TP 5D 1 PDF

TP-5D-1
Worcester Control Valves
Control Valve Body Design

Control Valve Terminology
I. Control Valve Components and Terms
Actuator The mechanical, hydraulic, electric or pneumatic device or
mechanism used to open, position or close a valve.
Bellows Seal Bonnet A bonnet which uses a bellows for sealing

against leakage of controlled fluid around the valve plug stem.
Actuator Spring A spring to move the actuator stem in a direction

opposite to that created by diaphragm pressure.
Bonnet That upper part of the valve body assembly which guides
the stem and contains the stem packing assembly.
Actuator Stem A rod-like extension from the actuator to permit

convenient external connection.
Bonnet Assembly An assembly including the part through which a

valve plug stem moves and a means for sealing against leakage along
the stem. It usually provides a means for mounting the actuator.
Sealing against leakage may be accomplished by packing or a
bellows. A bonnet assembly may include a packing lubricator
assembly with or without isolating valve. Radiation fins or an
extension bonnet may be used to maintain a temperature differential
between the valve body and sealing means.
Automatic Control The combination of a valve, an actuator, and

sensing and operating circuits, programmed to regulate fluid flow by
varying the valve mechanism position without additional intervention.
Ball The valve closure member in a ball valve.
Ball Valve A valve which uses a rotatable spherical closure member.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Control Valve Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MSS Valve Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Basic Valve Design: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Globe and Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ball Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Butterfly Valve A valve which uses a rotatable disc or vane as a

closure member and which obstructs flow when the closure is at a
right angle to the flow.
By-Pass A piping loop attached to a valve body to provide means to
divert pressure or flow around the seat of the valve.
Cage A hollow cylindrical trim element that is a guide to align the
movement of a valve plug with a seat ring and also retains the seat
ring in the valve body. Often the walls of the cage contain openings
which determine the flow characteristics of the control valve.
Check Valve A one-directional valve which is opened by the fluid
flow in one direction and which closes automatically when the flow
stops or reverses direction.
Closure Member That part of the valve which is positioned in the
flow stream to permit flow or to obstruct flow, depending on closure
position. In specific designs, it may also be called a disc, wedge, plug,
ball, gate or other functionally similar expression.
Control Valve A valve with a power positioning actuator for moving
the valve closure member to any position relative to valve port or
ports in response and in proportion to an external signal. The energy
for a control valve actuator is provided from an independent source.
Butterfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Cylinder The chamber in which the piston moves.
Pinch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Dead-Tight A term meaning no leaks visible by ordinary observation

without instrumentation.
Slide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Diaphragm A flexible pressure responsive element which transmits

force to the diaphragm plate and actuator stem.
Stem Seal Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Diaphragm (As in Diaphragm Valve) The valve closure member in a

diaphragm valve such as the Saunders patent diaphragm valve, which
provides a variable restriction to flow.
Flow Control Division

Diaphragm Actuator An assembly utilizing pressure acting on a
diaphragm to develop a force to move the actuator stem. It may, or
may not, have a spring for positioning and return of the actuator stem.
Diaphragm Case A housing consisting of top and bottom sections,
used for supporting a diaphragm and establishing one or two
pressure chambers.
Diaphragm Control Valve A control valve that is actuated by a
diaphragm or one having a spring-diaphragm actuator.
Packing Lubricator Assembly An optional part of the bonnet

assembly used to inject lubricant into the packing box.
Piston A movable pressure-responsive element which transmits
force to the actuator stem.
Piston Actuator A fluid pressure-operated piston and cylinder
assembly for the positioning of the actuator stem in relation to the
operating fluid pressure or pressures.
Plug The part of the valve which closes the flow passageway.
Diaphragm Plate A plate concentric with the diaphragm for

transmitting force to the actuator stem.
Plug Valve A valve whose closure element is a cylindrical or truncated

cone, and which is positioned from open to closed in a 90 turn.
Diaphragm Valve A control valve that utilizes a flexible diaphragm as

a valve closure member. The diaphragm is forced down toward an
internal dividing web to restrict the flow.
Pressure Seal Joint A removable mechanical connection or valve

bonnet closure which uses the fluid pressure to affect a seal. Internal
pressure acting on the underside of the bonnet forces it against a
gasket or seal and increases tightness as pressure increases.
Direct Actuator Globe Valve A diaphragm actuator in which the

actuator stem extends with increasing diaphragm pressure.
Disc The valve closure member in a slide valve which provides a
variable restriction in a port. Sometimes called vane.
Extension Bonnet A bonnet with an extension between the packing
box assembly and bonnet for hot or cold service.
Gate Valve A valve whose closure element is a wedge or gate which
may be lifted out of the flow stream.
Globe Valve A basic control valve type which gets its name from the
globular shape of its body. It normally uses the basic valve plug as its
closure member.
Guide Bushing A bushing in a bonnet, bottom flange, or body to
align the movement of a valve plug with a seat ring. Guiding of a valve
plug may be accomplished by an internal part of a bonnet or bottom
flange, or by a seat ring or seat ring extension, or by a cage.
Inlet Port The port which is connected directly to the upstream side
of a fluid system.
Isolating Valve A hand-operated valve between the packing box
assembly to shut-off the fluid from the lubricator assembly.
Lower Valve Body A half housing for internal valve parts having one
flow connection. For example, the half housing of a split body valve.
Lubricator See Packing Lubricator Assembly.
Outlet Port The port which is connected directly to the downstream
side of a fluid system.
Packing A sealing system consisting of deformable material or one
or more mating deformable elements contained in a chamber which
may have manually adjustable compression means to obtain or
maintain an effective leak-proof seal.
Packing Box Assembly The part of the bonnet assembly used to
seal against leakage around the valve plug stem including various
combinations of all or part of the following:
a. Packing
b. Packing Nut
c. Packing Follower
d. Lantern Ring
e. Packing Spring
f. Packing Flange
g. Packing Flange Studs or Bolts
h. Packing Flange Nuts
i. Packing Ring
j. Packing Wiper Ring
k. Felt Wiper Ring
Quarter-Turn Valve A valve whose closure member can be moved

from full open to full closed with a 90 degree rotation of the stem.
Radiation Fin Bonnet A bonnet with fins to reduce heat transfer
between the valve body and packing box assembly.
Reverse Actuator Globe Valve A diaphragm actuator in which the
actuator stem retracts with increasing diaphragm pressure.
Rubber Boot A protective device similar to a flexible bellows, which
is used to prevent build-up of abrasive deposits in the valve stem.
Seat That portion of a seat ring or valve body which a valve plug
contacts for closure.
Seat Ring A separate piece inserted in a valve body to form a valve
body port.
Seating Surfaces The contacting surfaces of the closure member
and seat which affect valve closure.
Shut-Off Valve A valve designed to function either fully open or fully
closed, but not at intermediate flow-throttling positions.
Split Valve Body Assembly An assembly of an upper valve body,
lower valve body, and trim elements. The assembly can also include a
center valve body to provide another flow connection as in a threeway valve.
Spring Adjuster A fitting, usually threaded on the actuator stem or
into the yoke, to adjust the spring compression.
Spring Seat A plate to hold the spring in position and also to
provide a flat surface for the spring adjuster to contact.
Stem The rod, shaft, or spindle to which motion is imparted outside
the valve assembly to move the closure member inside the valve.
Stem Connector Or Coupling A clamp, in two pieces, to connect the
actuator stem to the valve stem.
Stem Guided A special case of top guided in which the valve plug is
aligned by a guide acting on the valve plug stem.
Top Guided A design in which the valve plug is aligned by a single
guide in the body adjacent to the bonnet or in the bonnet.
Top And Bottom Guided A design in which the valve plug is aligned
by guides in the body or in the bonnet and the bottom flange.
Top And Port Guided A design in which the valve plug is aligned by
a guide in the bonnet or body and the body port.
Travel Indicator A pointer, attached near the stem connector, to
indicate the position of the valve plug.
TP-5D-1

Travel Indicator Scale A graduated scale attached to the yoke for
indication of valve travel.
Trim Those parts of a valve body assembly, excluding the valve
body, bonnet assembly, and bottom flange, which are exposed and in
contact with the line medium usually consisting of but not limited to
the seat ring, valve plug stem, valve plug, valve plug guide, guide
bushing and cage.
Upper Valve Body A half housing for a split body type valve. It
contains internal valve parts and has one flow connection. It usually
includes a means for sealing against leakage along the stem and
provides a means for mounting the actuator.
Valve A device which isolates or controls fluid direction or flow rate.
Valve Body A housing for internal valve parts having inlet and outlet
flow connections. Several common body arrangements are employed,
as follows:
a. Single ported having one port and one valve plan.
b. Two-way having two ports and one valve plug.
c. Two-way having two flow connections, one inlet and one outlet.
d. Three-way having three flow connections, two of which may be
inlets with one outlet (for conveying or mixing flows), or one
inlet and two outlets (for diverging or diverting flows).
Valve Body Assembly An assembly of a body, bonnet assembly,
bottom flange and trim elements. The trim includes a valve plug
which opens, shuts or partially obstructs one or more parts.
Valve Closure Member That part of a valve which is positioned to
close, open, or to control the amount of flow.
Valve Plug A movable part which provides a variable restriction in a
port.
Valve Plug Guide That portion of a valve which aligns its
movements in either a seat ring, bonnet, bottom flange or any two of
these.
Valve Plug Stem A rod extending through the bonnet assembly to
permit positioning of the valve plug.
Vane The valve closure member in a butterfly valve which provides
a variable restriction in a port. Sometimes called disc.
Yoke A structure by which the diaphragm case assembly is
supported rigidly on the bonnet assembly.
Wheel A circular or circular-segment device connected to the valve
stem in order to permit manual operation.
II. Control Valve And Flow Terminology
shock waves are radiated equally in all directions, but if the implosion
occurs at a metal surface, half the energy of the shock wave is
imparted to the adjacent metal. Under repeated implosions, severe
damage to the metal surface may occur.
Choked Flow The condition which exists when, with the upstream
pressure remaining constant, the flow through a valve cannot be
further increased by lowering the down stream pressure.
Clearance Flow That flow below the minimum controllable flow with
the valve plug not seated.
Cold Flow The creep of a hard elastomer or plastic material under
continuous loading, similar to creep in metals highly stressed at high
temperature.
Compressible Capable of being compressed. Gas and vapor are
compressible fluids.
Dead Band The amount the diaphragm pressure can be varied
without initiating valve plug motion.
Diaphragm Pressure Span Difference between the high and low
values of the diaphragm pressure change. This may be stated as an
inherent or installed characteristic.
Dynamic Unbalance The net force produced on the valve plug in any
stated open position by the fluid forces acting upon it.
Effective Area In a diaphragm actuator, the area that is effective in
producing stem force.
Equal Percentage Flow Characteristic An inherent flow characteristic
which, for equal increments of rated plug travel, will give equal
percentage changes of the existing flow.
Flashing Flashing occurs when the fluid pressure drops below the
vapor pressure somewhere in the valve but never recovers enough
pressure to recondense.
Flow Characteristic Relation between flow through the valve and
percent rated travel; the latter is varied from 0 to 100 percent. This is
a general term. It should always be designated as either inherent flow
characteristic or installed flow characteristic.
Incompressible Liquids are referred to as being incompressible
since their change in volume due to pressure is negligible.
Inherent Diaphragm Pressure Range The high and low values of
pressure applied to the diaphragm to produce rated plug travel with
atmospheric pressure in the valve body.
Inherent Flow Characteristic Flow characteristic when constant
pressure drop is maintained across valve.
Actuator Stem Force The net force from an actuator that is available
for actual positioning of the valve plug.
Inherent Rangeability Ratio of maximum to minimum flow within

which the deviation from this specified inherent flow characteristic
does not exceed some stated limits.
Bubble-Tight When a closed valve having pressurized gas on the

upstream side of the seat joint is covered with a layer of water on the
downstream side and exhibits no flow of gas, as would be indicated
by bubbles in the water layer, it is said to be bubble-tight.
Linear Flow Characteristic One in which equal increments of valve

stem movement would produce equal quantities of flow change at a
constant pressure drop for incompressible fluids, with constant
upstream and downstream pressures for compressible fluids.
Capacity Rate of flow through a valve under stated conditions.
Normally Closed Control Valve One which closes when the

diaphragm pressure is reduced to atmospheric.
Cavitation Cavitation is a phenomenon which may be found in any

fluid process where low and higher pressure areas exist. In the low
pressure area, liquids boil, forming vapor bubbles, which then move
into an area of high pressure where the vapor condenses and the
bubbles collapse. The liquid surfaces come together with considerable
velocity, sending out severe shock waves through the liquid. The
TP-5D-1
Normally Open Control Valve One which opens when the diaphragm
pressure is reduced to atmospheric.
Quick Opening Flow Characteristic An inherent flow characteristic in
which there is maximum flow with minimum travel.

Rangeability The ratio of maximum controllable flow to minimum
controllable flow.
Unit Sensitivity The percent increase in existing flow for an increase

in movement of 1 percent of rated travel at a stated operating point.
Rated Cv The Value of Cv at the rated full-open position of the

valve plug.
Seat Load The contact force between the valve seat and valve plug.
Valve Flow Coefficient (Cv) Number of U.S. gallons per minute of

60F water that will flow through a valve with one psi pressure drop
under stated conditions.
Throttle To maintain a given flow rate or pressure, even though

conditions change within the process system of flowing fluid. Further,
to be able to vary this flow rate as required by the process controller.
Vena Contracta The point in the valve where the fluid reaches its
maximum velocity and the cross-sectional area of the stream is
actually less than in the narrowest portion of the valve.
MSS Valve Glossary

Term
Definition
Term
Definition
Actuator:
The mechanical, hydraulic, electric or

pneumatic device or mechanism used
to open, position or close a Valve.
Back Face:
The surface of a Flange which is

opposite the gasket face.
Back Seat:
Actuator Stem Force:
The force produced by an Actuator, that

is available for the positioning of the
Valve Stem.
Adjustable Travel Stop:
Device attached to the Valve or Actuator

to limit the motion of the Closure
Member.
A Seat on the Bonnet or Bonnet

Bushing which contacts a
corresponding seating surface of the
Stem or Disc Holder when the Stem is
fully retracted.
Back Seat Bushing:
See Bonnet Bushing and Back Seat.
Ball:
The Closure Member in a Ball Valve. The

Closure Member in a Ball Check Valve.
Ball Check Valve:
A Check Valve in which the check

Closure Member is a ball.
Ball Port:
The flow-way opening in the Closure

Member of a Ball Valve.
Ball-Type Disc
A Disc with a spherical Seating Surface.
Ball Valve:
A Valve whose Closure Member is

spherical and rotates to open or close.
Air Cylinder Actuator:
A type of power Actuator using air to

drive a cylinder-powered mechanism.
Air Motor Actuator:
A type of power Actuator wherein an air

motor is used to supply the force to
drive the Valve Closure Member, often
through a geared mechanism.
All Iron:
A Trim class used in cast iron Valves

wherein the Seating Surfaces and Stem,
when present, are made of iron or steel.
Angle Disc Check Valve:
A Check Valve with a Disc element in an

Angle Pattern body.
Bellows Seal Valve:
A Valve having a Stem seal utilizing a

bellows.
Angle Non-Return Valve:
See Angle Stop Check Valve.
Bi-directional Valve:
Angle Pattern:
A Valve in which the Body Ends are at

right angles.
A Valve having substantially equivalent

flow and shut-off capability in both
directions.
Angle Stop Valve:
See Angle Valve.
Blind Flange:
Angle Stop Check Valve:
An Angle Pattern variant of a globe-type

Stop Check Valve.
A Flange with no flowway bore, used to

provide a pressure tight closure of a
flanged opening.
Block and Bleed Valve:
Angle Valve:
An Angle Pattern variant of the Globe

Valve only. Other types of Angle Valves
must be designated specifically, such
as Angle Plug Valve.
A Valve with two Seating Surfaces

which provide simultaneous blockage
of flow from both valve ends, and
means for draining or venting the cavity
between the Seating Surfaces.
Automatic Control:
An action derived from the combination

of a Valve, Actuator, and sensing and
activating circuits, programmed to
regulate a fluid flow or process variable
by varying the valve mechanism
position or Throttling in response to
process changes without Operator
intervention.
Blowdown Valve:
See Blowoff Valve.
Blowoff Valve:
A Valve used to release the pressurized

contents of a pressure vessel or piping.
Body:
The principal pressure-containing shell

of a Valve or Fitting which has ends
adapted for connection to piping. See
also Valve Body.
TP-5D-1

Term
Definition
Term
Definition
Body-Bonnet Joint:
The connection of a valve Body to the

Bonnet. This may be threaded Union,
Breech Lock, bolted, welded, or
Pressure Seal type, or a combination
thereof. A capability for seal welding
may be included.
Bushing:
See Pipe Bushing.
Butterfly Valve:
A Valve which uses a rotatable Disc as

a Closure Member and which obstructs
flow when the Disc is rotated to block
the flow.
Butt Welding:
The ends of a Valve or Fitting which are

adapted for welding to pipe by abutting
the ends and welding within the groove
formed between the prepared ends.
By-Pass:
A piping loop provided to permit flow

around a valve Closure Member in its
closed position.
By-Pass Valve:
A Valve used in a By-Pass.
Cage:
In a Globe Valve, an element which fully

surrounds the Valve Disc thereby
providing support and alignment to the
Disc. In a Ball Check Valve, a part
provided to guide and restrict the
motion of the check ball.
Cap:
A Fitting used to effect closure of a

piping system. May also be a valve
component.
Center to End:
The linear distance from the centerline

of one port passage of a Fitting or
Angle Valve with flanged ends to the
other flange face.
Center to Face:
The linear distance from the centerline

of one port passage of a Fitting or
Angle Valve with other than Flanged
ends to the
Chainwheel:
A manual Actuator which uses a chaindriven wheel to turn a valve Stem,

Handwheel or gearing.
Chain Wrench:
A special form of Chainwheel.
Check Valve:
A Unidirectional Valve which is opened

by the fluid flow in one direction and
which closes automatically to prevent
flow in the reverse direction.
Clamp Gate Valve:
A Valve in which the Body and Bonnet

are held together by a U-shaped clamp
which passes through lugs cast on the
Body and Bonnet. Also called a saddle
gate or clipgate valve.
Closure Member:
That part of the Valve which is

positioned in the flow stream to permit
flow or to obstruct flow, depending on
closure position. In specific designs, it
may also be called a Disc, Wedge, Plug,
Ball, Gate or other functionally similar
expression. See also Obturator.
Body End:
That portion of the Body which is

adapted for connection to piping
components.
Body End Port:
The flow opening in the Body End.
Body Flange:
The Flange on a Valve Body to which

the Bonnet or Cover is bolted.
Body Plug:
A threaded Pipe Plug designed to seal a

tapped hole in the Body.
Body Seat:
See Seat.
Body Tap:
A tapped hole in a pressure boundary

wall often used for connection of a
Drain or By-Pass.
Bolted Bonnet:
A valve construction in which the

Bonnet is bolted to the Body.
Bolted Cap:
See Bolted Cover.
Bolted Cover:
A Cover attached to a Body by bolting.
Bolted Gland:
See Packing Gland.
Bonnet:
A Valve Body closure component which

contains an opening for the Stem.
Bonnet Bolting:
The bolting which secures a Bonnet to

a Valve Body.
Bonnet Bushing:
An insert in a Bonnet which serves as a

Stem or Plug guide and may also
provide a Back Seat surface.
Bonnet Flange:
The Flange on a Bonnet through which

the Bonnet is bolted to the Valve Body.
Bonnet Gasket:
The gasket which seals a Body-Bonnet

Joint on a Valve.
Bonnetless Valve:
A Valve with no Bonnet.
Bonnet Ring:
See Union Nut.
Boss:
A raised area on the surface of a

component.
Brazing Ends:
Ends of a Valve or Fitting which are

adapted for brazing to pipe or tube.
Breech Lock:
A connection means between two Valve

components characterized by
interrupted lug-type elements which are
engaged by a partial turn of one part
inserted into or over the other.
Bronze Mounted:
A Trim class used in cast iron valves

wherein the Seating Surfaces, and
Stem when present, are made of brass
or bronze.
TP-5D-1

Term
Definition
Term
Definition
Cock:
A form of Plug Valve which depends

exclusively on sealing of conical
surfaces to prevent leakage through the
Valve and to the atmosphere.
Diaphragm:
Cold Working Pressure:
The maximum pressure at which a

Valve or Fitting is allowed to be used at
ambient temperature.
A valve component consisting of a

flexible sheet of material arranged to
contain a fluid and to which mechanical
or fluid forces may be applied to
deform the sheet to interrupt fluid flow.
Diaphragm Actuator:
A fluid-powered Actuator which uses

hydraulic or pneumatic fluid pressure
acting on a diaphragm to develop force
to move the Valve Closure Member.
Diaphragm Valve:
A Valve containing a Diaphragm

deformed to permit throttling of fluid
flow by forcing it against a raised
section or weir in the Body flow
passageway to close off line flow.
Disc:
See Closure Member.
Disc Face:
The seating surface of a Disc.
Disc Guide:
A guide that aligns the Disc relative to

the Seat.
Disc Hinge Pin:
A pin which supports the Disc of a

Swing or Tilting Disc Check Valve.
Composition Disc:
A Valve Closure Member containing a

non-metallic component for sealing or
stopping flow.
Compression Fitting:
A Fitting for pipe or tube which seals

and grips by radial deformation of
circumferential sealing elements.
Compressor:
In a Diaphragm Valve, a rigid member

attached to the Valve Stem to support
the Diaphragm and to force it against
the weir.
Concentric Reducer:
A Reducer with both openings on the

same centerline.
Control Valve:
A Valve serving as a control element in

a system providing means for varying
the rate of flow of the fluid passing
through the Valve.
Double Block and Bleed:
See Block and Bleed Valve.
Double Disc:
A two-piece Disc used in a Gate Valve.
Corporation Stop:
See Cock.
Drain:
Coupling:
A Fitting used to make a linear

connection between two lengths of
piping.
A connection provided in a Valve Body,

Bonnet or Fitting for the purpose of
releasing fluid.
Drainage Fitting:
A non-pressure rated Fitting having an

inside diameter the same as the
respective piping inside diameter, with
an inside shoulder against which the
piping abuts. The fitting provides
substantially continuous internal flow
passage surfaces.
Cover:
That part of a Valve which provides a

closure for an opening into the Valve.
Cover Bolting:
The bolting which fastens a Cover to a

Valve.
Cover Gasket:
The gasket in a Valve which seals the

Cover joint.
Drop Elbow:
The Union Ring which connects a

Union Cover to the Body of a Valve.
An Elbow having two integral lugs with

screw holes for mounting.
Drop Tee:
A Tee having two integral lugs or ears

extending from the side. The lugs are
opposite the outlet and equipped with
holes for mounting.
Drum Trap:
A Drainage Fitting designed to provide a

liquid seal in a drain line and
characterized by an upright cylindrical
body.
Dual-Sealing Valve:
A Valve which uses redundant seatsealing means.
Eccentric Reducer:
A Reducer with the small end offcenter.
Elbow:
A fitting used to change the direction of

piping.
Elbow, Long Radius:
An Elbow with the center to face

distance 1A?s times the nominal size of
the Elbow.
Cover Ring:
Cross:
A Fitting having four openings in one

plane at 90 angles.
Cross, Reducing:
A Cross with one or more openings

smaller than the inlet.
Cross, Straight:
A Cross with four openings of equal size.
Cycle of Operation:
The actuation of a Valve from one limit

of its operational position to the
opposite limit and return to its original
position. Example: Full Closed to Full
Open to Full Closed.
Cylinder Actuator:
A fluid-powered Actuator which

converts hydraulic or pneumatic
pressure acting on a piston within a
cylinder into mechanical force and
motion to impart motion to a Valve
Closure Member.
TP-5D-1

Term
Definition
Term
Definition
Elbow, Short Radius:
An Elbow with the center to face

measurement equal to the nominal size
of the Elbow.
Fitting, Socket Welding:
Elbow, Reducing:
An Elbow with ends of different sizes.
A Fitting with End Connections having a

socket configuration to fit the ends of
the pipe and in which the pipe is fillet
welded in place on its outside diameter.
Elbow, Side Outlet:
An Elbow with an additional outlet

extending from the side of the fitting
usually 90 to the plane of the inlet
and outlet.
Fitting, Solder Joint:
A copper or copper alloy Fitting with

End Connections manufactured to
permit joining to copper tube, or a
Solder Joint Fitting and/or Valve by
soldering or brazing.
Elbow, Street:
An Elbow having an external connection

on one end and an internal connection
on the other.
Fitting, Threaded:
A Fitting with threaded End Connections

for attachment to threaded pipe.
Electric Motor Actuator:
A power Actuator for Valves wherein a

gear reduction unit is powered by an
electric motor.
Flange:
An annular collar designed to permit a

bolted connection with similar collars.
Flange Facing:
The geometry of the mating surface of

a Flange.
Flange, Lap Joint:
A Flange that has a radius at the

intersection of the bore and the flange
face in order to slip over a lap joint stub
end. This Flange can be swiveled
around a Lap Joint Stub End in order to
align bolt holes.
Flange, Reducing:
A Flange of a given size with a flow

bore of a smaller size used to make a
joint between different pipe sizes.
Flange, Slip-On:
A Flange that slips over the end of a

pipe or Fitting and is fillet welded in
place.
Flange, Socket Welding:
A Flange having a socket configuration

that fits the end of a pipe for fillet
welding.
End Entry Ball Valve:
A design of Ball Valve in which the Ball

and Seats are accessible by the removal
of an end piece.
Expansion Joint:
A pressure-tight connection device

which accommodates relative
movement of attached piping.
Eye Bolt:
A threaded bolt which has a head

fashioned to accommodate a cylindrical
cross pin connection.
Face-to-Face Dimension:
The dimension from the face of the inlet

port to the face of the outlet port of
Flanged Valves or Fittings.
Finned Bonnet:
A Bonnet with external fins located

between the Packing Chamber and
flow area.
Fitting:
Connector or closure used with piping

or piping components to form fluid
lines and passages with a desired
system configuration.
Flange, Threaded:
A low-hub Flange with a threaded bore

for assembly with threaded pipe.
Flange, Welding Neck:
A Fitting which is attached to the run

pipe by welding. The branch pipe is
usually attached by welding, socket
welding, or threading.
A Flange with a tapered hub bored to

match the inside diameter of matching
pipe and with hub beveled for butt
welding to the pipe.
Flanged Ends:
A Fitting whose End Connections are

adapted for butt welding to pipe or to
other Butt Welding Fittings or Valves.
Refers to a type of connection on a

Valve or a Fitting, used for joining to
other components with mating Flanges.
Flangeless Valve:
A Valve intended to mount between pipe

Flanges with span bolts passing from
pipe Flange to pipe Flange. The valves
may have locators for line centering.
Flat Faced Flange:
Flange which is flat from the Flange

periphery to the flow or access opening.
Flat Full Face Gasket:
A flat gasket which contacts the entire

surface of a Flat Faced Flange.
Flexible Wedge Disc:
A Gate Valve Disc which has a solid

center but which is flexible at the
sealing periphery.
Fitting, Branch
Welding Outlet:
Fitting, Buttwelding:
Fitting Flanged:
A Fitting having flanged End

Connections.
Fitting, Flared:
A Fitting designed for attachment of a

tube having a pre-formed flare on the
tube end.
Fitting, Flareless:
A tubing Fitting which seals and grips

by means which do not involve a preformed flare at the end of a tube. See
Compression Fitting.
TP-5D-1

Term
Definition
Term
Definition
Floating Ball-Ball Valve:
Ball Valve with a Ball held in position

only by two Seats.
Inside Screw,
Non-rising Stem:
Flow Regulation:
Control of flow passing through piping.
Follower Gland:
The element used to compress the

gasket or sealing gasket of a
Mechanical Joint.
A type of Gate Valve design. The Disc

rises on the threaded part of the Stem
instead of the Stem rising through the
Bonnet. The Stem does not rise or
descend as the Stem is turned.
Inside Screw, Rising Stem:
A type of Gate or Globe Valve design

where the Stem has both rotary and
axial motion and rises as the Stem is
turned. The Stem threads are between
the Stem Packing and the Closure
Member.
Insulating Unions:
Also known as dielectric unions, used

to mechanically join piping for
pressure-tight transmission of fluids,
with electrical insulation separating the
joined piping.
Four-Way Valve:
A Valve with four Ports, arranged to

control the direction of fluid flow through
the valve and connected piping system.
Full Opening Through

Conduit Valve:
A Valve whose opening is substantially

equivalent to attached piping.
Fusible Plug:
A non-reclosing Plug, which is

designed to melt at a specified
temperature.
Gate:
The Closure Member of a gate valve.
Junk Ring:
See Packing Washer.
Gate Valve:
A Valve whose Closure Member is a

Wedge or Gate which moves on an axis
perpendicular to the direction of flow.
Knife Gate Valve:
A type of Gate Valve using a thin flat

Gate. Usually used in controlling slurries.
Gland:
See Packing Gland and Follower Gland.
Lantern Gland:
See Lantern Ring.
Gland Flange:
A Flange, bearing against a Packing

Gland, used to compress packing.
Lantern Ring:
Gland Follower:
See Packing Gland.
Globe Valve:
A valve whose Closure Member is a

Disc or Plug which moves on an axis
perpendicular to the Seat.
A rigid spacer ring used in the Lantern

Ring type of Packing Chamber to
permit lubrications of the Packing,
purging of the Shaft or Stem area, or a
leak-off system.
Lantern-Ring-Type
Packing Chamber:
A Stem sealing chamber with a Lantern

Ring and rings of Packing above and
below the Lantern Ring.
Lap Joint Stub End:
A Fitting normally used with a lap joint

Flange, consisting of a cylinder or
barrel with an integral flat ring or lap
around one end with a radius at the
external intersection of the barrel and
the lap. The other end is usually
beveled for butt-welding to matching
type. The lap face normally has a spiral
serrated finish. This surface serves as
the raised-face gasket surface of the
Flange in lap flange connections.
Grooved End:
A special Mechanical Joint using

circumferential groove cut into the
Fitting or Valve End to retain a section
of a coupling member.
Guillotine Valve:
See Knife Gate Valve.
Handle Bar Union:
Also known as Lug Nut or High-Speed

Union. The nut has one or more
projections that may be struck with a
hammer for quick opening or closure.
Handwheel:
A rimmed component designed to

facilitate manual actuation of a Valve.
Hard Facing:
A deposit of hard, wear- and corrosionresistant material applied at the Seating

Surfaces or other parts of a Valve
subject to wear.
Lateral:
A three-way Fitting having two pipe

ends opposite each other in a straight
run and a branch outlet projecting from
the run at an angle, usually 45.
Hinge:
In a Swing Check Valve, the pivotal

element that supports the Disc
assembly relative to the Body Seat.
Lateral, Reducing:
A Lateral with the branch outlet smaller

than the run.
Lateral, Straight:
Hinge Pin:
See Disc Hinge Pin.
Hydraulic Actuator:
A device which converts hydraulic

energy into mechanical force and
motion for positioning a Valve Closure
Member.
A Lateral with all three openings, the

run as well as the branch outlet, the
same size.
Lens Joint:
A bolted Flange joint characterized by

metal-to-metal sealing involving the
inelastic deformation of the Flange
mating surfaces of a pierced, lensshaped member.
TP-5D-1

Term
Definition
Term
Definition
Lever Actuator:
An Actuator which includes an arm or

lever which is manually moved to
operate a valve.
Open Left:
Counter-clockwise rotation of actuation

device to open Valve.
Open Right:
Lift Check Valve:
A Check Valve whose Closure Member

is lifted by the fluid.
Clockwise rotation of actuation device

to open Valve.
Operating Cycle:
See Cycle of Operation.
Lined:
A term applied to Valves, Fittings or

piping having internal surfaces of
protective materials to enhance
resistance to corrosion, erosion or
contamination.
Operator:
A person who causes a Valve to be

actuated.
O Ring Unions:
Pipe Unions using O rings for

pressure sealing.
OS and Y:
The type of Valve design abbreviated

from outside screw and yoke. The
Packing is between Stem threads and
the Valve Body.
P-Trap:
A Drainage Fitting having a vertical inlet

to a U-shaped water seal section
which has a horizontal or 90 outlet.
Packing:
Deformable material which provides a

seal around a movable penetration
through a pressure boundary.
Packing Assembly:
A Stem sealing system consisting of

deformable material or more mating
deformable elements contained in a
chamber which may have a mutually
adjustable compression means to
provide an effective seal.
Packing Box:
See Packing Chamber.
Packing Chamber:
The part of the Packing Assembly

containing the Packing used to seal
against leakage around a Stem or Shaft.
Also called Stuffing Box or Packing Box.
Packing Gland:
Elements used to compress Packing.

Also called Packing Follower.
Lubricant:
See Sealant.
Lubricated Plug Valve:
A Plug Valve in which the Plug rotation

and sealing can be assisted by Sealant
applied under external pressure.
Lug-Type Valve:
A Valve with short Face-to-Face

Dimension in proportion to the fluid
passage diameter designed to be bolted
to one or both Flanges in a line by the
use of fasteners which are threaded
into lug protrusions of the Valve Body.
Lug Wafer Valve:
See Lug-Type Valve, Single Flanged

Valve and Wafer Valve.
Lugged Valve:
See Lug-Type Valve and Single Flanged

Valve.
Male End:
The externally threaded or plain end of

a pipe, tube, Valve or Fitting.
Mechanical Connection:
A term used to designate various

methods for assembling product
components by mechanical means.
Memory Stop:
An accessory on a valve which provides

for repeatable stopping of the Closure
Member at a position other than fully
open or closed.
National Standard
Pipe Thread:
Nipple:
A dimensional system of threading

commonly used on pipe, Valves, and
Fittings in the U.S.A. Includes Taper,
Dryseal and straight-thread forms.
Packing, Injection:
A deformable material used in a sealing

system which uses external pressure
for injection into a Packing Chamber.
Packing Nut:
A Piping Component consisting of a

short piece of pipe with both ends
externally threaded.
A nut used on a Packing Assembly to

compress packing. Often used in
conjunction with a Packing Gland.
Packing Washer:
A spacer placed at the end of a set of

Packing to prevent extrusion of
Packing.
Pinch Valve:
A Valve having a flexible center tube or

hose which is pinched to effect
closure.
Pipe Bushing:
A Fitting with one external and one

small internal end.
Pipe Plug:
A threaded device with no flowway used

to provide closure of a Threaded End.
Pipe Threads:
Threaded End Connections used to join

piping components.
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS):
A standard size identification number,

not necessarily an actual dimension.
Non-Lubricated Plug Valve:
A Plug Valve that does not require

lubrication.
Non-Return Valve:
See Stop Check Valve.
Non-Rising Stem:
A Valve Stem which does not move into

and out of the Valve when the Valve is
actuated.
Obturator:
TP-5D-1
See Closure Member. This term is used

in international standards.

Term
Definition
Term
Definition
Piston Check Valve:
A type of Lift Check Valve in which the

Closure Member acts like a piston
within a cylinder.
Regulating Valve:
A Valve designed to control the flow

rate or pressure of fluid flowing
through the Valve.
Pivot Pin:
See Hinge Pin.
Relief Valve:
Plug:
A Closure Member used in a Plug

Valve.
An automatic pressure-relieving Valve

which is actuated when the internal
pressure exceeds a set value.
Plug Cock:
See Cock.
Remote Control:
System for actuating a Valve from a

location distant from the Valve.
Plug, Countersunk:
A taper-threaded Pipe Plug having a

square or hexagon countersunk socket.
Return Bend:
A U-shaped Fitting that changes the

direction of piping 180.
Plug, Headed:
A Pipe Plug having a hexagonal or

square head.
Return Bend, Long Radius:
Plug-Type Disc:
A type of Disc used in Globe Valves;

tapered plug Disc and cone-shaped
Seat surface.
A Return Bend that has a center to

center measurement three times the
nominal size of the return.
Return Bend, Short Radius:
A Return Bend that has a center-tocenter dimension two times the

nominal size of the return.
Ring Joint:
A bolted Flange design in which the

adjacent flange faces contain grooves
designed to receive a shaped,
continuous ring arranged in such a way
that the ring is compressed by the
mating flange grooves to provide a
seal.
Rising Stem:
A Valve Stem which moves into and out

of the Valve when the Valve is actuated.
Roof Connection:
A Drainage Vent Fitting used with roof

flashing and to extend the length of a
vent pipe.
Running Trap:
A drainage water trap Fitting having a

horizontal inlet into a U-shaped water
seal section and with a horizontal
outlet. The Fitting is usually furnished
with a vent opening extending vertically
opposite each leg of the U-bend.
Rupture Disc:
A non-reclosing pressure relief device

actuated by inlet static pressure and
designed to function by bursting at
specified pressure.
Safety Relief Valve:
An automatic pressure-actuated
relieving device suitable for use either
as a Safety Valve or Relief Valve
depending on application.
Safety Valve:
A pressure Relief Valve actuated by

inlet static pressure and characterized
by rapid opening or pop action.
Screwed Bonnet:
See Threaded-in Bonnet and/or

Threaded-over Bonnet.
Screwed End:
See Threaded End.
Screwed Flange:
See Flange, Threaded.
Seal, Water:
A seal using water as a barrier between

the Packing and the atmosphere.
Plug Valve:
Pneumatic Actuator:
A Valve having a Closure Member of

cylindrical or conical shape that is
rotatable into alignment with the flow
passageway and in which sealing is
effected by the fit of the cylinder or cone
into the mating surface of the Body.
A device which converts pneumatic
pressure into mechanical motion and
force to move the Valve Closure
Member.
Pneumatic Motor Actuator:
See Air Motor Actuator.
Pressure Seal Gasket:
The sealing ring member of a Pressure

Seal Joint.
Pressure Seal Joint:
A Cover or Bonnet Closure assembly in

which internal fluid pressure force on
the Cover or Bonnet increases the
compressive loading on the sealing
gasket.
Quarter-Turn Valve:
A Valve whose Closure Member rotates

approximately 90 to move from full
open to full closed position.
Quick-Opening Valve:
A Valve designed to open or close

quickly.
Quick-Opening
Control Valve:
A Valve whose Closure Member is

designed to reach maximum flow with
minimum lift.
Raised Face:
The projecting annular surface on

certain types and classes of Flanges
which projects above the bolting ring
and provides the gasket compression
area.
Reduced Part Valve:
Reducer:
10
A Valve equipped with a reduce flow

passage at the Closure Member for a
given end connect size. Sometimes
called Restricted Port Valve.
A Fitting that functions as a Coupling
but has a smaller pipe size on one end.
TP-5D-1

Term
Definition
Term
Definition
Sealant:
A thixotropic grease-like material

deployed in certain Valves to enhance
the sealing of Seats and Stems.
Stem:
Seat:
That portion of a Valve against which

the Closure Member presses to effect
shut-off.
A Valve component to which motion is

impaired outside the Valve assembly to
move the Closure Member inside the
Valve.
Stem Bushing:
See Stem Nut.
Stem Nut:
The part of the Valve assembly which

converts rotary actuating effort into
thrust on the valve Stem.
Stop Check Valve:
A Check Valve in which the Closure

Member can be mechanically closed.
Street Ell:
See Elbow, Street.
Street Tee:
See Tee, Street.
Stuffing Box:
See Packing Chamber.
Stuffing Nut:
See Packing Nut.
Swing Check Valve:

Member is mounted so that it swings
away.
Tee:
A branched outlet Fitting used to permit

straight-through and 90 flow.
Tee, Reducing:
A Tee with unequal pipe size

connections.
Tee, Straight:
A Tee with all three openings, the run

as well as the branch outlet, the same
size.
Tee, Side Outlet:
A Tee with an additional outlet

extending from the side of the fitting at
90 from the plane of the other three.
Tee, Street:
A Tee with external pipe threads on one

end of the run.
Threaded-in Bonnet:
A Bonnet which is threaded into the

Body.
Seat Bushing:
See Seat Ring.
Seat Insert:
Material inserted into the Seat face to

provide improved sealing. Usually
resilient material.
Seat Ring:
Seating Surfaces:
A separate piece inserted in the Valve

Body to form a Seat against which the
Closure Member engages to shut off
flow.
The contacting surfaces of the Closure
Member and Seat which effect Valve
closure.
Self-Controlled Regulator:
A Regulating Valve which is activated

by the fluid flowing through the Valve.
Shaft:
See Stem.
Silver Brazing:
A brazing process using silver alloys.
Single Flanged Valve:
A style of Wafer Valve whose body is

configured to be boltable as a Closure
Member on the end of a pipeline
without any additional Flange or
retaining parts. The holes that mate
with the pipeline Flanges may be tapped
or untapped. The body exterior may be
cylindrical like the pipeline Flange or
may be cut away such that the pipeline
Flange outside diameter occurs only at
the bolthole locations.
Slurry Valve:
A Valve that is designed to handle

solids entrained in liquids.
Threaded-over Bonnet:
Socket Welding End:
The end of a Valve or Fitting configured

to permit the insertion of pipe ends for
joining the Valve or Fitting by fillet
welding.
A Bonnet into which the Body is

threaded.
Threaded End:
Type of end on a Valve, Fitting, or pipe

which permits parts to be joined by
engaging external and internal threads.
Socket Welding
Reducing Insert:
A fitting whose insertion reduces a

Socket Welding to a smaller pipe size.
Three-Way Valve:
Solder Ends:
The ends of a Valve or Fitting which are

adapted for solder connection to pipe
or tube.
A Valve with three ports, arranged to

control the direction of fluid flow
through the valve and connected
piping system.
Throttling:
Solid Wedge Disc Valve:
A Gate Valve design using a one-piece

Disc or Wedge not designed for
flexibility.
A reduction of flow through a Valve by

particle closure.
Thrust Collar:
A device for restraining axial movement

of Stem.
Spindle:
See Stem.
Tilting Disc Check Valve:
Spindle Bushing:
See Stem Nut.
Split Wedge:
A two-piece Wedge used in a Gate

Valve with non-parallel Seats.

Member pivots, but not entirely out of
the flow passage.
TP-5D-1
11

Tongue and Grooved Joint:
Trim:
A type of joint in which a tongue (a

raised annular surface) on one
component engages a mating groove in
another to assist in mechanical
alignment and gasket retention of the
assembly.
Functional parts of a Valve which are
exposed to the line fluid. Usually refers
to the Stem, Closure Member and
Seating Surfaces.
Valve Seat Port:
An opening in a Valve which can be

partly or completely blocked by the
closure element.
Valve Stem:
See Stem.
Valve Stem Extension:
Means for extending the Stem length.
Valve Stem Thrust:
The force required to actuate a linear

movement of a Valve Stem.
Valve Stem Torque:
A torque required to actuate a rotary

movement of the Valve Stem.
True Y:
See Wye.
Valve Trim:
See Trim.
Trunnion Ball Valve:
Ball Valve with Ball supported by two

bearings (trunnion) in the Valve Body.
Vane:
See Disc.
Tucker Connection:
A drainage vent Fitting having a

threaded joint on one end and a caulked
joint on the other end, used to couple a
threaded vent pipe to a pipe having a
plain or spigot end.
Wafer Valve:
A Valve designed to be installed

between flanges, which has a short
Face-to-Face Dimension in relation to
the pipeline diameter.
Water Gage:
See Liquid Level Gage.
Wedge:
A Gate Valve Closure Member whose

Seating Surfaces are inclined to the
direction of thrust so that they can be
mechanically forced into sealing
contact.
Wedge Gate Valve:
A Gate Valve design in which a wedgeshaped Closure Member is forced

between angled Seats to stop flow.
Welding Ends:
Valve or Fitting ends designed for

attachment to pipe or other Valves or
Fittings by welding.
Unidirectional Valve:
A Valve designed for sealing in one

direction only.
Union:
A multi-piece Fitting which allows the

joining or separating of piping without
rotating the piping.
Union Bonnet:
A Valve Bonnet which is fastened to the

Valve Body by means of a Union Nut.
Union Cover:
A Cover fastened to the Valve by means

of a Union Nut.
Union Fitting:
See Union.
Union Nut:
The threaded ring which joins the Body

and Bonnet or Cover of Union Bonnet
or Union Cover valves; or principal
Union component.
Wye:
A three-way Fitting whose flow passage

is shaped like the letter Y. This fitting
is sometimes called a True Y or a
True Wye..
Union Ring:
See Union Nut.
Y:
See Wye.
Union, Ground Joint:
A Fitting assembly consisting of a tail

or male part, a head or female part, and
a Union Nut. The seating surfaces
between head and tail are precisionmachined to produce a leak-tight joint.
Y-Type Valve:
A modified Glove Valve in which the

Seat and Bonnet are at an angle other
than 90 to the flow passage.
Yoke:
That part of a Valve assembly used to

position the Stem Nut or to mount the
valve Actuator.
Yoke Bushing:
See Stem Nut.
Yoke Nut:
See Stem Nut.
Yoke Sleeve:
See Stem Nut.
Union, Gasket Joint:
A Union employing a resilient gasket for

sealing.
V-Port Plug
A Type of Valve Plug or Disc which has

an orifice in the shape of the letter V to
provide specific flow throttling
characteristics.
Valve:
A device which isolates or controls fluid

direction, or flow rate. Synonyms: Stop,
Cock, Faucet, Tap, and Bib.
Valve Actuator:
See Actuator.
Valve Body:
See Body.
Valve Closure Member:
See Closure Member.
Valve Plug:
See Plug.
12
TP-5D-1
Basic Valve Design

For many years the selection of valves was a relatively simple matter
since the varieties to choose from were limited. But technological
advances in materials construction and more stringent requirements
imposed on piping systems and valves have led to new developments.
Modifications have been made in conventional valves and new
designs have emerged.
Valve selection starts with an understanding of the function the valve is
expected to perform and the factors that affect its performance, such
as the properties of the fluid going through the valve, fluid friction
losses, operating conditions, materials of constructions, and size.
Valve Selection Factors

Usually, more than one type of valve is suitable to perform a specific
function. To narrow the selection, engineers must look at the factors
that affect a valves performance and the effect the valve has on the
fluid being handled.
Some of the factors to be considered are:
Properties of the fluid being handled. These properties include:
specific gravity, viscosity, corrosiveness, and abrasiveness. Fluid is a
general term which can mean gas, vapor, slurry, or liquid.
Care should be taken to determine what fluids can come in contact
with a valve. A valve on the feed line to a processing vessel, for
example, could be selected based on fluid flowing through the line.
Once the vessel has been charged and placed in operation it is
possible that entirely different fluids will contact the vessel side of the
valve as a result of chemical reactions in the vessel.
Pressure drops of various types of valves. A system requirement of
limited pressure drop can often influence valve selection. A typical
system requiring limited pressure drop is the inlet suction piping for
a pump inlet. Minimum allowable pressure drop must be considered
to give good pump performance.
Actual operating conditions at each valve. Maximum and minimum
pressures and temperatures should be known. A valve choice,
particularly in corrosion-resistant materials, can be influenced by
these factors.
Materials of construction. Materials of construction are directly
related to the fluid properties of corrosion and abrasiveness. In
dealing with extremely corrosive or abrasive fluids the choice of a
valve is limited by availability of valves in suitable materials of
construction.
Material of construction of the body should be considered separately
from the material of construction of the trimstem, seat, ring, and
disc. For certain types of lined valves, such as diaphragm valves, the
lining material can be different from the diaphragm.
Valve size. What valve sizes are required may limit the choice, since
all types of valves are not available in a complete range of sizes.
Also, the economy of one type of valve over another can change as
valve size changes. The problem of available valve sizes is also
affected by required materials of construction.
Flow. How a valve regulates flow and its flow path should be taken
into account when selecting a valve for flow control.
TP-5D-1
Valves for stopping and starting flow should have low flow resistance
or a straight-through flow passage such as a plug, pinch, or gate
valve. Globe valves offer high flow resistance but are often used in
throtting service.
Valves for control of flow rate are selected for easy adjustment. Globe
valves are usually chosen for this duty because of the directly
proportional relationship of the size of the seat opening and the travel
of the shutoff disc. Plug, ball, and butterfly valves have good
throttling control over a restricted opening range. Gate valves achieve
good flow control only near the closed position and are never used
for this service. The Worcester characterized metal seat gives a full
range of throttling with temperatures up to 800F.
Valves for diverting flow have three or more ports, depending on the
type of diversion, and are usually plug or ball valves. Other types of
valves have been adapted for this service by interlinking them.
Valves for handling solids in suspension have a closure member
which slides across the seat with a wiping motion. Gate, plug, and
pinch valves are best suited for this service.
Valve Types
Gate valves are widely used because of their low cost, and simple
design and operation. They have little obstruction to flow, low
turbulence, and low pressure drop. These valves are normally used
where operation is infrequent and the valve will be fully closed or fully
open. They should not be used for throttling applications because
accurate control of flow is practically impossible.
Most of the flow change through a valve occurs near shutoff at high
velocity. If the valve is opened slightly, the seat and disc are
subjected to severe wire drawing and erosion that will eventually
prevent tight shutoff.
Gate valves usually have a low pressure drop when fully open, provide
a tight seal when fully closed, and are relatively free of contamination
buildup. They are prone to vibration in a partially open position.
Response characteristics are slow and large actuating forces are
required. Gate valves should be opened slowly to prevent hydraulic
shock in the line. Slow closing helps to flush trapped sediment and
dirt. The rising stem of a gate valve requires constant maintenance
and provides poor sealing in steam or corrosive services.
Globe and angle valves are normally used where operation is
frequent and flow throttling is required. They can be considered
general purpose flow control valves.
A significant feature of this type of valve is efficient throttling with
minimum wire drawing or disc and seat erosion. However, this type of
valve is not recommended where resistance to flow and pressure
drop are undesirable because they have the highest pressure drop of
commonly used valves. Ball valves with CPT are a better choice.
Their short disc travel and the few turns required for opening and
closing save time and wear on the valve stem and bonnet. But in large
sizes, they require a considerable amount of power to operate.
Foreign matter on seats can usually be flushed by opening the valve
slightly. In high-temperature steam service, globe valves should be
installed with the steam pressure entering above the disc. Special
stem packings are also required.
13

Angle valves are another form of globe valve and have similar
features, such as stem, disc, and seat ring. The flow on the inlet side
is at a right angle to the flow on the outlet side, making a 90 change
in direction. The use of an angle valve eliminates the need for an
elbow and extra fittings in the line.
Diaphragm valves are particularly suited for handling corrosive fluids,
sticky and/or viscous materials, fibrous slurries, sludges, foods, and
other products that require high purity and must remain free from
contamination. Many fluids that would clog, corrode, or foul the
working parts of other valves pass through a diaphragm valve without
causing problems. There are no packing glands to maintain and no
possibility of steam leakage. Care must be used in selecting the
diaphragm for pressure, temperature and media to prevent failures.
Diaphragm valves are mostly used for on-off service. There are two
body types: the weir and straight through. The weir type throttles flow
in a limited range. Its characteristics are those of a quick-opening
valve because of the large shutoff area along the seat.
The major components of the diaphragm valve are the body,
diaphragm, and stem and bonnet assembly. There is no valve seat,
because the body itself acts as the seat.
Diaphragm valves are frequently used in services with highly corrosive
atmospheres. Bonnets and handwheels are available with protective
coatings, corrosion resistant materials, and special lubricants.
Plug valves are normally used for non-throttling, on-off applications
where frequent operation of the valve is necessary. These valves are
not recommended for throttling service, because, as in gate valves, a
great percentage of flow change occurs near shutoff at high velocity.
A diamond-shaped port is available for throttling service. Plug valves
are also used in high-temperature, low-pressure applications.
The advantages of plug valves are: minimum installation space,
simple operation, quarter-turn quick action, relatively little turbulence
within the valve, and low pressure drop across the valve.
Another important characteristic of the plug valve is its adaption to
multiport construction. Multiport valves simplify piping and provide
more convenient operation than multiple gate valves. They eliminate
pipe fittings and the need for multiple conventional shutoff valves.
effective sealing of flow in both directions. Many designs permit

adjustment for wear. Care must be used in the selection of seat
material to ensure it is compatible with fluids handled by the valve as
well as with the operating temperature.
In addition to quick, quarter-turn, on-off operation, ball valves are
compact, easy to maintain, require no lubrication, and give tight
sealing with low torque. They are recommended for both on-off
service, minimum resistance to flow, moderate temperature service
where low maintenance is required, and throttling applications with
characterized seats.
Ball valves are available in multiport configurations, similar to plug
valves. These valve bodies are usually larger than the equivalent
straight-way valve because a larger diameter ball must be used to
permit multiport drillings. In addition to the handle position as an
indicator of valve setting, the stem has grooves cut in its top face to
show the flow path through the ball.
Butterfly valves, in larger sizes have weight, space, and initial cost
advantages over gate, globe, plug, and ball valves. Maintenance costs
are low because of the minimum number of moving parts and the
absence of pockets that trap fluids.
This type of valve is suitable for throttling as well as on-off
applications. Operation is quick, because a 90 rotation of the handle
moves the control element from fully closed to fully open. Butterfly
valves are well-suited for handling large flows of liquids or gases at
relatively low pressures and for slurries or liquids with large amounts
of suspended solids.
Butterfly valves are built on the principle of a pipe damper. The flow
control element is a disc of approximately the same diameter as the
inside diameter of the adjoining pipe and rotates on a vertical or
horizontal axis. When the disc is parallel to flow, the valve is fully
opened. When the disc is perpendicular to flow, the valve is shut.
Intermediate positions provide throttling.
Ceramic or Plastic Composite Ball Valve
Plug valves are available in either a lubricated or nonlubricated

design, a variety of port openings, and several plug designs.
Lubricated plugs give tight shutoff on hard-to-hold fluids. The plug is
designed with grooves that permit a lubricant to seal and lubricate
the valve.
The correct choice of lubricant is important for successful valve
performance. Lubricants are available in stick form, tube, and bulk.
Stick or tube lubricant is usually used when a small number of valves
must be serviced or they are scattered throughout a plant.
Ball valves were basically an adaptation of plug valves. Instead of a
plug, a ball with a hole through one axis connects the inlet and outlet
ports in the body. The ball rotates between seats. In the open position,
flow is straight through. When the ball is rotated 90, flow is blocked.
Ball valves are the least expensive valve configuration. In early
designs with metal-to-metal seating, the valves could not give bubbletight sealing. With the development of elastomeric materials, metallic
seats were replaced with polymers, nylon, neoprene, and Teflon. With
a soft seat on both sides of the ball, most ball valves give equally
14
TP-5D-1

Many butterfly valves are produced with an elastomeric seat that
seals against the disc. This arrangement provides a leak-tight closure.
Body construction can be as expensive as the application requires.
The most economical design is the wafer type, which fits between
two pipeline flanges. Valves are available with flanged ends, for
bolting to pipe flanges, and in screwed-end construction. A new
butterfly valve using Teflon and metal seats is available for 300 lb.
and 600 lb. ANSI applications. These high performance valves were
developed for cryogenic and fire safe services.
Pinch valves are the simplest in design of any valve and are relatively
inexpensive. They are the industrial version of the pinch cock used in
the laboratory to control the flow of fluids through rubber tubing.
These valves are ideally suited for handling slurries, liquids with large
amounts of suspended solids, and systems that convey solids
pneumatically. Because the operating mechanism is completely
isolated from the fluid, these valves can be used where corrosion or
contamination of the fluid is a problem.
Pinch valves are suitable for on-off and throttling service. The effective
throttling range is between 10% and 95% of the rated flow capacity.
The simple design of these valves results in a low pressure drop.
Wafer
Lug
The valve mechanism consists of a sleeve molded of rubber or other

synthetic material and a pinching mechanism. All of the operating
portion is external to the valve. The molded sleeve is referred to as
the valve body. Sleeves are available with expanded hubs and clamps
designed to slip over a pipe end or with flanged ends having standard
ANSI dimensions.
The molded bodies are reinforced with fabric and have pressure and
temperature limitations. Special valves have been designed and used
with temperatures that range from -100F to 300F and pressures to
150 psig.
Rubber Lined Butterfly Valve
Slide valves are essentially gate valves. The controlling member is a

knife-like blade which can cut through abrasive slurries and viscous
fluids without clogging and binding. The valves are bidirectional, have
no internal obstruction to flow, and provide a bind flange shutoff
when the gate is closed.
These valves are suitable for high-volume, low-pressure,
nonthrottling applications in difficult environments. Resilient seals
can be fitted in the body or on the slide and are available in various
materials to suit the fluid being handled.
Since there are no accepted standards for slide valves, users can
have them designed for specific applications. Typical slide valve
service include: viscous fluids, dry powder, solids with particles,
slurries, and sludges.
Notched
Wafer
Installation
Valves should be located in a pipeline where they can be easily and
safely operated. An operator should be able to exert the right amount
of force to open and close them properly. Overhead valves, with
handwheels facing down, are usually installed with the handwheel 6
1/2 feet above the operating floor. This places the handwheel high
enough so it is not a head hazard and low enough to be reached
easily by an average operator.
TP-5D-1
15

High Performance TFE Seated Butterfly Valve
Metal
Seat
TFE
Seat
Provision should be made to relieve pipeline stresses caused by

expansion or contraction; otherwise, valves and pipe fittings can be
overstressed and fail. Expansion of pipe can be accommodated by
installing U-bends or expansion joints between all anchor points. The
same conditions exist in the opposite direction in pipelines carrying
extremely cold fluids. In these instances, allowance must be made for
pipe contraction.
with resilient seal and
welded stainless steel seat.
with copper/asbestos or
stainless steel/asbestos
laminated seal for tight shutoff from -200C to +500C.
Valve installation should be made without pipe strain. Valves should

not carry the weight of a pipeline. Distortion from such weight can
result in inefficient operation, jamming, early maintenance, and
difficulty in making flanged connections. Piping should be supported
by hangers placed on either side of the valve to take up weight. Large,
heavy valves should be supported independently of piping to eliminate
induced stresses in the piping system.
Rising stem valves should have enough clearance for operation and
removal of the stem and bonnet if necessary. Insufficient clearance
will prevent the valve from being fully opened, resulting in excessive
pressure drop, gate wedge erosion, chatter, and wire drawing or
seat wear.
Valves are generally protected from damage during shipment by the

manufacturer. The protection should be left in place until the valve is
to be installed. If the valves are exposed, sand or other gritty material
can get into the working parts. Storage should protect the valves from
corrosive fumes and prevent heavy objects from falling on them.
Piping should be blown out with clean compressed air or flushed with
water before installation of valves to remove dirt, grit, and metal chips
from threading and welding.
16
Valves should be installed with the stem in the upright position

whenever possible. When installed with the stem in a downward
position, the bonnet is under the line of flow, forming a pocket to
catch and hold foreign matter. Trapped foreign material can eventually
damage the inside stem or threads of most valves.
Valves with threaded ends are usually used in sizes up to two inch but
are available up to six inch. As the size of the valve increases,
installing and sealing threads becomes more difficult, and flanged
connections become common.
TP-5D-1

Joint-sealing compound should be applied only to male pipe
threadsnot to the threads in the valve body. This reduces the
chance of the compound getting on the seat or inner working parts of
the valve and causing problems.
and flanges can lower bolt tension. Highly-stressed flange joint bolts
should be checked regularly to avoid leakage.
Install screwed-end valves using the correct-size wrench with flat

jaws, not a pipe wrench. This practice reduces the possibility of
distorting or damaging the valve. Use the wrench on the pipe
connection side of the valve to minimize distortion while tightening.
Another precaution is to tightly close the valve before installation.
Welded end connections on valves are suitable for all pressures and
temperatures. They are more reliable than flanged connections at
elevated temperatures and with other severe applications. The
installation and removal of welded-end valves is difficult, and their use
is usually restricted to applications where the valve is expected to
operate reliably for long periods, the application is critical, or the
operating temperature is high.
Flanged end connections permit valves to be easily installed and

removed from a pipeline. Flanged valves are bulkier and more
expensive than threaded-end valves. Because flanged joints are
tightened by a number of bolts, they can be adapted for all sizes and
pressures. At high temperatures, creep relaxation of bolts, gaskets,
Some codes restrict the use of welded sockets. There is the

possibility of crevice corrosion with some fluids, because the socket
weld joints form a pocket between the socket and pipe. Vibration can
fatigue the welded pipe joint and should be reduced or eliminated
where possible.
Stem Seal Design
Conventional
Packings
Are not resilient
Do not transmit gland
loading evenly
Perform with 70%
sealing done by first
2-3 rings
Wear shaft/sleeves
Increase friction
70% wear
1
2
Sealing Load
There are essentially two ways of developing a sealing mode, whether

it is a stem seal or the seats. One is to put sufficient force on the
plastic member to go beyond the elastic limit. In Teflon that pressure
is approximately 900 psi and in graphite, it idaround 3000 lbs.
Technical Paper 8 describes the seat sealing concept and Technical
Paper 11 is a review of the basic stem seal designs. The following two
figures illustrate typical grafoil type packing. As you load the packing
from the top down, the top seal absorbs the majority of the force and
friction reduces this force as you go further into the packing, so the
stresses on the number four (or bottom ring), is substantially
reduced, meaning it tends to seal from the top down in most
conventional type packings.
TP-5D-1
6000 7000
Thrid Ring
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Fourth Ring
When you have metal seats or hard nonresilient type

packings, it is a different sealing concept which is
basically a torturous path. The surface finish of the two
parts is controlled through machining, polishing, or
lapping. Then the gas or liquid flows through this long
torturous path, the friction slows down the fluid, and
you get a controlled leak on the other side of the seat.
This leak rate can be greatly changed by the application
of the product; the cycle life, stress levels on the seat
and the media associated with the process. Generally,
unless you impregnate the surfaces such as the Alpha
Seat with Teflon or the Gamma Seat with Graphite, you
will have to contend with a published leak rate of Class
5 or below. Additional discussions on leak rates and
testing procedures can be found in Technical Paper 7.
Applied Stress, psi
8000 9000 10000
With rising stem valves, the linear movement of the stem up and down
presents serious problems when you get into different applications.
The following pages illustrate typical rising stem packings which are
used in globe control valves. The governing factors which affect the
selection of the packing are primarily cycle life, temperature,
Die Molded Ribbon Packing Stress vs. Stress Curves
media and corrosion elements of the media, surface finish
Four Ring Stack, 90#/ft. Cube Density
of the stem, and the type of lubrication available for the
application. This becomes a very difficult application
and inventory control problem for the customers as
LEGEND
valves are put in different services. It should also be
4
3
2
pointed out that there are no fire-safe globe control
First Ring
rising stem packings currently available.
Second Ring
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Resultand Stress, psi

17
Packing ring
set
No lubricant required.
Pipe plug required in
lubricator hole.
Grafoil wound
ribbon type
rings
Grafoil braided
yarn type rings
PTFE Female adaptor
Finish on bore of
stuffing box is 32
microinches maximum
Finish on bore of
stuffing box is 32
microinches maximum
3 PTFE V-rings
316 SST Lantern ring
Precision roller
burnished 316 SST
stem. 10 microinch
maximum.
PTFE Male adaptor

Washer
316 SST spring (" - 4")
17-7 PH SST spring (6")
Maximum Fluid Contact Temperature 1100 F (590 C)

Precision roller burnished
316 SST stem, 10 microinch
finish maximum
Pipe plug requird in
lubricator hole.
Filled PTFE scraper ring

and 316 SST washers on
1" thru 6" sizes only
PTFE Male adaptor
Maximum Fluid Cosntact Temperature 406 F (207 C)

For Pressures above Atmospheric
Finish on bore of
stuffing box is 32
microinches maximum
3 PTFE V-rings
PTFE Female adaptor
Packing washer
316 SST spring (" - 4")
17-7 PH SST spring (6")

316 SST stem, 10 microinch
finish maximum
Packing Gland
Finish on bore of
stuffing box is 32
microinches maximum
Pipe plug requird in
lubricator hole.
Female Adaptor
Precisionn roller
burnished 316 sst
stem, 10 microinch
finish maximum
3-ptfe V-rings
Male Adaptor
Packing Gland
No lubricant required
pipe plug required in
lubricator hole

and 316 SST washers on
Gland Bushing
Spring
Washers
Packing Ring Grafoil
Braided Type
Maximum Fluid Contact Temperature 406 F (207 C)

for Pressures Below Atmospheric
Suitable for valve passing steam

at 800 F (426 C) if used in
extension bonnet
Typical Globe Valve Packings
18
TP-5D-1
Graphite asbetos braided

packing preforms
Finish on bore of
stuffing box is 32
nicroinches maximum

316 sst stem, 10 microinch
finish maximum
Appropriate lubricant required.

Process fluid determines choice
of lubricant. To be shipped
with pip plug in lubricant cator
hole. Lubricant and lubricator
are available as an option
316 sst Lantern ring
PTFE Femal adaptor
316 sst Washer on

1" 6" sizes only
Thin film of fluorolube

is applied to stem before
assembly
3-PTFE V-rings
Finish on bore of
stuffing box is 32
microinches maximum
PTFE Male adaptor

Maximum fluid contact temperature 800 F (425 C)
(Has greater hysteresis than type V)
316 SST Lantern ring

316 SST stem 10 microinch
finish maximum
Gland stud
Gland nut
Gland flange assembly
Wiper clamp
Felt wiper
Lock ring set screws

90 from studs (not shown)
PTFE V-ring packing

same as above

and 316 SST washer on
Packing gland
Yoke
No lubricant in cavity
on standard assemblies
Gland bushing
Designed for process fluid

which alternates between
pressure and vacuum.
Split ring
Bonnet
Bonnet stud and nut
Yoke lock ring

Bonnet gasket
Scraper ring
Bellows flange gasket
Bonnet extension
Stem and bellows

assembly
Bonnet stud and nut
Bonnet extension show with

gasket surfaces separated to
show relationship of part.
Gland stud
Gland nut
Groove pin
Extension gasket
Guide bushing
Gland flange assembly

Wiper clamp
Cage
Lock ring set screws

90 from studs (not shown)
Felt wiper
Packing gland
Valve plug
Gland bushing
Bonnet
Yoke
Yoke lock ring

Split ring
Bonnet stud & nut
Guide bushing
Bonnet gasket
Bellows flange gasket
Bonnet extension
Stem & bellows

assembly
High-Temperature Packings
Extension stud& nut
Guide bushing
Extension & seat ring

gasket set
Bonnet extension shown with

gasket surfaces separated to
show relationship of parts.
Scraper ring
Spiral gasket
Plug locking pin

Cage
Valve plug
TP-5D-1
19
Comparison Of Competitions Offering G-Globe Style Valves

Company
Size Range
Material
Offered
End Conns And

ANSI Ratings
Other
Jamesbury
!?2" 6"
CI, CS, 316 SS
125 600 ANSI
Fisher
!?2" 12" Std

Larger Avail.
as Special
CI, CS, 316 SS

Bronze !?2" 2"
Alloys #?4" 3" (Std)
Avail. 8"
Cr and Carbon-Moly
125 2500 ANSI

Scrd. Flgd, Socket
Weld Flangelss
(Spacer)
Special Design For
Max. 50,000 psig
Separable Flgs.
Angle Valves
Over Size Flgd.
Pilot Op. Temp.
Press. Levels
3-Ways Y Pa
Cryo 452F
Split Body W/S
Flgs. N Stamp
Masonelian
!?2" 16" (Std)

Larges Sizes
Avail. as Spec.
CI, SC, 316 SS

CR and Carbon-Moly
Alloys !?2" 4" (Std)
Avail. 12"
125 2500 ANSI

Scrd. Flg.
Socket Weld
Flangeless (Spacer)
Spearable Flanges
Special Design for
Max. 50,000 psig
Cam-Flex 1" 12"

In CS and SS 60
ANSI Body Angle
Val. 3-Ways P
Op. Temp/Pressure
Level Split Body
W/Sep. Flgs N
Stamp
Valtek
!?2" 12" (Std)

Larger Sizes
Avail. as Spec.
CI, CS, 316 SS

CR -Moly
Alloys #?4" 4"
125 2500 ANSI

Scrd, Socket Weld
Butt Weld
Integral And Separable Flgs.
Angle Valves
3-Way Valves
N Stamp
Cryo 432F
Hammel-Dahl
!?2" 12" (Std)

Larger Sizes
Avail. as Spec.
CI, CS, 316 SS

CR-Moly
Alloys #?4" 4"
125R 2500 ANSI

Scrd, Socket Weld
Butt Weld
Flangeless (Spacer)
Integral and Separable Flanges
Angle Valves
3-Way Valves
N Stamp
Cryo-452F
20
TP-5D-1
Valve Manufacturers
Valve Type
MN
I.T.T.
HD
KM
Single Seat
Double Seat
Top and Bottom Guided
Style
A, HS
AR
Series
10000
11000
Model
V800/
V804
Series
1400
Split Body
1600
LB
Series
Series
1360
Plug Shk
Guided
Stem
Guided
Fisher
Top Guided
Jamesbury
Foxboro
Sc'd Seat
Cage Ret.
Seat
EB/C
EB/D
Cage Ret.
Seat
BF
BFC
Unbal.
EC
ES, EF
Bal.
ED
EK, ET
v1c
Pilot Val.
Bal.
TP-5D-1
V810
V811
23000
T Bloc
40000
41000
V400
EST
Series
V500
CTV
Series
6650
Series
V500
CTV
Series
6600
Mark
One
40400
41400
v1c
Almost All
Products
Almost All
Products
Almost All
Products
Yes
Partial
Wisper
Trim
EWD
Low DB
78000
10000
20 and 40000
Partial
Partial
Noise
Control
Eccentril
Segmented Ball
(Camflex)
20000
21000
20000
21000
Fl'gless
Top Guided
Cage Ret. Seat
Cage Trim/Cage Guided
Mark
One
v1s
Sc'd Seat
Cavitation
Control
ValTek
35000
35002
Dragon
Tooth
K-Max
21
800
TYPES OF VALVES
Control Valve Matrix
Size vs. psig vs. Style
600
SYSTEM PRESSURE - psig
THINK THEY
NEED
FUTURE
PROBABLE
NEED
CAGE
(High P - High Km)
400
ACTUAL NEED
LOW
200
FLOW
CAGE
BALL OR CAGE
BALL OR
BUTTERFLY
1
10
100
1,000
BUTTERFLY
10,000
100,000
12"
20"
FLOW IN GPM
1/2"
2"
6"
APPROXIMATE VALVE SIZE
Top Guided/Stem
Guided-Screwed Seat
(Fisher)
22
Cage Trim/Cage
Guided-Unbalanced
(Fisher)
TP-5D-1

Eccentric Segmented Ball
(Masoneilan CAMFLEX)
Seat Ring
Back Up
Plug Centers
l
Bal
Orifice Ring
en
Op
Shaft Center
50
Closed
Seat to Ball Contact

(Courtesy of Masoneilan International, Inc.)
Segmented Ball Valve
Flangeless Top Guided-Cage Retained Seat

(Fisher)
TP-5D-1
Split Body-Screwed Seat

(Fisher Z)
23
Scale Compressed
Roughness Height
(3 16 Microinch)
Section
of Plug
Mating of Seat Joint Surfaces
Plug-to-Seat
Joint
Leak Path
(lay of roughness
Concentric About
Plug and Seat Axis)
Section of Seat
Waviness Height
(10 30 Microinch)
Section of Plug
Plug-to-Seat
Joint
Leak Path
(lay of roughness
Concentric About
Plug and Seat Axis)
Section of Seat
(a) Under Light Seating Load
(b) Under Heavy Seating Load
Log of leakage in standard

cubic centimeters/seconds
per lineal inch of joint.
10 -5
10
10
10
Little Change in
Waviness Height
-6
Section of Plug
-7
Section of Seat
Roughness Peaks
are Reduced
-8
.03
.06
.09
.12
Width of Joint
Minimum Joint Width for a Tight Seal
(Leakage rates for 14.7 psi P helium
on a flat circular joint.)
Balled particles of softer

seating material welded
to harder surface or
free in joint. Also fluid
contaminate particles
are in the joint.
Joint Surface After

Repeated Closures
Flowserve Corporation has established industry leadership in the design and manufacture of its products. When properly selected, this Flowserve product is designed to perform its intended function
safely during its useful life. However, the purchaser or user of Flowserve products should be aware that Flowserve products might be used in numerous applications under a wide variety of industrial
service conditions. Although Flowserve can (and often does) provide general guidelines, it cannot provide specific data and warnings for all possible applications. The purchaser/user must therefore
assume the ultimate responsibility for the proper sizing and selection, installation, operation, and maintenance of Flowserve products. The purchaser/user should read and understand the Installation
Operation Maintenance (IOM) instructions included with the product, and train its employees and contractors in the safe use of Flowserve products in connection with the specific application.
While the information and specifications contained in this literature are believed to be accurate, they are supplied for informative purposes only and should not be considered certified or as a guarantee of
satisfactory results by reliance thereon. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a warranty or guarantee, express or implied, regarding any matter with respect to this product. Because Flowserve
is continually improving and upgrading its product design, the specifications, dimensions and information contained herein are subject to change without notice. Should any question arise concerning
these provisions, the purchaser/user should contact Flowserve Corporation at any one of its worldwide operations or offices.
For more information about Flowserve Corporation, contact www.flowserve.com or call USA 1-800-225-6989.
FLOWSERVE CORPORATION
FLOW CONTROL DIVISION
1978 Foreman Drive
Cookeville, Tennessee 38501 USA
Phone: 931 432 4021
Facsimile: 931 432 3105
www.flowserve.com
2003 Flowserve Corporation, Irving, Texas, USA. Flowserve and Worcester Controls are registered trademarks of Flowserve Corporation.
TP-5D-1 6/03 Printed in USA

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TP-5D-1

Worcester Control Valves

Control Valve Body Design

Bellows Seal Bonnet A bonnet which uses a bellows for sealing

Actuator Spring A spring to move the actuator stem in a direction

Actuator Stem A rod-like extension from the actuator to permit

Bonnet Assembly An assembly including the part through which a

Automatic Control The combination of a valve, an actuator, and

Butterfly Valve A valve which uses a rotatable disc or vane as a

Cylinder The chamber in which the piston moves.

Dead-Tight A term meaning no leaks visible by ordinary observation

Diaphragm A flexible pressure responsive element which transmits

Stem Seal Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Diaphragm (As in Diaphragm Valve) The valve closure member in a

Flow Control Division

Worcester Control Valves

Packing Lubricator Assembly An optional part of the bonnet

Diaphragm Plate A plate concentric with the diaphragm for

Plug Valve A valve whose closure element is a cylindrical or truncated

Diaphragm Valve A control valve that utilizes a flexible diaphragm as

Pressure Seal Joint A removable mechanical connection or valve

Direct Actuator Globe Valve A diaphragm actuator in which the

Quarter-Turn Valve A valve whose closure member can be moved

Control Valve Body Design

Flow Control Division

Worcester Control Valves

II. Control Valve And Flow Terminology

Inherent Rangeability Ratio of maximum to minimum flow within

Bubble-Tight When a closed valve having pressurized gas on the

Linear Flow Characteristic One in which equal increments of valve

Capacity Rate of flow through a valve under stated conditions.

Normally Closed Control Valve One which closes when the

Cavitation Cavitation is a phenomenon which may be found in any

Control Valve Body Design

Flow Control Division

Worcester Control Valves

Unit Sensitivity The percent increase in existing flow for an increase

Rated Cv The Value of Cv at the rated full-open position of the

Valve Flow Coefficient (Cv) Number of U.S. gallons per minute of

Throttle To maintain a given flow rate or pressure, even though

MSS Valve Glossary

The mechanical, hydraulic, electric or

The surface of a Flange which is

Actuator Stem Force:

The force produced by an Actuator, that

Adjustable Travel Stop:

Device attached to the Valve or Actuator

A Seat on the Bonnet or Bonnet

Back Seat Bushing:

See Bonnet Bushing and Back Seat.

The Closure Member in a Ball Valve. The

Ball Check Valve:

A Check Valve in which the check

The flow-way opening in the Closure

A Disc with a spherical Seating Surface.

A Valve whose Closure Member is

Air Cylinder Actuator:

A type of power Actuator using air to

Air Motor Actuator:

A type of power Actuator wherein an air

A Trim class used in cast iron Valves

Angle Disc Check Valve:

A Check Valve with a Disc element in an