ENSAYO DE EL FENOMENO DE LA TURBULENCIA

PRESENTADO POR:

LIZETH DIAZ BENAVIDES

COD. 503218

PRESENTADO A:

ING. EDGAR OBANDO

UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE COLOMBIA

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
PROGRAMA ING. CIVIL
MECANICA DE FLUIDOS Y LABORATORIO
THE PHENOMENON OF TURBULENCE

The phenomenon of turbulence has been studied by a

number of scientists over more than 150 years. Unfortunately
for most of this time he could not give a satisfactory
explanation. It was not until the decade 1980-1990 that has
finally begun to understand the phenomenon of turbulence in
terms of chaos.
When the water of a river flowing its banks know that there
are different forms of flow. If the water velocity is small, then
this flow is regular; when the water passes through a rock in
the river, just it surrounds it and the flow continues regularly.
It is said that the flow is laminar, since its movement is as if a
set of sheets of water flow over one another.
However, increasing the water reaches a certain speed when
the flow becomes highly irregular. We realize that the stone
skirting swirls occur. If the water velocity is much higher still,
swirls appear within eddies. In these conditions the water flow
is turbulent.
The initial description of these phenomena, corresponding to
hydrodynamics, was made by applying Newton's laws of
motion to fluids. Thus an equation was found to be nonlinear.
In the literature this equation is called Navier-Stokes. As has
happened with most nonlinear equations, the Navier-Stokes
could not be solved exactly.
In the case where the liquid velocity is very small, the
nonlinear term in the Navier-Stokes turns out to be extremely
small and may not take into account, thus obtaining a linear
equation, which itself has been unable to resolve. Under these
conditions we are in the laminar regime. The properties of the
laminar flows are obtained and are fairly well known. In fact,
much of the technology based on the hydrodynamics has

been developed from the solutions of the Navier-Stokes

linearized.
An example of a well turbulence occurs when water is heated
in an oven. As is known, if the water is allowed to warm long
enough, it increases its temperature and begin to see a
movement in the water, which is called convection. The cause
of convection is because the portion closest to the flame heats
water and therefore its volume increases. When this
expansion occur, this water becomes lighter than colder water
above. Therefore, cold water is heavier and moves downward,
displacing the warm, which in turn moves up. Thus a circular
bottom-up and top-down type movement is generated.
As the temperature continues to rise, the movement is very
irregular, and when this happens, is said to have begun
turbulence.
In the decade of 1980-1990 some very careful work on
turbulence due to temperature variations were made. To study
this phenomenon a liquid is enclosed in a small capsule and
fixed temperature difference between the upper and lower
surfaces of the capsule is maintained. The lower surface is
maintained hotter than the top. This temperature difference
causes liquid at the bottom expands, becoming lighter than
the above. This starts down and the bottom up, ie, convection
occurs. If the lengths of the container have well-defined
values, the liquid movement is performed around cylindrical
paths (Figure 34).
After a while, if not change the temperature difference
between both sides, the movement is steady, which means
that the rotation becomes newspaper; the liquid takes time to
turn around. In this experiment measured flow time or period.

The experiment was carried out by gradually changing the

temperature difference between the faces of the capsule. For
each value of this difference it is wait long enough until it
reaches a steady state and the period of the motion is
recorded.

Figure 34. In certain circumstances the convective motion occurs in cylindrical paths.

What was found is that by increasing the temperature

difference comes a time when two periods, ie appear, there
are two times of rotation, and not just that, but one of the
times is the same as previously, and the other has valordoble
the former. This means that a phenomenon of bifurcation (see
Section VIII) is presented.
To further increase the temperature difference comes another
time appear four times, or four periods, ie, another fork
occurs. Continuing in this way are the features discussed in
Chapter VIII, on the road to chaos. We must say that in this
particular case the temperature difference between the faces
of the capsule is the analogue of the quantity q with which
worked in equation (6) of Chapter VIII. Greater temperature
difference corresponds to a larger value of this parameter
One way which was adequately present the results was doing
an analysis of periods but not frequency. In Figure 35 a
succession of frequencies displayed for each fixed value of the
temperature difference, that is, the q value is displayed. First,
when the value of the difference is small enough, only one
frequency (that is, one period); to increase this difference,
there comes a time when two frequencies (Figure 35 (a)),

equal
to the previous and the
other half just appear. To further increase the temperature
difference four frequencies, the initial, an equal half, other
peer-to-quarter and another value equal to one eighth of the
initial value (Figure 35 (b)) appear. If the difference in
temperature continues to rise, they appear more and more
frequency precisely the values associated with the branches.
Finally, there comes a time when there are frequencies of all
values (Figure 35 (c)). It has come to the chaotic regime. In
this situation, the fluid within the turbulent regime starts.
Figure 35. Frequency characteristics that appear to continually increase the temperature
difference: (a) there are two frequencies; (B) there are four frequencies, and (c) Case where
no turbulence. Frequencies are many. It has come to the chaotic regime .

Therefore, it has been shown that turbulence is associated

precisely describe the chaos in Chapter VIII.
There have been several similar experiments, with conditions
that generate turbulence. The analysis of the results, from the
point of view just considered, show that the turbulence is
initiated when the chaos begins. The relationship between
turbulence and chaos in a fluid is the subject of active
research today.

RESUMEN
EL FENOMENO DE LA TURBULENCIA
La turbulencia ha sido estudiado por un buen nmero de
cientficos a lo largo de ms de 150 aos, Cuando el agua de
un ro fluye por su cauce sabemos que existen diferentes
formas de flujo. Si la velocidad del agua es pequea, entonces
este flujo es regular; al aumentar la velocidad del agua llega
cierto momento en que el flujo se vuelve altamente irregular.
Esto es hidrodinmico. Aplicando las leyes del movimiento de
Newton a los fluidos. Las propiedades de los flujos laminares
se han obtenido y se conocen bastante bien. De hecho, gran
parte de la tecnologa basada en la hidrodinmica. En 19801990 se hicieron varios trabajos muy cuidadosos sobre la
turbulencia debida a variaciones de la temperatura. La
superficie inferior se mantiene ms caliente que la superior.
Esta diferencia de temperatura causa que el lquido en la
parte inferior se expanda, volvindose ms ligero que el de
arriba. ste empieza a bajar y el de abajo sube, es decir,
ocurre la conveccin. Si no hay diferencia de temperatura
entre ambas caras, el movimiento se hace estacionario. Al
seguir aumentando la diferencia de temperatura llega otro
momento en que parecen cuatro tiempos-turbulencias. Con
condiciones que generan turbulencias. Los anlisis de los
resultados obtenidos, bajo el punto de vista que acabamos de

considerar, indican que al iniciarse la turbulencia es cuando

empieza el caos.
REFERENCIAS.
http://bibliotecadigital.ilce.edu.mx/sites/ciencia/volumen3/cien
cia3/150/htm/sec_18.htm