Over short weir comparison...............................................................................23

width of the flume................................35

Below is the graph of water depth against energy line................................38

Broad crested weir

Over shot weir

Below is the teaching flume and hydraulics work bench

Figure taken in open channel laboratory

Broad crested weir

Figure1. Shows broad crested weir

The width of the broad crested weir was measure

to control the flow rate.

We then measured the height of water above the crest

Readings and Calculations

Readings for broad crested weir

To calculate coefficient of discharge

water level (H) Vs water flow rate (Q)

water level agaist water flow

Calculation for coefficient of discharge Cd by using graphical method

Broad crested weir comparison

Graphical coefficient (Cd)

Broad crested weir

Sharp Crested weir

The width of the broad crested weir was measure

to control the flow rate.

We then measured the height of water above the crest

To calculate coefficient of discharge Cd we use the formula.

0.581+0.593+0.655+ 0.651+ 0.639

Table 4.Calculated coefficient of discharge

water level (H) against water flow rate (Q)

water level against water flow

Graph of height of water level above crest above flow rate.

From the graph, when;

Sharp crested weir

The width of the broad crested weir was measure

to control the flow rate.

We then measured the height of water above the crest

To calculate coefficient of discharge (Cd) we use the formula:

The table below shows the calculated coefficient of discharge

Graph for crump weir

graph of water level (H) against flow rate(Q)

graph of water level against

Calculation for coefficient of discharge Cd by using graphical method

Crump weir comparison

Over shot weir

Over shot weir is an overflow weir.

The aim of the experiment it to determine the coefficient of discharge

The width of the broad crested weir was measure

to control the flow rate.

We then measured the height of water above the crest

Readings for over shot weir

To calculate coefficient of discharge Cd we use the formula:

water level (H) Vs water flow rate(Q)

water level against water

Calculation for coefficient of discharge Cd by using graphical method

Over short weir comparison

2) To determine the coefficient of discharge for a Venturi

Figure shows a venture flume

The channel slant was 0% before we could we started the experiment.

to control the flow rate.

We then measured the height of water above the crest