Professional Documents
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Definitions in bridges
A Culvert is defined as a structure having a total length
of 6.0m or less between the inner faces of Dirt
walls(Backing wall)
A Causeway is a structure constructed across a stream
which allows the normal flow of water through its vents
and allows the Flood waters at MFL CONDITION above
it. Normally Causeways are designed to take 30% of
Flood water through vents and balance to overflow
during MFL Condition
A Minor Bridge is a structure having a total length of
60.0m or less between the inner faces of Dirt walls
(Backing walls) i.e. more than 6.0m and less than
60.0M
Abutment :
Abutment is a part of sub structure component which supports the end of
superstructure and retains part or the whole of the bridge approach fills
Approach:
It is a part of the road which connects the road to the abutment of the
bridge.
Approach slab:
An approach slab is a transition slab of reinforced concrete laid on
immediate approaches to a bridge with one end resting on dirt/abutment.
Bearing:
Bearing is a part of a bridge structure which bears directly all the forces
from the superstructure and transmits the same to the supporting
substructure.
Clearance:
Clearance is the shortest distance between the boundaries at specified
positions of a bridge/ underpass/ overpass.
Crash barrier:
A barrier provided at the side of the carriageway designed to reduce the
risk of serious accidents by guiding the errant vehicles back on the road.
Dirt wall :
Dirt wall is a vertical wall projecting from the abutment cap to prevent spill
of earth/ pavement materials and also to support approach slab.
Effective linear Waterway:
Effective linear waterway is the total width of waterway of bridge at the
highest flood level (HFL) minus the effective width of the structure.
Free board:
Free board is the vertical distance between the highest flood level after
allowing for afflux, if any, and the formation level of the embankment on
approaches or top level of the guide bunds at that point.
Grade Separator:
Grade separator is a bridge which facilitates movement of traffic by
segregating at-grade conflicting movements to different levels
Interchange:
Interchange is a system of inter connecting roads (ramps and loops) in
conjunction with one or more grade separations that provide for
uninterrupted movement of traffic between two or more roads.
Kerb Shyness:
Kerb shyness is an imaginary distance by which the driver would
generally keep his vehicle away from the kerb in order to avoid brushing
with the kerb
Submersible bridge:
Submersible bridge is a bridge designed to be overtopped during floods
Subway:
A subway is usually meant for pedestrian use and comprises of structure
below a road with stairs/ ramp/ escalator
Super Elevation:
Super Elevation is transverse inclination given to the cross section of a
carriageway on the horizontal curve in order to reduce the effects of
centrifugal force on a moving vehicle
Underpass:
Underpass is a structure allowing uninterrupted movement of traffic
beneath a reference roadway. An underpass is classified as a Cattle
Underpass (KUP), Pedestrian Underpass (PUP) or Vehicular Underpass
(VUP) depending on the principal user.
Vertical Clearance:
For a channel, vertical clearance is the height from the design flood level
with afflux or high tide level, to the lowest level of superstructure, at the
position along the bridge where clearance is denoted.
Viaduct:
Viaduct is a bridge portion across dry ground or terrain
Minimum vertical
clearance in mm
Upto 0.3
150
450
600
900
1200
Above 3000
1500
Afflux:
The rise in the flood level of the river immediately on the upstream of a
bridge as a result of obstruction to natural flow caused by the construction
of the bridge and its approaches.
Balancer:
A bridge/culvert like structure provided on embankment to allow flow of
water from one side of the embankment to other side, for purpose of
avoiding heading up of water on one side or for avoiding blocking the entry
to the other side.
Safe bearing capacity:
The maximum pressure, which the soil can carry safely without risk of shear
failure and it is equal to the net safe bearing capacity plus original
overburden pressure.
Cofferdam:
A structure temporary built for the purpose of excluding water or soil
sufficiently to permit construction or proceed without excessive pumping
and to support the surrounding ground.
Abutment pier:
Generally use in multiple span arch bridges. Abutment pier is designed
for a condition that even if one side arch span collapses it would be safe.
These are provided after three or five spans.
Retaining Wall:
A wall designed to resist the pressure of earth filling behind
Return wall:
A wall adjacent to abutment generally parallel to road or flared up to
increased width and raised up to the top of road.
Toe wall:
A wall built at the end of the slope of earthen embankment to prevent
slipping of earth and/or pitching on embankment.
Wing wall:
A wall adjacent to abutment with its top upto road top level near abutment
and sloping down up to ground level or a little above at the other end.
This is generally at 45 to the alignment of road or parallel to the river and
follows profile or earthen banks.
Test pile:
A pile to which a load is applied to determine and/or confirm the load
characteristics (ultimate load/working load 2.5 times design load) of the pile
and the surrounding ground.
Working pile:
One of the piles forming the foundation of the structure(1.5 times design load)
Bearing/friction piles:
A pile driven or cast-in-situ for transmitting the weight of a structure to the
founding strata by the resistance developed at the pile base and by friction
along its surface. If it supports the load mainly by the resistance developed at
its base, it is referred to as an end-bearing pile, and if mainly by friction along
its surface, as a friction pile.
Bored cast-in-situ pile:
A pile formed with or without a casing by boring a hole in the ground and
subsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete.
Driven cast-in-situ pile:
A pile formed in the ground by driving a permanent or temporary casing, and
filling if with plain or reinforced concrete.
Driven pile:
A pile driven into the ground by the blows of a hammer by a vibrator
Sheet pile:
One or a row of piles driven or formed in the ground adjacent to one another
in a continuous wall, each generally provided with a connecting joint or
interlock, designed to resist mainly lateral forces and to reduce seepage; it
may be vertical or at an inclination.
Substructure:
The bridge structure, such as, pier and abutment above the foundation and
supporting the superstructure. It shall include returns and wing walls but
exclude bearings.
Well Foundation:
A type of foundation where a part of the structure is hollow, which is
generally built in parts and sunk through ground or water to the prescribed
depth by removing earth through dredge hole.
Tilt of a well:
The inclination of the axis of the well from the vertical
expressed as the tangent of the angle between the axis of the
well and the vertical.(maximum 1 in 80)
Shift of a well:
The horizontal displacement of the centre of the well at its base
in its final position from its designed position. (Shall not be
more than 150mm in the resultant direction)
Depth of foundation:
The foundations shall be taken to such depth that they are safe
against scour or protected from it. Apart from this, the depth should
also be sufficient from consideration of bearing capacity, settlement,
liquefaction potential, stability and suitability of strata at the
founding level and sufficient depth below It
a)
b)
c)
d)
Carriageway
width (min)
Footpath
width (min)
Median width
(min)
Single lane
4.25m
Two-Lane
7.5m
1.5m
Multiple Lane
7.5m+3.5m for
each lane
1.5m
1.2m
Components of Well
Foundation
The various component of
a well foundations are
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cutting Edge
Well Curb
Bottom Plug
Steining
Top Plug
Well Cap
Well Sinking is complete. Tilt shall not be more than 1 in 80 and resultant shit
shall not be more than 150mm. SBC at foundation level shall be ensured to be
not less than the design stress. After ensuring all these, bottom plugging of well
is to be permitted.
Pile Foundations
Important Criteria to be followed for piles
i) Scour conditions are properly established.
ii) Permanent steel liner should be provided at least upto
maximum scour level. In case of marine clay or soft soil or soil
having aggressive material, permanent steel liner of sufficient
strength shall be used for the full depth of such strata. The
minimum thickness of liner should be 6 mm
For bridges located in land, steel liners of minimum thickness of
6 mm shall be provided in cases given below. The liner shall be
provided up to depth up to which following situations prevail.
a) While constructing the pile foundation through very soft clay
(N < 3), very loose sandy strata (N < 8), bouldery formation and
artesian conditions, wherein the walls of boreholes cannot be
stabilized by bentonite circulation.
b) Where sewage leakage is common phenomenon as well as
sites with aggressive soil/water environment
Precast concrete
Grade of Concrete
M35
M35
Minimum Cement
Contents
400kg/Cu.m
400kg/Cu.m
Maximum Water
Cement Ratio
0.40
0.40
Slump
150-200mm
50-75mm
Casing
A minimum 2m length from top of pile shall be provided
with casing to prevent loose soil falling into the bore. It is
necessary to stabilize the side of the bore hole with drilling
mud or a steel casing. Minimum thickness of steel liner shall
be 6mm.
Permanent liner shall be provided in the following situations:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Marine clay,
Soft soils,
Surrounding soil has sulphate content !% or more,
Surrounding water has sulphate content equal 200pmm or
more
e) Leakage of sewage is expected
Pile Load, P
Side Friction
End Bearing
Pbase
Pile Load, P
Side Friction
End Bearing
P base
FIELD SET UP
Reinforcement cage
Pile cap
Static Axial Compressive load test for test pile. 4 dial gauges for
High Strain Dynamic Impact load test on test pile. Drop hammer
Here, Drop height of 1.5m. Impaxct blows are given from 1m onwards to
achieve the maximum required load and corresponding readings are
noted for each blow.
Force and velocity transducers were used to conduct the Dynamic pile
load test.